View source for Hiberno-English

{{Short description|English dialects native to Ireland}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Irish English|British rule in Ireland|Irish migration to Great Britain|List of English words of Irish origin|Anglo-Irish people}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Hiberno-English
| altname          = Irish English<br>Anglo-Irish
| nativename       = English
| states           = Ireland
| region           = '''Native:''' Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland<br>'''Diaspora:''' United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, New Zealand
| ethnicity           = [[Irish people]]
| speakers         = 5+ million in the Republic of Ireland<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ireland-population/ |title=Ireland Population (2021) – Worldometer |website=Worldometers.info |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154121/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ireland-population/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
6.8&nbsp;million speakers in Ireland overall.
| date             = 2012 European Commission
| ref              =<ref name=ethn>{{e18|eng|English (Ireland)}}</ref>
| speakers2        = 275,000 [[L2 speakers]] of English in Ireland (European Commission 2012)
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3             = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4             = [[North Sea Germanic]]
| fam5             = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
| fam6             = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| fam7             = English
| ancestor         = [[Old English]]
| ancestor2        = [[Middle English]]
| ancestor3        = [[Early Modern English]]
| dia1        = [[Ulster English]]
| dia2        = [[Dublin English]]
| dia3        = [[South-West Irish English]]
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]])<br />[[Unified English Braille]]
| nation           = 
| minority         = 
| agency           = –
| isoexception     = dialect
| lingua           = 
| ietf             = en-IE
| map              = 
| mapcaption       = 
| glotto           = iris1255
| notice           = IPA
}}
{{listen|filename=Dara O Briain BBC Radio4 Front Row 12 Apr 2012 b01fjx72.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a non-local Dublin accent ([[Dara Ó Briain]])}}
{{listen|filename=Mary Robinson - Desert Island Discs - 28 July 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a woman from [[Connacht]] with a supraregional Irish accent ([[Mary Robinson]])}}
{{listen|filename=Donal MacIntyre voice.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a non-local (advanced) Dublin accent ([[Donal MacIntyre]])}}
{{English language}}

'''Hiberno-English'''{{efn|note=lede|''Hiberno'' is pronounced {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|'|b|ɜːr|n|oʊ|,_|h|ɪ|-}} {{respell|hy|BUR|noh|,_|hih|-}},<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hiberno |title=Definition of 'Hiberno-' |website=[[CollinsDictionary.com]] |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hiberno-English |title=Hiberno-English |website=[[merriam-webster.com]]}}</ref> from {{langx|la|[[Hibernia]]}} "Ireland". Hiberno-English in {{langx|sco|label=[[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster Scots]]|Airish Inglish}}, and in {{langx|ga|Béarla na hÉireann}}.}} or '''Irish English''' ('''IrE'''),<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a}}</ref> also formerly sometimes called '''Anglo-Irish''',<ref name="Christiansen"/> is the set of [[dialect]]s of English native to the island of Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dho.ie/drapier/node/193 |title=Hiberno-English Archive |work=DRAPIer |publisher=DHO |location=Ireland |access-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100916182401/http://dho.ie/drapier/node/193 |archive-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, English is the [[first language]] in everyday use and, alongside the [[Irish language]], one of two official languages (with [[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster Scots]], in Northern Ireland, being yet another local language). 

The writing standards of Irish English, such as its spelling, align with [[British English]].<ref>Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2012). ''Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World''. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100.</ref> But the diverse accents and some of the grammatical structures and vocabulary of Irish English are unique, including certain notably [[Conservative and innovative (linguistics)|conservative]] [[phonology|phonological]] features and vocabulary, those that are no longer common in the dialects of England or North America. It shows significant influences from the Irish language and, in the north, the [[Scots language]].

Phonologists today often divide Irish English into four or five overarching [[dialect]]s or accents:<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 90–93">{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=90–93}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |title=A Sound Atlas of Irish English |volume=1 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |date=2004 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TZK9cSYRrjMC |pages=57–60 |isbn=978-3-11-018298-9 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150516082240/https://books.google.com/books?id=TZK9cSYRrjMC&q |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> [[Ulster English|Ulster or Northern Irish accents]], [[South-West Irish English|Western and Southern Irish accents]] (like [[County Cork|Cork]] accents), various [[Dublin English|Dublin accents]], and a non-regional [[standard language|standard]] accent (outside of Ulster) whose features have been developing since only the last quarter of the 20th century onwards.
{{TOC limit|4}}

==History==
[[File:Linguistic state of Ireland 1550-1700.png|thumb|257x257px|A rough estimate linguistic Map of Ireland 1550–1700. Highlighted in colour.]]
Middle English, as well as a small elite that spoke [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]], was brought to Ireland as a result of the [[Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]] in the late 12th century. The remnants of which survived as the [[Yola language]] and [[Fingallian]] dialects, which is not mutually comprehensible with Modern English. A second wave of the English language was brought to Ireland in the 16th-century [[Elizabethan]] [[Early Modern period]], making that variety of English spoken in Ireland the oldest outside of Great Britain. It remains more conservative today than many other dialects of English in terms of phonology and vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/englishaswespeak00joycuoft/englishaswespeak00joycuoft_djvu.txt|title=English as we speak it in Ireland |author-link=Patrick Weston Joyce |first=P. W. |last=Joyce |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green |date=1910 |chapter=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/englishaswespeak00joycuoft/page/5 6]}}</ref><ref name="Christiansen">{{cite web |url= http://thos.english.unaux.com/Hiberno.pdf?i=1 |title=English in Ireland and Irish in English – Hiberno-English as Exemplar of World English |first=Thomas |last=Christiansen |page=3 |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193241/http://thos.english.unaux.com/Hiberno.pdf?i=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially, during the [[History of Ireland (1169–1536)|Anglo-Norman period]] in Ireland, English was mainly spoken in an area known as [[the Pale]] around [[Dublin]], with largely the [[Irish language]] spoken throughout the rest of the country. Some small pockets of speakers remained, who predominantly continued to use the [[Middle English|English of that time]]. Because of their sheer isolation, these dialects developed into later, now-extinct, [[Anglic language|English-related varieties]], known as [[Yola language|Yola]] in [[County Wexford|Wexford]] and [[Fingallian]] in [[Fingal]], Dublin. These were no longer mutually intelligible with other English varieties. By the [[Tudor period]], Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory lost to the invaders: even in the Pale, "all the common folk… for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit, and of Irish language".<ref name="multitext.ucc.ie">{{cite web |url= http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558 |title=Culture and Religion in Tudor Ireland 1494–1558 |publisher=University College Cork |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080416173828/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558 |archive-date=16 April 2008}}</ref>

[[Tudor conquest of Ireland|The Tudor conquest]] and [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century]] led to a second wave of immigration by English speakers, along with the forced suppression and decline in the status and use of the Irish language. By the mid-19th century, English had become the majority language spoken in the country.{{Refn |group=lower-alpha |According to the 1841 census, Ireland had 8,175,124 inhabitants, of whom four million spoke Irish.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=O'Beirne Ranelagh |title=A Short History of Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1994 |page=118 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xfx0VGIXiPYC&pg=PA118 |isbn=9780521469449}}</ref>}} It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Today, there is little more than one per cent of the population who speaks the Irish language natively,<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=121}}</ref> though it is required to be taught in all state-funded schools. Of the 40% of the population who self-identified as speaking some Irish in 2016, 4% speak Irish daily outside the education system.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |title=Irish Language and the Gaeltacht |website=CSO.ie |publisher=Central Statistics Office |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201208225214/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A German traveller, Ludolf von Münchhausen, visited the Pale in Dublin in 1591. He says of the pale in regards to the language spoken there: "Little Irish is spoken; there are even some people here who cannot speak Irish at all".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100083/ | title=A German visitor to Monaincha in 1591 }}</ref> He may be mistaken, but if this account is true, the language of Dublin in the 1590s was English, not Irish.
And yet again, Albert Jouvin travelled to Ireland in 1668; he says of the pale and the east coast, "In the inland parts of Ireland, they speak a particular language, but in the greatest part of the towns and villages on the sea coast, only English is spoken".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100075/ | title=Description of England and Ireland under the Restoration }}</ref> 'A Tour of Ireland in 1775', by [[Richard Twiss (writer)|Richard Twiss]] says of the language spoken in Dublin "as at present almost all the peasants speak the English language, they converse with as much propriety as any persons of their class in England."<ref>https://www.exclassics.com/twiss/twiss.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>

In [[On Early English Pronunciation, Part V]], an early dialect study on English, [[Alexander John Ellis]] included some samples of Hiberno-English dialect from the Forth and Bargy baronies in County Wexford.<ref>{{cite book|title=On early English pronunciation: with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day means of the ordinary printing types |last=Ellis|first=Alexander John|date=1889|publisher=Truebner & Co|location=London|page=1|url=https://archive.org/details/onearlyenglishpr00elliuoft/page/n109/mode/2up?q=wexford}}</ref> Writing in the late 19th century, Ellis seems to have been unaware that English had been spoken in parts of Ireland, especially in Ulster, for centuries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Aveyard |first=Edward |year=2022 |title=What is Dialect? |journal=Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society |volume=23 |issue=122 |pages=29 }}</ref>

==Ulster English==
{{main|Ulster English}}
Ulster English, or Northern Irish English, here refers collectively to the varieties of the [[Ulster]] province, including Northern Ireland and neighbouring counties outside of Northern Ireland, which has been influenced by [[Ulster Irish]] as well as the [[Scots language]], brought over by Scottish settlers during the [[Plantation of Ulster]]. Its main subdivisions are Mid-Ulster English, South Ulster English and [[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster Scots]], the latter of which is arguably a separate language. 
Ulster varieties distinctly pronounce:
*An ordinarily grammatically structured (i.e. [[Topicalization|non-topicalised]]) [[declarative sentence]], often, with a [[High rising terminal|rising intonation at the end]] of the sentence (the type of intonation pattern that other English speakers usually associate with questions).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=118}}</ref>
*{{sc2|KIT}} as lowered, in the general vicinity of {{IPA|[ë~ɘ~ɪ̈]}}.
*{{sc2|STRUT}} as fronted and slightly rounded, more closely approaching {{IPAblink|ɞ}}.
*{{sc2|GOOSE}} and {{sc2|FOOT}} as merged in the general vicinity of {{IPAblink|ʉ}}.
*{{sc2|MOUTH}} with a backed on-glide and fronted off-glide, putting it in the vicinity of {{IPA|[ɐʏ~ɜʉ]}}.
*{{sc2|PRICE}} as {{IPA|[ɛɪ~ɜɪ]}}, particularly before [[voiceless consonant]]s.
*{{sc2|FACE}} as {{IPAblink|eː}}, though nowadays commonly {{IPAblink|eːə}} or even {{IPAblink|ɪːə}} when in a [[closed syllable]].
*{{sc2|GOAT}}, almost always, as a slightly raised [[monophthong]] {{IPA|[o̝(ː)]}}.
*A lack of [[Happy-tensing|''Happy''-tensing]]; with the final vowel of ''happy'', ''holy'', ''money'', etc. as {{IPAblink|e}}.
*Syllable-final {{IPA|/l/}} occasionally as "[[velarized alveolar lateral approximant|dark]] {{IPAblink|ɫ}}", though especially before a consonant.

