View source for Martinique

{{Short description|Overseas department of France in the Caribbean}}
{{for|the New York City nightclub of the 1940s|La Martinique}}
{{redirect|MTQ|the Irish politician|Madeleine Taylor-Quinn|the Indonesian religious festival|Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran}}
{{Expand French|Martinique|date=March 2019|topic=geo}}<!--using "citation" ref-templates, that say ", retrieved", not say, cite web", that says ". Retrieved".. and ends with period – for consistency-->
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| short_description  = no
| name               = Martinique
| official_name      = Territorial Collectivity of Martinique<br />{{native name|fr|Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique}}
| native_name        = ''Matinik'' or ''Matnik'' ([[Antillean Creole|Martinican French Creole]])<br>{{native name|crb|Madinina {{noitalics|or}} Madiana}}
| settlement_type    = [[Overseas departments and regions of France|Overseas department and region]] and [[single territorial collectivity]] of [[French Republic]] and [[outermost region]] of the [[European Union]]
| image_skyline      = Martinique-de-haut (cropped).jpg
| image_caption      = Martinique
| image_flag         = Flag of Martinique.svg
| flag_size          = 125
| image_blank_emblem = 
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| blank_emblem_size  = 120
| image_seal         = Emblem of the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique.png
| seal_type          = Emblem
| seal_link          = Coat of arms of Martinique
| blank_emblem_link  = Coat of arms of Martinique
| image_map          = Martinique in France 2016.svg
| map_caption        = 
| motto              = La collectivité au service du pays<br />"The collectivity at the service of the country"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_motto_of_Martinique |title=What is the motto of Martinique? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=answers.com |publisher=System1 |access-date=26 May 2022 |quote=La collective au service du pays |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929092734/https://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_motto_of_Martinique |url-status=live }}</ref>
| coordinates        = {{Coord|14|39|00|N|61|00|54|W|type:adm1st_region:MQ|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|France}}
| seat_type          = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat               = [[Fort-de-France]]
| parts_type         = [[Departments of France|Departments]]
| parts_style        = list
| parts              = 1
| leader_party       = [[Martinican Progressive Party|PPM]]
| leader_title       = [[List of Presidents of the Regional Council of Martinique|President of Executive Council]]
| leader_name        = [[Serge Letchimy]]
| leader_title1      = Legislature
| leader_name1       = [[Assembly of Martinique]]
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 1128
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_rank          = 17th region
| elevation_max_m    = 1397
| elevation_max_point = [[Mont Pelée]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official language
| demographics1_info1 = [[French language|French]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Vernacular language]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Antillean Creole|Martinican French Creole]]
| population_blank1_title = Ethnic groups
| population_blank1  = {{unbulleted list
| 80% [[Afro-Caribbeans|African]]/[[Creole peoples#Caribbean|Creole]]
| 10% [[Indo-Martiniquais|Indian]]
| 5% [[Béké]]/[[White Caribbeans|European]]
| {{nowrap|5% [[Arabs|Arab]]/[[Chinese Caribbeans|Chinese]]/[[Jews|Jewish]]}}
}}<ref name="Statistiques ethniques">{{cite web |title=Statistiques ethniques |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2108548 |website=Insee.fr |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925024836/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2108548 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Verify source|date=November 2023}}
| population_blank2_title = Religion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=145c | title=National Profiles &#124; World Religion | access-date=10 March 2024 | archive-date=10 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310190926/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=145c | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_blank2  = {{tree list}}
* 91.6% [[Christianity]]
** {{nowrap|86% [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]}}
** {{nowrap|5.6% [[Protestantism]]}}
* 2% [[Hinduism in Martinique|Hinduism]]
* 0.6% [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]
* 0.2% [[Islam]]
* 5.5% other
{{tree list/end}}
| population_total   = 349,925
| population_as_of   = 1 January 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=2024-01-17 |language=fr |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119070953/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Martinican (English)<br />Martiniquais ([[Neuter (grammar)|m]])<br />Martiniquaise ([[Neuter (grammar)|f]]) (French)
| timezone1          = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset1        = −04:00
| timezone1_DST      = 
| utc_offset1_DST    = 
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat | access-date=18 September 2023 | archive-date=27 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213552/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title3 = Total
| demographics2_info3 = €9.082 billion
| demographics2_title4 = Per capita
| demographics2_info4 = €24,700
| blank_name_sec2    = Currency
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])
| website            = [http://www.martinique.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefecture], [http://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/ Territorial collectivity]
| iso_code           = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:MQ|MQ]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-972]]}}
| footnotes          = 
| anthem             = {{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>("The Marseillaise")<br/>{{center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}
}}

'''Martinique''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɑːr|t|ɪ|ˈ|n|iː|k}} {{respell|MAR|tin|EEK}} {{IPA|fr|maʁtinik||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav}}; {{langx|gcf|label=[[Martinican Creole]]|Matinik}} or {{lang|gcf|Matnik}};<ref>[http://www.potomitan.info/dictionnaire/index.php BWETAMO KREYOL MATNIK – Potomitan – Site de promotion des cultures et des langues créoles – Annou voyé kreyòl douvan douvan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417143529/http://www.potomitan.info/dictionnaire/index.php |date=17 April 2014 }}, ''Dictionnaire du créole martiniquais'', [[Raphaël Confiant]]</ref> [[Kalinago language|Kalinago]]: {{lang|crb|Madinina}} or {{lang|crb|Madiana}}) is an island in the [[Lesser Antilles]] of the [[West Indies]], in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]]. It was previously known as Iguanacaera which translates to [[iguana]] island in [[Carib language|Kariʼnja]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ludovicus |first1=Elisa |title=L'îlet Chancel : l'antre des iguanes delicatissima |url=https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/environnement/lilet-chancel-lantre-des-iguanes-delicatissima-999468.php |website=FranceAntilles Martinique |publisher=FranceAntilles.fr |access-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250414022137/https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/environnement/lilet-chancel-lantre-des-iguanes-delicatissima-999468.php |archive-date=14 April 2025 |language=fr |date=16 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> A part of the [[French West Indies]] (Antilles), Martinique is an [[Overseas departments and regions of France|overseas department and region]] and a [[single territorial collectivity]] of [[France]].

It is a part of the [[European Union]] as an [[outermost region]] within the [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area]], and an associate member of the [[Caribbean Community|CARICOM]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/la-martinique-a-signe-son-adhesion-a-la-caricom-en-tant-que-membre-associe-1563133.html |title=La Martinique a signé son adhésion à la CARICOM en tant que membre associé |website=francetvinfo |language=fr |date=2025-02-20}}</ref> the [[Organization of Eastern Caribbean States]] (OECS), the [[Association of Caribbean States]] (ACS), and the [[Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]<ref>{{Cite web |author=Prefecture of Martinique |title=Fonds de coopération régionale de Martinique |url=http://www.martinique.gouv.fr/content/download/13853/102090/file/Fonds%20de%20coop%C3%A9ration%20r%C3%A9gionale%20de%20Martinique.pdf |website=martinique.gouv.fr |date=2019}}</ref> (ECLAC) but is not part of the [[Schengen Area]] or the [[European Union Customs Union]]. The currency in use is the [[euro]]. It has been a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 2021 for its entire land and sea territory. In September 2023, the volcanoes and forests of [[Mount Pelée]] and the peaks of northern Martinique, in particular the Pitons du Carbet, were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La montagne Pelée et les pitons du nord de la Martinique inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco |url=https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/montagne-pelee-et-pitons-du-nord-martinique-inscrits-au-patrimoine-mondial-lunesco |website=Ministères Écologie Énergie Territoires |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>

Martinique has a land area of {{cvt|1128|km2|0}} and a population of 349,925 inhabitants as of January 2024.<ref name=pop/> One of the [[Windward Islands]], it lies directly north of [[Saint Lucia]], northwest of [[Barbados]] and south of [[Dominica]]. Virtually the entire population speaks both French (the sole official language) and [[Antillean Creole French|Martinican Creole]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA389 |title=Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education |author1=Baker, Colin |author2=Jones, Sylvia Prys |page=390 |year=1998 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-362-8 |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030314/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Cape Saint Martin, Grand Rivière .jpg|thumb|250px|The Cape Saint Martin cliffs and the Dominica channel, as seen from Grand Rivière at the northern tip of the island]]

==Etymology==
It is thought that Martinique is a corruption of the [[Taíno]] name for the island ({{lang|tnq|Madiana}}/{{lang|tnq|Madinina}}, meaning 'island of flowers', or {{lang|tnq|Matinino}}, 'island of women'), as relayed to [[Christopher Columbus]] when he visited the island in 1502.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Martinique |title=Encyclopedia Britannica- Martinique |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905083544/https://www.britannica.com/place/Martinique |url-status=live }}</ref> According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called {{lang|crb|Jouanacaëra}} or ''Iouanacaera'' by the [[Island Caribs|Caribs]], which means 'the island of iguanas'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Martinique (English) |url=http://sahilchindalfrench2.weebly.com/martinique-english.html |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=French II |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603102306/https://sahilchindalfrench2.weebly.com/martinique-english.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Martinique|New Spain|Spanish West Indies|French West Indies}}

===Pre-European contact and early colonial periods===
The island was occupied first by [[Arawak peoples|Arawaks]], then by [[Island Caribs|Caribs]]. The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuelan coast around the 11th century.

[[Christopher Columbus]] charted Martinique (without landing) in 1493, during his second voyage, but Spain had little interest in the territory.<ref name="britannica1" /> Columbus landed during a later voyage, on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day [[trade wind]] [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|passage]], his fastest ocean voyage.<ref name="britannica1" /><ref>Flint, Valerie I.J.. "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus. Accessed 9 May 2025</ref> He spent three days there refilling his water casks, bathing and washing laundry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Samuel |title=Admiral of the Ocean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185259 |date=1942 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-316-58478-4 |pages=588–589}}</ref>

The Indigenous people Columbus encountered called Martinique "Matinino". He was told by Indigenous people of
San Salvador that "the island of Matinino was entirely populated by women on whom the Caribs descended at certain seasons of the year; and if these women bore sons they were entrusted to the father to bring up."<ref>''Columbus, Christopher, The Four Voyages''. Penguin Classics 1969. Translated by J. M. Cohen. p. 98.</ref>

In 1635, [[Spain]] formally ceded Martinique to [[France]] after 133 years of Spanish rule. On 15 September 1635, [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]], French governor of the island of [[St. Kitts]], landed in the harbour of [[St. Pierre, Martinique|St. Pierre]] with 80 to 150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by the English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Pierre BELAIN d'ESNAMBUC |url=https://en.geneastar.org/genealogy/belain/pierre-belain-d-esnambuc |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The statue of Belain d'Esnambuc in La Savane Park in the town of Fort-de-France, Martinique. {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-1151726 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.rmg.co.uk}}</ref> D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French king [[Louis XIII]] and the French "[[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique]]" (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. Pierre).<ref name="britannica1" /> D'Esnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, [[Jacques Dyel du Parquet]], who in 1637 became governor of the island.<ref name="britannica1" />

In 1636, in the first of many skirmishes, the Indigenous [[Kalinago]] rose against the settlers to drive them off the island.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Tessa |title=The torrid zone: Caribbean colonization and cultural interaction in the long seventeenth century |date=2018 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-61117-891-3 |editor-last=Roper |editor-first=L.H. |series=The Carolina Lowcountry and the Atlantic World |location=Columbia |chapter=Kalinago Colonizers: Indigenous People and the Settlement of the Lesser Antilles}}</ref> The French repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island, on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre. When the Caribs revolted against French rule in 1658, the governor [[Charles Houël du Petit Pré]] retaliated with war against them. Many were killed, and those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Some Caribs fled to [[Dominica]] or [[Saint Vincent (island)|St. Vincent]], where the French agreed to leave them at peace.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

After the death of du Parquet in 1658, his widow [[Marie Bonnard du Parquet]] tried to govern Martinique, but dislike of her rule led King [[Louis XIV]] to take over the sovereignty of the island.<ref name="britannica1" /> In 1654, Dutch Jews expelled from Portuguese Brazil introduced sugar plantations worked by large numbers of enslaved Africans.<ref name="britannica1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Martinique |url=https://www.jaimemontilla.com/martinique |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=jaimemontilla.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glimpses into American Jewish History |url=https://personal.stevens.edu/~llevine/martinique_guad_part_30.pdf}}</ref>

In 1667, the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] spilled out into the Caribbean, with Britain [[Battle of Martinique (1667)|attacking]] the pro-Dutch French fleet in Martinique, virtually destroying it and further cementing British preeminence in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_martinique_1667.html |title=Battle of Martinique, 25 June 1667 |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710012651/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_martinique_1667.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Willem van de Velde the Younger (1633-1707) - The Attack on the French Ships at Martinique, 6th July 1667 |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/400086/the-attack-on-the-french-ships-at-martinique-6th-july-1667 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref> In 1674, the Dutch [[Invasion of Martinique (1674)|attempted to conquer]] the island, but were repulsed.<ref name="britannica1" />

[[File:Willem van de Velde the Younger (1633-1707) - The Attack on the French Ships at Martinique, 6th July 1667 - RCIN 400086 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Martinique (1667)|attack on the French ships]] at Martinique in 1667]]

Because there were few [[Catholic]] priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were [[Huguenots]] who sought religious freedom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Martinique — History and Culture |url=https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/caribbean/martinique/history-and-culture |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=www.iexplore.com |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301061300/https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/caribbean/martinique/history-and-culture |url-status=live }}</ref> Others were transported there as a punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism, many of them dying en route.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baird |first=Charles |year=1885 |title=History of the Huguenot Emigration to America |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhugueno00bair/mode/1up |location=New York |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |page=226}}</ref> Those who survived were quite industrious and over time prospered, though the less fortunate were reduced to the status of indentured servants. Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the [[Protestant]] "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's [[Revocation of the Edict of Nantes|Edict of Revocation]] in 1685.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Huguenots in France |first=Samuel |last=Smiles |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26524/26524-h/26524-h.htm |access-date=2022-10-13 |via=Project Gutenberg |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221729/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26524/26524-h/26524-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Huguenot Refuge |url=https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-huguenot-refuge/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Musée protestant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The period of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1661-1700) |url=https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-period-of-the-revocation-of-the-edict-of-nantes-1661-1700/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Musée protestant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Escape from Babylon {{!}} Christian History Magazine |url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/escape-from-babylon |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Christian History Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levush |first=Ruth |date=2019-12-11 |title=Report on Right of Huguenots to French Citizenship {{!}} In Custodia Legis |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2019/12/report-on-right-of-huguenots-to-french-citizenship/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

As many of the planters on Martinique were Huguenots suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation, they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren. Many of them were encouraged by the Catholics, who looked forward to their departure and the opportunities for seizing their property. By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to the [[Province of New York|British American]] colonies or Protestant countries in Europe.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonisation by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the region, which left the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofhugueno00bair |title=History of the Huguenot Migration to America |year=1885 |pages=205–107 |location=New York |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company}}</ref>

===Post-1688 period===
[[File:Combat naval de la Martinique.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Martinique (1779)|Battle of Martinique]] between British and French fleets in 1779]]

Under governor of the Antilles [[Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac]], Martinique served as a home port for French pirates, including [[Captain Crapo|Captain Crapeau]], [[Étienne de Montauban]], and [[Mathurin Desmarestz]].<ref name="Gasser">{{cite journal |last1=Gasser |first1=Jacques |title=De la mer des Antilles à l'océan Indien (From the Caribbean Sea to the Indian Ocean) |journal=Bulletin du Cercle Généalogique de Bourbon (Bulletin of the Bourbon Genealogical Circle) |date=1992–1993 |volume=38–41 |url=http://membre.oricom.ca/yarl/livre/3F/0402gasser.html |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193228/http://membre.oricom.ca/yarl/Livre/3F/0402gasser.html |url-status=live }} French language original, as reprinted in ''Le Diable Volant: Une histoire de la flibuste: de la mer des Antilles à l'océan Indien (1688–1700)'' / (''The Flying Devil: A History of the Filibusters: From the Antilles to the Indian Ocean (1688–1700)'').</ref> In later years, pirate [[Bartholomew Roberts]] styled his [[jolly roger]] as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head" after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts.<ref name="Little-The Golden Age of Piracy">{{cite book |last1=Little |first1=Benerson |title=The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths |date=2016 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5107-1304-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uIDAAAQBAJ |access-date=15 September 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031653/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uIDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 November 1717 the pirate [[Blackbeard]] and his pirates captured a French [[frigate]] named ''La Concorde'' near the island of Martinique in the [[West Indies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qaronline.org/history/ships-journey|title=The Pirate Ship's Journey {{!}} Queen Anne's Revenge Project|website=www.qaronline.org|access-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023174935/https://www.qaronline.org/history/ships-journey|archive-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> After selling her cargo of slaves on the island, Blackbeard made the vessel his [[flagship]], added more heavy [[cannon]]s and renamed her ''[[Queen Anne's Revenge]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preliminary Observations on British and American Documents Concerning the Activities of the Pirate Blackbeard, March 1717 to June 1718* |url=https://www.qaronline.org/preliminary-observations-british-and-american-documents-concerning-activities-pirate-blackbeard/open |website=QARonline.org |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>

Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British, in 1693, [[Invasion of Martinique (1759)|1759]], [[Invasion of Martinique (1762)|1762]] and [[Battle of Martinique (1779)|1779]].<ref name="britannica1" /> Excepting a period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the [[Treaty of Amiens]], Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref name="britannica1" /><ref name="LP">{{Cite book|last=Ver Berkmoes|first=Ryan|title=Caribbean Islands|publisher=[[Lonely Planet Publications]]|others=Jens Porup, Michael Grossberg, et al|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74059-575-9|location=Footscray, Vic. & Oakland, CA}}</ref> Martinique has remained a French possession since then.