==Western and Southern Irish English==
Western and Southern Irish English is a collection of [[broad and general accents|broad varieties]] of Ireland's [[West Region, Ireland|West Region]] and [[Southern Region, Ireland|Southern Region]]. Accents of both regions are known for:
*The backing and slight lowering of {{sc2|MOUTH}} towards {{IPA|[ɐʊ~ʌʊ]}}.
*The more open starting point for {{sc2|NORTH}} and {{sc2|THOUGHT}} of {{IPA|[ɑːɹ~äːɹ]}} and {{IPA|[ɑː~äː]}}, respectively. 
*The preservation of {{sc2|GOAT}} as [[monophthong]]al {{IPAblink|oː}}. 
*{{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}}, respectively, as {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[d]}}.
*In the West, {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} may respectively be pronounced by very [[Conservative and innovative (linguistics)|conservative]] speakers as {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} before a consonant, so ''fist'' sounds like ''fished'', ''castle'' like ''[[Cashel, County Tipperary|Cashel]]'', and ''arrest'' like "arresht".<ref>Wells, 1982, p. 433.</ref>

The subset, [[South-West Irish English]] (often known, by specific [[Counties of Ireland|county]], as Cork English, Kerry English, or Limerick English), features two additional defining characteristics of its own. One is the [[pin–pen merger]]:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=313}}</ref> the raising of ''dress'' to {{IPA|[ɪ]}} when before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/m/}} (as in ''again'' or ''pen''). The other is the intonation pattern of a slightly higher pitch followed by a significant drop in pitch on stressed long-vowel syllables (across multiple syllables or even within a single one),<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=309}}</ref> which is popularly heard in rapid conversation, by speakers of other English dialects, as a noticeable kind of undulating "sing-song" pattern.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.englishireland.ie/english-courses-cork-ireland.htm |title=Learn English in Cork City & County |work=EnglishIreland.ie |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171115152428/http://www.englishireland.ie/english-courses-cork-ireland.htm |archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Learn English by Living It |publisher=Language Travel Ireland / InnovationWorks |location=National Technology Park, Limerick, Ireland |date=2010}}</ref>

==Dublin English==
{{main|Dublin English}}
Dublin English is highly internally diverse and refers collectively to the Irish English varieties immediately surrounding and within the metropolitan area of [[Dublin]]. Modern-day Dublin English largely lies on a [[phonology|phonological]] continuum, ranging from a more traditional, lower-prestige, local urban accent on the one end, to a more recently developing, higher-prestige, non-local, regional and even supra-regional accent on the other end. Most of the latter characteristics of Dublin English first emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="Dartspeak">{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007b|p=180}}</ref> 

The accent that most strongly uses the traditional working-class features has been labelled by the linguist [[Raymond Hickey]] as "local Dublin English". Most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs, have accent features falling variously along the entire middle, as well as the newer end of the spectrum, which together form what is called "non-local Dublin English". It is spoken by middle- and upper-class natives of Dublin and the greater eastern Irish region surrounding the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |year=2015 |url= https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/dublin.htm |title=Dublin English |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011849/https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/dublin.htm |archive-date=22 October 2016 |work=Irish English Resource Centre |publisher=University of Duisburg and Essen}}</ref>

In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the rest of Ireland, pronouncing:
*{{sc2|MOUTH}} as fronted or raised {{IPA|[æʊ~ɛʊ~eʊ]}}. 
*{{sc2|PRICE}} as retracted or centralised {{IPA|[əɪ~ɑɪ]}}.
*{{sc2|GOAT}} as a [[diphthong]] in the range (local to non-local) of {{IPA|[ʌʊ~oʊ~əʊ]}}.

===Local Dublin English===
Local Dublin English (or popular Dublin English) is a traditional, [[broad and general accents|broad]], working-class variety spoken in the Republic of Ireland's capital city of [[Dublin]]. It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history was non-rhotic; but today it is weakly rhotic.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="de Gruyter 2004 91">{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=91}}</ref> Known for [[diphthong]]isation of the {{sc2|GOAT}} and {{sc2|FACE}} vowels, the local Dublin accent is also known for a phenomenon called "vowel breaking", in which {{sc2|MOUTH}}, {{sc2|PRICE}}, {{sc2|GOOSE}} and {{sc2|FLEECE}} in [[closed syllable]]s are "broken" into two syllables, approximating {{IPA|[ɛwə]}}, {{IPA|[əjə]}}, {{IPA|[uwə]}}, and {{IPA|[ijə]}}, respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=83–84}}</ref>

===Advanced Dublin English===
Evolving as a fashionable outgrowth of the mainstream non-local Dublin English, advanced Dublin English, also new Dublin English or formerly fashionable Dublin English, is a youthful variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the "[[avant-garde]]" and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=355}}</ref> Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of [[southside Dublin]], is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s.<ref name="Dartspeak"/> 

Advanced Dublin English can have a [[fur–fair merger]], [[horse–hoarse merger|horse–hoarse]], and [[witch–which merger]]s, while resisting the traditionally Irish English [[cot–caught merger]]. This accent has since spread south to parts of east [[County Wicklow]], west to parts of north [[County Kildare]], and parts of south [[County Meath]]. The accent can be heard among the middle to upper classes in most major cities in the Republic today.

==Standard Irish English==
Supraregional Southern Irish English, sometimes, simply Supraregional Irish English or Standard Irish English,<ref>Hickey, Raymond (ed.), 2012, pp. 99–100.</ref> refers to a variety spoken particularly by educated and middle- or higher-class Irish people, crossing regional boundaries throughout all of the Republic of Ireland, except the north. A mainstream middle-class variety of Dublin English of the early- to mid-twentieth century is the direct influence and catalyst for this variety,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=114}}</ref> coming about by the suppression of certain [[markedness|marked]]ly Irish features, and retention of other Irish features, as well as the adoption of certain [[received pronunciation|standard British]] (i.e., non-Irish) features.<ref>Hickey, Raymond (ed.), 2012, p. 102.</ref> 

The result is a configuration of features that is still unique. In other words, this accent is not simply a wholesale shift towards British English. Most speakers born in the 1980s or later are showing fewer features of this late-twentieth-century mainstream supraregional form and more characteristics aligning with a rapidly-spreading advanced Dublin accent. See more above, under "Non-local Dublin English".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=29}}</ref>

Ireland's supraregional dialect pronounces:
*{{sc2|TRAP}} as quite open {{IPA|a}}.
*{{sc2|PRICE}} along a possible spectrum {{IPA|[aɪ~äɪ~ɑɪ]}}, with innovative {{IPA|[ɑɪ]}} particularly more common before [[voiced consonant]]s,<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 91"/> notably including {{IPA|/r/}}.
*{{sc2|MOUTH}} as starting fronter and often more raised than other dialects: {{IPA|[aʊ~æʊ~ɛʊ]}}.
*{{sc2|START}} may be {{IPA|[äːɹ]||en-us-r.ogg}}, with a backer vowel than in other Irish accents, though still relatively fronted.
*{{sc2|THOUGHT}} as {{IPA|[ɒː]}}.
*{{sc2|NORTH}} as {{IPA|[ɒːɹ]}}, almost always separate from {{sc2|FORCE}} {{IPA|[oːɹ]}}, keeping words like ''war'' and ''wore'', or ''horse'' and ''hoarse'', pronounced distinctly.
*{{sc2|CHOICE}} as {{IPA|[ɒɪ]}}.
*{{sc2|GOAT}} as a [[diphthong]], approaching {{IPA|oʊ||en-us-o.ogg}}, as in the mainstream United States, or {{IPA|əʊ||En-uk-oh.ogg}}, as in mainstream England.
*{{sc2|STRUT}} as higher, fronter, and often rounder {{IPA|[ə~ʊ]}}.

==Overview of pronunciation and phonology==
The following charts list the vowels typical of each Irish English dialect as well as the several distinctive consonants of Irish English, according to the linguist Raymond Hickey.<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 90–93"/><ref name="books.google.com"/> Phonological characteristics of overall Irish English are given as well as categorisations into five major divisions of Hiberno-English: Ulster; West and South-West Ireland; local Dublin; advanced Dublin; and supraregional (southern) Ireland. Features of mainstream non-local Dublin English fall on a range between what Hickey calls "local Dublin" and "advanced Dublin".