Despite the introduction of successful coffee plantations to Martinique in the 1720s, making it the first coffee-growing area in the Western hemisphere, the planter class lost political influence as sugar prices declined in the early 1800s.<ref>Auguste Lacour, ''Histoire de la Guadeloupe'', vol. 1 (1635–1789). Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1855 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ full text at Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153705/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ|date=26 July 2020}}, p. 235ff.</ref> Slave rebellions in 1789, 1815 and 1822, plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as [[Cyrille Bissette]] and [[Victor Schœlcher]], persuaded the French government to end [[Code Noir|slavery in the French West Indies]] in 1848.<ref>Robin Blackburn, ''The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848'' (Verso, 1988), p. 492.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dessalles|first=Pierre|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32856639|title=Sugar and slavery, family and race : the letters and diary of Pierre Dessalles, planter in Martinique, 1808-1856|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|others=Elborg Forster, Robert Forster|isbn=0-8018-5153-X|location=Baltimore|page=52|oclc=32856639}}</ref><ref name="britannica1" /><ref name="LP" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Important Information |url=https://us.martinique.org/discover/important-information |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Martinique - Best Caribbean Islands, Caribbean Tourism, Best Caribbean Destination |language=en-gb |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827041522/https://us.martinique.org/discover/important-information |url-status=live }}</ref> Martinique was the first French overseas territory in which the abolition decree came into force, on 23 May 1848.<ref>Project manifest EU: https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306130717/https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr/ |date=6 March 2023 }}</ref>

As a result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China.<ref name="britannica1" /> Despite the abolition of slavery, life scarcely improved for most Martinicans; class and racial tensions exploded into rioting in southern Martinique in 1870 following the arrest of Léopold Lubin, a trader of African ancestry who retaliated after he was beaten by a Frenchman. After several deaths, the revolt was crushed by French militia.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 June 2015|title=MARTINIQUE 1870 : LA GRANDE INSURRECTION DU SUD|url=http://une-autre-histoire.org/martinique-1870-la-grande-insurrection-du-sud/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710022529/http://une-autre-histoire.org/martinique-1870-la-grande-insurrection-du-sud/|archive-date=10 July 2019|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

===20th–21st centuries===
On 8 May 1902, [[Mont Pelée]] [[1902 eruption of Mount Pelée|erupted]] and completely destroyed St. Pierre, killing 30,000 people.<ref name="britannica1" /> Refugees from Martinique travelled by boat to the southern villages of [[Dominica]], and some of them remained permanently on the island. The only survivor in the town of Saint-Pierre, [[Ludger Sylbaris]], was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell.<ref name="EW">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457910974|title=The Caribbean|date=2009|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|others=Christopher P. Baker|isbn=978-0-7566-5372-9|location=London|oclc=457910974}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the capital shifted to [[Fort-de-France]], where it remains today.<ref name="LP" />

During [[World War II]], the pro-Nazi [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] controlled Martinique under Admiral [[Georges Robert (admiral)|Georges Robert]].<ref name="britannica1" /> German [[U-boat]]s used Martinique for refuelling and re-supply during the [[Battle of the Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stromberg Childers|first=Kristen|date=1 December 2012|title=The Second World War as a watershed in the French Caribbean|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810.2012.719323|journal=Atlantic Studies|volume=9|issue=4|pages=409–430|doi=10.1080/14788810.2012.719323|s2cid=218622195|issn=1478-8810|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and five in 1944.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yardley |first=Christopher B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkN2EAAAQBAJ&dq=martinique+182+ships+were+sunk+in+the+Caribbean&pg=PA31 |title=The Second World War Volume Two: Representing World Conflict on Postage Stamps. |date=2022-04-21 |publisher=Balboa Press |isbn=978-1-9822-9300-0 |language=en}}</ref> [[Free France|Free French]] forces took over on the island on [[Bastille Day]], 14 July 1943.<ref name="britannica1" /><ref name="Hubbard">{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=Vincent |title=A History of St. Kitts |date=2002 |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=978-0-333-74760-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/136 136–139]|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/136}}</ref>

In 1946, the [[National Assembly of France|French National Assembly]] voted unanimously to [[transform the colony into an Overseas Department]] of France.<ref name="britannica1" /> Meanwhile, the post-war period saw a growing campaign for full independence; a notable proponent of this was the author [[Aimé Césaire]], who founded the [[Progressive Party of Martinique]] in the 1950s. Tensions boiled over in December 1959 when riots broke out following a racially-charged altercation between two motorists, resulting in three deaths.<ref name="autogenerated1959">{{cite web |url=https://www.nofi.media/2016/12/emeutes-de-1959-martinique-regle-comptes-colonialisme/33697 |title=Emeutes de 1959 : la Martinique règle ses comptes avec le colonialisme |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710024009/https://www.nofi.media/2016/12/emeutes-de-1959-martinique-regle-comptes-colonialisme/33697 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1962, as a result of this and the global turn against colonialism, the strongly pro-independence OJAM ({{lang|fr|Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique}}) was formed. Its leaders were later arrested by the French authorities. However, they were later acquitted.<ref name="autogenerated1959" /> Tensions rose again in 1974, when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers.<ref name="autogenerated1959" /> However the independence movement lost steam as Martinique's economy faltered in the 1970s, resulting in large-scale emigration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/2013/02/14/le-marigot-se-souvient-de-georges-marie-louise-tue-en-1974-15119.html |title=Le drame de février 1974 marque encore les esprits |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710024008/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/2013/02/14/le-marigot-se-souvient-de-georges-marie-louise-tue-en-1974-15119.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hurricanes in 1979–80 severely affected agricultural output, further straining the economy.<ref name="britannica1" /> Greater autonomy was granted by France to the island in the 1970s–80s.<ref name="britannica1" />

In 2009, Martinique was convulsed by the [[2009 French Caribbean general strikes|French Caribbean general strikes]]. Initially focusing on cost-of-living issues, the movement soon took on a racial dimension as strikers challenged the continued economic dominance of the ''[[Béké]]'', descendants of French European settlers.<ref name="iht">{{cite news|date=13 February 2009|title=Blacks slam white minority in Martinique strike|work=[[International Herald Tribune]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/02/13/news/CB-Caribbean-France-Unrest.php|url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216043828/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/02/13/news/CB-Caribbean-France-Unrest.php|archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg?hl=en |title=Race, class fuel social conflict on French Caribbean islands |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP) |date=17 February 2009 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091147/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg?hl=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] later visited the island, promising reform.<ref name="visit">[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQcNm7wF2_1t5AffHQZY1jZwd9Cw "Sarkozy offers autonomy vote for Martinique"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709063018/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQcNm7wF2_1t5AffHQZY1jZwd9Cw |date=9 July 2009 }}, [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]</ref> While ruling out full independence, which he said was desired neither by France nor by Martinique, Sarkozy offered Martiniquans a referendum on the island's future status and degree of autonomy.<ref name="visit" />

On 2 February 2023, Martinique adopted its [[Flag of Martinique|independent activist flag]], symbolising its three colors of [[Pan-Africanism]].
[[File:Mount pelée.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mont Pelée and Bay of St Pierre as seen from the Grande Savane trail]]

==Governance==
{{Main|Politics of Martinique}}

{{Further|Elections in Martinique}}
[[File:EU OCT and OMR map en.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Special member state territories and the European Union|special territories of the European Union]]]]
Like [[French Guiana]], Martinique is a [[single territorial collectivity|special collectivity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/20142-quelles-sont-les-collectivites-territoriales-situees-outre-mer|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200621160434/https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/20142-quelles-sont-les-collectivites-territoriales-situees-outre-mer|archive-date = 21 June 2020|title = Quelles sont les collectivités territoriales situées outre-mer ?}}</ref> (Unique in French) of the French Republic. It is also an [[outermost region]] of the [[European Union]]. The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights. Martinique sends [[:Category:French legislative constituencies of Martinique|four deputies]] to the [[National Assembly of France|French National Assembly]] and two senators to the [[Senate of France|French Senate]].

On 24 January 2010, during a referendum, the inhabitants of Martinique approved by 68.4% the change to be a "special (unique) collectivity" within the framework of article 73 of the French Republic's Constitution. The new council replaces and exercises the powers of both the [[Departmental council (France)|General Council]] and the [[Regional council (France)|regional council]].

===Administrative divisions===
[[File:Martinique legende arrs.PNG|thumb|A map of Martinique showing the island's four [[arrondissements of France|arrondissements]] ]]
{{Main|Arrondissements of the Martinique department}}

{{Further|Communes of the Martinique department|Cantons of the Martinique department}}

Martinique is divided into 4 ''[[Arrondissements of France|arrondissements]]'' and 34 ''[[Communes of France|communes]]''. It had also been divided into 45 ''[[Cantons of France|cantons]]'', but these were abolished in 2015. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows:
* Fort-de-France is the prefecture of Martinique. It takes up the central zone of the island. It includes four communes. In 2019, the population was 152,102.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep972.pdf Populations légales 2019: 972 Martinique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712164747/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep972.pdf |date=12 July 2022 }}, INSEE</ref> Besides the capital, it includes the communities of [[Saint-Joseph, Martinique|Saint-Joseph]] and [[Schœlcher]].
* [[La Trinité, Martinique|La Trinité]], one of the three subprefectures on the island, occupies the northeast region. It has ten communes. In 2019, the population was 75,238.<ref name="pop2019" /> La Trinité contains the communities of La Trinité, Ajoupa-Bouillon, [[Basse-Pointe]], Le Gros-Morne, [[Le Lorrain]], [[Macouba]], [[Le Marigot]], [[Le Robert]] and [[Sainte-Marie, Martinique|Sainte-Marie]].
* [[Le Marin]], the second subprefecture of Martinique, makes up the southern part of the island and is composed of twelve communes. In 2019, the population was 114,824.<ref name="pop2019" /> The subprefecture includes the communities of La Marin, Les Anses d'Arlet, [[Le Diamant]], [[Ducos, Martinique|Ducos]], [[Le François]], [[Rivière-Pilote]], [[Rivière-Salée]], [[Sainte-Anne, Martinique|Sainte-Anne]], [[Sainte-Luce, Martinique|Sainte-Luce]], [[Saint-Esprit, Martinique|Saint-Esprit]], [[Les Trois-Îlets]], and [[Le Vauclin]].
* [[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] is the third subprefecture of the island. It comprises eight communes, lying in the northwest of Martinique. In 2019, the population was 22,344.<ref name="pop2019" /> In addition to Saint-Pierre, its communities include [[Le Carbet]], Case-Pilote-Bellefontaine, [[Le Morne-Rouge]], and [[Le Prêcheur]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
!Population (2019)<ref name="pop2019" />
!Arrondissement
!Map
|-
|[[L'Ajoupa-Bouillon]]
|12.3
|1,756
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of L’Ajoupa-Bouillon 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Les Anses-d'Arlet]]
|25.92
|3,494
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Les Anses-d’Arlet 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Basse-Pointe]]
|27.95
|2,823
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Basse-Pointe 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Bellefontaine, Martinique|Bellefontaine]]
|11.89
|1,813
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Bellefontaine 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Carbet]]
|36
|3,461
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Carbet 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Case-Pilote]]
|18.44
|4,455
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Case-Pilote 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Diamant]]
|27.34
|5,511
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Diamant 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Ducos, Martinique|Ducos]]
|37.69
|17,655
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Ducos 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Fonds-Saint-Denis]]
|24.28
|680
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Fonds-Saint-Denis 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Fort-de-France]]
|44.21
|76,512
|[[Arrondissement of Fort-de-France|Fort-de-France]]
|[[File:Locator map of Fort-de-France 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le François]]
|53.93
|15,980
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le François 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Grand'Rivière]]
|16.6
|610
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Grand’Rivière 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Gros-Morne, Martinique|Gros-Morne]]
|54.25
|9,689
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Gros-Morne 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Lamentin]]
|62.32
|40,095
|[[Arrondissement of Fort-de-France|Fort-de-France]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Lamentin 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Lorrain]]
|50.33
|6,768
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Lorrain 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Macouba]]
|16.93
|1,050
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Macouba 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Marigot]]
|21.63
|3,117
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Marigot 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Marin]]
|31.54
|8,751
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Marin 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Morne-Rouge]]
|37.64
|4,795
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Morne-Rouge 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Morne-Vert]]
|13.37
|1,816
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Morne-Vert 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Prêcheur]]
|29.92
|1,203
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Prêcheur 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Rivière-Pilote]]
|35.78
|11,877
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Rivière-Pilote 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Rivière-Salée]]
|39.38
|11,874
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Rivière-Salée 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Robert]]
|47.3
|21,913
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Robert 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Saint-Esprit, Martinique|Saint-Esprit]]
|23.46
|9,890
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Saint-Esprit 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Saint-Joseph, Martinique|Saint-Joseph]]
|43.29
|15,883
|[[Arrondissement of Fort-de-France|Fort-de-France]]
|[[File:Locator map of Saint-Joseph - Martinique 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|38.72
|4,121
|[[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|[[File:Locator map of Saint-Pierre - Martinique 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Sainte-Anne, Martinique|Sainte-Anne]]
|38.42
|4,444
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Sainte-Anne - Martinique 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Sainte-Luce, Martinique|Sainte-Luce]]
|28.02
|9,487
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Sainte-Luce 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Sainte-Marie, Martinique|Sainte-Marie]]
|44.55
|15,487
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of Sainte-Marie - Martinique 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Schœlcher]]
|21.17
|19,612
|[[Arrondissement of Fort-de-France|Fort-de-France]]
|[[File:Locator map of Schœlcher 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[La Trinité, Martinique|La Trinité]]
|45.77
|12,025
|[[Arrondissement of La Trinité|La Trinité]]
|[[File:Locator map of La Trinité 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Les Trois-Îlets]]
|28.6
|7,242
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Les Trois-Îlets 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|-
|[[Le Vauclin]]
|39.06
|8,619
|[[Arrondissement of Le Marin|Le Marin]]
|[[File:Locator map of Le Vauclin 2018.png|frameless|50x50px]]
|}
[[File:Diamant Beach.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Diamant beach, and [[Diamond Rock]], as seen from Dizac beach]]

=== Representation of the State ===
The [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] of Martinique is Fort-de-France. The three sub-prefectures are Le Marin, Saint-Pierre and La Trinité. The French State is represented in Martinique by a prefect (Stanislas Cazelles since 5 February 2020), and by two sub-prefects in Le Marin (Corinne Blanchot-Prosper) and La Trinité / Saint-Pierre (Nicolas Onimus, appointed on 20 May 2020).

The prefecture was criticized for racism following the publication on its Twitter account of a poster calling for physical distancing against the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus]] and showing a black man and a white man separated by pineapples.<ref>{{cite web |title="1 mètre ou cinq ananas" : la préfecture de Martinique s'excuse après un tweet sur la distanciation |url=https://www.lci.fr/population/1-metre-ou-cinq-ananas-la-prefecture-de-martinique-retire-son-tweet-apres-un-debut-de-tolle-2154562.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=LCI |date=23 May 2020 |language=fr |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715002954/https://www.lci.fr/population/1-metre-ou-cinq-ananas-la-prefecture-de-martinique-retire-son-tweet-apres-un-debut-de-tolle-2154562.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Institutions ===
[[File:Martinique rathaus.jpg|thumb|upright|Former town hall or Mayor's office of Fort-de-France]]
The President of the Executive Council of Martinique is [[Serge Letchimy]] as of 2 July 2021.

The Executive Council of Martinique is composed of nine members (a president and eight executive councilors).<ref>{{cite web |title=Les élus de la Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique sont au complet |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/les-elus-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-sont-au-complet-1051006.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Martinique la 1ère |date=3 July 2021 |language=fr |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713043941/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/les-elus-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-sont-au-complet-1051006.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The deliberative assembly of the territorial collectivity is the [[Assembly of Martinique]], composed of 51 elected members and chaired by Lucien Saliber as of 2 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucien Saliber élu président de l'Assemblée de la Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/lucien-saliber-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-1050268.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Martinique la 1ère |date=2 July 2021 |language=fr |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182102/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/lucien-saliber-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-1050268.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The advisory council of the [[territorial collectivity]] of Martinique is the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique (Conseil économique, social, environnemental, de la culture et de l'éducation de Martinique), composed of 68 members. Its president is Justin Daniel since 20 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justin Daniel a été élu Président du CÉSECÉM |url=https://www.rci.fm/martinique/infos/Politique/Justin-Daniel-ete-elu-President-du-CESECEM |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=RCI |language=fr |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523173952/https://rci.fm/martinique/infos/Politique/Justin-Daniel-ete-elu-President-du-CESECEM |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== National representation ====
Martinique has been represented since 17 June 2017, in the [[National Assembly]] by four deputies (Serge Letchimy, [[Jean-Philippe Nilor]], [[Josette Manin]] and [[Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir]]) and in the Senate by two senators ([[Maurice Antiste]] and [[Catherine Conconne]]) since 24 September 2017.

Martinique is also represented in the [[French Economic, Social and Environmental Council|Economic, Social and Environmental Council]] by Pierre Marie-Joseph since 26 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Martiniquais Pierre Marie-Joseph est nommé au Conseil économique, social et environnemental |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/le-martiniquais-pierre-marie-joseph-est-nomme-parmi-les-huit-conseillers-ultramarins-du-cese-995629.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Martinique la 1ère |date=29 April 2021 |language=fr |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210311/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/le-martiniquais-pierre-marie-joseph-est-nomme-parmi-les-huit-conseillers-ultramarins-du-cese-995629.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Institutional and statutory evolution of the island ===
During the 2000s, the political debate in Martinique focused on the question of the evolution of the island's status.<ref name="CC France-2021">{{cite web|title=Les collectivités territoriales régies par l'article 73 {{!}} Conseil constitutionnel|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/nouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil-constitutionnel/les-collectivites-territoriales-regies-par-l-article-73|access-date=3 August 2021|website=www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr|language=fr|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803060916/https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/nouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil-constitutionnel/les-collectivites-territoriales-regies-par-l-article-73|url-status=live}}</ref> Two political ideologies, [[Cultural assimilation|assimilationism]] and [[autonomism]], clashed. On the one hand, there are those who want a change of status based on Article 73 of the French Constitution, i.e., that all French laws apply in Martinique as of right, which in law is called legislative identity, and on the other hand, the autonomists who want a change of status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, i.e., an autonomous status subject to the regime of legislative specialty following the example of [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|St. Martin]] and [[Saint Barthélemy|St. Barthelemy]].

Since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, Martinique has four options:
* First possibility: the status quo,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=William |first=Jean-Claude |date=15 December 2007 |title=Du brouillage. Droite et gauche en Martinique. Quelle réalité ? |url=http://journals.openedition.org/plc/173 |journal=Pouvoirs dans la Caraïbe. Revue du CRPLC |language=fr |issue=15 |pages=121–149 |doi=10.4000/plc.173 |issn=1279-8657 |doi-access=free |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602081506/https://journals.openedition.org/plc/173 |url-status=live }}</ref> Martinique retains its status as an Overseas Department and Region, under Article 73 of the Constitution. The DROMs are under the regime of legislative identity. In this framework, the laws and regulations are applicable as of right, with the adaptations required by the particular characteristics and constraints of the communities concerned.
* [[File:Old City Hall - panoramio (12).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Old City Hall, Fort-de-France]]Second possibility: if the local stakeholders, and first and foremost the elected representatives, agree, they can, within the framework of Article 73 of the Constitution,<ref name="AN France-2020">{{cite web |title=Assemblée nationale – Outre-mer : mesures organiques relatives aux collectivités régies par l'article 73 de la Constitution |url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/dossiers/collectivites_article73_constitution.asp |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=www.assemblee-nationale.fr |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623004731/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/dossiers/collectivites_article73_constitution.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> propose an institutional evolution such as the creation of a single assembly (merger of the general council and the regional council). However, the department and the region will remain. The government may propose to the President of the Republic to consult the voters on this issue. In case of a negative answer, nothing will be possible. In case of positive response, the final decision will be taken by the Parliament, which will finally decide whether the reform is carried out by passing an ordinary law.<ref name="Senate France-2011">{{cite web |title=Guyane et Martinique – Sénat |url=https://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/pjl10-265.html |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=www.senat.fr |date=26 January 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803060916/https://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/pjl10-265.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Third possibility: those elected may propose the creation of a new [[Territorial collectivity|collectivity]] within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution.<ref name="Outre Mer-2010" /> This new community will replace the department and the region. It will bring together the competences currently attributed to the General Council and the Regional Council. This community governed by Article 73 is subject to the regime of legislative identity and is therefore not autonomous. It will have as institutions an executive council, a deliberative assembly and an economic and social council.<ref name="La Depeche-2014" />
* Fourth possibility: if a consensus is reached, the elected representatives may propose to the government a change of status, i.e., the transformation of Martinique into an overseas collectivity (COM).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Guyane et Martinique : enjeux et défis de la collectivité unique|date=2014 |doi=10.3917/inso.186.0098 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-informations-sociales-2014-6-page-98.htm|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803060914/https://www.cairn.info/revue-informations-sociales-2014-6-page-98.htm |last1=Daniel |first1=Justin |journal=Informations Sociales |volume=186 |issue=6 |pages=98–107 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Indeed, since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, the overseas departments may, under Article 74, become an overseas collectivity (COM) like St. Martin and St. Barthélemy.

Unlike the [[Overseas France|overseas departments]], the overseas collectivities are subject to legislative specialization.<ref name="CC France-2021" /> The laws and decrees of the Republic apply to them under certain conditions established by the organic law defining their status. The overseas departments have a greater degree of autonomy than the DOMs. They have an executive council, a territorial council and an economic and social council. The prefect is the representative of the French State in the overseas collectivity.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Salines Beach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|Salines Beach, St Anne peninsula]]
However, the [[Constitution of France|French Constitution]] specifies in Article 72-4<ref name="CC France-2021" /> that "no change may be made, for all or part of one of the communities mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 72-3, from one of the regimes provided for in Articles 73 and 74, without the prior consent of the electors of the community or part of the community concerned having been obtained, under the conditions provided for in the following paragraph.<ref name="CC France-2021" />

In 2003, a new organization is envisaged, in which the regional and departmental institutions would be merged into a single institution. This proposal was rejected in Martinique (but also in [[Guadeloupe]]) by 50.48% in a referendum held on 7 December 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martinique, Référendum 2003, France. MJP, univesité de Perpignan|url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/reft2003martinique.htm|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710170907/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/reft2003martinique.htm}}</ref>

On 10 January 2010, a consultation of the population was held. Voters were asked to vote in a [[2010 Martiniquean status referendum|referendum]] on a possible change in the status of their territory. The ballot proposed voters to "approve or reject the transition to the regime provided for in Article 74 of the Constitution". The majority of voters, 79.3%, said "no".<ref name="La Depeche-2014">{{cite web |title=Guyane et Martinique se prononcent sur une collectivité unique |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/01/23/761793-guyane-et-martinique-se-prononcent-sur-une-collectivite-unique.html |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=ladepeche.fr |language=fr |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050057/http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/01/23/761793-guyane-et-martinique-se-prononcent-sur-une-collectivite-unique.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The following 24 January, in a second referendum, 68.4% of the population of Martinique approved the transition to a "single collectivity" under Article 73 of the Constitution, i.e., a single assembly that would exercise the powers of the General Council and the Regional Council.<ref name="Outre Mer-2010">{{cite web|title=Le référendum a recueilli 68,3 % de réponses positives parmi les suffrages exprimés en Martinique pour un taux de participation de 35,81 % (Résultats de la consultation du 25 janvier 2010 en Guyane et en Martinique|url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?resultats-de-la-consultation-du-25-janvier-2010-en-guyane-et-en.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=10 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110002748/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?resultats-de-la-consultation-du-25-janvier-2010-en-guyane-et-en.html}}</ref>

=== New collectivity of Martinique ===
The project of the elected representatives of Martinique to the government proposes a single territorial community<ref name="Senate France-2011" /> governed by Article 73 of the Constitution,<ref name="AN France-2020" /> whose name is "Territorial Community of Martinique". The single assembly that replaces the General Council and the Regional Council is called the "Assembly of Martinique". The Assembly of Martinique is composed of 51 councilors, elected for a six-year term of office by the [[proportional representation]] system (the [[electoral district]] is divided into four sections). A majority bonus of 20% is granted to the first place list.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The [[Executive (government)|executive body]] of this community is called the "executive council",<ref name="Loi 2011-884-2011">{{cite web |title=LOI n° 2011-884 du 27 juillet 2011 relative aux collectivités territoriales de Guyane et de Martinique |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000024403725/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803060919/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000024403725/ }}</ref> which is composed of nine executive councilors, including a president. The president of the community of Martinique is the president of the executive council. The executive council is responsible to the Assembly of Martinique, which may overrule it by a motion of constructive censure. Unlike the previous functioning of the General Council and the Regional Council, the Assembly of Martinique is separate from the Executive Council and is headed by a bureau and a president.
[[File:Anses d'Arlet cove.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|Anses d'Arlet and its churchside beach, a landmark of Martinique]]
The new collectivity of Martinique combines the powers of the general and regional councils, but may obtain new powers through empowerments under Article 73. The executive council is assisted by an advisory council, the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique.<ref name="Loi 2011-884-2011" />

The bill was approved on 26 January 2011, by the [[Government of France|French Government]]. The ordinary law was submitted to Parliament during the first half of 2011 and resulted in the adoption of Law No. 2011-884 27 July 2011, on the territorial communities of French Guiana and Martinique.<ref name="Loi 2011-884-2011" />

=== Political forces ===
Political life in Martinique is essentially based on Martinican political parties and local federations of national parties (PS and LR). The following classification takes into account their position with regard to the statutory evolution of the island: there are the assimilationists (in favor of an institutional or statutory evolution within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution), the [[autonomists]] and the [[Independence|independentists]] (in favor of a statutory evolution based on Article 74 of the French Constitution).

Indeed, on 18 December 2008, during the congress of Martinique's departmental and regional elected representatives, the thirty-three pro-independence elected representatives (MIM/CNCP/MODEMAS/PALIMA) of the two assemblies voted unanimously in favor of a change in the island's status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, which allows access to autonomy; this change in status was massively rejected (79.3%) by the population during the [[referendum]] of 10 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Enero |first1=11 De |last2=2010 – 07h47 |date=11 January 2010 |title=Guayana Francesa y Martinica rechazan más autonomía |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2010/01/11/1/1361/guayana-francesa-martinica-rechazan-mas-autonomia.html |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=El Universo |language=es |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729122156/https://www.eluniverso.com/2010/01/11/1/1361/guayana-francesa-martinica-rechazan-mas-autonomia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Defence ===
The defence of the department is the responsibility of the [[French Armed Forces]]. Some 1,400 military personnel are deployed in Martinique and [[Guadeloupe]] – centred on the 33e régiment d'infanterie de Marine in Martinique and incorporating a reserve company of the regiment located in Guadeloupe.<ref name="defense-gouv-fr">{{Cite web |title=Forces armées aux Antilles |date=14 February 2022 |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/forces-prepositionnees/forces-souverainete/forces-armees-aux-antilles |access-date=2022-12-26 |publisher=Ministère des Armées |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135147/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/forces-prepositionnees/forces-souverainete/forces-armees-aux-antilles |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rss.org.bb/tag/french-forces-in-the-west-indies/ |title=French forces in the West Indies &#124; REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM |publisher=Rss.org.bb |date= |access-date=2022-09-24 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924154401/https://www.rss.org.bb/tag/french-forces-in-the-west-indies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr/index.php/fr/33-rima | title=33e RIMa | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924153934/https://www.emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr/index.php/fr/33-rima | url-status=live }}</ref>

Five [[French Navy]] vessels are based in Martinique, including: the surveillance frigates {{ship|French frigate|Ventôse||2}} and {{ship|French frigate|Germinal||2}}, the patrol and support ship [[D'Entrecasteaux-class patrol ship|''Dumont d'Urville'']],  the {{sclass|Confiance|patrol vessel|1}} ''Combattante'' and the coastal harbor tug (RPC) ''Maïtos''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.journaldesaintbarth.com/actualites/vie-quotidienne/la-violette-des-forces-armees-aux-antilles-a-la-rencontre-de-guirec-soudee-202103051430.html | title=La "Violette" des forces armées aux Antilles à la rencontre de Guirec Soudée | access-date=7 November 2022 | archive-date=8 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008091541/https://www.journaldesaintbarth.com/actualites/vie-quotidienne/la-violette-des-forces-armees-aux-antilles-a-la-rencontre-de-guirec-soudee-202103051430.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Nationale Dossier d'Information, pp. 19 and 23 |url=https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |date=January 2023 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Cols Bleus |language=fr |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304112422/https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[French Naval Aviation|naval aviation element]] includes a [[Eurocopter AS565 Panther]] helicopter able to embark on the two [[Floreal class frigate|''Floréal''-class surveillance frigates]] as required.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clap de fin pour le Dauphin aux Antilles |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/actualites/clap-fin-dauphin-aux-antilles |date=26 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=French Navy|language=fr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Nationale Dossier d'Information, p. 23 |url=https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |date=January 2023 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Cols Bleus |language=fr |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304112422/https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="defense-gouv-fr"/> One ''Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards'' (EDA-S) landing craft (''Coutelas'') is to be delivered to naval forces based in Martinique by 2025. The landing craft is to better support operations in the territory and region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/first-two-eda-s-next-gen-amphibious-landing-crafts-delivered-to-french-dga/|title=First Two EDA-S Next Gen Amphibious Landing Craft Delivered to French DGA|date=25 November 2021|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153129/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/first-two-eda-s-next-gen-amphibious-landing-crafts-delivered-to-french-dga/|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 700 [[National Gendarmerie]] are also stationed in Martinique.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.senat.fr/rap/r08-519-2/r08-519-229.html | title=Les DOM, défi pour la République, chance pour la France, 100 propositions pour fonder l'avenir (Volume 2, comptes rendus des auditions et des déplacements de la mission) | date=3 April 2023 | access-date=7 November 2022 | archive-date=7 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107113353/https://www.senat.fr/rap/r08-519-2/r08-519-229.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Martinique}}
[[File:Diamond Rock and Morne Larcher bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Diamond Rock and the Sleeping Woman, the defining landscape of the southwest peninsula]]Part of the [[archipelago]] of the [[Antilles]], Martinique is located in the [[Caribbean Sea]] about {{cvt|450|km|0}} northeast of the coast of [[South America]] and about {{cvt|700|km|0}} southeast of the [[Dominican Republic]]. It is north of [[St. Lucia]], northwest of [[Barbados]] and south of [[Dominica]].

The total area of Martinique is {{cvt|1128|km2|sqmi}}, of which {{cvt|40|km2|sqmi}} is water and the rest land.<ref name="britannica1"/> Martinique is the 3rd largest island in The Lesser Antilles after [[Trinidad]] and [[Guadeloupe]]. It stretches {{cvt|70|km|0}} in length and {{cvt|30|km|0}} in width. The highest point is the volcano of [[Mount Pelée]] at {{cvt|1397|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. There are numerous [[List of islands of Martinique|small islands]], particularly off the east coast.[[File:Caravelle Natural reserve.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Caravelle Peninsula and Martinique's Atlantic coast, as seen from the Phare de la Caravelle]]The Atlantic, or "windward" coast of Martinique is difficult to navigate by ship. A combination of coastal cliffs, shallow coral reefs and cays, and strong winds make the area notoriously hazardous for sea traffic. The [[Caravelle peninsula]] clearly separates the north Atlantic and south Atlantic coast.
The Caribbean, or "leeward" coast of Martinique is much more favourable to sea traffic. Besides being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island, the sea bed itself descends steeply from the shore. This ensures that most potential hazards are deep underwater, and prevents the growth of corals.
[[File:Pitons du Carbet rainforest.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Pitons du Carbet rainforest, as seen from the Fontaine Didier route in Fort de France]]
The north of the island is especially mountainous. It features four ensembles of ''pitons'' ([[volcano]]es) and ''mornes'' (mountains): the Piton Conil on the extreme North, which dominates the [[Dominica Channel]]; Mont Pelée, an active volcano; the Morne Jacob; and the [[Pitons du Carbet]], an ensemble of five extinct volcanoes covered with rainforest and dominating the Bay of Fort de France at {{cvt|1196|m}}. Mont Pelée's [[volcanic ash]] has created grey and black sand beaches in the north (in particular between Anse Ceron and Anse des Gallets), contrasting markedly from the white sands of Les Salines in the south.

[[File:Grand Anse beach, Anses d'Arlet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Grand Anse beach, a haven for sea turtles, southwest peninsula]]
The south is more easily traversed, though it still features impressive geographic features. Because it is easier to travel to, and due to the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region, the south receives most of the tourism. The beaches from Pointe de Bout, through Diamant (which features right off the coast of Roche de Diamant), St. Luce, the department of St. Anne and down to Les Salines are popular.

=== Relief ===
[[File:Martinique relief location map.jpg|thumb|Topographic relief map of Martinique]]
The terrain is mountainous on this island of volcanic origin. The oldest areas correspond to the volcanic zones at the southern end of the island and towards the peninsula of La Caravelle to the east. The island developed over the last 20 million years according to a sequence of movements and volcanic eruptions to the north.

The volcanic activity is due to the [[subduction]] fault located here, where the [[South American Plate]] slides beneath the [[Caribbean Plate]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/collegeatlasofwo0000nati |title=Atlas of the World |publisher=National Geographic |year=2007 |edition=10th |page=[https://archive.org/details/collegeatlasofwo0000nati/page/6 6]|isbn=978-0-471-74117-6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Martinique has eight centres of volcanic activity. The oldest rocks are [[andesitic]] lavas dated to about 24 million years ago, mixed with [[tholeiitic]] [[magma]] containing iron and [[magnesium]]. Mount Pelée, the island's most dramatic feature, formed about 400,000 years ago.<ref name="EV">{{citation |title=Explore Volcanoes: Mount Pelée, Martinique |date=c. 2010 |url=http://www.explorevolcanoes.com/Martinique-caribbean-volcano.html |publisher=Maple Creative |format=web |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305234312/http://www.explorevolcanoes.com/Martinique-caribbean-volcano.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pelée erupted in 1792, 1851, and twice in 1902.<ref name="EW" /> The eruption of 8 May 1902, destroyed Saint-Pierre and killed 28,000 people in 2 minutes; that of 30 August 1902, killed nearly 1,100, mostly in Le Morne-Rouge and Ajoupa-Bouillon.<ref name="Scarth">{{Cite book|last=Scarth|first=Alwyn|title=La catastrophe : the eruption of Mount Pelee, the worst volcanic eruption of the twentieth century|publisher=Oxford University|year=2002|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal|date=1 June 1902|title=Notes|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/066134a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=66|issue=1701|pages=134–138|doi=10.1038/066134a0|bibcode=1902Natur..66..134.|issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820221723/https://www.nature.com/articles/066134a0|url-status=live}}</ref>

The east coast, coast of the wind or of the islands, has been called in the [[Caribbean]] "''cabesterre''". This term in Martinique designates more specifically the area of La Caravelle. This windward coast, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, is directly exposed to the trade winds and the sea bottom. The northern part of the Grand River in Sainte-Marie is basically surrounded by cliffs, with very few mooring points; access to maritime navigation is limited to inshore fishing with small traditional Martinique boats.

===Flora and fauna===
{{see also|Parc naturel régional de la Martinique}}

[[File:Trou d'eau, Trace des jesuites.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Trou d'eau of the Pitons du Carbet forest, [[Rivière du Lorrain]], as seen from the Trace des Jésuites trail]]
[[File:Anse Grosse Roche, le Marin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Beach of Anse Grosse Roche, St Anne peninsula]]
[[File:Artibeus jamaicensis.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A Jamaican fruit bats hanging from a tree|The [[Jamaican fruit bat]] can be found throughout the island.]]

The northern end of the island catches most of the rainfall and is heavily forested, featuring species such as [[bamboo]], [[mahogany]], [[rosewood]] and [[Hymenaea courbaril|West Indian locust]]. The south is drier and dominated by savanna-like brush, including [[cacti]], [[Copaifera langsdorffii|Copaiba balsam]], [[logwood]] and [[acacia]].

[[Anole]] lizards and [[Bothrops lanceolatus|fer-de-lance snakes]] are native to the island. [[Mongoose]]s (''[[Small Indian mongoose|Urva auropunctata]]''), introduced in the 1800s to control the snake population, have become a particularly cumbersome [[introduced species]]<ref>{{citation |title=Global Invasive Species Database:Martinique |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=sss&sn=&rn=Martinique&ri=18239&hci=-1&ei=-1&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010743/http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=sss&sn=&rn=Martinique&ri=18239&hci=-1&ei=-1&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN |url-status=live }}</ref> as they prey upon bird eggs and have exterminated or endangered a number of native birds, including the [[Martinique trembler]], white-breasted trembler and [[White-breasted Thrasher]].<ref name="LP"/> Bat species include the [[Jamaican fruit bat]], the [[Antillean fruit-eating bat]], the [[Little yellow-shouldered bat]], [[Davy's naked-backed bat]], the [[Greater bulldog bat]], [[Schwartz's myotis]], and the [[Mexican free-tailed bat]].

=== Beaches ===
Martinique has many beaches:<ref name="Morneau-2015">{{Cite book |last=Morneau |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6tNCgAAQBAJ&q=les+plages+martinique |title=Martinique – Les Saline et la route des plages du Sud |date=6 August 2015 |publisher=Ulysse |isbn=978-2-7658-2598-2 |language=fr |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031641/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6tNCgAAQBAJ&q=les+plages+martinique |url-status=live }}</ref> those in the south of the island have white sand, unlike those in the north which are of volcanic origin and therefore have black or gray sand.

Most of the beaches are wild, without services and without surveillance, but some are organized and enable water-sports and marine activities.

=== Hydrography ===
Due to the island's geographic and morphological characteristics, it has short and torrential rivers. The Lézarde, {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}} long, is the longest on the island.

=== Major urban areas ===

The most populous [[urban unit]] is [[Le Robert]], which covers 11 communes in the southeastern part of the department. The three largest urban units are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-395341,5226636,165961,144611&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2019&t=A01&view=map12|title=Statistiques locales: France par unité urbaine, population municipale 2019|publisher=[[INSEE]]|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-395341,5226636,165961,144611&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2019&t=A01&view=map12|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|-
! Urban unit
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Le Robert]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 130,179
|-
| [[Fort-de-France]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 116,462
|-
| [[Le Lamentin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 40,095
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Distillerie Dillon.JPG|thumb|Dillon's distillery]]
In 2014, Martinique had a total GDP of 8.4&nbsp;billion [[euro]]s. Its economy is heavily dependent on tourism, limited agricultural production, and grant aid from mainland France.<ref name="britannica1"/>

Historically, Martinique's economy relied on agriculture, notably sugar and bananas, but by the beginning of the 21st century this sector had dwindled considerably. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of [[rum]].<ref name="britannica1"/> Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to mainland France. [[Kepone#French Antilles|Chlordecone]], a pesticide used in the cultivation of bananas before a ban in 1993, has been found to have contaminated farming ground, rivers and fish, and affected the health of islanders. Fishing and agriculture has had to stop in affected areas, having a significant effect on the economy.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2019|title=Pesticide poisoned French paradise islands in Caribbean|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50144261|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122181024/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50144261|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> The bulk of meat, vegetable and grain requirements must be imported. This contributes to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from mainland France.<ref name="britannica1"/>

All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable "sea toll" which may reach 30% of the value of the cargo and provides 40% of the island's total revenue. Additionally the government charges an "annual due" of 1–2.5% and a [[value added tax]] of 2.2–8.5%.<ref name="IE Martinique-2007">{{citation|title=Informations Economie Martinique|url=http://www.in-west-indies.com/martinique/discover/economy.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528055125/http://www.in-west-indies.com/martinique/discover/economy.htm|access-date=15 September 2013|archive-date=28 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Exports and imports ===
Exports of goods and services in 2015 amounted to €1,102&nbsp;million (€504&nbsp;million of goods), of which more than 20% were refined petroleum products (SARA refinery located in the town of Le Lamentin), €95.9&nbsp;million of agricultural, forestry, fish and aquaculture products, €62.4&nbsp;million of agri-food industry products and €54.8&nbsp;million of other goods.

Imports of goods and services in 2015 were €3,038&nbsp;million (of which €2,709&nbsp;million were goods), of which approximately 40% were crude and refined petroleum products, €462.6&nbsp;million were agricultural and agri-food products, and €442.8&nbsp;million were mechanical, electrical, electronic and computer equipment.

===Tourism===
[[File:Les Salines beach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Les Salines, a wide sand beach at the southeastern end of the island]]
Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange.<ref name="britannica1" /> Most visitors come from mainland France, Canada and the United States.<ref name="britannica1" /> Roughly 16% of the total businesses on the island (some 6,000 companies) provide tourist-related services.<ref name="IE Martinique-2007" />

=== Agriculture ===

==== Banana ====
[[Banana]] cultivation is the main agricultural activity, with more than 7,200 hectares cultivated, nearly 220,000 tons produced and almost 12,000 jobs (direct + indirect) in 2006 figures. Its weight in the island's economy is low (1.6%); however, it generates more than 40% of the agricultural value added.<ref>{{cite web|title=La filière banane en Martinique : état des lieux et perspectives, iedom.fr, juillet 2007|url=https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ne41_eclairage_martinique_filiere_banane_07.2007.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729122938/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ne41_eclairage_martinique_filiere_banane_07.2007.pdf}}</ref>

==== Rum ====
[[Rum]], and particularly [[rhum agricole|agricultural rum]], accounted for 23% of agri-food value added in 2005 and employed 380 people on the island (including traditional rum{{clarify|date=April 2025}}). The island's production is about 90,000 hl of [[Ethanol|pure alcohol]] in 2009, of which 79,116 hl of pure alcohol is agricultural rum (2009).<ref>{{cite web|title=Production de rhum en Martinique».|url=http://www.rhum-agricole.net/site/mq_rhum#prod|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724033613/http://www.rhum-agricole.net/site/mq_rhum#prod}}</ref>

==== Sugarcane ====
[[File:La récolte.jpg|thumb|Sugarcane cultivation]] 
In 2009, [[sugarcane]] cultivation occupied {{Convert|4,150|ha}}, or 13.7% of agricultural land. The area under cultivation has increased by more than 20% in the last 20 years, a rapid increase explained by the high added value of the rum produced and the rise in world sugar prices. This production is increasingly concentrated, with farms of more than 50 hectares accounting for 6.2% of the farms and 73.4% of the area under production. Annual production was about 220,000 tons in 2009, of which almost 90,000 tons went to sugar production, and the rest was delivered to agricultural rum distilleries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Production de canne à sucre en Martinique».|url=http://www.rhum-agricole.net/site/mq_canne#Production|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=2 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002031622/http://www.rhum-agricole.net/site/mq_canne#Production}}</ref>

==== Pineapples ====
[[Pineapple]]s used to be an important part of agricultural production. However, according to IEDOM, in 2005, they accounted for only 1% of agricultural production in value (€2.5&nbsp;million compared to €7.9&nbsp;million in 2000).