=== Monophthongs ===
The following [[monophthong]]s are defining characteristics of Irish English:
* {{sc2|STRUT}} is typically [[central vowel|centralised]] in the mouth and often rounder than other standard English varieties, such as [[Received Pronunciation]] in England or [[General American]] in the United States.
* There is a partial [[trap-bath split]] in most Irish English varieties (cf. [[Variation in Australian English]]).
* There is inconsistency regarding the [[lot–cloth split]] and the [[cot–caught merger]]; certain Irish English dialects have these phenomena while others do not. The cot-caught merger by definition rules out the presence of the lot-cloth split.
* An [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] [[schwa]] is often inserted between sonorants, e.g. ''film'' {{IPA|[ˈfɪləm]}} and ''form'' {{IPA|[ˈfɒɹəm]}}, due to the influence of the [[Irish language]].
* The words ''any'' and ''many'' are often exceptionally pronounced with {{IPA|/æ/}}, i.e. rhyme with ''Annie'' and ''Danny''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=317}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''[[Help:IPA for English|Diaphoneme]]'''
! '''Ulster'''
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| [[trap-bath split|flat]] {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[äː~a]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}
| {{IPA|[a]}}
| {{IPA|[æ~a]}}
| '''a'''dd, l'''a'''nd, tr'''a'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑː/}} and [[trap-bath split|broad]] {{IPA|/æ/}}
| {{IPA|[äː~ɑː]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æː~aː]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[aː]}}{{ref|D4|1}} 
| b'''a'''th, c'''a'''lm, d'''a'''nce
|-
| [[Conservative (language)|conservative]] {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ä]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ~ɒ~ɔ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
| l'''o'''t, t'''o'''p, w'''a'''sp
|-
| [[Lot–cloth split|divergent]] {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɔː~ɒː]}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[aː~ä]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒ]}}
| l'''o'''ss, '''o'''ff
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
| {{IPA|[ɒː~ɔː~oː]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒː]}}
| '''a'''ll, b'''ough'''t, s'''aw'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɛ]}}{{ref|SW|2}}
| dr'''e'''ss, m'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| colspan="5" |{{IPA|[ə]}}
| '''a'''bout, syr'''u'''p, '''a'''ren'''a'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}{{ref|happy|4}}
| {{IPA|[ë~ɘ~ɪ̈]}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| h'''i'''t, sk'''i'''m, t'''i'''p
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{IPA|[i(ː)]}}{{ref|vowelbreaking|3}}
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[i(ː)]}}
| b'''ea'''m, ch'''i'''c, fl'''ee'''t
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|[e~ɪ]}}<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 91" />
| happ'''y''', coff'''ee''', mov'''ie'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʌ̈~ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɤ~ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ̈~ʊ]}}
| b'''u'''s, fl'''oo'''d
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʉ(ː)]}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
| b'''oo'''k, p'''u'''t, sh'''ou'''ld
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[ʊu~uː]}}{{ref|vowelbreaking|3}}
| {{IPA|[ʊu~ʉu]}}
| f'''oo'''d, gl'''ue''', n'''ew'''
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|D4|1}}
In [[southside Dublin]]'s once-briefly fashionable "[[Dublin 4]]" (or "Dortspeak") accent, the "{{IPA|/ɑː/}} and broad {{IPA|/æ/}}" set becomes rounded as {{IPA|[ɒː]}}.<ref name="Dublin">{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |title=Dublin English: Evolution and Change |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |date=2005 |pages=46–48}}</ref>

{{note|SW|2}} In South-West Ireland, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/m/}} is [[Pin-pen merger|raised to {{IPA|[ɪ]|cat=no}}]].<ref name="South-West">{{harv|de Gruyter|2004|p=84}}</ref>

{{note|vowelbreaking|3}} Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" in local Dublin accents, {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[ijə]}} and {{IPA|[ʊuwə]}} in [[closed syllable]]s.

'''Other notes:'''

*In some highly conservative Irish English varieties, words spelled with {{vr|ea}} and pronounced with {{IPA|[iː]}} in [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] are pronounced with {{IPA|[eː]}}, for example ''meat'', ''beat'', and ''leaf''.
* In words like ''took'' where the spelling {{vr|oo}} usually represents {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, conservative speakers may use {{IPA|/uː/}}. This is most common in local Dublin and the speech of north-east Leinster.

===Diphthongs===
The following [[diphthong]]s are defining characteristics of Irish English:
*The {{sc2|MOUTH}} diphthong, as in ''ow'' or ''doubt'', may start more forward in the mouth in the east (namely, Dublin) and supraregionally; though it may be further backward throughout the entire rest of the country. In Ulster, the second element is particularly forward, as [[Scottish English|in Scotland]].
*The {{sc2|CHOICE}} diphthong, as in ''boy'' or ''choice'', generally starts off lower outside of Ulster.
*The {{sc2|FACE}} diphthong, as in ''rain'' or ''bay'', is most commonly realised as [[monophthong]]al {{IPAblink|eː}}. The words ''gave'' and ''came'' often have {{IPA|/ɛ/}} instead, i.e. rhyme with "Kev" and "them".{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''
! '''Advanced<br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/aɪ/}} 
| {{IPA|[ɛɪ~ɜɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[æɪ~ɐɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[əɪ~ɐɪ]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|1}}
| {{IPA|[ɑɪ~ɐɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[aɪ~ɑɪ]}}
| br'''igh'''t, r'''i'''de, tr'''y'''
|-
| {{IPA|/aʊ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɐʏ~ɛʉ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɐʊ~ʌʊ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛʊ]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|1}}
| {{IPA|[aʊ~ɛʊ]}}
| n'''ow''', '''ou'''ch, sc'''ou'''t
|-
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[eː(ə)]}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[eː~eɪ~ɛɪ]}}<ref>Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English: Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 425.</ref>
| l'''a'''me, r'''ei'''n, st'''ai'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[əɪ~ɑɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[aɪ~äɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒɪ~oɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒɪ]}}
| b'''oy''', ch'''oi'''ce, m'''oi'''st
|-
| {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[oː]}}
| {{IPA|[ʌo~ʌɔ]}}
| {{IPA|[əʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[oʊ~əʊ]}}
| g'''oa'''t, '''oh''', sh'''ow'''
|}
'''Footnotes:'''
{{note|vowelbreak|1}} 
Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" local Dublin accents, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} and {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[əjə]}} and {{IPA|[ɛwə]}} in [[closed syllable]]s.

===Consonants===
The [[consonant]]s of Hiberno-English mostly align with the typical English consonant sounds. but  a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: 
*[[Th-stopping]]: {{IPA|/ð/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}} are pronounced as stops, {{IPAblink|d}} and {{IPAblink|t}}, making ''then'' and ''den'' as well as ''thin'' and ''tin'' [[homophone]]s. Some accents realise them as dental stops {{IPA|[t̪, d̪]}} and do not merge them with [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] {{IPA|/t, d/}}, making ''tin'' ({{IPA|[tʰɪn]}}) and ''thin'' {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} a minimal pair. In Ulster they are {{IPA|[ð]}} and {{IPA|[θ]}}.<ref name="Wells1982">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=J.C. |title=The British Isles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |isbn=9780521285407 |series=Accents of English |volume=2 |pages=565–566, 635}}</ref>
*[[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]]: The pronunciation of historical {{IPA|/r/}} is universal in Irish English, as in General American (but not Received Pronunciation), i.e. {{IPA|/r/}} is always pronounced, even word finally and before consonants (e.g. ''here'', ''cart'', or ''surf'').
*[[Yod-dropping]] after {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}, e.g. ''new'' {{IPA|/nuː/}}, lute {{IPA|/ˈluːt/}}, and ''sue'' {{IPA|/suː/}}, and [[Yod-coalescence]] after {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}, e.g. ''duty'' {{IPA|/ˈdʒuːti/}} and ''tune'' {{IPA|/tʃuːn/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007b|p=184}}</ref><ref>Wells, 1982, p. 435.</ref>
*Lack of [[H-dropping]] and occurrence of {{IPA|/h/}} where it is permitted in Irish but excluded in other [[List of dialects of the English language|dialects of English]], such as word-mediality before an [[unstressed vowel]] (e.g. ''Haughey'' {{IPA|/ˈhɔːhi/}}) and word-finally (e.g. ''McGrath'' {{IPA|/məˈɡɹæh/}}). The pronunciation ''[[h]]aitch'' {{IPA|/heɪtʃ/}} for {{Vr|h}} is standard in the Republic of Ireland and among Catholics in Northern Ireland, while Protestants in Northern Ireland use ''aitch'' {{IPA|/eɪtʃ/}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/428002398/Protestants_and_the_Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland.pdf|title=Protestants and the Irish language in Northern Ireland|last=McCoy|first=Gordon|date=May 1997|accessdate=2024-06-10|page=50}}</ref>
*Syllable-final and [[intervocalic]] {{IPA|/t/}} (and sometimes {{IPA|/d/}}) is pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English (but not Ulster) as a "[[slit fricative]]". This is similar to {{IPA|/s/}} but without the [[Sibilant|hissy]] articulation.
*The phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} is almost always of a "light" or "clear" quality (i.e. not [[velarization|velarised]]), unlike Received Pronunciation, which uses both a clear and a dark "L" sound, or General American, which pronounces all "L" sounds as dark.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''{{ref|NI|1}}
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''{{ref|Dub|2}}
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ð/}}
| {{IPA|[ð]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[d]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[d̪]}}
| '''th'''is, wri'''th'''e, wi'''th'''er 
|-
| syllable-final {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| ba'''ll''', so'''l'''dier, mi'''l'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/r/}}{{ref|r|3}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
|'''r'''ot, ee'''r'''ie, sca'''r'''y 
|-
|syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}}
|{{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[∅]}}
|ca'''r''', shi'''r'''t, he'''r'''e
|-
| intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[∅]}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| {{IPA|[ʔ(h)]}}
| {{IPA|[ɾθ̠]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| ba'''tt'''le, I'''t'''aly, wa'''t'''er 
|-
| word-final {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}}
| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, {{IPA|[h]}}, or {{IPA|[∅]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| ca'''t''', ge'''t''', righ'''t''' 
|-
| {{IPA|/θ/}}
| {{IPA|[θ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪]}}
| le'''th'''al, '''th'''ick, wra'''th''' 
|-
| {{IPA|/hw/}}{{ref|hw|5}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʍ]}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| {{IPA|[ʍ]}} or {{IPA|[w]}}
| a'''wh'''ile, '''wh'''ale, '''wh'''en
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|NI|1}}In traditional, conservative [[Ulster English]], {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]] before an [[Open vowel|open]] [[front vowel]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=88}}</ref>

{{note|Dub|2}}Local Dublin features [[consonant cluster]] [[Consonant-cluster reduction|reduction]], so that [[plosive]]s occurring after [[fricative]]s or [[sonorant]]s may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)".<ref name="South-West" />

{{note|r|3}}In extremely traditional and [[conservative (linguistics)|conservative]] accents (e.g. [[Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh]] and [[Jackie Healy-Rae]]), prevocalic {{IPA|/r/}} can also be an [[alveolar flap]], {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/r/}} may be [[guttural R|guttural]] ([[uvular]], {{IPA|[ʁ]}}) in north-east [[Leinster]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=320}}</ref>

{{note|th|4}}{{vr|θ̠}} is used here to represent the [[voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative]], sometimes known as a "slit fricative",<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Hickey|1984|p=234">{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|1984|p=234}}</ref> which is [[Apical consonant|apico]]-[[alveolar consonant|alveolar]].<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 93">{{harv|de Gruyter|2004|p=93}}</ref>

{{note|hw|5}}Overall, {{IPA|/hw/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} are being increasingly [[Wine–whine merger|merged]] in supraregional Irish English, for example, making ''wine'' and ''whine'' [[homophones]], as in most varieties of English around the world.<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 93" />

=== Vowel + {{Vr|r}} combinations ===
The following vowels + {{Vr|r}} create combinations that are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: 
*Lack of the [[horse–hoarse merger]]: the distinction is traditionally maintained between {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} and {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} before the consonant {{IPAc-en|r}}, so that e.g. ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' do not rhyme in most Irish accents, though this is changing among younger speakers.
*{{sc2|START}} vowel realised more forward in the mouth in comparison to most varieties of English.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑɻ~ɑɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æːɹ~aɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[äːɹ~ɑɹ]}}{{ref|D4|1}}
| c'''ar''', g'''uar'''d, p'''ar'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[iːɹ~iɚ]}}
| f'''ear''', p'''eer''', t'''ier'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛər/}}
| {{IPA|[(ɛ)ɚː]}}
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|[ɛːɹ~eɹ]}}{{ref|ND|2}}
| b'''are''', b'''ear''', th'''ere'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɜːr/}}{{ref|er|3}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɚː]}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɛːɹ]}}{{ref|er|3}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɚː]}}{{ref|ND|2}}
|'''ir'''k, g'''ir'''l, '''ear'''n
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʊːɹ]}}{{ref|er|3}}
| w'''or'''k, f'''ir'''st, '''ur'''n
|-
| {{IPA|/ər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɚ]}}{{ref|schwa-r|4}}
| doct'''or''', mart'''yr''', p'''er'''vade
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}{{ref|horse|5}}
| {{IPA|[ɒːɚ~ɔːɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[äːɹ~ɑːɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɒːɹ~oːɹ]}}
| f'''or''', h'''or'''se, w'''ar'''
|-
| {{IPA|[oːɚ~oːɹ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔːɹ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒːɹ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[oːɹ]}}
| f'''our''', h'''oar'''se, w'''ore'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[uːɹ~uɚ]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|6}}
| m'''oor''', p'''oor''', t'''our'''
|-
| {{IPA|/jʊər/}}
| colspan="5" | {{IPA|[juːɹ~juɚ~jɚː]}}{{ref|vowelbreak|6}}
| c'''ure''', '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|D4|1}}In [[southside Dublin]]'s "[[Dublin 4]]" (or "Dortspeak") accent, {{IPA|/ɑːr/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɒːɹ]}}.

{{note|ND|2}}In non-local Dublin's more recently emerging (or "advanced Dublin") accent, {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ɜr/}} may both be realised more rounded as {{IPA|[øːɻ]}}.

{{note|er|3}}The [[nurse mergers|{{sc2|NURSE}} mergers]] have not occurred in local Dublin, West/South-West, and other [[conservative (linguistics)|very conservative]] and traditional Irish English dialects, including in Ulster, all of which retain a two-way distinction between {{IPA|/ɛr/}} as in ''earn'' versus {{IPA|/ʊr/}} as in ''urn''. Contrarily, most English dialects worldwide have merged {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before the consonant {{IPA|/r/}}. For instance, in the case of non-local Dublin, supraregional, and younger Irish accents, the merged sequence is phonetically {{IPA|[ɚː]}}. But for those accents that retain the more conservative distinction, the distribution of {{IPA|/ɛr/}} and {{IPA|/ʊr/}} is as follows: {{IPA|/ʊr/}} occurs when spelled {{vr|ur}} and {{vr|or}} (e.g. ''urn'' and ''word''), {{vr|ir}} after [[alveolar stop]]s (e.g. ''dirt''), and after [[labial consonant]]s (e.g. ''fern''); {{IPA|/ɛr/}} is occurs in all other situations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=330}}</ref> There are apparent exceptions to these rules; [[John C. Wells]] describes ''prefer'' and ''per'' as {{IPA|/ɛr/}}, despite the vowel in question following a labial in both cases.<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles |location=Cambridge, New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0521297192 |page=321}}</ref> The distribution of {{IPA|/ɛr/}} versus {{IPA|/ʊr/}} is listed below in some example words:
{{col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''{{IPA|/ɛr/}}'''
*''certain'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛːɹtn̩]}}
*''chirp'' {{IPA|[ˈtʃʰɛːɹp]}}
*''circle'' {{IPA|[ˈsɛːɹkəl]}}
*''earn'' {{IPA|[ɛːɹn]}}
*''earth'' {{IPA|[ɛːɹt]}}
*''girl'' {{IPA|[ɡɛːɹl]}}
*''germ'' {{IPA|[dʒɛːɹm]}}
*''heard'' or ''herd'' {{IPA|[hɛːɹd]}}
*''Hertz'' {{IPA|[hɛːɹts]}}
*''irk'' {{IPA|[ɛːɹk]}}
*''[[tern]]'' {{IPA|[tʰɛːɹn]}}
{{Col-break}}
'''{{IPA|/ʊr/}}'''
*''bird'' {{IPA|[bʊːɹd]}}
*''dirt'' {{IPA|[dʊːɹt]}}
*''first'' {{IPA|[fʊːɹst]}}
*''hurts'' {{IPA|[hʊːɹts]}}
*''murder'' {{IPA|[ˈmʊːɹdɚ]}}
*''nurse'' {{IPA|[ˈnʊːɹs]}}
*''turn'' {{IPA|[tʰʊːɹn]}}
*''third'' or ''turd'' {{IPA|[tʰʊːɹd]}}
*''urn'' {{IPA|[ʊːɹn]}}
*''work'' {{IPA|[wʊːɹk]}}
*''world'' {{IPA|[wʊːɹld]}}
{{col-end}}
{{note|schwa-r|4}}In a rare few local Dublin varieties that are non-rhotic, {{IPA|/ər/}} is either lowered to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or backed and raised to {{IPA|[ɤ]}}.

{{note|horse|5}}The distinction between {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} and {{IPA|/oʊr/}} is widely preserved in Ireland, so that, for example, ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' are not merged in most Irish English dialects; but they are usually [[Horse–hoarse merger|merged]] in [[Belfast]] and advanced Dublin.

{{note|vowelbreak|6}}In local Dublin {{IPA|/(j)uːr/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[(j)uʷə(ɹ)]}}. For some speakers {{IPA|/(j)uːr/}} may merge with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.

==Vocabulary==

===Loan words from Irish===
A [[Irish words used in the English language|number of Irish language loan words]] are used in Hiberno-English, particularly in an official state capacity. For example, the head of government is the [[Taoiseach]], the deputy head is the [[Tánaiste]], the parliament is the [[Oireachtas]] and its lower house is [[Dáil Éireann]]. Less formally, people also use loan words in day-to-day speech, although this has been on the wane in recent decades and among the young.<ref>{{cite book |title=A dictionary of Hiberno-English: the Irish use of English |last=Dolan |first=Terence Patrick |date=2004 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |location=Dublin |isbn=9780717135356 |page=xix |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uPo0oB19gDUC&q=decline+of+hiberno-english+words&pg=PR19 |via=Google Books |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193243/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPo0oB19gDUC&q=decline+of+hiberno-english+words&pg=PR19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ class="nowrap" | Example loan words from Irish
! Word 
![[H:IPA-EN|IPA (English)]]
![[H:IPA-ga|IPA (Irish)]]!! Part of speech !! Meaning
|-
|'''Abú''' 
|{{IPA|/əˈbuː/}}
|{{IPA|/əˈbˠuː/}}|| Interjection || Hooray! Used in sporting occasions, especially for Gaelic games – {{lang|ga|Áth Cliath abú!}} 'hooray for Dublin!'
|-
| '''Amadán'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rte.ie/easyirish/aonad1.html |title=Easy Irish |publisher= Raidió Teilifís Éireann |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101031133305/http://www.rte.ie/easyirish/aonad1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 
|{{IPA|/ˈɒmədɔːn/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈamˠəd̪ˠaːnˠ/}}|| Noun || Fool
|-
|'''Fáilte''' 
|{{IPA|/ˈfɑːltʃə/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈfˠaːlʲtʲə/}}|| Noun || Welcome – often in the phrase {{lang|ga|céad míle fáilte}} 'a hundred thousand welcomes'
|-
|'''Flaithiúlach'''<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/fear-of-being-perceived-as-misers-runs-deeper-than-our-pockets-28902992.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616034059/http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/fear-of-being-perceived-as-misers-runs-deeper-than-our-pockets-28902992.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |work=Irish Independent |date=19 November 2012 |title=Fear of being perceived as misers runs deeper than our pockets}}</ref> 
|{{IPA|/flæˈhuːləx/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈfˠlˠahuːlˠəx/}}|| Adjective || Generous
|-
|'''Garda''' <small>(singular)</small><br>'''Gardaí''' <small>(plural)</small>
| {{IPA|/ˈɡɑːrdə/}}<br>{{IPA|/ˈɡɑːrdi/}} 
| {{IPA|/ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠə/}}<br>{{IPA|/ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠiː/}} || Noun || Irish police officer
|-
|'''[[Garda Síochána|(An) Garda Síochána]]''' 
| {{IPA|/(ən) ˈɡɑːrdə ˈʃiːəxɔːnə/}} 
| {{IPA|/(ə) ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠə ˈʃiːxaːnˠə/}}  || Noun || Irish police force
|-
| '''Garsún'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2007/0509/1178623505943.html |title=Drizzle fails to dampen cheerful O'Rourke |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=5 May 2007 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113224920/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2007/0509/1178623505943.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br/ >'''Garsúr'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rte.ie/radio1/podcast/podcast_nuachtahaon.xml |title= Nuacht a hAon |publisher= Raidió Teilifís Éireann |location= IE |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110106043410/http://www.rte.ie/radio1/podcast/podcast_nuachtahaon.xml |url-status= live}}</ref> 
|{{IPA|/ˈɡɑːrsuːn/}}<br/ >
{{IPA|/ˈɡɑːrsuːr/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈɡaɾˠsˠuːnˠ/}}<br/ > {{IPA|/ˈɡaɾˠsˠuːrˠ/}}
| Noun || Boy
|-
|'''[[Gaeltacht]]''' 
|{{IPA|/ˈɡeɪltəxt/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈɡeːl̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}}|| Noun || Officially designated region where Irish is the primary spoken language
|-
|'''Grá'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stevenroyedwards.com/irishenglishterms.html |first=Steven Roy |last=Edwards |title= Irish English terms |access-date=30 April 2013 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130511191355/http://www.stevenroyedwards.com/irishenglishterms.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{IPA|/ɡrɑː/}}
|{{IPA|/ɡɾˠaː/}}|| Noun || Love, affection, not always romantic – 'he has a great grá for the dog'
|-
| '''Lúdramán'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://debates.oireachtas.ie/seanad/2005/05/25/00004.asp |title=Seanad Eireann – 25/May/2005 Order of Business |publisher=Debates.oireachtas.ie |date=25 May 2005 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130349/http://debates.oireachtas.ie/seanad/2005/05/25/00004.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> 
|{{IPA|/ˈluːdrəmɑːn/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈlˠuːd̪ˠɾˠəmˠaːnˠ/}}|| Noun || Fool
|-
|'''Plámás'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://socialbridge.wordpress.com/2013/03/15/plamas-and-the-art-of-flattery-gatherings-from-ireland-92/ |title=Plámás and the Art of Flattery ~ Gatherings from Ireland # 92 |work=Social Bridge |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024071803/http://socialbridge.wordpress.com/2013/03/15/plamas-and-the-art-of-flattery-gatherings-from-ireland-92/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 
|{{IPA|/ˈplɑːmɑːs/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈpˠlˠaːmˠaːsˠ/}}|| Noun || Smooth talk, flattery
|-
| '''Sláinte'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Ulysses annotated: notes for James Joyce's Ulysses |last1=Gifford |first1=Don |last2=Seidman |first2=Robert J. |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520253971 |page=55 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fE9mkomQHEQC&q=sl%C3%A1inte!%20toast%20-.com&pg=PA55 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193243/https://books.google.com/books?id=fE9mkomQHEQC&q=sl%C3%A1inte%21+toast+-.com&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
|{{IPA|/ˈslɑːntʃə/}}
|{{IPA|/ˈsˠl̪ˠaːn̠ʲtʲə/}}|| Interjection || "[To your] health!/Cheers!"
|}