==Infrastructure==
{{Main|Transportation in Martinique|Communications in Martinique}}
[[File:Embouteillages sur l'Autoroute A1 (972) à Fort-de-France.JPG|thumb|The A1 highway (972) in Fort-de-France]]

===Transport===
Martinique's main and only airport with commercial flights is [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport]]. It serves flights to and from Europe, the [[Caribbean]], [[Venezuela]], the United States, and Canada.<ref name="EW" /> See [[List of airports in Martinique]].

Fort-de-France is the major harbour. The island has regular ferry service to Guadeloupe, Dominica and St. Lucia.<ref name="LP"/><ref name="EW"/> There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort-de-France with Pointe du Bout.<ref name="LP"/>

The road network is extensive and well-maintained, with freeways in the area around Fort-de-France. Buses run frequently between the capital and St. Pierre.<ref name="LP"/>

==== Roads ====
In 2019, Martinique's road network consisted of 2,123&nbsp;km:<ref>{{cite web |title=Les infrastructures – Martinique Développement |url=https://www.martiniquedev.fr/les-infrastructures/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330083633/https://www.martiniquedev.fr/les-infrastructures/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 7&nbsp;km of highway (A1 between [[Fort-de-France]] and Le Lamentin);
* 919&nbsp;km of departmental and national roads
* [[File:TiFoX-réserve protégée-7.jpg|thumb|Lighthouse of La Caravelle, Martinique]]1,197&nbsp;km of communal roads.

In proportion to its population, Martinique is the French department with the highest number of vehicle registrations.<ref name="collectivitedemartinique.mq">{{cite web |title=Transport – Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique |url=https://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/transport/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813172038/https://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/transport/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, 19,137 new vehicles were registered in Martinique, i.e. 42 new vehicles were purchased per 1,000 [[Domicile (law)|inhabitants]] (+14 in five years), to the great benefit of dealers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les ventes de voitures se portent toujours mieux en Martinique |url=https://www.rci.fm/martinique/infos/Economie/Les-ventes-de-voitures-se-portent-toujours-mieux-en-Martinique |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=RCI |language=fr |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815115454/https://www.rci.fm/martinique/infos/Economie/Les-ventes-de-voitures-se-portent-toujours-mieux-en-Martinique |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Public transport ====
The [[Public transport|public]] entity "Martinique Transport" was created in December 2014. This establishment is in charge of urban, intercity passenger (cabs), maritime, school and disabled student transport throughout the island, as well as the bus network.<ref name="collectivitedemartinique.mq"/>

The first exclusive right-of-way public transport line in Martinique (TCSP), served by high-service-level buses between Fort-de-France and Le Lamentin airport, was put into service on 13 August 2018. Extensions to Schœlcher, Robert and Ducos are planned.

==== Ports ====
Given the insular [[nature]] of Martinique, its supply by sea is important. The port of Fort-de-France is the seventh largest French port in terms of container traffic.<ref name="geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr">{{cite web |title=Insularité, transports et mobilités. L'exemple de la Martinique — Géoconfluences |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-thematiques/mobilites-flux-et-transports/articles-scientifiques/insularite-martinique |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr |language=fr |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129034451/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-thematiques/mobilites-flux-et-transports/articles-scientifiques/insularite-martinique |url-status=live }}</ref> After 2012, it became the Grand Port Maritime Port (GPM) of Martinique, following the State's decision to modernize port infrastructures of national interest.

==== Air services ====
The island's airport is [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport]]. It is located in the municipality of Le Lamentin. Its civilian traffic (1,696,071 passengers in 2015) ranks it thirteenth among French airports, behind those of two other overseas departments (Guadeloupe – Pôle Caraïbes de Pointe-à-Pitre Airport, Guadeloupe, and La Réunion-Roland-Garros Airport).<ref>{{cite web|title="Résultats d'activité des aéroports français 2015».|url=http://www.aeroport.fr/uploads/documents/Rapport-2015-v5.pdf?v2.1|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2021|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911084818/http://www.aeroport.fr/uploads/documents/Rapport-2015-v5.pdf?v2.1}}</ref> Its traffic is very strongly polarized by [[metropolitan France]], with very limited (192,244 passengers in 2017) and declining international traffic.

[[File:030-T-Corpet Martinique.jpg|thumb|Former Martinique Plantation train (030-T-Corpet)]]

==== Railroads ====
At the beginning of the 20th century, Martinique had more than {{Convert|240|km|abbr=on}} of railways serving the sugar factories (cane transport). Only one tourist train remains in Sainte-Marie between the Saint-James house and the banana museum.<ref name="geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr"/>

===Communications===
The [[country code top-level domain]] for Martinique is [[.mq]], but [[.fr]] is often used instead. The [[List of country calling codes|country code for international dialling]] is 596.  The entire island uses a single area code (also 596) for landline phones and 696 for cell phones.  (596 is dialled twice when calling a Martinique landline from another country.)<ref name="Phones">{{citation|title=Martinique Telephones|url=http://martinique-guide.info/travel.basics/telephones/|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429193507/http://martinique-guide.info/travel.basics/telephones/|publisher=IIWINC|access-date=23 April 2013|archive-date=29 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Mobile telephony ====
There are three mobile telephone networks in Martinique: Orange, SFR Caraïbe and Digicel. The arrival of Free, in partnership with Digicel, was planned for 2020.45

According to Arcep, by mid-2018, Martinique is 99% covered by [[4G]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quelle couverture mobile Outre-mer ? [DATA] |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/quelle-couverture-mobile-outre-mer-data-607801.html |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Outre-mer la 1ère |date=10 July 2018 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712123935/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/quelle-couverture-mobile-outre-mer-data-607801.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Television ====
The DTT package includes 10 free channels: 4 national channels of the [[France Télévisions]] group, the news channel [[France 24]], [[Arte]] and 4 local channels Martinique 1re, ViàATV, KMT Télévision. Zouk TV stopped broadcasting in April 2021 and will be subsequently replaced by Zitata TV, whose broadcasting is delayed following the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

Viewers in Martinique do not have free access to other free national channels in the [[Digital terrestrial television|DTT]] package in mainland France (TF1 group, M6 group, etc.).

Viewers in the [[Overseas France|French overseas territories]] also do not have free access to the public service cultural channel [[Culturebox]], which is not broadcast locally on DTT.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jonathan |title=(MàJ-3 : myCANAL) Concernant la diffusion de la chaîne éphémère " Culturebox " en Outre-Mer ! |url=http://actu-medias.info/2021/01/culturebox-pas-disponible-tnt-ultramarine.html |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=ActuMédias Outre-Mer |language=fr |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307054754/https://actu-medias.info/2021/01/culturebox-pas-disponible-tnt-ultramarine.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[French language|French-language]] satellite package Canal+ Caraïbes is available in the [[territory]].

==== Telephone and Internet ====
In early 2019, Orange put into service "Kanawa", a new submarine cable linking Martinique to French Guiana.

Martinique is also connected by other submarine cables: ECFS (en), Americas-2 (en) and Southern [[Caribbean]] Fiber.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lausson |first=Julien |date=2 February 2017 |title=Orange annonce un câble sous-marin de 5 Tbits/s dans les DOM-TOM pour 2018 |url=https://www.numerama.com/tech/229295-orange-annonce-un-cable-sous-marin-de-5-tbitss-dans-les-dom-tom-pour-2018.html |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Numerama |language=fr-FR |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712123927/https://www.numerama.com/tech/229295-orange-annonce-un-cable-sous-marin-de-5-tbitss-dans-les-dom-tom-pour-2018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
{{Main|Demographics of Martinique}}

Martinique had a population of 349,925 as of January 2024.<ref name=pop/> The population has been decreasing by 0.9% per year since 2013.<ref name=census2019press>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6012596 |title=Recensement de la population en Martinique : 364 508 habitants au 1ᵉʳ janvier 2019 |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |date=29 December 2021 |language=fr |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706160056/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6012596 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. {{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Martinique<ref name="worldmap1">{{cite web |title=MIDDLE AMERICA & CARIBBEAN MARTINIQUE Snapshot Section |access-date=10 December 2018 |url=http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/martinique_profile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073705/http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/martinique_profile.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholic]]
|value1 = 86
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Protestant]]
|value2 = 5.6
|color2 = #9DFFD0
|label3 = [[Muslim]]
|value3 = 0.5
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]
|value4 = 0.5
|color4 = #604E97
|label5 = [[Hindu]]
|value5 = 0.3
|color5 = Orange
|label6=Others|value6=7.1}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" | Historical population
 ! 1700<br />estimate !! 1738<br />estimate !! 1848<br />estimate !! 1869<br />estimate !! 1873<br />estimate !! 1878<br />estimate !! 1883<br />estimate !! 1888<br />estimate !! 1893<br />estimate !! 1900<br />estimate !! 1954<br />census
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 24,000 || style="text-align:center;"| 74,000 || style="text-align:center;"| 120,400 || style="text-align:center;"| 152,925 || style="text-align:center;"| 157,805 || style="text-align:center;"| 162,861 || style="text-align:center;"| 167,119 || style="text-align:center;"| 175,863 || style="text-align:center;"| 189,599 || style="text-align:center;"| 203,781 || 239,130 
|-
 ! 1961<br />census !! 1967<br />census !! 1974<br />census !! 1982<br />census !! 1990<br />census !! 1999<br />census !! 2010<br />census !! 2015<br />census !! 2021<br />census !! 2024<br />estimate
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 292,062 || style="text-align:center;"| 320,030 || style="text-align:center;"| 324,832 || style="text-align:center;"| 328,566 || style="text-align:center;"| 359,572 || style="text-align:center;"| 381,325 || style="text-align:center;"| 394,173 || style="text-align:center;"| 380,877 || style="text-align:center;"| 360,749 || style="text-align:center;"| 349,925
|-
| colspan="21" style="text-align:center;" | <small>Official figures from past censuses and [[INSEE]] estimates</small>
|}

===Ethnic groups===
The population of Martinique is mainly of [[African diaspora|African descent]] generally mixed with European, Amerindian ([[Island Caribs|Carib]]), [[Indo-Martiniquais|Indian]] (descendants of 19th-century [[Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] immigrants from South India), Lebanese, Syrian or Chinese. Martinique also has a small [[Syria|Syro]]-[[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] community, a small [[Indo-Martiniquais|Indian]] community, a small but increasing [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] community, and the ''[[Béké]]'' community, descendants of the first European settlers.<ref name="britannica1" />

The Béké population represents around 1% of Martinique's population,<ref name="Békés Une affaire d'héritage">{{citation |author=Béatrice Gurrey et Benoît Hopquin |title=Békés : Une affaire d'héritage |work=Le Monde |date=28 February 2009 |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/28/bekes-une-affaire-d-heritage_1161662_3224.html |language=fr |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051246/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/28/bekes-une-affaire-d-heritage_1161662_3224.html |url-status=live }}</ref> mostly of noble ancestry or members of the old [[bourgeoisie]]. In addition to the island population, the island hosts a mainland French community, most of which live on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Religion===
{{See also|Hinduism in Martinique}}
[[File:Cathédrale Saint Louis.jpg|thumb|upright|Cathédrale Saint Louis]]
About 90% of Martiniquans are [[Christians|Christian]], predominantly [[Roman Catholic]] as well as smaller numbers of various [[Protestant]] denominations.<ref name="britannica1"/> There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as [[Islam]], [[Hinduism in Martinique|Hinduism]] and the [[Baháʼí Faith]].

The island has 49 [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parishes]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paroisses – Eglise catholique de Martinique|url=http://martinique.catholique.fr/-paroisses-?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818120620/http://martinique.catholique.fr/-paroisses-?lang=fr|archive-date=18 August 2016|access-date=9 November 2020|website=martinique.catholique.fr}}</ref> and several historic places of worship, such as the [[St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France|Saint-Louis Cathedral]] of Fort de France,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cathédrale Saint-Louis – Fort de France|url=https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-saint-louis-fort-de-1026?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002201/https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-saint-louis-fort-de-1026?lang=fr|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Eglise catholique de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref> the [[Sacred Heart Church of Balata]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Balata – Sacré Coeur|url=https://martinique.catholique.fr/Balata-Sacre-Coeur?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814201245/https://martinique.catholique.fr/Balata-Sacre-Coeur?lang=fr|archive-date=14 August 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Eglise catholique de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref> and the [[Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l\'Assomption – Saint-Pierre|url=https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-notre-dame-de-l-1039?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002645/https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-notre-dame-de-l-1039?lang=fr|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Eglise catholique de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref>

==== Catholic Church ====
Catholic parishes are present in each municipality and village of the territory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion en Martinique – Tropicalement Vôtre |url=https://www.tropicalement-votre.com/destinations/religion-martinique.php |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=www.tropicalement-votre.com |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175357/https://www.tropicalement-votre.com/destinations/religion-martinique.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The island has the following places of worship classified as historic monuments:
* [[St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France|Saint-Louis Cathedral]] (Cathédrale Saint Louis) in [[Fort-de-France]], erected in 1850 by a bull of [[Pope Pius IX]], is currently the seat of the archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France since 1967.
* Church of the Sacré-coeur ([[Sacred Heart of Jesus|Sacred Heart]]) in Balata
* Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption (Cathedral of [[Our Lady of the Assumption]]) in Saint-Pierre de la Martinique. The former church of Mouillage, located on the corner of Victor Hugo Street and Dupuy Street, in the Mouillage district of Saint-Pierre, was completed in 1956.
* [[Our Lady of the Assumption Church, Sainte-Marie|Our Lady of the Assumption Church]], in [[Sainte-Marie, Martinique|Sainte-Marie]], a town in Martinique, dates to 1658.

The [[Archdiocese]] of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France ([[Latin language|Latin]]: archidioecesis Sancti Petri et Arcis Gallicae seu Martinicensis) is an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in the Caribbean, based in Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France, on the island of Martinique. The archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France is metropolitan and its suffragan dioceses are Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.

===Languages===
[[File:Multilingual sign on a dock in Fort-de-France.jpg|thumb|upright|Multilingual welcome sign in [[Fort-de-France]]. ''Kontan wè zot'' is [[Martiniquan Creole]] for "Happy to see you."]]
The official language of Martinique is French, which is spoken by most of the population. The department was integrated into France in 1946, and consequently became French.<ref name="Sheringham-2016">{{Cite journal|last=Sheringham|first=Olivia|date=26 January 2016|title=Markers of identity in Martinique: being French, Black, Creole|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=39|issue=2|pages=243–262|doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992|s2cid=146477601|issn=0141-9870|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Most residents also speak [[Creole language|Martinican Creole]] (''Martinique Creole'', ''Kréyol Mat'nik, Kreyòl''), a form of [[Antillean Creole]] closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martiniquan Creole is based on French, [[Carib language|Carib]] and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Also, unlike other varieties of French creole, such as [[Mauritian Creole]], Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of [[Standard French]] due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

French and Creole are in a [[Diglossia|diglossic]] situation in Martinique,<ref name="Hardwick-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Hardwick|first=Louise|date=12 September 2006|title=Du franais-banane au crole-dragon: entretien avec Raphal Confiant|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.9.2.257_7|journal=International Journal of Francophone Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=257–276|doi=10.1386/ijfs.9.2.257_7|issn=1368-2679|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bernabe-2002">{{Cite journal|last1=Bernabé|first1=Jean|last2=Confiant|first2=Raphaël|date=2002|title=Le CAPES de Créole: stratégies et enjeux|journal=Hermès|volume=32-33|issue=1|page=211|doi=10.4267/2042/14377|issn=0767-9513|doi-access=free}}</ref> where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" /> Creole was a spoken language with a developed "oraliture"; it was not until the mid-20th century that it began to be written.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" /> Since then, [[decreolization]] of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features, mostly unconsciously, but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" />

Being an [[Overseas departments and regions of France|overseas department of France]], the island has European, French, Spanish, Caribbean, Martinican, Black (African), Indian (Tamil) and [[Creole peoples|Creole]] markers of identity, all being influenced by foreign factors, social factors, cultural factors and, as a reportedly important marker, linguistic practices.<ref name="Sheringham-2016" /> Martinican and [[Creole peoples|Creole identities]] are specifically asserted through encouragement of [[Martinican Creole|Creole language]] and its use in literature, in a movement known as ''[[Créolité]],'' that was started by [[Patrick Chamoiseau]], [[Jean Bernabé]] and [[Raphaël Confiant]].<ref name="Sheringham-2016" /><ref name="Burton-1992">{{Cite journal|last=Burton|first=Richard D.E.|date=February 1992|title=Towards 1992: political-cultural assimilation and opposition in contemporary Martinique|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095715589200300705|journal=French Cultural Studies|volume=3|issue=7|pages=061–86|doi=10.1177/095715589200300705|s2cid=154426892|issn=0957-1558|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language, and it was not until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing [[Code-switching|code switching]].<ref name="Sheringham-2016" /><ref name="Bernabe-2002" /><ref name="Burton-1992" /> People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts.<ref name="Burton-1992" />

Speaking Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982, which is thought to have discouraged parents from using Creole in the home.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bojsen |first=Heidi |date=22 October 2014 |title=Creole Practices as Prescriptive Guidelines for Language Didactics? A selective overview of Glissant's thoughts on language and social identity. |journal=Karib: Nordic Journal for Caribbean Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=94 |doi=10.16993/karib.20 |issn=2387-6743|doi-access=free|url=https://forskning.ruc.dk/files/81712658/20_19_2_PB.pdf }}</ref> In collaboration with GEREC (''Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone'') [[Raphaël Confiant]] created KAPES KREYOL<ref name="Hardwick-2006" /> ([[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES for Creole]], ''Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré)'',  which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" /> This debuted 9 February 2001.<ref name="Hardwick-2006" /> Recently, the education authority, ''Académie de la Martinique'', launched "Parcours Creole +" in 2019, a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican. Rather than being a topic to be learned itself, Creole became a language that classes were taught in, such as arts, math, physical activity, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parcours Créole +|url=http://www.ac-martinique.fr/cid145967/parcours-creole.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018054253/http://www.ac-martinique.fr/cid145967/parcours-creole.html|archive-date=18 October 2019|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Académie de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref> Parents can also choose the "Parcours Anglais +", learning in classes conducted in French and English from kindergarten until their final year, as in the Creole + course.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Parcours Anglais Plus, Un projet académique pour promouvoir l'apprentissage de l'anglais dès la maternelle {{!}} ANGLAIS |url=https://site.ac-martinique.fr/anglais/?p=239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208095126/https://site.ac-martinique.fr/anglais/?p=239 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Académie de la Martinique |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A "Parcours Espagnol +", where children learn in and with French and Spanish, is in the planning stages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les projets + |url=https://www.ac-martinique.fr/les-projets-121733 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205015729/https://www.ac-martinique.fr/les-projets-121733 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Académie de Martinique |language=fr}}</ref>

Though Creole is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==== Linguistic features of Martinican Creole ====
Martinican Creole has general [[Locative case|locative]] marking (GLM, also called general locative adposition, goal/source (in)difference and motion-to=motion-from). This means that source locations, final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identically.<ref name="Zribi-Hertz-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Zribi-Hertz|first1=Anne|last2=Loïc|first2=Jean-Louis|date=17 September 2018|title=General Locative Marking in Martinican Creole (Matinitjè): A Case Study in Grammatical Economy|url=https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-qulso/article/view/7803|journal=Quaderni di Linguistica e Studi Orientali|language=en|volume=4|pages=151–176|doi=10.13128/QULSO-2421-7220-23843|issn=2421-7220|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027200325/https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-qulso/article/view/7803|url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[West Africa]]n languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM.<ref name="Zribi-Hertz-2018" /> Martinican Creole locative marking exists in 3 morphological types, including:

# spatial prepositions as free morphemes;
#* These include "''an''" (in), "''adan''" (inside), "''douvan''" (in front), "''anba''" (under) and "''anlè''" (on).
# spatial morphemes "a-", "an(n)-", and "o(z)-" bound to the noun on their right;
#* Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles
# phonologically null locative markers
#* In ambiguous sentences, these are added to polysyllabic city names<ref name="Zribi-Hertz-2018" />

==Culture==
[[File:Martinique Costumes.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Martinique dancers in traditional dress]]
{{Main|Culture of Martinique}}

As an overseas ''département'' of France, Martinique's culture has blended the French, African and [[Caribbean]] influences. The city of Saint-Pierre (destroyed by a volcanic eruption of [[Mount Pelée]]), was often referred to as the "Paris of the [[Lesser Antilles]]". Following traditional French custom, many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch, then reopen later in the afternoon.