=== Derived words from Irish ===
Another group of Hiberno-English words are [[List of English words of Irish origin|those ''derived'' from the Irish language]]. Some are words in English that have entered into general use, while others are unique to Ireland. These words and phrases are often Anglicised versions of words in Irish or direct translations into English. In the latter case, they often give meaning to a word or phrase that is generally not found in wider English use.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ class="nowrap" | Example words derived from Irish
! Word or Phrase !! Part of Speech !! Original Irish !! Meaning
|-
|'''Arra'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Testimony of an Irish slave girl |last=McCafferty |first=Kate |date=2002 |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670030651 |page=209 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6aIrAAAAYAAJ&q=arra+irish+-.com |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193244/https://books.google.com/books?id=6aIrAAAAYAAJ&q=arra+irish+-.com |url-status=live}}</ref>/ '''och''' / '''musha''' / '''yerra'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Dublin English: Evolution and Change |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |date=2005 |isbn=9789027248954 |page=145 |publisher=John Benjamins |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AmpOAwl3KzcC&q=yerra+irish+-.com&pg=PA145 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193244/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmpOAwl3KzcC&q=yerra+irish+-.com&pg=PA145 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Interjection || {{lang|ga|Ara / Ach / Muise}} / (conjunction of {{lang|ga|a Dhia, ara}}) || "Yerra, sure if it rains, it rains."
|-
|'''Bockety'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bockety |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033852/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bockety|url-status=dead |title=bockety |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || Adjective || {{lang|ga|Bacach}} (lame) || Unsteady, wobbly, broken
|-
|-
|'''Boreen''' || Noun || {{lang|ga|Bóithrín}} || Small rural road or track
|-
|'''Ceili/Ceilidh''' {{IPA|/ˈkeɪli/}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url= https://www.lexico.com/search|title=Definitions, Meanings, & Spanish Translations &#124; Lexico.com |website=Lexico Dictionaries  |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193244/https://www.lexico.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Céilí}} || Music and dancing session, especially of traditional music
|-
|'''Colleen''' || Noun || {{lang|ga|Cailín}} || Girl, young woman
|-
|'''Fooster''' || Verb || {{lang|ga|Fústar}}<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fooster;jsessionid=8DA36BC9F6FCFF7DD7C123FC4375FF50 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616064438/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fooster;jsessionid=8DA36BC9F6FCFF7DD7C123FC4375FF50 |url-status=dead |title=fooster |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || to busy oneself in a restless way, fidget
|-
| '''Gansey'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Needlework through history: an encyclopedia |last=Leslie |first=Catherine Amoroso |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westpost, Connecticut |isbn=9780313335488 |page=91 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AmpOAwl3KzcC&q=yerra+irish+-.com&pg=PA145 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193244/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmpOAwl3KzcC&q=yerra+irish+-.com&pg=PA145 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Geansaí}}<ref>The form [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=gansey&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=both gansey] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130604020505/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=gansey&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=both |date=4 June 2013}}, from Garnsey, a form of Guernsey, where the style of fisherman's jersey originated.</ref> || Jumper (Sweater)
|-
| '''Give out'''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/pricewatch/2010/1129/1224284363476.html |title=Service with a snarl |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113214740/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/pricewatch/2010/1129/1224284363476.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ||Verb || {{lang|ga|Tabhair amach}} || Tell off, reprimand<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/give-out |title=Give out definition and meaning |work=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190404172331/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/give-out |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Gob'''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=364}}</ref> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Gob}} || Animal's mouth/beak ({{lang|ga|béal}} = human mouth)
|-
|'''Gombeen'''<ref name="auto"/> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Gaimbín}} || Money lender, profiteer. Usually in the phrase '[[Gombeen man]]'
|-
| '''Guards'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0821/1224277287842.html |title='I didn't expect to lose a son. The guards took their eye off the ball' |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=21 August 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100903101433/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0821/1224277287842.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Garda Síochána}} || Police
|-
| '''[[Jackeen]]'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1997/0609/97060900006.html |title=Challenge led to a hooker revival |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=6 June 1997 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113225036/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1997/0609/97060900006.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|/dʒæˈkiːn/}} ||Noun || Nickname for [[John (given name)|John]] (i.e. [[Jack (given name)|Jack]]) combined with Irish diminutive suffix {{lang|ga|-ín}} ||A mildly [[pejorative]] term for someone from [[Dublin]]. Also 'a self-assertive worthless fellow'.<ref name="oed">{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |editor-last1=Simpson |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Weiner |editor-first2=Edmund |year=1989 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |quote=Irish dim. of Jack n.: A contemptuous, self-assertive, worthless fellow. |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180718163048/http://www.oed.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Derived from a person who followed the Union Jack during British rule after 1801, a Dublin man who supported the crown. (See also Shoneen.)
|-
|'''Shoneen'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shoneen |title=Shoneen definition and meaning |website=Collins English Dictionary |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210429111316/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shoneen|url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Seoinín}} (diminutive of {{lang|ga|Seán}} 'John') || An Irishman who imitates English ways (See also Jackeen.)
|-
|'''Sleeveen'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sleeveen |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033909/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sleeveen |url-status=dead |title=sleeveen |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || Noun || {{lang|ga|Slíbhín}} || An untrustworthy, cunning person
|-
| '''Soft day'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0909/breaking65.html |title='Soft day' will become thing of the past – expert |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=9 September 2008 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113200518/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0909/breaking65.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Phrase || {{lang|ga|Lá bog}} (lit.) || Overcast day (light drizzle/mist)
|}

===Derived words from Old and Middle English===
Another class of vocabulary found in Hiberno-English are words and phrases common in [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English]], but which have since become obscure or obsolete in the modern English language generally. Hiberno-English has also developed particular meanings for words that are still in common use in English generally.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ class="nowrap" | Example Hiberno-English words derived from Old and Middle English
! Word !! Part of speech !! Meaning !! Origin/notes
|-
| '''[[Amn't]]'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0311/1224266044810.html |title=An Irishman's Diary |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113200154/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0311/1224266044810.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Verb || "Am not" or used instead of "aren't"||
|-
| '''Childer'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0304/1224265559638.html |title=A 'win-win situation' as Travellers design their own homes |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=4 March 2010 |first=Alison |last=Healy |archive-date=9 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110209004507/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0304/1224265559638.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Child || Survives from Old English, genitive plural of 'child'<ref>New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd ed. via Apple Mac Dictionary</ref>
|-
|'''Cop-on'''<ref>{{cite web |last=Collins |first=Oisin |url= http://www.joe.ie/motors/motors-news/irish-need-more-cop-on-when-it-comes-to-driving-hands-free-0021451-1 |title=Irish need more cop-on when it comes to driving hands-free |publisher=JOE.ie |date=25 February 2012 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120613020549/http://joe.ie/motors/motors-news/irish-need-more-cop-on-when-it-comes-to-driving-hands-free-0021451-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun, Verb|| shrewdness, intelligence, being 'street-wise'<ref name="auto"/> || Middle English from French {{lang|fr|cap}} 'arrest'
|-
|'''Craic''' / '''Crack'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/entertainment/around-town/well-have-fun-and-well-have-the-craic-but-when-we-hit-the-field-we-mean-business-27906131.html |title=We'll have fun and we'll have the craic but when we hit the field we mean business |website=Irish Independent |date=27 March 2009 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210723080310/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/entertainment/around-town/well-have-fun-and-well-have-the-craic-but-when-we-hit-the-field-we-mean-business-27906131.html |url-status=live |first=Emma |last=O'Driscoll}}</ref> {{IPA|/kræk/}} || Noun || Fun, entertainment. Generally now{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} with the Gaelic spelling in the phrase – 'have the craic' from earlier usage in Northern Ireland, Scotland and northern England with spelling 'crack' in the sense 'gossip, chat' || Old English {{lang|ang|cracian}} via Ulster-Scots into modern Hiberno-English, then given Gaelic spelling<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crack |title=Crack definition and meaning |website=Collins English Dictionary |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210507032341/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crack |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Devil'''<ref>Old English [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=devil deofol] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123090152/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=devil |date=23 January 2017}}</ref> || Noun || Curse (e.g., "Devil take him")<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/0110/98011000024.html |title=Haughey cloud returns to mar Bertie's horizon |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=10 January 1998 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113202929/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/0110/98011000024.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Cf. Scots [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=tak&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=both deil tak...] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130604011838/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=tak&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=both |date=4 June 2013}}</ref> Negation (e.g., for none, "Devil a bit")<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/travel/2010/0925/1224279626846.html |title=A vine romance in Rioja country |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101023065806/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/travel/2010/0925/1224279626846.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Cf. Scots [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=30498&startset=8722048&query=DEIL&fhit=deil&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit deil a bit] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130604010549/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=30498&startset=8722048&query=DEIL&fhit=deil&dregion=form&dtext=snd |date=4 June 2013}}. Also in ''A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English''
by Eric Partridge.</ref> || middle English
|-
|'''Eejit'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.madeejits.com/notebook/what-is-an-eejit |title=What is an Eejit? &#124; Notebook |publisher=Mad Eejits |access-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131022234300/http://www.madeejits.com/notebook/what-is-an-eejit |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> {{IPA|/ˈiːdʒɪt/}} || Noun|| Irish (and Scots) version of 'idiot', meaning foolish person<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/eejit|title=Eejit definition and meaning |website=Collins English Dictionary |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502071613/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/eejit |url-status=live}}</ref> || English from Latin {{lang|la|idiōta}}; has found some modern currency in England through the broadcasts of [[Terry Wogan]]
|-
|'''Hames'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/ontherecord/2009/05/18/the-raw-sessions-how-to-make-a-hames-of-a-simple-idea/ |title=The Raw Sessions: How to make a hames of a simple idea &#124; On The Record |website=The Irish Times |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820161811/https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/ontherecord/2009/05/18/the-raw-sessions-how-to-make-a-hames-of-a-simple-idea/ |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || a mess, used in the phrase 'make a hames of'<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/make-a-hames-of|title=Make a hames of definition and meaning |work=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051638/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/make-a-hames-of |url-status=live}}</ref> || Middle English from Dutch
|-
| '''Grinds'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0817/1224276973417.html |title=40% of higher maths students take grinds |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113224541/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0817/1224276973417.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Private tuition<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/grind |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033920/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/grind |url-status=dead|title=grind |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || Old English {{lang|ang|grindan}}
|-
|'''Jaded'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/arid-30592899.html |title=Ronnie 'tired and jaded' after win |date=30 April 2013 |website=Irish Examiner |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210723043614/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/arid-30592899.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Adjective || physically tired, exhausted<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jaded |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033919/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jaded |url-status=dead |title=jaded |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> Not in the sense of bored, unenthusiastic, 'tired of' something || Middle English {{lang|enm|jade}}
|-
|'''Kip'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://comeheretome.com/2012/01/11/reports-from-broombridge/ |title=Reports from Broombridge…… |publisher=Come here to me! |date=11 January 2012 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021104549/http://comeheretome.com/2012/01/11/reports-from-broombridge/ |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Unpleasant, dirty or sordid place<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kip--4 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033939/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kip--4?rskey=Y3Nyrz&result=4 |url-status=dead |title=kip |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || 18th-century English for ''brothel''
|-
|'''Mitch''' || Verb || to play truant<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mitch |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616033930/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mitch |url-status=dead |title=mitch |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || Middle English
|-
| '''Sliced pan'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.brennansbread.ie/products/brennans-family-pan/ |title=Brennans Family Pan – Brennans Sliced Pan &#124; Brennans Bread |publisher=Brennansbread.ie |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122328/http://www.brennansbread.ie/products/brennans-family-pan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || (Sliced) loaf of bread || Possibly derived from the French {{lang|fr|pain}} 'bread' or the pan it was baked in.
|-
|'''Yoke'''<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.irishtimes.com/news/a-loveable-hateable-class-of-a-yoke-1.1068332 |title=A loveable-hateable class of a yoke |first=Lorna|last=Siggins |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210227002646/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/a-loveable-hateable-class-of-a-yoke-1.1068332 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Thing, object, gadget<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yoke |title=Yoke definition and meaning |work=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211018094309/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yoke |url-status=live}}</ref> || Old English {{lang|ang|geoc}}
|-
|'''Wagon/Waggon'''<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/wagons-den-you-got-that-right-29025619.html |title=Wagon's Den? You got that right |website=Independent |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210721024311/https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/wagons-den-you-got-that-right-29025619.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || an unpleasant or unlikable woman<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wagon|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033945/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wagon |url-status=dead |title=wagon |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || Middle English
|-
| '''Whisht'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2002/0116/1008956451730.html |title=Alone Again, naturally Unfringed Festival 2002 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=16 January 2002 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113222056/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2002/0116/1008956451730.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Interjection || Be quiet<ref>The Irish [https://web.archive.org/web/20200801150319/http://www.hiberno-english.com/body.php?action=search&s=whist {{lang|ga|nocat=y|huist}}] meaning 'be quiet', is an unlikely source since the word is known throughout England and Scotland where it derives from early Middle English [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED52600 {{lang|enm|nocat=y|whist}}] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121006162727/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED52600 |date=6 October 2012}} (cf. Middle English [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?size=First+100&type=headword&q1=hust&rgxp=constrained {{lang|enm|nocat=y|hust}}] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121006162745/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?size=First+100&type=headword&q1=hust&rgxp=constrained |date=6 October 2012}} and Scots [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=686&startset=79646075&query=Wisht&fhit=whist&dregion=entry&dtext=dost#fhit {{lang|sco|nocat=y|wheesht}}] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130604010014/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=686&startset=79646075&query=Wisht&fhit=whist&dregion=entry&dtext=dost |date=4 June 2013}})</ref> (Also common in Northern England and Scotland) || Middle English
|}

===Other words===
In addition to the three groups above, there are also additional words and phrases whose origin is disputed or unknown. While this group may not be unique to Ireland, their usage is not widespread, and could be seen as characteristic of Irish English.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ class="nowrap" | Example Hiberno-English words of disputed or unknown origin
! Word !! Part of speech !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| '''Acting the maggot'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0307/1224242447555.html |title=Sat, Mar 07, 2009 – RTÉ set to clash with Ryan over his salary |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=3 March 2009 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110225123930/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0307/1224242447555.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Phrase || To behave in an obstreperous or obstinate manner||
|-
| '''Banjaxed'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/1128/economy2.html |title=Labour's Burton says Ireland is 'banjaxed' – RTÉ News |date=28 November 2010 |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=22 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110222145658/http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/1128/economy2.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ||| Verb || Broken, ruined, or rendered incapable of use. Equivalent in meaning to the German {{lang|de|kaputt}}||
|-
|'''Bogger''' ||Noun|| Someone from the countryside or near a bog||
|-
|'''Bowsie'''<ref name="auto"/> || Noun || a rough or unruly person. Cf. Scots {{lang|sco|Bowsie}}<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1184&startset=3796789&query=BOWSIE&fhit=bowsie&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231507/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1184&startset=3796789&query=BOWSIE&fhit=bowsie&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead |title=SND: Bowsie |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
| '''Bleb'''<ref name="Dolan2004">{{cite book |first=Terence Patrick |last=Dolan |title=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uPo0oB19gDUC&pg=PR10 |access-date=9 May 2011 |date=2004 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |isbn=9780717135356 |page=10 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130622165909/http://books.google.com/books?id=uPo0oB19gDUC&pg=PR10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Cf. Scots [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4261&startset=2798721&query=BLAB&fhit=bleb&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit blab/bleb] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130604015825/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4261&startset=2798721&query=BLAB&fhit=bleb&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |date=4 June 2013}}</ref> || Noun, verb || blister; to bubble up, come out in blisters ||
|-
|'''Bucklepper'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2003/0104/1040226952337.html |title=Sat, Jan 04, 2003 – Heroic stoic of the island |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113195015/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2003/0104/1040226952337.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || An overactive, overconfident person from the verb, to bucklep (leap like a buck)|| Used by Patrick Kavanagh and Seamus Heaney<ref>Terence Brown, ''The Literature of Ireland: Culture and Criticism'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.261; James Fenton, "Against Fakery: Kingsley Amis" in ''The Movement Reconsidered: Larkin, Amis, Gunn, Davie and their Contemporaries'', (Oxford: OUP, 2009), p.107</ref>
|-
| '''Chiseler'''<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chisellers |isbn=9780452281226 |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Brendan |date=2000|publisher=Penguin Publishing }}</ref> || Noun || Child ||
|-
| '''Cod'''<ref name="auto"/> || Noun || Foolish person || Usually in phrases like 'acting the cod', 'making a cod of himself'. Can also be used as a verb, 'I was only codding him'
|-
| '''Culchie'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rte.ie/tv/programmes/katherine_lynchs_single_ladies.html |title=RTÉ Television – Programmes – Entertainment – Katherine Lynch's Single Ladies |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |date=11 January 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110523071455/http://www.rte.ie/tv/programmes/katherine_lynchs_single_ladies.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> || Noun || Person from the countryside ||
|-
| '''Delph'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/magazine/2010/0605/1224271622073.html |title=Top tables |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113193411/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/magazine/2010/0605/1224271622073.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || [[Dishware]] || From the name of the original source of supply, [[Delft]] in the Netherlands. See [[Delftware]].
|-
| '''[[Feck]]''' || Verb, interjection || an attenuated alternative/[[minced oath]] || "Feck it!", "Feck off"<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0120/1224262708751.html |title=An Irishman's Diary |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110819190032/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0120/1224262708751.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Gurrier'''<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Brennan |title=Ceann Comhairle refuses to apologise for calling TDs 'gurriers' |date=8 November 2012 |url= http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/ceann-comhairle-refuses-to-apologise-for-calling-tds-gurriers-28893853.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130618121646/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/ceann-comhairle-refuses-to-apologise-for-calling-tds-gurriers-28893853.html |archive-date=18 June 2013 |work=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref>|| Noun || a tough or unruly young man<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gurrier |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033923/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gurrier |url-status=dead |title=gurrier |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> || perhaps from French {{lang|fr|guerrier}} 'warrior', or else from 'gur cake' a pastry previously associated with street urchins. Cf. Scots Gurry<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4261&startset=2798721&query=BLAB&fhit=bleb&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130604015825/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4261&startset=2798721&query=BLAB&fhit=bleb&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead |title=SND Gurry |archive-date=4 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| '''Jacks''' || Noun || Bathroom/toilet || Similar to "jakes" as used in 16th-century England. Still in everyday use, particularly in Dublin.
|-
| '''Messages''' || Noun || Groceries || 
|-
| '''Minerals'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2010/0601/1224271586575.html |title=Educating Rory lays foundations for a Hollywood blockbuster |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113231121/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2010/0601/1224271586575.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Soft drinks || From [[mineral Waters]]
|-
|'''Mot''' || Noun || Girl or young woman, girlfriend || From Irish {{lang|ga|maith}} 'good', i.e. good-looking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mot |url= http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mot--2?rskey=ajvE0p&result=3 |work=Oxford Dictionaries Pro |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616033938/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mot--2?rskey=ajvE0p&result=3 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| '''Press'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2010/1005/1224280402518.html |title=Bertie's role in the kitchen press |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113231129/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2010/1005/1224280402518.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Cupboard || Similarly, ''hotpress'' in Ireland means ''airing-cupboard''. Press is an old word for cupboard in Scotland and Northern England.
|-
|'''Rake''' || Noun || many or a lot. Often in the phrase 'a rake of pints'. Cf. Scots {{lang|sco|rake}}<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=rake&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=both |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231500/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=rake&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=entry&dtext=both |url-status=dead |title=SND: Rake |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
| '''Runners'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2010/0511/1224270122760.html |title=Sole searching |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=11 May 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113194908/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2010/0511/1224270122760.html |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || [[Athletic shoe|Trainers/sneakers]] || Also 'teckies' or 'tackies', especially in and around [[Limerick]].
|-
| '''Sallow'''|| Adjective || Of a tan colour, associated with people from southern Europe or East Asia.
|-
| '''Shops'''|| Noun || Newsagents (or small supermarket)||E.g. "I'm going to the shops, do you want anything?"
|-
| '''Shore'''<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English |last=Dolan |first=Terence Patrick |date=2004 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |location=Dublin, Ireland |isbn=9780717140398 |page=210 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0p1uienWMC&q=%22wet+the+tea%22&pg=PA236 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193245/https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0p1uienWMC&q=%22wet+the+tea%22&pg=PA236 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || Stormdrain or Gutter. Cf. Scots {{lang|sco|shore}}<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=754&startset=36244973&query=SHORE&fhit=shore&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231504/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=754&startset=36244973&query=SHORE&fhit=shore&dregion=entry&dtext=snd |url-status=dead |title=SND: Shore |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
| '''Wet the tea'''<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English |last=Dolan |first=Terence Patrick |date=2004 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |location=Dublin, Ireland |isbn=9780717140398 |page=236 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0p1uienWMC&q=%22wet+the+tea%22&pg=PA236 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193245/https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0p1uienWMC&q=%22wet+the+tea%22&pg=PA236 |url-status=live}}</ref>/'''The tea is wet'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Needlework through history: an encyclopedia |last=O'Brien |first=Kate |date=1953 |publisher=Harper |page=37 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0YdAAAAAIAAJ&q=%22the+tea+is+wet%22 |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193245/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YdAAAAAIAAJ&q=%22the+tea+is+wet%22 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Phrase || Make the tea/the tea is made ||
|- '''Your man'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2011/0111/1224287228900.html |title=Making space in my brain to love new films |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=11 January 2011 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212535/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2011/0111/1224287228900.html |url-status=live}}</ref> / '''Your one'''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/presenttense/2008/01/11/your-handy-guide-to-irish-cultural-etiquette/ |title=Present Tense " Your handy guide to Irish cultural etiquette |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=11 January 2008 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110226092353/http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/presenttense/2008/01/11/your-handy-guide-to-irish-cultural-etiquette/ |url-status=live}}</ref> || Noun || That man / that woman ||
|}