Today, Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries. French products are easily available, from [[Chanel]] fashions to [[Limoges porcelain]]. Studying in the ''métropole'' (mainland France, especially Paris) is common for young adults. Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years, attracting both upper-class French and more budget-conscious travelers.

===Cuisine===
Martinique has a hybrid cuisine, mixing elements of African, French, Carib Amerindian and [[culture of India|Indian subcontinental]] traditions. One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo (compare [[kuzhambu]] ({{langx|ta|குழம்பு}}) for gravy or broth), a unique curry of chicken (curry chicken), meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive ''[[Masala (spice)|masala]]'' of Tamil origins, sparked with [[tamarind]], and often containing wine, [[coconut milk]], [[cassava]] and rum. A strong tradition of Martiniquan desserts includes cakes made with pineapple, rum, and a wide range of local ingredients.

===Literature===
[[File:Bibliothèque Schoelcher à Fort de France.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Schoelcher Library]]
Sisters [[Jeanne Nardal]] and [[Paulette Nardal]] were involved in the creation of the [[Négritude]] movement. [[Yva Léro]] was a writer and painter who co-founded the Women's Union of Martinique. [[Marie-Magdeleine Carbet|Anna Marie-Magdeleine]] wrote with her partner under the pseudonym Carbet.

[[Aimé Césaire]] is perhaps Martinique's most famous writer; he was one of the main figures in the Négritude literary movement.<ref>Ben A. Heller "Césaire, Aimé", in Daniel Balderston et al. (eds) ''Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003'', London: Routledge, pp. 128–30, 128.</ref> [[René Ménil]] was a surrealist writer who founded the journal ''[[Tropiques]]'' with Aimé and [[Suzanne Césaire]] and later formulated the concept of [[Antillanité]]. Other surrealist writers of that era included [[Étienne Léro]] and [[Jules Monnerot]], who co-founded the journal ''Légitime Défense'' with [[Simone Yoyotte]] and Ménil. [[Édouard Glissant]] was later influenced by Césaire and Ménil, and in turn had an influence on [[Patrick Chamoiseau]], who founded the [[Créolité]] movement with [[Raphaël Confiant]] and [[Jean Bernabé]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} [[Raphaël Confiant]] was a poetry, prose and non-fiction writer who supports Creole and tries to bring both French and Martinican Creole together in his work.<ref name="Hardwick-2006" /> He is specifically known for his contribution to the [[Créolité]] movement.

[[Frantz Fanon]], a prominent critic of colonialism and racism, was also from Martinique.

===Music===
{{See also|Music of Martinique}}

Martinique has a large popular music industry, which gained in international renown after the success of [[Zouk (musical movement)|zouk]] music in the later 20th century. Zouk's popularity was particularly intense in France, where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Martinique and Guadeloupe.<ref name=Rough>Ledesma and Scaramuzzo, pp. 289–303</ref> Zouk's origins are in the folk music of Martinique and Guadeloupe, especially Martinican [[chouval bwa]], and Guadeloupan [[gwo ka]]. There's also notable influence of the pan-Caribbean [[calypso music|calypso]] tradition and Haitian [[compas|kompa]].

=== Film ===
{{Main|List of films shot in Martinique}}

Martinique has been the site for filming many films,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curley |first=Bob |date=2020-03-26 |title=24 Movies That Will Take You to the Caribbean Right Now |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2020/03/26/caribbean-movies-filmed-set-take/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramzi |first=Lilah |date=2020-07-02 |title=A Guide to the Most Scenic Films Shot in the Caribbean |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/travel-via-cinema-caribbean |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> including movies, TV shows, and documentaries. The [[Martinique Film Commission]] offers [[aid]] opportunities, including residence grants, writing assistance, development assistance and production assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martinique Film Commission |url=https://www.filmfrance.net/en/plan-your-production/film-commissions/martinique-film-commission/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Film France CNC |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Symbols and flags ===
{{Main|Flag of Martinique}}
Martinique adopted a new flag on February 2, 2023, featuring a red triangle at the hoist and two horizontal bands of green and black. The flag of France is also flown alongside it as the country's parent country. A previous competition to create a flag in 2018 was annulled by the local administrative tribunal, but the island began a new public vote in 2022, with the hummingbird design being selected as the winner. However, the designer withdrew her design due to accusations of plagiarism, and the runner-up design, the rouge-vert-noir ("red-green-black"), was adopted. This flag is also the preferred symbol of Martinique's independence movement.

<gallery mode="small" class="center">
Image:Flag of the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique.svg|The Ipséité is a civil flag, designed for use in international cultural and sporting events to represent the territory.
Image:MARTINIQUE TAEKWONDO DRAPEAU.svg|Flag sometimes used by Martinique in taekwondo competitions
Image:Snake Flag of Martinique.svg|A St Michael cross with white snakes. Also called the 'snake flag' of Martinique. Its use is sometimes controversial.
Image:Flag of the Front National de Libération de la Martinique.svg|Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement.
Image:Flag-of-Martinique.svg|Flag of Martinique adopted on February 2, 2023
</gallery>

<gallery mode="small" class="center">
Image:BlasonMartinique.svg|Coat of arms based on the controversial 'snake flag'. Its use by the [[National Gendarmerie]] was ended in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=By order of the President, the gendarmerie in Martinique will no longer wear the emblem with the 4 snakes! |url=https://www.makacla.com/Sur-ordre-du-President-la-gendarmerie-en-Martinique-ne-portera-plus-l-embleme-aux-4-serpents-_a5946.html |website=Makacla |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424035240/https://www.makacla.com/Sur-ordre-du-President-la-gendarmerie-en-Martinique-ne-portera-plus-l-embleme-aux-4-serpents-_a5946.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
</gallery>

== Sport ==
[[File:Stade louis achille4.jpg|thumb|Louis Achille Stadium]]

=== Association football ===
The [[Martinique national football team]]<ref name="11v11-2021">{{cite web |title=Martinique national football team: overview |url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/martinique/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=www.11v11.com |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055308/https://www.11v11.com/teams/martinique/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is affiliated with CONCACAF,<ref name="11v11-2021" /> but not [[FIFA]],<ref name="BBC News-2021">{{Cite news |title=Martinica, la revelación de la Copa Oro que no está afiliada a la FIFA |language=es |work=BBC News Mundo |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/deportes-48751891 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055308/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/deportes-48751891 |url-status=live }}</ref> so it does not play in World Cup Qualifiers, but can play friendly matches and [[CONCACAF]] tournaments such as the [[CONCACAF Nations League]] and [[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Gold Cup]].<ref name="BBC News-2021" /> Since Martiniquais people are French citizens, they may choose to represent [[France national football team|France]] in international competitions. Several French players also have had roots in Martinique although they were born or raised in France. Among the most famous include [[Thierry Henry]], [[Eric Abidal]], [[Raphaël Varane]], [[Sylvain Wiltord]] and [[Loïc Rémy]], all of whom represented France on multiple occasions and in Henry's case won the [[European Golden Boot]] twice. Henry and Varane also have won a [[FIFA World Cup]] each.

Martinique has its own soccer league known as the Ligue de Football de Martinique.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boutrin |first=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogL8x1YOn6YC&q=Martinique+Ligue+de+Football+de+Martinique |title=Le sport à la Martinique: Approches historiques et organisationnelles – Enjeux |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-35093-9 |language=fr |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031642/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogL8x1YOn6YC&q=Martinique+Ligue+de+Football+de+Martinique |url-status=live }}</ref> The Martinique men's soccer championship, known as the Regional 1 (R1)<ref>{{cite web |title=La première phase du championnat de Régional 1 est terminée |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/la-premiere-phase-du-championnat-de-regional-1-est-terminee-958207.html |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Martinique la 1ère |date=14 March 2021 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055308/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/la-premiere-phase-du-championnat-de-regional-1-est-terminee-958207.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – Trophée Gérard Janvion, is a premier local soccer competition in the territory. It is held annually in the form of a championship between fourteen amateur clubs between the months of September and May. The competition is organized by the Martinique Football League and, although the clubs in the league are affiliated with the [[French Football Federation]], there is no promotion to the French national championships.

At the end of the twenty-six-day (two-stage) championship, the top four teams qualify for the Ligue Antilles, while the bottom three are relegated to the lower division, the Régionale 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Régionale 2 et 3 : résultats de la 6e journée |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/regionale-2-3-resultats-6e-journee-411323.html |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Martinique la 1ère |date=30 October 2016 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055310/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/regionale-2-3-resultats-6e-journee-411323.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Surf ===
[[File:153 Championnat international de surf, Basse-Pointe Martinique.jpg|thumb|153rd International Surfing Championship, Basse-Pointe, Martinique]]
The Martinique [[Surfing|Surf]] Pro<ref>{{cite web |title=Martinique Surf Pro 2018 |url=https://www.martiniquesurfpro.com/?lang=en |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Martinique Surf Pro |language=en-US |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055309/https://www.martiniquesurfpro.com/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> is an international surfing competition held every year in April in Basse-Pointe (Martinique).<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2018 |title=Latinos en el Martinique Surf Pro |url=http://www.surfosmagazine.com/latinos-en-el-martinique-surf-pro-2/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Surfos Magazine |language=es-ES |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055310/http://www.surfosmagazine.com/latinos-en-el-martinique-surf-pro-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was created in 2015 by two Martinicans, Nicolas Ursulet and Nicolas Clémenté<ref>{{cite web|title=II Martinique Surf Pro, más grande y mejor|date=28 October 2018 |url=https://www.panoramanautico.com/ii-martinique-surf-pro-mas-grande-y-mejor/|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055310/https://www.panoramanautico.com/ii-martinique-surf-pro-mas-grande-y-mejor/}}</ref> and is organized by the [[Caribbean]] Surf Project (CSP).51 It is the only Caribbean competition in the [[World Surf League|World Surf]] League, the world surfing [[championship]]. It is part of the World Qualifying Series calendar, the entry league to the WSL's elite circuit, the Championship Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=" Les conditions de l'accueil du Martinique Surf Pro à Basse-Pointe ne sont plus réunies » – Journal France-Antilles – Toute l'actualité de votre région en Martinique – FranceAntilles.f" |url=https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/regions/nord-atlantique/les-conditions-de-l-accueil-du-martinique-surf-pro-a-basse-pointe-ne-sont-plus-reunies-529224.php |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=France-Antilles Martinique |date=15 July 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713092708/https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/regions/nord-atlantique/les-conditions-de-l-accueil-du-martinique-surf-pro-a-basse-pointe-ne-sont-plus-reunies-529224.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Regattas ===
[[Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique]] is an annual sailing regatta,<ref>{{cite web|title=Le tour des yoles rondes de la Martinique».|work=Travel Martinique |date=20 April 2013 |url=http://travel-martinique.com/fr/decouvrir/les-fetes-populaires-martiniquaises/le-tour-des-yoles-rondes-de-la-martinique.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2021|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509001730/http://travel-martinique.com/fr/decouvrir/les-fetes-populaires-martiniquaises/le-tour-des-yoles-rondes-de-la-martinique.html |author1=Cédric }}</ref> the island's largest sporting event, which takes place in late July and early August and is very popular with spectators.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 October 2014 |title=Accueil – FEDERATION DES YOLES RONDES DE LA MARTINIQUE |url=http://yoles-rondes.net/fyrm2/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031132752/http://yoles-rondes.net/fyrm2/ |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref>

The event is organized by the ''Fédération des yoles rondes''. Crews circumnavigate Martinique on a 180-kilometer course over eight stages. The race begins with a prologue time trial from the starting town.

The time trial determines the starting order of the first ten boats, and the time between starts is determined by the advantage of each boat over the next during the prologue; all Boats below the top ten start simultaneously. The next seven legs [[Circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] the island. The leg around the southern part of the island, starting in the commune of Le Diamant, passing through Sainte-Anne and finishing in Le François, is known as the Défi de l'Espace Sud (Southern Challenge Zone).
[[File:Tour des Yoles aux Anse d'Arlet.jpg|thumb|Tour des Yoles]]

=== Handball ===
The Martinique [[Handball]] Championship, organized by the Martinique Handball League,<ref>{{cite web |title=Creation de site internet gratuit pour club sportif |url=https://www.sportsregions.fr/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Sportsregions.fr |language=fr |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722173620/https://www.sportsregions.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> concludes with the Poule des As (play-off) which determines the Martinique [[champion]] in the women's and men's categories. The Poule des As is a very popular event in Martinique, the pavilions are filled for the finals held at the Palais des Sports de Lamentin.

The highest division is the Pré-Nationale, equivalent to the Pré-Nationale (or even the Nationale 3) in [[metropolitan France]]. The champions of the Poule des As come every year to Metropolitan France to play in the finals of the French Handball Championships of N1, N2 and N3 Women, N2 and N3 Men Metropolitan/Ultra Marines.

The winners (female and male) of the Martinique Handball Cup, receive a reward of 10 000 [[Euro]]s. The main players of the Martinique Handball Championship in recent years have been: Katty Piejos, Cédric Sorhaindo, Joël Abati.

== Notable people ==
Below is a list of notable people born in Martinique, with at least one parent or grandparent born in Martinique, or who are living or have lived in Martinique.

=== Painters and sculptors ===
* [[Victor Anicet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=34th Bienal de São Paulo – Artist|url=http://34.bienal.org.br/en/artistas/8888|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204122959/http://34.bienal.org.br/en/artistas/8888|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=34.bienal.org.br}}</ref>
* [[Jean-François Boclé]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jean François Boclé Martinica, 1971 |url=http://bienal.depo.es/artistas/jean-francois-bocle(cast).php |website=bienial.depo.es |publisher=XXXI Bienial Pontevedra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921222033/http://bienal.depo.es/artistas/jean-francois-bocle(cast).php |access-date=30 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref>
* Hector Charpentier<ref>{{cite web|title=Statue of the nègre marron in Diamant {{!}} Cartographie des Mémoires de l'Esclavage|url=https://www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/memory/statue-n%C3%A8gre-marron-diamant|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204152108/https://www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/memory/statue-n%C3%A8gre-marron-diamant|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exposition " Art beau et sens " d' Hector Charpentier|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7SXdReApPQ|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204145914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7SXdReApPQ|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Tropiques Atrium| date=14 February 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Henri Guédon]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 February 2006|title=Henri Guédon, peintre, sculpteur, musicien|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2006/02/16/henri-guedon-peintre-sculpteur-musicien_742070_3382.html|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412165701/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2006/02/16/henri-guedon-peintre-sculpteur-musicien_742070_3382.html|archive-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>
* René Louise<ref>{{cite web|title=Accueil|url=https://www.renelouise.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306131711/https://www.renelouise.com/|archive-date=6 March 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=RENE LOUISE|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
* Joseph René-Corail, also known as Khokho<ref>{{cite web|title=Art des Caraïbes-Amériques|url=https://www.reseau-canope.fr/art-des-caraibes-ameriques/artistes/joseph-rene-corail-khokho.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211204130511/https://www.reseau-canope.fr/art-des-caraibes-ameriques/artistes/joseph-rene-corail-khokho.html|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=www.reseau-canope.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Film-makers, screenwriters, directors and actors ===
[[Image:Salon du livre de Paris 2011 - Viktor Lazlo - 003.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Viktor Lazlo (Paris Book Fair 2011)]]
* [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] - actor, writer and director
* [[Stéfi Celma]] - actress and singer.
* [[Alex Descas]] - film actor
* [[Viktor Lazlo]] - singer.
* [[Darling Légitimus]] - former actress.
* [[Chris Macari]] - video director and producer
* [[Euzhan Palcy]] - film director, screenwriter, and producer.
* [[Sabine Quindou]] - journalist and TV presenter
* [[Cathy Rosier]] - model and actress

=== Singers, musicians or music groups ===
[[Image:Jocelyne Beroard.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Jocelyne Béroard]] at the [[Mons International Film Festival]] (May 2007). She was made Officier des l'[[ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] in 2020 and National Order of the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] in 2014.]]
[[Image:Joeystarr01.jpg|thumbnail|Joeystarr at Art Rock 2007, Saint-Brieuc (February 2011)]]
[[Image:Artiste Kalash (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Kalash (rapper)|Kalash]], rapper and singer of [[Dancehall]] and [[Trap music|Trap]]]]
* [[La Perfecta#Musiciens|Paulo Albin]] : author, composer and performer, lead singer in [[La Perfecta]]
* [[Jenny Alpha]] : actress and singer
* [[Jocelyne Béroard]] : author and part of the group [[Kassav']] and first woman to receive a double gold record, for the sales of her album ''Siwo'' in the Antilles. She was made Officer of l'[[ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] in 2020 and National Order of the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] in 2014.
* [[Mino Cinelu]] : musician
* [[Cyril Cinélu]] : winner of [[Star Academy (France)|''Star Académy'']] 2006
* [[Miss Dominique]] : singer
* [[Gibson Brothers]] : a disco/salsa band from Sainte-Marie
* [[Christina Goh]] : singer and songwriter of [[blues]]-[[chanson réaliste]] music
* [[JoeyStarr]] : [[French hip hop|rapper]], producer and actor
* [[La Perfecta#Musiciens|Simon Jurad]] : author, composer, performer (former guitarist of La Perfecta)
* [[Lord Kossity]] : [[rap]]per and [[dancehall]] singer. In 1998, he recorded the hit Ma Benz with [[Kool Shen]] and [[JoeyStarr]] on [[Suprême NTM]]'s album, which made him a household name in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Helenon|first=Veronique|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18mbd22|title=The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture|date=30 November 2015|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-1-78371-952-5|editor-last=Basu|editor-first=Dipannita|pages=151–166|chapter=10 Africa on their Mind: Rap, Blackness, and Citizenship in France|doi=10.2307/j.ctt18mbd22.15|jstor=j.ctt18mbd22|editor-last2=Lemelle|editor-first2=Sidney J.|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127204302/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18mbd22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 October 2009|title=Suprême NTM - Ma Benz (Clip officiel) ft. Lord Kossity|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4uOM7s38XA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608210838/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4uOM7s38XA|archive-date=8 June 2021|publisher=[[Suprême NTM]]|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
* [[Philippe Lavil]] : singer, author, composer and performer
* [[Kalash (rapper)|Kalash]] : rapper
* [[Tiitof]] : [[rap]]per and [[Trap music|trap]] music artist.
* [[Viktor Lazlo]] : actress and singer
* Princess Lover : [[zouk]] singer<ref>{{cite web|title=Princess Lovershow - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7NJvhh6PsvOY2Rg9jAS9Hg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316153423/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7NJvhh6PsvOY2Rg9jAS9Hg|archive-date=16 March 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[Malavoi]] : band mixing French Antillean music with modern influences from across the Americas
* [[Edmond Mondésir]] : author, composer and singer of [[Bèlè]] music
* [[La Perfecta]] : a band which played music including [[Cadence rampa|cadence]] and [[compas]] most active in the 1970s and 80s.
* Ronald Rubinel : author, composer, performer and producer of [[zouk]].<ref>{{cite web|date=12 April 2011|title=Un cru 2010-2011 peu banal!|url=https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/loisirs/sortir/prix-sacem-108528.php?pos=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182046/https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/loisirs/sortir/prix-sacem-108528.php?pos=3|archive-date=9 July 2021|website=[[France-Antilles]] Martinique|publisher=Press Antilles Guyane|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 February 2009|title=Ronald Rubinel Prix Sacem - OPENZOUK|url=https://openzoukmusic.skyrock.com/2315926115-Ronald-Rubinel-Prix-Sacem.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182837/https://openzoukmusic.skyrock.com/2315926115-Ronald-Rubinel-Prix-Sacem.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|website=OPENZOUK|via=[[Skyrock (social network site)]]}}</ref>
* [[Dédé Saint Prix]] : singer and traditional musician playing [[chouval bwa]]
* [[Shy'm]] : French R'n'B singer and dancer
* [[Axel Tony]] : singer
* [[Lynnsha]] : singer, author, composer and performer of zouk
* Eddy Marc : [[zouk]] singer<ref>{{cite web|title=Eddy Marc : videos de zouk love|url=https://www.tresor-martinique.com/videos-eddy-marc.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031160525/http://www.tresor-martinique.com/videos-eddy-marc.htm|archive-date=31 October 2017|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Stacy (zouk singer)|Stacy]]: [[zouk]] singer, nominee for Best New International Act at the [[BET Awards 2020]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BET Awards 2020: See who won at the BET Awards|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/28/entertainment/bet-awards-2020-winners/index.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200806/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/28/entertainment/bet-awards-2020-winners/index.html|archive-date=28 November 2021|website=[[CNN Entertainment]]|date=29 June 2020 |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Sports personalities ===