==Grammar and syntax==
The [[Irish syntax|syntax of the Irish language]] is quite different from that of English. Various aspects of Irish syntax have influenced Hiberno-English, though many of these idiosyncrasies are disappearing in suburban areas and among the younger population.

Another feature of Hiberno-English that sets it apart is the retention of words and phrases from Old and Middle English that are not retained otherwise in Modern English.

===From Irish===

====Reduplication====
[[Reduplication]] is an alleged trait of Hiberno-English strongly associated with [[Stage Irish]] and Hollywood films.

* the Irish {{lang|ga|ar bith}} corresponds to English 'at all', so the stronger {{lang|ga|ar chor ar bith}} gives rise to the form "at all at all".
**"I've no time at all at all."
* {{lang|ga|ar eagla go&nbsp;...}} (lit. 'on fear that&nbsp;...') means 'in case&nbsp;...'. The variant {{lang|ga|ar eagla na heagla}}, (lit. 'on fear of fear') implies the circumstances are more unlikely. The corresponding Hiberno-English phrases are 'to be sure' and the very rarely used "to be sure to be sure". In this context, these are not, as might be thought, disjuncts meaning "certainly"; they could better be translated 'in case' and 'just in case'. Nowadays normally spoken with conscious levity.
** "I brought some cash in case I saw a bargain, and my credit card to be sure to be sure."

====Yes and no====
Irish has no words that directly translate as [[yes and no|'yes' or 'no']], and instead [[Echo response|repeats the verb used in the question]], negated if necessary, to answer. Hiberno-English uses "yes" and "no" less frequently than other English dialects as speakers can repeat the verb, positively or negatively, instead of (or in redundant addition to) using "yes" or "no".

* "Are you coming home soon?" – "I am."
* "Is your mobile charged?" – "It isn't."

This is not limited only to the verb ''to be'': it is also used with ''to have'' when used as an auxiliary; and, with other verbs, the verb ''to do'' is used. This is most commonly used for intensification, especially in Ulster English.
* "This is strong stuff, so it is."
* "We won the game, so we did."

====Recent past construction====
Irish indicates recency of an action by adding "after" to the present continuous (a verb ending in "-ing"), a construction known as the "hot news perfect" or "after perfect".<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1jpNgJhjJF4C&q=%22hot+news+perfect&pg=PA129 |title=A semantic and pragmatic examination ... |via=Google Books |access-date=26 November 2010 |isbn=9783878083726 |date=1986 |last1=Fenn |first1=Peter |publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193246/https://books.google.com/books?id=1jpNgJhjJF4C&q=%22hot+news+perfect&pg=PA129 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aPPexF5hyIkC&q=%22after+perfect%22+irish&pg=PA253 |title=Dialects Across Borders |series="Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" series |via=Google Books |access-date=26 November 2010 |isbn=9789027247872 |date=2005 |editor1-last=Filppula |editor1-first=Markku |editor2-last=Klemola |editor2-first=Juhani |editor3-last=Palander |editor3-first=Marjatta |editor4-last=Penttilä |editor4-first=Esa |publisher=John Benjamins}}</ref> The idiom for "I had done X when I did Y" is "I was after doing X when I did Y", modelled on the Irish usage of the compound [[preposition]]s {{lang|ga|i ndiaidh}}, {{lang|ga|tar éis}}, and {{lang|ga|in éis}}: {{lang|ga|bhí mé tar éis}}&thinsp;/&thinsp;{{lang|ga|i ndiaidh}}&thinsp;/&thinsp;{{lang|ga|in éis X a dhéanamh, nuair a rinne mé Y}}.
* "Why did you hit him?" – "He was after giving me cheek." (he had [just beforehand] been cheeky to me).
A similar construction is seen where exclamation is used in describing a recent event:
* "I'm after hitting him with the car!" {{lang|ga|Táim tar éis é a bhualadh leis an gcarr!}}
* "She's after losing five stone in five weeks!" {{lang|ga|Tá sí tar éis cúig chloch a chailleadh i gcúig seachtaine!}}

When describing less astonishing or significant events, a structure resembling the [[German grammar|German perfect]] can be seen:
* "I have the car fixed." {{lang|ga|Tá an carr deisithe agam.}}
* "I have my breakfast eaten." {{lang|ga|Tá mo bhricfeasta ite agam.}}

This correlates with an analysis of "H1 Irish" proposed by Adger & Mitrovic,<ref>Adger (2004)</ref> in a deliberate parallel to the status of German as a [[V2 word order|V2 language]].

Recent past construction has been directly adopted into [[Newfoundland English]], where it is common in both formal and casual [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]. In rural areas of the [[Avalon peninsula]], where [[Newfoundland Irish]] was spoken until the early 20th century, it is the grammatical standard for describing whether or not an action has occurred.<ref name="heritage language">[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/language.html Language: Irish Gaelic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124822/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/language.html |date=17 April 2015}}, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage website.</ref>

====Reflection for emphasis====
The reflexive version of pronouns is often used for emphasis or to refer indirectly to a particular person, etc., according to context. ''Herself'', for example, might refer to the speaker's boss or to the woman of the house. Use of ''herself'' or ''himself'' in this way can imply status or even some arrogance of the person in question.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Himself Portrait – Frank McNally on a quintessential Irish pronoun |url= https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/himself-portrait-frank-mcnally-on-a-quintessential-irish-pronoun-1.4077017 |access-date=29 August 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> Note also the indirectness of this construction relative to, for example, ''She's coming now''. This reflexive pronoun can also be used in a more neutral sense to describe a person's spouse or partner – "I was with himself last night" or "How's herself doing?"
* "'Tis herself that's coming now." {{lang|ga|Is í féin atá ag teacht anois.}}
* "Was it all of ye or just yourself?" {{lang|ga|An sibhse ar fad nó tusa féin a bhí i gceist?}}

====Prepositional pronouns====
There are some language forms that stem from the fact that there is no verb ''to have'' in Irish. Instead, possession is indicated in Irish by using the preposition "at", (in Irish, {{lang|ga|ag}}). To be more precise, Irish uses a prepositional pronoun that combines {{lang|ga|ag}} 'at' and {{lang|ga|mé}} 'me' to create {{lang|ga|agam}}. In English, the verb "to have" is used, along with a "with me" or "on me" that derives from {{lang|ga|Tá&nbsp;... agam}}. This gives rise to the frequent
* "Do you have the book?" – "I have it with me."
* "Have you change for the bus on you?"
* "He will not shut up if he has drink taken."
Somebody who can speak a language "has" a language, in which Hiberno-English has borrowed the grammatical form used in Irish.
* "She does not have Irish." {{lang|ga|Níl Gaeilge aici.}} literally 'There is no Irish at her.'

When describing something, many Hiberno-English speakers use the term "in it" where "there" would usually be used. This is due to the Irish word {{lang|ga|ann}} fulfilling both meanings.
* "Is it yourself that is in it?" {{lang|ga|An tú féin atá ann?}}
* "Is there any milk in it?" {{lang|ga|An bhfuil bainne ann?}}

Another idiom is this thing or that thing described as "this man here" or "that man there", which also features in [[Newfoundland English]] in Canada.
* "This man here." {{lang|ga|An fear seo.}} (cf. the related {{lang|ga|anseo}} = here)
* "That man there." {{lang|ga|An fear sin.}} (cf. the related {{lang|ga|ansin}} = there)

Conditionals have a greater presence in Hiberno-English due to the tendency to replace the simple present tense with the conditional (would) and the simple past tense with the conditional perfect (would have).
* "John asked me would I buy a loaf of bread." (John asked me to buy a loaf of bread.)
* "How do you know him? We would have been in school together." (We were in school together.)

'''Bring''' and '''take''': Irish use of these words differs from that of British English because it follows the Irish grammar for {{lang|ga|beir}} and {{lang|ga|tóg}}. English usage is determined by direction; a person determines Irish usage. So, in English, one '''takes''' "''from'' here ''to'' there", and '''brings''' it "''to'' here ''from'' there". In Irish, a person '''takes''' only when accepting a transfer of possession of the object from someone else{{spaced ndash}}and a person '''brings''' at all other times, irrespective of direction (to or from).
* Do not forget to bring your umbrella with you when you leave.
* (To a child) Hold my hand: I do not want someone to take you.

====To be====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
The Irish equivalent of the verb "to be" has two present tenses, one (the present tense proper or "{{lang|ga|aimsir láithreach}}") for cases which are generally true or are true at the time of speaking and the other (the habitual present or "{{lang|ga|aimsir ghnáthláithreach}}") for repeated actions. Thus, "you are [now, or generally]" is {{lang|ga|tá tú}}, but "you are [repeatedly]" is {{lang|ga|bíonn tú}}. Both forms are used with the verbal noun (equivalent to the English [[present participle]]) to create compound tenses. This is similar to the distinction between {{lang|es|[[wikt:ser|ser]]}} and {{lang|es|[[wikt:estar|estar]]}} in Spanish or the use of the "[[habitual be]]" in [[African-American Vernacular English]].

The corresponding usage in English is frequently found in rural areas, especially [[County Mayo]] and [[County Sligo]] in the west of Ireland and [[County Wexford]] in the south-east, inner-city Dublin and Cork city along with border areas of the North and Republic. In this form, the verb "to be" in English is similar to its use in Irish, with a "does be/do be" (or "bees", although less frequently) construction to indicate the continuous, or habitual, present:
* "He does be working every day." {{lang|ga|Bíonn sé ag obair gach lá.}}
* "They do be talking on their mobiles a lot." {{lang|ga|Bíonn siad ag caint go minic ar a bhfóin póca.}}
* "He does be doing a lot of work at school." {{lang|ga|Bíonn sé ag déanamh go leor oibre ar scoil.}}
* "It's him I do be thinking of." {{lang|ga|Is air a bhíonn mé ag smaoineamh.}}

===From Old and Middle English===

In old-fashioned usage, "it is" can be freely abbreviated ''{{'}}tis'', even as a standalone sentence. This also allows the double contraction ''{{'}}tisn't'', for "it is not".

Irish has separate forms for the second person singular ({{lang|ga|tú}}) and the second person plural ({{lang|ga|sibh}}).
Mirroring Irish, and almost every other [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], the plural ''you'' is also distinguished from the singular in Hiberno-English, normally by use of the otherwise archaic English word ''ye'' {{IPA|[jiː]}}; the word ''yous'' (sometimes written as ''youse'') also occurs, but primarily only in Dublin and across [[Ulster]]. In addition, in some areas in [[Leinster]], north [[Connacht]] and parts of Ulster, the hybrid word ''ye-s'', pronounced "yiz", may be used. The pronunciation differs with that of the northwestern being {{IPA|[jiːz]}} and the Leinster pronunciation being {{IPA|[jɪz]}}.

* "Did ye all go to see it?" {{lang|ga|Ar imigh sibh go léir chun é a fheicint?}}
* "None of youse have a clue!" {{lang|ga|Níl ciall/leid ar bith agaibh!}}
* "Are ye not finished yet?" {{lang|ga|Nach bhfuil sibh críochnaithe fós?}}
* "Yis are after destroying it!" {{lang|ga|Tá sibh tar éis é a scriosadh!}}

The word ''ye'', ''yis'' or ''yous'', otherwise archaic, is still used in place of "you" for the second-person plural, e.g. "Where are yous going?" ''Ye'r'', ''Yisser'' or ''Yousser'' are the possessive forms.

The verb ''mitch'' is very common in Ireland, indicating being truant from school. This word appears in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] (though he wrote in [[Early Modern English]] rather than [[Middle English]]), but is seldom heard these days in [[British English]], although pockets of usage persist in some areas (notably [[South Wales]], Devon, and [[Cornwall]]). In parts of Connacht and Ulster the ''mitch'' is often replaced by the verb ''scheme'', while in Dublin it is often replaced by "on the hop/bounce".

Another usage familiar from Shakespeare is the inclusion of the second person pronoun after the imperative form of a verb, as in "Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed" ([[Romeo and Juliet]], Act III, Scene IV). This is still common in [[Ulster]]: "Get youse your homework done or you're no goin' out!". In [[Munster]], you will still hear children being told, "Up to bed, let ye" {{IPA|[lɛˈtʃi]}}, although wider English uses similar constructions such as "Up to bed you go".

For influence from Scotland, see [[Ulster Scots language|Ulster Scots]] and [[Ulster English]].

===Other grammatical influences===
{{original research section|reason=This appears to be a random selection of characteristics of Hiberno-English and not the result of "grammatical influences" other than Irish and older varieties of English, or at least it is written as such.|date=October 2021}}
''Now'' is often used at the end of sentences or phrases as a semantically empty word, completing an utterance without contributing any apparent meaning. Examples include "Bye now" (= "Goodbye"), "There you go now" (when giving someone something), "Ah now!" (expressing dismay), "Hold on now" (= "wait a minute"), "Now then" as a mild attention-getter, etc. This usage is universal among English dialects, but occurs more frequently in Hiberno-English. It is also used in the manner of the Italian 'prego' or German 'bitte', for example, a barman might say "Now, Sir." when delivering drinks.

''So'' is often used for emphasis ("I can speak Irish, so I can"), or it may be tacked onto the end of a sentence to indicate agreement, where "then" would often be used in Standard English ("Bye so", "Let's go so", "That's fine so", "We'll do that so"). The word is also used to contradict a negative statement ("You're not pushing hard enough" – "I am so!"). (This contradiction of a negative is also seen in American English, though not as often as "I am too", or "Yes, I am".) The practice of indicating emphasis with ''so'' and including reduplicating the sentence's subject pronoun and auxiliary verb (is, are, have, has, can, etc.) such as in the initial example, is particularly prevalent in more northern dialects such as those of Sligo, Mayo and the counties of Ulster.

''Sure/Surely'' is often used as a tag word, emphasising the obviousness of the statement, roughly translating as but/and/well/indeed. It can be used as "to be sure" (but the other stereotype of "Sure and …" is not actually used in Ireland.) Or "Sure, I can just go on Wednesday", "I will not, to be sure." The word is also used at the end of sentences (primarily in [[Munster]]), for instance, "I was only here five minutes ago, sure!" and can express emphasis or indignation. In [[Ulster]], the reply "Aye, surely" may be given to show strong agreement.

''To'' is often omitted from sentences where it would exist in British English. For example, "I'm not allowed go out tonight", instead of "I'm not allowed ''to'' go out tonight".{{citation needed|reason=This is definitely "true" – although it seems to be just following the word "allowed" and not even "allow", but a fairly extensive search showed up no sources explicitly making this claim.|date=October 2021}}

''Will'' is often used where British English would use "shall" or American English "should" (as in "Will I make us a cup of tea?"). The distinction between "shall" (for first-person simple future, and second- and third-person emphatic future) and "will" (second- and third-person simple future, first-person emphatic future), maintained by many in England, does not exist in Hiberno-English, with "will" generally used in all cases.

''Once'' is sometimes used in a different way from how it is used in other dialects; in this usage, it indicates a combination of logical and causal conditionality: "I have no problem laughing at myself once the joke is funny." Other dialects of English would probably use "if" in this situation.

==See also==
{{Portal|Ireland|Language}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[English language in Europe]]
* [[Highland English]]
* [[Cuchulain of Muirthemne|Kiltartanese]]
* [[Languages of Ireland]]
* [[Manx English]]
* [[Regional accents of English]]
* [[Welsh English]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist |group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist |32em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Adger |first=David |author-link=David Adger |date=2003 |title=Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0199243700}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |year=1984 |title=Coronal Segments in Irish English |journal=Journal of Linguistics |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=233–250 |doi=10.1017/S0022226700013876 |s2cid=145672742}}
*{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |title=Irish English: History and Present Day Forms |date=2007a |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p3vDuPNG7nUC |access-date=4 March 2018 |isbn=9781139465847 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414040213/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3vDuPNG7nUC |url-status=live |via=Google Books}} (Full text not available at this URL, on preview snippets.)
*{{Cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |date=2007b |url= https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/DartSpeak_EstuaryEnglish_(Hickey).pdf |chapter=Dartspeak and Estuary English: Advanced metropolitan speech in Ireland and England |editor1-last=Smit |editor1-first=Ute |editor2-last=Dollinger |editor2-first=Stefan |editor3-last=Hüttner |editor3-first=Julia |editor4-last=Lutzky |editor4-first=Ursula |editor5-last=Kaltenböck |editor5-first=Gunther |title=Tracing English through time: explorations in language variation |location=Vienna |publisher=Braumüller |pages=179–190 |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160911123123/https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/DartSpeak_EstuaryEnglish_(Hickey).pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |editor-last=Hickey |editor-first=Raymond |title=Sociolinguistics in Ireland |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=2016 |location=Basingstoke |isbn=9781137453471}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hickey|first=Raymond|chapter=Irish English: Phonology|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=2004 |isbn=3110175320 |editor1-last=Kortmann |editor1-first=Bernd |editor2-last=Schneider |editor2-first=Edgar W. |ref={{harvid|de Gruyter|2004}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title=Irish English and Ulster English |url= http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050911/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2014}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|English as we speak it in Ireland}}
*{{cite news |last1=Warner |first1=Bernhard |title=How Amazon Taught Alexa to Speak in an Irish Brogue |work=The New York Times |date=July 2023 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/technology/amazon-alexa-irish.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20230701190304/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/technology/amazon-alexa-irish.html |archive-date=1 July 2023}}

{{English dialects by continent}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
{{Ireland topics}}

[[Category:Languages attested from the 12th century]]
[[Category:Dialects of English]]<!--in and of itself-->
[[Category:Languages of Ireland|English]]
[[Category:British English]]<!--Northern Ireland-->