==== Athletics / Parathletics ====
* [[Marie-José Pérec]]
* [[Coralie Balmy]]
* [[Ghislaine Barnay]]
* [[Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos]]
* [[Mandy François-Elie]]<ref>[https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/handisport-mandy-francois-elie-reine-du-sprint-europeen-1027363.html Handisport : Mandy François-Elie reine du sprint européen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124154215/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/handisport-mandy-francois-elie-reine-du-sprint-europeen-1027363.html |date=24 November 2021 }}, francetvinfo, 5 juin 2021</ref>
* [[Max Morinière]]
* [[Hermann Panzo]]
* [[Ronald Pognon]]

==== Basketball ====
* [[Marielle Amant]]
* [[Leslie Ardon]]
* [[Sandrine Gruda]]
* [[Ronny Turiaf]]
* [[Mathias Lessort]]
[[Image:Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos - Glasgow 2018 - 01 cropped.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos]] is the [[2019 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019 European]] Artistic Gymnastics all-around champion, a two-time European champion on floor exercise ([[2018 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2018]], [[2019 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2019]]), and the [[2021 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2021 European champion]] on the balance beam.]]
[[Image:Coralie Balmy 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Coralie Balmy]], freestyle swimmer, at the parade of French medallists of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympics]] (August 2012)]]
[[Image:Wendie Renard in 2011.JPG|thumbnail|upright|[[Wendie Renard]] at the 2011 [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] (July 2011)]]
[[Image:Ronny Turiaf Knicks 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Ronny Turiaf]] at a [[New York Knicks]] practice (October 2010)]]

==== Football ====
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[Stéphane Abaul]]
* [[Fabrice Abriel]]
* [[Nicolas Anelka]]
* [[Johan Audel]]
* [[Jean-Sylvain Babin]]
* [[Mickaël Biron]]
* [[Garry Bocaly]]
* [[Patrick Burner]]
* [[Manuel Cabit]]
* [[Florian Chabrolle]]
* [[Daniel Charles-Alfred]]
* [[Paul Chillan]]
* [[Jérémie Porsan-Clémenté]]
* [[Gaël Clichy]]
* [[Charles-Édouard Coridon]]
* [[Mathias Coureur]]
* [[Sébastien Crétinoir]]
* [[Jordy Delem]]
* [[Didier Domi]]
* [[Julio Donisa]]
* [[Gaël Germany]]
* [[Joan Hartock]]
* [[Thierry Henry]]
* [[Christophe Hérelle]]
* [[Daniel Hérelle]]
* [[Steeven Langil]]
* [[Peter Luccin]]
* [[Kévin Parsemain]]
* [[Patrick Percin]]
* [[Frédéric Piquionne]]
* [[David Regis]]
* [[Loïc Rémy]]
* [[Wendie Renard]]
* [[Fabrice Reuperné]]
* [[Emmanuel Rivière]]
* [[Franck Tanasi]]
* [[Kévin Théophile-Catherine]]
* [[Raphaël Varane]]
* [[Sylvain Wiltord]]
* [[Axel Witsel]]
* [[Jonathan Zebina]]
{{div col end}}

==== Handball ====
* [[Joël Abati]]
* [[Mathieu Grébille]]
* [[Cédric Sorhaindo]]

==== Judo ====
* [[Amandine Buchard]]
* [[Kayra Sayit]]

==== Tennis ====
* [[Gaël Monfils]]

==== Volleyball ====
* [[Frantz Granvorka]]

=== Politics ===
==== Contemporary political figures ====
[[Image:Serge Letchimy.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Serge Letchimy]], President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2 July 2021, President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 2010 to 2015, Mayor of Fort-de-France from 2001 to 2010 and President of the [[Martinican Progressive Party]] since 2005]]
[[Image:Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy]], Abolitionist and anti-slavery Member of Parliament from 1848 to 1849 and 1871-1874]]
* [[Maurice Antiste]], Senator and former mayor of François
* David Zobda, Mayor of [[Lamentin]], vice-president of [[Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique|CACEM]] and member of the Executive Council of Martinique
* Didier Laguerre, Mayor of [[Fort-de-France]], CACEM and Councillor to the [[Assembly of Martinique]]
* Yann Monplaisir, Mayor of [[Saint-Joseph, Martinique|Saint-Joseph]],1st vice-president of the Territorial Authorities of Martinique
* [[André Lesueur]], Mayor of [[Rivière-Salée]] and former Conseiller régional of Martinique
* [[Serge Letchimy]], President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2021, member of the [[National Assembly of France]] representing the island of [[Martinique's 3rd constituency]] since June 2007
* [[Josette Manin]], Member of Parliament for Martinique, Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique and former President of the General Council of Martinique
* [[Bruno Nestor Azerot]], Mayor of Sainte-Marie, President of [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique|CAP Nord Martinique]] and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique<ref>{{cite web|date=2019|title=Organigramme des services de CAP Nord Martinique|url=http://www.capnordmartinique.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/organigramme_capnm2020.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200817/http://www.capnordmartinique.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/organigramme_capnm2020.pdf|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=CAP Nord Martinique|publisher=[[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique]]}}</ref>
* [[Jean-Philippe Nilor]], Deputy and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique
* Luc-Louison Clémenté, Mayor of [[Schœlcher|Schoelcher]] and President of the [[Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique|CACEM]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Bureau Communataire de la Communaute d'Agglomeration du Centre de la Martinique|url=http://www.cacem.org/fileadmin/mes_documents/Cabinet/MANDATURE_2020/Trombinoscope_VP_CACEM_2020.jpg|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128175551/http://www.cacem.org/fileadmin/mes_documents/Cabinet/MANDATURE_2020/Trombinoscope_VP_CACEM_2020.jpg|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique|publisher=[[Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique]]}}</ref>
* Justin Pamphile, Mayor of [[Le Lorrain]], Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique, President of the Association of Mayors of Martinique
* Nicaise Monrose, Mayor of [[Sainte-Luce, Martinique|Sainte-Luce]], vice-president of CAESM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique<ref>{{cite web|title=L'organigramme de l'Espace Sud|url=http://www.espacesud.fr/sites/default/files/documents/9%20ORGANIGRAMME%2003%2004%2017.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200808/http://www.espacesud.fr/sites/default/files/documents/9%20ORGANIGRAMME%2003%2004%2017.pdf|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=L'Espace Sud Martinique|publisher=[[Communauté d'agglomération de l'Espace Sud de la Martinique]]}}</ref>
* Arnaud René-Corail, Mayor of [[Les Trois-Îlets|Les Trois-Ilets]], vice-president of CAESM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique
* Marie-Thérèse Casimirius, Mayor of [[Basse-Pointe]], First Vice-president of [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique|CAP Nord Martinique]] and member of the Executive Council of Martinique
* [[Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir]], Member of Parliament for Martinique
* Lucien Saliber, President of the [[Assembly of Martinique]], 4th Vice President of [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique|CAP Nord Martinique]], Municipal Councillor of [[Le Morne-Vert]] and former mayor of Le Morne-Vert
* Jenny Dulys-Petit, Mayor of [[Le Morne-Rouge|Le Morne Rouge]] and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique
* [[Audrey Pulvar]], former journalist and politician, Deputy Mayor of [[Paris]] and Regional Councillor for [[Île-de-France]], Member of the Standing Committee.
* [[Karine Jean-Pierre]], political advisor, [[White House Press Secretary]].
* [[Cédric Pemba-Marine]] was born in [[Hauts-de-Seine]] in France, of Martinican origin, and mayor of [[Le Port-Marly]] since 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Figaro|first=Le|date=11 September 2021|title=Le Port-Marly (78560) : résultats de l'élection Présidentielle 2022|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/resultats/yvelines-78/le-port-marly-78502/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420015727/https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/resultats/yvelines-78/le-port-marly-78502/|archive-date=20 April 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|website=Le Figaro|language=fr}}</ref>

==== Politicians of Martinique ====
[[Image: Cyrille Bissette by François Le Villain.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cyrille Bissette]], deputy from 1849 to 1851 and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique]]
* [[Pierre Aliker]], doctor and mayor of Fort-de-France
* [[Empress Joséphine|Josephine Bonaparte]], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie<ref>{{cite web|title=Martinique TROIS-ILETS 1763|url=http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/caomec2/osd.php?territoire=MARTINIQUE&commune=TROIS-ILETS&annee=1763&typeacte=AC_NA|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127134227/http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/caomec2/osd.php?territoire=MARTINIQUE&commune=TROIS-ILETS&annee=1763&typeacte=AC_NA|archive-date=27 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr}}</ref> was [[First French Empire|Empress of the French]] and [[List of Italian royal consorts|Queen consort of Italy]]
* [[Cyrille Bissette]], deputy and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique
* [[Auguste-François Perrinon]], Abolitionist Member of Parliament
* [[Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy]], first black Martinician to become a lawyer, a mayor of Saint-Pierre and Abolitionist Member of Parliament<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dessalles|first=Pierre|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32856639|title=Sugar and slavery, family and race : the letters and diary of Pierre Dessalles, planter in Martinique, 1808-1856|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|others=Elborg Forster, Robert Forster|isbn=978-0-8018-5153-7|location=Baltimore|page=35|oclc=32856639}}</ref>
* [[Victor Mazuline]], first black Martinican elected Member of Parliament
* [[Léopold Bissol]], deputy and one of the founders of the communist movement in Martinique and the [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|CGT]] Martinique union
* [[Aimé Césaire]], Deputy Mayor of [[Fort-de-France]] and President of the Regional Council
* [[Camille Darsières]], Member of Parliament and President of the Regional Council
* [[Louis Delgrès]], known for the anti-Slavery proclamation signed with his name, dated 10 May 1802, and leading resistance on Guadeloupe to reoccupation and thus the reinstitution of [[slavery]] by [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]] in 1802.
* [[Alcide Delmont]], Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies of the nineteenth and nineteenth century, in the government of [[André Tardieu]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=France and Belgium|journal=[[Current History]]|volume=38|issue=4|page=482|via=}}</ref>
* [[Ernest Deproge]], Member of Parliament for Martinique (1882–1898), President of the General Council and a controversial figure of French colonization<ref>{{cite web|title=Le buste d'Ernest Deproge déboulonné à Fort-de-France|url=https://www.rci.fm/martinique/infos/Societe/Le-buste-dErnest-Deproge-deboulonne-Fort-de-France|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201220406/https://www.rci.fm/martinique/infos/Societe/Le-buste-dErnest-Deproge-deboulonne-Fort-de-France|archive-date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|website=RCI|language=French}}</ref>
* [[Osman Duquesnay]], Mayor of Fort-de-France and Member of Parliament<ref>{{cite web|title=Osman Duquesnay|url=https://azmartinique.com/en/node/1874|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128190904/https://azmartinique.com/en/node/1874|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=AZ Martinique|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[François Duval (politician)|François Duval]], Senator from 1968 to 1977, Mayor of François and President of the General Council
* [[Georges Gratiant]], Mayor of Lamentin and President of the General Council<ref>{{cite web|title=Lamentin {{!}} AZ Martinique|url=https://azmartinique.com/en/life-in-martinique/municipalities/lamentin|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200808/https://azmartinique.com/en/life-in-martinique/municipalities/lamentin|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=azmartinique.com}}</ref>
* [[Marius Hurard]], deputy and founder of the secular school in Martinique<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the French Caribbean Woman from Martinique, the "poto mitan"|url=https://azmartinique.com/en/all-to-know/studies-research/history-of-the-french-caribbean-woman-from-martinique-the-poto-mitan|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200808/https://azmartinique.com/en/all-to-know/studies-research/history-of-the-french-caribbean-woman-from-martinique-the-poto-mitan|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=AZ Martinique|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Lagrosillière]], deputy and founder of the socialist movement in Martinique<ref>{{cite web|title=La Martinique durant la Première Guerre Mondiale|url=https://azmartinique.com/en/node/1753|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200808/https://azmartinique.com/en/node/1753|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=AZ Martinique|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Pierre-Alexandre Le Camus]], Count of Fürstenstein (born in Martinique in 1774, died in 1824 in [[Le Chesnay]]), [[Secretary of State (France)|Secretary of State]] and foreign minister to [[Kingdom of Westphalia]].
* [[Henry Lémery]], [[Justice minister|Justice Minister]] in the government of [[Gaston Doumergue]], Martinician appointed minister in a French government.
* [[Émile Maurice]], Mayor of Saint-Joseph and [[President of the General Council of Martinique|President of the General Council]]
* [[Camille Petit (politician)|Camille Petit]], deputy and founder of the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] movement in Martinique
* [[Pierre Petit (politician)|Pierre Petit]], Mayor of [[Le Morne-Rouge]] and Member of Parliament
* [[Marie-Joseph Pernock]] served in the National Assembly from 1966 to 1967.
* [[Michel Renard]], Mayor of Marigot and Deputy
* [[Victor Sévère]], Deputy Mayor of Fort-de-France
* [[Paul Symphor]], President of the General Council 1947–1948 and Senator
* [[Victor Schœlcher]] (died 1893), deputy of Martinique, 1848–1849 and 1871–1875, known for having acted in favor of the definitive [[abolition of slavery in France]], via the decree of abolition of 1848
* [[Emmanuel Véry-Hermence]] 1902–1966, member of the National Assembly

=== Martinican writers and intellectuals ===
[[Image:Aime Cesaire 2003.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aimé Césaire]] poet, playwright and author of ''[[Cahier d'un retour au pays natal]]''. He is one of the founders of [[Négritude]].]]
[[Image : EdouardGlissant.jpg|thumb|[[Édouard Glissant]], novelist, poet, essayist and philosopher. He won the [[Prix Renaudot]] in 1958, the Prix Puterbaugh in the United States in 1989 and the Prix Roger Caillois in 1991. Edouard Glissant is the founder of the literary movement L'[[Antillanité]] and the philosophical concept "Le Tout Monde".]]
[[Image:Rrmenil.jpg|thumb|upright|[[René Ménil]], Philosopher, essayist, and winner of the [[Frantz Fanon]] prize  in 1999. In 1932, he was amongst Martinique literary figures engaged in publishing [[Simone Yoyotte#Légitime Défense|Légitime Défense]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ménil|first=René|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34029876|title=Refusal of the shadow : surrealism and the Caribbean|date=1996|publisher=Verso|others=Michael Richardson, Krzysztof Fijałkowski|isbn=978-1-85984-018-4|location=London|pages=37–39|oclc=34029876}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Patrick Chamoiseau redux.jpg|thumb|[[Patrick Chamoiseau]], novelist awarded the [[Prix Goncourt]] in 1992 for his novel ''[[Texaco (novel)|Texaco]]'' and Commander of the [[ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] in 2010. He is a co-founder of the literary movement [[Créolité]].]]
[[Image:René Maran-1930.jpg|thumb|upright|[[René Maran]], novelist awarded the [[Prix Goncourt]] in 1921 for his novel ''[[Batouala]]'']]
[[Image: Raphaël-Confiant.jpg|thumb|[[Raphaël Confiant]], novelist and cofounder of the literary movement [[Créolité]]. He has won several literary prizes including the [[prix Décembre|prix Novembre]] in 1991 for his novel ''Eau de café'', the Shibusawa-Claudel Prize in Japan, the Antigone Prize, the Caribbean Literary Prize, the Carbet Prize and the [[Casa de las Américas Prize]] in Cuba.]]

A non-exhaustive list of the main novelists, poets, playwrights, essayists, sociologists, economists and historians from Martinique:
* [[Jacques Adélaïde-Merlande]]: Historian. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary degree by the [[University of the West Indies]]. He is the author of "''Histoire générale des Antilles et des Guyanes, des Précolombiens à nos jours''" and directed the publication of volumes 3 and 4 of the "''Historial antillais''" series.<ref>{{cite web|title=The French Lesser Antilles|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0284.xml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303002051/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0284.xml|archive-date=3 March 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|website=obo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adélaïde-Merlande|first=Jacques|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32365293|title=Histoire générale des Antilles et des Guyanes : des Précolombiens à nos jours|date=1994|publisher=Editions caribéennes|isbn=978-2-87679-083-4|location=Paris|oclc=32365293}}</ref>
* Alfred Alexandre: writer, he won the Prix des Amériques insulaires et de la Guyane in 2006 for his novel "''Bord de canal''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Prix 2006|url=http://www.prixdesameriquesinsulaires.com/prix-2006.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323162813/http://prixdesameriquesinsulaires.com/prix-2006.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|access-date=27 November 2021|website=Prix des Amériques insulaires et de la Guyane}}</ref> In 2020, he won the [[Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde]] for his collection of poems "''The walk of Leïla Khane''".
* [[Sabine Andrivon-Milton]]: historian, founder of the Association for the Military History of Martinique and [[ordre national de la Légion d'honneur|Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur]], she is the author of "''La Martinique pendant la Grande Guerre''" a collection of poems and songs, and "''Anatole dans la tourmente du Morne Siphon''".<ref>{{Citation|last=Hélénon|first=Véronique|title=The Dimensions of Caribbean Assimilationism|date=2011|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230118751_3|work=French Caribbeans in Africa: Diasporic Connections and Colonial Administration, 1880–1939|pages=49–75|editor-last=Hélénon|editor-first=Véronique|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230118751_3|isbn=978-0-230-11875-1|access-date=1 December 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Jean Bernabé]]: writer, linguist and author of several novels including ''Le Bailleur d'étincelle'' and ''Le Partage des ancêtres''
* Daniel Boukman: writer, he won the [[Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde|Carbet Prize]] in 1992, writing ''Et jusqu'à la dernière pulsation de nos veines'', ''Délivrans'', and ''Chants pour hâter la mort du temps des Orphées ou Madinina île esclave''<ref>{{cite web|title=Boukman Daniel {{!}} Archives {{!}} Congrès international des écrivains de la Caraïbe|url=http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/boukman-daniel.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022145634/http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/boukman-daniel.html|archive-date=22 October 2020|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Association of Caribbean writers}}</ref>
* Roland Brival: writer, awarded the [[prix RFO du livre]] in 2000 and chevalier de l'[[ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] in 2013<ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2017|title=Caribbean writers, from Jacques-Stéphen Alexis to Alejo Carpentier|url=https://www.kariculture.net/en/jacques-stephen-alexis-alejo-carpentier/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119145212/http://www.kariculture.net/en/jacques-stephen-alexis-alejo-carpentier/|archive-date=19 November 2019|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Kariculture|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Guy Cabort-Masson: novelist, who won the Prix de la Fondation Frantz Fanon in 1998 for ''La Mangrove mulâtre'', ''Martinique, comportements et mentalité''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bongie|first=Chris|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872395732|title=Friends and enemies : the scribal politics of post/colonial literature|date=2008|publisher=Liverpool University Press|others=UPSO eCollections|isbn=978-1-84631-529-9|location=Liverpool|page=190|oclc=872395732}}</ref>
* [[Nicole Cage-Florentiny]]: novelist who won the prix Casa de las Américas 1996 (Cuba) for ''Arc-en-Ciel, l'espoir'', also writing ''C'est vole que je vole'' and a bilingual collection of poems, ''Dèyè pawol sé lanmou / Par-delà les mots l'amour''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cage Nicole {{!}} Archives {{!}} Congrès international des écrivains de la Caraïbe|url=http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/cage-nicole.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025193301/http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/cage-nicole.html|archive-date=25 October 2020|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Association of Caribbean writers}}</ref>
* [[Mayotte Capécia]]: novelist born in Le Carbet in 1916, the author of two major novels "''I Am a Martinican Woman''" and "''The White Negress''". She won the France-Antilles prize for "''Je suis martiniquaise''" in 1949
* [[Marie-Magdeleine Carbet]]: a novelist, whose best-known work is a volume of poetry titled "''Rose de ta grâce''". She received the [[Prix littéraire des Caraïbes]] in 1970
* Paule Cassius de Linval, writer, storyteller and poet. In 1961, his collection of tales "''Mon pays à travers les légendes''" won the [[prix Montyon]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goslinga|first=Marian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33209218|title=A bibliography of the Caribbean|date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-3097-4|location=Lanham, Md.|page=112|oclc=33209218}}</ref>
* [[Aimé Césaire]]: poet and playwright and father of the concept of [[négritude]], ''[[Cahier d'un retour au pays natal]]'', ''[[Discourse on Colonialism]], The Tragedy of King Christophe''
* [[Suzanne Césaire]]: author of ''Léo Frobénius et le problème des civilisations'' and ''Aurore de la liberté''
* [[Patrick Chamoiseau]]: novelist awarded the [[prix Goncourt]] in 1992 for ''[[Texaco (novel)|Texaco]]'', ''Chronique des sept misères'', ''Une enfance créole'' <ref>{{Cite news|last=Watrous|first=Peter|date=27 May 1997|title=Author's Quest for Identity Uncovers Universal Themes|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/27/books/author-s-quest-for-identity-uncovers-universal-themes.html|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228131524/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/27/books/author-s-quest-for-identity-uncovers-universal-themes.html|archive-date=28 December 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* Nadia Chonville: Sociologist and novelist. She is the author of the fantasy novel "''Rose de Wégastrie''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chonville, Nadia 1989-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-49502903/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208180428/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-49502903/|archive-date=8 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Publishing director}}</ref>
* [[Raphaël Confiant]]: novelist awarded the prix Antigone and the [[prix Décembre|prix Novembre]] for his work ''Eau de café, Adèle et la Pacotilleuse, La Panse du chacal''
* Jean Crusol: economist and author of ''Les Antilles Guyane et la Caraïbe: coopération et globalisation'', ''Le tourisme et la Caraïbe'' and ''L'enjeu des petites Économies insulaires''<ref>{{cite web|title=Crusol, Jean [WorldCat Identities]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81015163/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304195121/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81015163/|archive-date=4 March 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|website=[[WorldCat]]|quote=Author, Publishing director, Redactor, Thesis advisor, Opponent, Editor}}</ref>
* [[Camille Darsières]]: and author of: ''Des origines de la nation martiniquaise'', ''Joseph Lagrosillière, socialiste colonial''
* [[Marie-Reine de Jaham]], novelist, made officer of the [[ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] in 2013, awarded the [[Prix littéraire des Caraïbes]] in 1997 and author of the best-selling novel "La Grande Béké"
* [[Édouard de Lépine]]: historian and essayist, ''Sur la Question dite du Statut de la Martinique'', ''Questions sur l'histoire antillaise: trois essais sur l'abolition, l'assimilation, l'autonomie'', ''Dix semaines qui ébranlèrent la Martinique ''
* Tony Delsham: a journalist and best selling novelist in the Antilles; he is author of ''Xavier: Le drame d'un émigré antillais'', ''Papa, est-ce que je peux venir mourir à la maison?'' and "''Tribunal des femmes bafouées''".<ref>{{cite web|last=Dempsey Marshall|first=Rosalie|date=2011|title=On Being West Indian in Post-War Metropolitan France: Perspectives from French West Indian Literature|url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3334/1/Marshall12PhD.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319170922/https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3334/1/Marshall12PhD.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2020|access-date=1 December 2021|website=University of Birmingham eTheses Repository|publisher=[[University of Birmingham]]|pages=199–221}}</ref>
* Georges Desportes: novelist, poet and essayist, the author of: ''Cette île qui est la nôtre'', ''Sous l'œil fixe du soleil'' and ''Le Patrimoine martiniquais, souvenirs et réflexions''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desportes, Georges 1921-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2006-041424/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206192224/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2006-041424/|archive-date=6 December 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Criticism, interpretation, etc  Fiction  Poetry}}</ref>
* [[Suzanne Dracius]]: novelist awarded the prix de la Société des Poètes français Jacques Raphaël-Leygues in 2010: ''Negzagonal et Moun le Sid'', and in 2009 Prix Fetkann [[Maryse Condé]] in the poetry category for ''Exquise déréliction métisse''<ref>{{cite web|title=Dracius Suzanne {{!}} Archives {{!}} Congrès international des écrivains de la Caraïbe|url=http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/dracius-suzanne.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111722/http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/dracius-suzanne.html|archive-date=27 September 2020|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Association of Caribbean writers}}</ref>
* Miguel Duplan, a writer and teacher, he won the [[Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde|Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe]] in 2007 for his novel "L'Acier". He is also the author of the following novels "Le Discours profane" and "Un long silence de Carnaval".
* Victor Duquesnay: Martinican poet. His best-known works are "Les Martiniquaises" and "Les Chansons des Isles".<ref>{{cite web|title=Duquesnay, Victor|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008052080/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209045717/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008052080/|archive-date=9 December 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author}}</ref>
* Jude Duranty: writer in [[French language|French]] and [[Antillean Creole|Martinican Creole]]. He is the author of "Zouki ici danse", de "La fugue de Sopaltéba" and "Les contes de Layou".<ref>{{cite web|title=Duranty, Jude|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-29845379/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209045706/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-29845379/|archive-date=9 December 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Translator, Compiler}}</ref>
* [[Frantz Fanon]]: essayist, author of ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' and ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''
* Georges Fitt-Duval: poet, author of the following collections of poems: "Salut ma patrie", "Floralies-florilèges" and "Environnement, tropiques rayonnants".<ref>{{cite web|title=George Fitt-Duval|url=https://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/?id=210|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305130758/https://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/?id=210|archive-date=5 March 2021|website=Banque Numérique des Patrimoines Martiniquais}}</ref>
* [[Édouard Glissant]]: novelist awarded the [[prix Renaudot]] in 1958. He is the author of ''La Lézarde'', ''La Case du commandeur''. In 1992, Edouard Glissant was a finalist for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel prize in Literature]], but it was the St. Lucian poet and playwright [[Derek Walcott]] who won by one vote.
* Gilbert Gratiant: a pioneer of literature Martinican Creole, writing: ''Fab' Compè Zicaque'', ''Poèmes en vers faux'', ''Sel et Sargasses''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gratiant, Gilbert|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no97023954/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208134344/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no97023954/|archive-date=8 December 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Author of introduction, Creator, Other, Translator}}</ref>
* Simonne Henry-Valmore: ethno-psychoanalyst and essayist. She won the prix [[Frantz Fanon]] in 1988 for "''Dieu en exil''". She co-wrote  "''Aimé Césaire, le nègre inconsolé''" with Roger Toumson in 1992, then "''objet perdu''" in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henry Valmore, Simonne|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88209092/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208180434/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88209092/|archive-date=8 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Indentities|quote=Biographies  Criticism, interpretation, etc  Fiction}}</ref>
* [[Fabienne Kanor]], novelist, awarded the [[Prix RFO du livre]] in 2007 for her novel "Humus". In 2014, she won the [[Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde|Prix Carbet De la Caraïbe]] for her novel "Faire l'aventure".
* [[Viktor Lazlo]]: novelist, singer and actor
* [[Étienne Léro]]: co-author of the literary journal ''[[Simone Yoyotte#Légitime Défense|Légitime défense]]'' and the journal ''[[Tropiques]]''
* [[Yva Léro]]: novelist, Yva Léro authored "''La Plaie''", "''Peau d'ébène''" and "''Doucherie''".
* Georges-Henri Léotin: novelist in French and Martinician Creole. He is the author of "''Memwè la tè"'', "''Mango vèt''", and "''Bèlè li sid''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Léotin, Georges-Henri 1947-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n94088349/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206225748/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n94088349/|archive-date=6 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author}}</ref>
* Marie-Hélène Léotin, historian and executive advisor to the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique in charge of Heritage and Culture, she is the author of "''Habiter le monde, Martinique 1946-2006''";<ref>{{cite web|title=Marie-Hélène Léotin : Martinique A nu|url=http://www.martiniqueannu.com/martiniquais-celebre/marie-helene-leotin|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065740/http://www.martiniqueannu.com/martiniquais-celebre/marie-helene-leotin|archive-date=2 December 2020|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Martinique á nu}}</ref>
* Térèz Léotin: writer in French and Martinican Creole. She is the author of the novels "''Le génie de la mer''", "''La panthère''" et "''Un bonheur à crédit''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Térèz Léotin - Biographie, publications (livres, articles)|url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index_harmattan.asp?navig=auteurs&obj=artiste&no=2263|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226172420/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=auteurs&obj=artiste&no=2263|archive-date=26 February 2018|access-date=3 December 2021|website=[[Éditions L'Harmattan]]|language=fr}}</ref>
* André Lucrèce: sociologist and writer author of ''La pluie de Dieu'', ''Civilisés et énergumènes'', and ''Société et modernité''<ref>{{cite web|date=17 June 2004|title=André Lucrèce|url=http://ile-en-ile.org/lucrece/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523054630/http://ile-en-ile.org/lucrece/|archive-date=23 May 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Île en île|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
* [[J. Q. Louison]]: poet and author of the fantasy novel series ''Le Crocodile assassiné'', ''Le Canari brisé'' and ''L'Ère du serpent''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Louison, Jacqueline Q.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2007010954/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208172940/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2007010954/|archive-date=8 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author}}</ref>
* [[Marie-Thérèse Julien Lung-Fou]]: Martinican writer best known for her collections of "créole tales" published in three volumes in 1979: "''Contes mes''", "''Contes diaboliques, fabliaux''" and "''Contes animaux, proverbes, titimes ou devinettes''". She also wrote the essay entitled "''Le Carnaval aux Antilles''".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Larrier|first=Renée Brenda|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008638|title=Francophone women writers of Africa and the Caribbean|date=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-2288-8|location=Gainesville|page=37|oclc=47008638}}</ref>
* Marcel Manville: essayist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1992 for his essay ''Les Antilles sans fard''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manville, Marcel 1922-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n93033207/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206230251/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n93033207/|archive-date=6 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Biographies  Criticism, interpretation, etc  Conference papers and proceedings}}</ref>
* [[René Maran]]: novelist awarded the [[prix Goncourt]] in 1921  ''for [[Batouala]]'', ''Un homme pareil aux autres''
* Georges Mauvois: novelist, playwright he won the [[Casa de las Américas Prize]] 2004 for ''Ovando ou Le magicien de Saint-Domingue'', ''Agénor Cacoul'', ''Man Chomil''.
* Alfred Melon-Degras, writer, poet and academic. He is the author of"''Le silence''", "''Battre le rappel''" and "''Avec des si, avec des mains''".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morrison|first=Anthea|date=1 January 1993|title='Americanité' or 'Antillanité'? Changing perspectives on identity in post-négritude Francophone Caribbean poetry|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|language=en|volume=67|issue=1–2|pages=33–45|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002672|issn=2213-4360|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[René Ménil]], philosopher and essayist. In 1999, he received the Frantz Fanon Prize for his essay "''Antilles déjà jadis''".He was also co-founder in 1932 of the journal ''[[Simone Yoyotte#Légitime Défense|Légitime Défense]]'' and with Aimé Césaire of the cultural review ''[[Tropiques]]'' in 1941. He is the author of "''Tracées : Identité, négritude, esthétique aux Antilles''" and "''Pour l'émancipation et l'identité du peuple martiniquais''". René Ménil, and with [[Aimé Césaire|Césaire]], [[Frantz Fanon|Fanon]] and [[Édouard Glissant|Glissant]] is one of Martinique's greatest thinkers.
* [[Monchoachi]]: the pen name of André Pierre-Louis, a writer in French and Martinician Creole, he won the Carbet Prize and the prix [[Max Jacob|Max-Jacob]] in 2003. His works include ''L'Espère-geste'', ''Lakouzémi'', ''Nostrom'' and ''Lémistè'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Monchoachi|url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/author/monchoachi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411031916/https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/author/monchoachi|archive-date=11 April 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=World Literature Today|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Paulette Nardal]]: co-founder of the journal, ''[[La Revue du Monde Noir]]'' in 1932 and one of the inspirations of the [[négritude]] movement<ref>{{cite web|date=9 June 2016|title=La Revue du monde noir|url=https://modernistmagazines.org/european/la-revue-du-monde-noir/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116171057/https://modernistmagazines.org/european/la-revue-du-monde-noir/|archive-date=16 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Index of Modernist Magazines|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jeanne Nardal]]: Writer, philosopher and essayist, sister of Paulette Nardal
* Armand Nicolas: Martinican historian. He is the author of "''Histoire de la Martinique''", "''La révolution antiesclavagiste de mai 1848 à La Martinique''", and "L'Insurrection du Sud à la Martinique, septembre 1870".<ref>{{cite web|title=Armand Nicolas|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1566599.Armand_Nicolas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203212018/https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1566599.Armand_Nicolas|archive-date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=[[Goodreads]]}}</ref>
* [[Gaël Octavia]], writer, playwright<ref>{{cite web|title=Matrimoine|url=https://matrimoine.art/bio/gael-octavia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601232419/https://matrimoine.art/bio/gael-octavia/|archive-date=1 June 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Matrimoine Afro-Américano-Caribéen (MAAC)|language=fr}}</ref>
* Xavier Orville: novelist, who won the Frantz Fanon prize in 1993. He wrote ''Le Corps absent de Prosper Ventura'', ''Le Parfum des belles de nuit''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entre Nous : Xavier Orville, écrivain martiniquais (2) / Radio Haiti Archive / Duke Digital Repository|url=https://repository.duke.edu/dc/radiohaiti/RL10059-CS-1243_02|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Duke Digital Collections|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200818/https://repository.duke.edu/dc/radiohaiti/RL10059-CS-1243_02|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gilbert Pago: historian and author of "''1848 : Chronique de l'abolition de l'esclavage en Martinique''", "L'insurrection de Martinique 1870–1871", and "Lumina Sophie dite Surprise (1848–1879): insurgée et bagnarde".<ref>{{cite web|title=Pago, Gilbert|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85018275/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073924/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85018275/|archive-date=9 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Author of introduction, Editor, Film editor, Scientific advisor}}</ref>
* Roger Parsemain: Poet and novelist. He is the author of "''L'œuvre des volcans''", "''l'absence du destin''" and "''Il chantait des boléros''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Parsemain, Roger 1944-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88621115/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073913/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88621115/|archive-date=9 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Adapter}}</ref>
* Eric Pézo, Writer and novelist in French and Martinican Creole, author of the novels : "''L'amour sinon rien''"; in Martinician Creole, "''lanmou épi sé tout''", "''Marie-Noire''", and "''Passeurs de rives''" and "''Lasotjè''", a work of poetry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pezo, Eric|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2001017614/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206225754/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2001017614/|archive-date=6 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author}}</ref>
* [[Daniel Picouly]]: writer, tv host and winner of the [[Prix Renaudot]] for ''L'Enfant Léopard''
* Vincent Placoly: winner of the prix Frantz Fanon in 1991. Author of ''Une journée torride'', ''La vie et la mort de Marcel Gonstran'', ''L'eau-de-mort guildive''<ref>{{cite web|title=Placoly, Vincent 1946-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84115770/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073918/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84115770/|archive-date=9 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Bibliographic antecedent}}</ref>
* Alain Rapon, novelist and storyteller. He is the author of the novel "''La Présence de l'Absent''" and received the [[Prix littéraire des Caraïbes]] in 1983. He is also the author of "''Ti soleil''", "''Ti-Fène et la rivière qui chante''", "''Itinéraire d'un Esprit perdu''" and "''Danse, petit nègre danse''".
* Clément Richer: Martinican novelist and author of "''L'homme de la Caravelle''". In 1941 and 1948 he was awarded the Prix Paul Flat by the [[Académie française]] for his novel "''Le dernier voyage de Pembroke''" and "''La croisière de la Priscilla''" and the Prix Marianne in 1939. His novel "''Ti Coyo et son requin''" has been translated into English, German, Spanish, Danish and Dutch and adapted for film by [[Italo Calvino]] as [[Tiko and the Shark]].
* Jean-Marc Rosier: writer in French and Martinican Creole. He won the prix Sonny Rupaire for his novel in Creole, "''An lavi chimérik''" in 1999, then the [[Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde|prix Carbet de la Caraïbe]] for his novel "''Noirs néons''" in 2008 and in the poetry category of the prix Fetkann [[Maryse Condé]] for "''Urbanîle''" in 2015.
* [[Julienne Salvat]]: writer, poet, she is the author of ''Feuillesonge'', ''La lettre d'Avignon''
* [[Juliette Sméralda]]: sociologist, author of ''L'Indo-Antillais entre Noirs et Békés'', ''Peau noire cheveu crépu, l'histoire d'une aliénation''
* Daniel Thaly: Martinican poet, and librarian of the Schœlcher Library from 1939 to 1945.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daniel Thaly (1879-1950)|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12641801/daniel_thaly/fr.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201221907/https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12641801/daniel_thaly/fr.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|website=BnF Data|publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]}}</ref>
* [[Raphaël Tardon]]: writer, author of "''La Caldeira''" and "''Starkenfirst''", which received the grand prix littéraire des Antilles in 1948. In 1967, Raphaël Tardon was posthumously awarded the [[Prix littéraire des Caraïbes]] in recognition of his life's work.
* [[International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia|Louis-Georges Tin]]: essayist and academic, the author of ''Esclavage et réparations : Comment faire face aux crimes de l'histoire'' and author of a dictionary that documents the history of the treatment of homosexuals in all regions of the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tin|first1=Louis-Georges|title=The dictionary of homophobia: a global history of gay & lesbian experience|last2=Redburn|first2=Marek|last3=Michaud|first3=Alice|last4=Mathers|first4=Kyle|date=2008|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press|isbn=978-1-55152-314-9|location=Vancouver|language=English|oclc=503446128}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tin, Louis-Georges|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no99070834/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209104839/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no99070834/|archive-date=9 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities}}</ref>
* [[Simone Yoyotte]]: She was the only woman to participate in producing the literary journal ''Légitime Défense'' published in 1932 by young Martinican intellectuals in Paris and considered one of the founding acts of the [[Négritude]] movement.
* [[Joseph Zobel]]: A novelist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1994. He is the author of : ''[[La Rue Cases-Nègres]]''

=== Other personalities ===
* [[Antoine Lavalette]] (1708–1767), Jesuit missionary to Martinique, slave owner whose debts led to the banning of the Jesuits in France.
* [[Hippolyte Morestin]], doctor, associate professor of anatomy and specialist in [[reconstructive surgery]]
* Raymond Garcin, [[neurologist]], former member of [[Académie Nationale de Médecine]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rondot|first=P.|date=1 April 2000|title=Raymond Garcin (1897–1971)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150050594|journal=Journal of Neurology|language=en|volume=247|issue=4|pages=315–316|doi=10.1007/s004150050594|pmid=10836629|s2cid=39802292|issn=1432-1459|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Georges Le Breton, Doctor of Dental Surgery, former President of the Académie Nationale de Chirurgie dentaire<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Breton, Georges|url=https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2011047950/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204152049/https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2011047950/|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Thesis advisor, Creator, Editor}}</ref>
* Robert Attuly, Doctor of Law, Judge and former trial judge at the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Attuly, Robert 1884-1963|url=https://worldcat.org/identities/viaf-27056343/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204152047/https://worldcat.org/identities/viaf-27056343/|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|website=WorldCat Identities|quote=Author, Author of introduction}}</ref>
* [[Harry Roselmack]], journalist
* [[Karine Baste]], journalist<ref>{{cite web|title=JT de France 2, voir et revoir en direct et replay, aujourd'hui, hier, archives, journal tv|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-jt/france-2/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127172618/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-jt/france-2/|archive-date=27 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Franceinfo|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Manon Tardon]], fought with the French Resistance in the Second World War
* [[Jane Léro]], communist and feminist activist and founder of the Union des Femmes de la Martinique (l'UFM; Union of Women of Martinique
* [[Soa de Muse]], drag performer, finalist in first ever season of [[Drag Race France]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2 July 2022 |title=Soa de Muse : une Martiniquaise dans le premier drag show télévisé français |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/soa-de-muse-une-martiniquaise-dans-le-premier-drag-show-televise-francais-1299384.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702163126/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/soa-de-muse-une-martiniquaise-dans-le-premier-drag-show-televise-francais-1299384.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=la1ere |language=fr }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=June 02 |first1=Joey Nolfi |last2=EDT |first2=2022 at 09:15 AM |title=Bonjour, ladies! Meet the queens of 'Drag Race France' |url=https://ew.com/tv/drag-race-france-season-1-cast-revealed-meet-the-queens/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=EW.com |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305225828/https://ew.com/tv/drag-race-france-season-1-cast-revealed-meet-the-queens/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Energy ==
Martinique is part of the zones not interconnected to the continental metropolitan network (ZNI), which must therefore produce the electricity they consume themselves. For this reason, the ZNI have specific legislation on electricity production and [[Distribution (mathematics)|distribution]].

Martinique's [[energy mix]] is marked by a very strong importance of thermal [[Energy development|energy production]]. At the same time, the island's electricity consumption has decreased slightly. These results can be attributed to the information and awareness-raising efforts of the regions, the Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) and energy companies in favor of energy savings, but also to the context of demographic decline of the territory.

Despite these results, the control of the Territory's electricity consumption remains a central issue, given the Territory's low energy potential<ref>ADEME, Vers l'autonomie énergétique en zone non-interconnectée à l'horizon 2030. Rapport final d'étude pour l'île de la Martinique</ref> compared to other overseas territories, such as [[Guadeloupe]]<ref>Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie, Vers l'autonomie énergétique en zone non-interconnectée à l'horizon 2030 Rapport final d'étude pour l'île de la Guadeloupe Agencia del Medio Ambiente y de la Gestión de la Energía, Hacia la autonomía energética en zona no interconectada en el horizonte 2030. Informe final del estudio para la isla de Guadalupe</ref> and [[Réunion|Reunion]].<ref>ADEME, Vers l'autonomie énergétique en zone non-interconnectée à l'horizon 2030 Rapport final d'étude pour l'île de la Réunion ADEME,</ref>

Martinique and its inhabitants are therefore faced with a twofold need: to further strengthen the control of electricity consumption and at the same time develop [[Renewable energy|renewable energies]] to reduce environmental pollution due to thermal electricity production.
[[File:Cascade de Saut-Gendarme Fonds Saint Denis, Fort-de-France, Martinique - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|Saut-Gendarme waterfall]]

=== Renewable energies ===
The exploitation of renewable energies in Martinique started late, as the characteristics of the island were previously considered unfavorable for their [[Development economics|development]]. However, the efforts of the population and energy suppliers are moving towards a higher proportion of renewable energies in Martinique's future energy mix.

Article 56 of the Grenelle I Law No. 2009-967 3 August 2009, on the implementation of the Grenelle Environment Forum, sets out the provisions for [[Overseas France|overseas]]: in the case of Martinique, the energy objective is to reach 50% renewable energy in final [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] by 2020. Energy autonomy is planned for 2030.

As Martinique's electricity distribution grid is not interconnected with neighboring islands, let alone with the mainland's metropolitan grid, the decree of 23 April 2008, applies to the management of so-called intermittent energies: wind, [[Photovoltaics|photovoltaic]] and marine: any solar and wind power production facility with a capacity exceeding 3 kWp and not equipped with a storage system is liable to be disconnected from the grid by the grid manager once the threshold of 30% of random active power injected into the grid has been reached.

Thus, the achievement of the objectives of the Grenelle I law is subject to the development of Structures with a maximum power of 3 kWp or less, or to the incorporation of storage devices in production facilities.

=== Water ===
90% of the water distributed by Martinique's drinking water network comes from Rainwater intakes in five catchment areas. Thus, although there is no shortage of water, the situation becomes very critical in the Lenten period, with abstractions leading to the drying up of several rivers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martinique {{!}} BRGM|url=https://www.brgm.fr/fr/implantation-regionale/martinique|access-date=31 July 2021|website=www.brgm.fr|language=fr|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725100840/https://www.brgm.fr/fr/implantation-regionale/martinique|url-status=live}}</ref>

Water resources are abundant but unevenly distributed: Four municipalities (Saint-Joseph, Gros-Morne, le Lorrain and Fort-de-France) provide 85% of Martinique's [[drinking water]].

There is no water catchment in the south of the island. The water consumed in the South comes exclusively from abstractions from the North and the center (mainly from the Blanche River which flows into the Lézarde, the Capot, and the Dumauzé). Thus, 60% of the total is extracted from a single river (the Lézarde and its tributary, the Blanche river). This concentration of abstractions can constitute a risk in a [[crisis]] situation, such as a drought for example.<ref>{{cite web |last=RAIMBAUD |first=Guillaume |title=Les chiffres de l'eau potable en Martinique |url=https://www.observatoire-eau-martinique.fr/services-d-eau-potable-et-d-assainissement/eau-potable |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Observatoire de l'Eau – Martinique |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208234408/http://www.observatoire-eau-martinique.fr/services-d-eau-potable-et-d-assainissement/eau-potable |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Health ==
[[File:HI949 (16235502897).jpg|alt=A patient is transferred between an aircraft and an ambulance at Le François airport.|thumb|A patient is transferred between aircraft and ambulance at [[Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport]].]]

=== Regional health agency ===
A [[Regional Health Agency|regional health agency]] for Martinique (Agence régionale de santé Martinique) was set up in 2010. It is responsible for applying French health policy in the territory, managing public health and [[Health care in France#Health care system|health care]] regulations.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2021|title=L'ARS Martinique, une agence engagée pour la santé des martiniquais|url=http://www.martinique.ars.sante.fr/lars-martinique-une-agence-engagee-pour-la-sante-des-martiniquais|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126095119/https://www.martinique.ars.sante.fr/lars-martinique-une-agence-engagee-pour-la-sante-des-martiniquais|archive-date=26 November 2020|access-date=6 September 2021|website=www.martinique.ars.sante.fr|language=fr}}</ref>

=== Healthcare professionals ===
As of 1 January 2018, Martinique had a workforce of 1,091 doctors. For each 100,000 people of its population, there was a density of 141 [[General practitioner#France|general practitioners]], 150 specialists, 53 dentists, 1,156 state certified nurses and 90 pharmacists.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 April 2020|title=Professionnels de santé au 1<sup>er</sup> janvier 2018 {{!}} Insee|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2012677|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906201849/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2012677#tableau-TCRD_068_tab1_departements|archive-date=6 September 2021|access-date=6 September 2021|website=www.insee.fr|publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]]}}</ref> Self-employed doctors are represented by URML Martinique, created under the [[Hospital, patients, health, territories]] bill. URML Martinique works in partnership with ARS Martinique, [[National Fund for Health Insurance|l'Assurance Maladie]], the Ministry of Health and Local Authorities to manage regional health policy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qui sommes-nous ?|url=https://urml-m.org/votre-urml/qui-sommes-nous/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227205702/https://urml-m.org/votre-urml/qui-sommes-nous/|archive-date=27 February 2021|access-date=6 September 2021|website=Urml Martinique|date=7 July 2020 |publisher=Unions Régionales des Médecins Libéraux Martinique|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Health facilities ===
The University Hospital of Martinique (Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique) is a [[teaching hospital]] based in Fort-de-France, in an agreement with the [[University of the French Antilles]]. It is the largest French- and English-speaking university hospital in the Caribbean, having more than 1,600 beds. These include 680 medical, 273 surgical and 100 obstetrics beds, with another 30 in its [[intensive care unit]]. The hospital operates a 24-hour emergency service.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Hospital Of Martinique (UHM, CHU de Martinique)|url=http://www.universityhospitalmartinique.fr/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311215441/http://www.universityhospitalmartinique.fr/|archive-date=11 March 2021|access-date=5 September 2021|website=www.universityhospitalmartinique.fr}}</ref>

=== Chlordecone controversy ===

==== Actions of the French government ====
After the discovery of the toxicity of [[chlordecone]], a dangerous insecticide, and the health risks it posed, the French state put in place certain measures to protect the Martinican and [[Guadeloupe]]an populations, allocating nearly 100 million euros towards the implementation of these measures.<ref name="Ferdinand-2020">{{Cite report|last=Ferdinand|first=Malcom|date=5 January 2020|title=Le chlordécone au prisme des sciences humaines et sociales. Rapport scientifique du workshop organisé les 6 et 7 novembre 2019 à l'Université Paris Dauphine|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03097964|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023000912/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03097964|url-status=live}}</ref> The soils are regularly tested and subjected to strict regulations related to the standards of potability.<ref name="Ferdinand-2020" /><ref name="Gaumand-2005">{{Cite book|last1=C|first1=GAUMAND|url=https://side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/203741/evaluation-des-actions-menees-en-rapport-avec-la-presence-de-chlordecone-et-autres-pesticides-organo|title=EVALUATION DES ACTIONS MENEES EN RAPPORT AVEC LA PRESENCE DE CHLORDECONE ET AUTRES PESTICIDES ORGANOCHLORES EN GUADELOUPE ET EN MARTINIQUE|last2=A|first2=GRAVAUD|last3=VERDELON (X.)|last4=M|first4=VERNEREY|date=2005|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023235633/https://side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/203741/evaluation-des-actions-menees-en-rapport-avec-la-presence-de-chlordecone-et-autres-pesticides-organo|url-status=live}}</ref> Martinique is also subject to regular mapping processes to delineate highly contaminated areas. River fishing is also prohibited in order to limit health risks, as rivers represent high-risk contamination areas.<ref name="Ferdinand-2020" />

Since 2008, the French state has developed three action plans establishing strategies to protect local populations, raise awareness regarding the effects of chlordecone, as well as to support the agriculture and fisheries sectors.<ref name="Martinique-2021">{{cite web|title=Saison 1 / La Chlordécone en vidéos (explications, conseils, mesures) / Chlordécone / Environnement, santé publique / Politiques publiques / Accueil - Les services de l'État en Martinique|url=https://www.martinique.gouv.fr/Politiques-publiques/Environnement-sante-publique/Chlordecone/La-Chlordecone-en-videos-explications-conseils-mesures/Saison-1|access-date=20 October 2021|website=www.martinique.gouv.fr|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020225935/https://www.martinique.gouv.fr/Politiques-publiques/Environnement-sante-publique/Chlordecone/La-Chlordecone-en-videos-explications-conseils-mesures/Saison-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

A French parliamentary commission revealed in 2019 that more than 90% of Martinicans have been exposed to chlordecone, which was authorized for use between 1972 and 1993 in the banana plantations of the Antilles. The committee judged the three "Chlordecone Plans" launched by the State since 2008 to be inadequate; recommendations were provided via its [[rapporteur]], [[Justine Benin]] [[Member of Parliament (France)|MP]], to address prevention and research into cleanup methods for a fourth plan, scheduled for 2020.<ref name="20minutes-2021">{{cite web|title=La commission d'enquête sur le chlordécone rend ses conclusions|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/2658759-20191124-pollution-chlordecone-commission-enquete-parlementaire-rend-conclusions|access-date=21 October 2021|website=www.20minutes.fr|date=24 November 2019|language=fr|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413034033/https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/2658759-20191124-pollution-chlordecone-commission-enquete-parlementaire-rend-conclusions|url-status=live}}</ref>

The parliamentary commission of inquiry called the French state into question for having authorized the sale of chlordecone as an insecticide, as its toxicity was known, but "responsibilities are shared with economic actors. Firstly, industrialists, but also groups of planters and certain elected officials."<ref name="LeFigaro-2019">{{cite web|date=26 November 2019|title=Antilles : l'État, "premier responsable" de la pollution au chlordécone|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/antilles-l-etat-premier-responsable-de-la-pollution-au-chlordecone-20191126|access-date=21 October 2021|website=LEFIGARO|language=fr|archive-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126042924/https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/antilles-l-etat-premier-responsable-de-la-pollution-au-chlordecone-20191126|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Health consequences ====
Chlordecone is known to have harmful effects on human health, with scientific research identifying it as an endocrine disruptor or hormonally-active chemical agent, as well as a probable carcinogen, particularly in relation to increasing chances of prostate cancer occurrence and recurrence.<ref name="Martinique-2021" /><ref name="Ferdinand-2020" /> As an endocrine disruptor, chlordecone can also lead to delayed cognitive development in infants, an increased likelihood of pregnancy complications, and may disrupt the reproductive process.<ref name="Ferdinand-2020" />

The chlordecone molecule has physical and chemical characteristics that allow it to remain for several centuries in soil, river-water and groundwater, thus spreading beyond the location of the banana plantations where this insecticide was initially administered.<ref name="Ferdinand-2020" /><ref name="Martouzet-2021">{{Cite journal|last=Martouzet|first=Denis|date=2022|title=Jessica Oublié et al., Tropiques toxiques. Le scandale du chlordécone|url=https://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/17224|journal=Géocarrefour|volume=96|issue=2|doi=10.4000/geocarrefour.17224|s2cid=251047096|language=fr|issn=1627-4873|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021204644/https://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/17224|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Although chlordecone has not been used since the 1990s, the health risks remain. Chlordecone contamination occurs through contaminated food and drink.<ref name="Martinique-2021" />

==== Local community response ====
In the streets of Fort-de-France, approximately 5,000 to 15,000 residents of Martinique demonstrated in protest on 27 March 2021, denouncing the possible statute of limitations on a complaint filed by civil parties for the use of chlordecone in causing life endangerment (''mise en danger de la vie d'autrui).''<ref name="Franceinfo-2021">{{cite web|date=17 March 2021|title=Scandale du chlordécone : "L'empoisonnement" à ce pesticide en Guadeloupe et en Martinique "n'est pas prescrit", clament les parties civiles|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/environnement/pesticides/scandale-du-chlordecone-lempoisonnement-a-ce-pesticide-en-guadeloupe-et-en-martinique-n-est-pas-prescrit-clament-les-parties-civiles_4336009.html|access-date=18 October 2021|website=Franceinfo|language=fr-FR|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018001519/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/environnement/pesticides/scandale-du-chlordecone-lempoisonnement-a-ce-pesticide-en-guadeloupe-et-en-martinique-n-est-pas-prescrit-clament-les-parties-civiles_4336009.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The complaint was issued on 23 February 2006.<ref name="Franceinfo-2021" /><ref name="Geo-2021">{{cite web|last=AFP|first=GEO avec|date=16 March 2021|title=Chlordécone en Guadeloupe et en Martinique : vers une ordonnance de non-lieu ?|url=https://www.geo.fr/environnement/chlordecone-la-grande-majorite-des-faits-etait-deja-prescrite-des-le-depot-des-plaintes-204082|access-date=18 October 2021|website=Geo.fr|language=fr|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018001519/https://www.geo.fr/environnement/chlordecone-la-grande-majorite-des-faits-etait-deja-prescrite-des-le-depot-des-plaintes-204082|url-status=live}}</ref>

The French government's actions in response to the historical authorization of chlordecone are often criticized by residents of Martinique and local associations involved in the "Chlordecone Scandal." The lack of information transmitted to the population concerning the danger of chlordecone between 1993 and 2004 is one of the main concerns expressed.<ref name="Franceinfo-2021" />

The civil complaint in 2006 was issued by several associations from the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe, and was in response to the long-term impacts of government-authorized chlordecone use in polluting the islands' natural environments and affecting the health of inhabitants.<ref name="LeMonde-2021">{{Cite news|date=27 February 2021|title=Scandale du chlordécone : plusieurs milliers de manifestants en Martinique contre " l'impunité "|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2021/02/27/scandale-du-chlordecone-plusieurs-milliers-de-manifestants-en-martinique-contre-l-impunite_6071431_3244.html|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018001518/https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2021/02/27/scandale-du-chlordecone-plusieurs-milliers-de-manifestants-en-martinique-contre-l-impunite_6071431_3244.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique}}

Martinique's first cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) were confirmed in March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus : deux cas confirmés en Martinique|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/coronavirus-deux-cas-confirmes-martinique-807587.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306135023/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/coronavirus-deux-cas-confirmes-martinique-807587.html|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=5 September 2021|website=Martinique la 1ère|date=5 March 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> The pandemic has since put provision of health services under significant stress; as of 2 September 2021, Martinique had recorded an [[excess mortality]] at all ages, and of all causes since the week beginning 26 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=|date=2 September 2021|title=COVID-19 : point épidémiologique en Martinique du 2 septembre 2021|url=https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/regions/antilles/documents/bulletin-regional/2021/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-en-martinique-du-2-septembre-2021|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145016/https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/regions/antilles/documents/bulletin-regional/2021/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-en-martinique-du-2-septembre-2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|access-date=5 September 2021|website=Santé Publique France|language=fr}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In 1887, the artist [[Paul Gauguin]] lived in Martinique.<ref>"Gauguin and Martinique," Karen Kristine Reichnitzer Pope, 1981.</ref> Gauguin painted the tropical landscape and the native women. The [[Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre]] (former Gauguin Museum) is dedicated to his stay on the island.
* [[Aimé Césaire]]'s seminal poem ''[[Cahier d'un retour au pays natal]] (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land)'' envisions the poet's imagined journey back to his homeland Martinique to find it in a state of colossal poverty and psychological inferiority due to the French colonial presence.<ref name=Herdeck>"Aimé Césaire", in [[Donald E. Herdeck]] (ed.), ''Caribbean Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical-Critical Encyclopedia'', Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1979, pp. 324–25.</ref><ref>"Commentary", ''Notebook of a Return to the Native Land'' (Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), p. 53.</ref>
* [[Lafcadio Hearn]] in 1890 published a travel book titled ''Two Years in the French West Indies'', in which Martinique [Martinique Sketches] is its main topic; his descriptions of the island, people and history are lively observations of life before the Mont Pelée eruption in 1902 that would change the island forever. [[The Library of America]] republished his works in 2009 entitled ''Hearn: American Writings''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Two Years in the French West Indies |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4396/ |via=[[World Digital Library]] |year=1890 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221445/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4396/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hearn |first1=Lafcadio |title=Youma: Story of a Western Indian Slave |date=1890 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4047-6737-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykwLAAAAIAAJ |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031752/https://books.google.com/books?id=ykwLAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2009 French Caribbean general strikes]]
* [[Bibliography of Martinique]]
* [[Index of Martinique-related articles]]
* [[Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique]]
* [[List of colonial and departmental heads of Martinique]]
* [[Regional Council of Martinique]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Forster, Elborg, Robert Forster, and Pierre Dessailes – ''Sugar and Slavery, Family and Race: The Letters and Diaries of Pierre Dessailes, Planter in Martinique, 1808–1856.''
* Gerstin, Julian and Dominique Cyrille – ''Martinique: Cane Fields and City Streets.''
* Haigh, Sam – ''An Introduction to Caribbean Francophone Writing: Guadeloupe and Martinique.''
* Heilprin, Angelo – ''Mont Pelee and the Tragedy of Martinique.''
* Heilprin, Angelo – ''The Tower of Pelee. New Studies of the Great Volcano of Martinique.''
* Kimber, Clarissa Therese – ''Martinique Revisited: The Changing Plant Geographies of a West Indian Island.''
* Lamont, Rosette C. and Richard Miller – ''New French Language Plays: Martinique, Quebec, Ivory Coast, Belgium.''
* Laguerre, Michel S. – ''Urban Poverty in the Caribbean: French Martinique as a Social Laboratory.''
* Murray, David A. B. – ''Opacity: Gender, Sexuality, Race and the 'Problem' of Identity in Martinique.''
* Slater, Mariam K. – ''The Caribbean Family: Legitimacy in Martinique.''
* Tomich, Dale W. – ''Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar: Martinique and the World Economy, 1830–1848.''
* Watts, David – ''The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture, and Environmental Change Since 1492.''

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Martinique}}
; Government
* [https://www.martinique.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924035955/https://www.martinique.gouv.fr/ |date=24 September 2023 }} {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/ Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531195401/https://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/ |date=31 May 2020 }} {{in lang|fr}}

; General information
* {{Wikiatlas|Martinique}}

; Travel
* [https://www.martinique.org/ Martinique Tourism Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003183335/https://www.martinique.org/ |date=3 October 2019 }} – Official site
* [https://www.zananas-martinique.com/ Zananas Martinique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811113100/https://www.zananas-martinique.com/ |date=11 August 2023 }} – Informations site

{{Martinique topics}}
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