View source for Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

{{Short description|American stealth multirole fighter aircraft}}
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<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout, and guidelines. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = F-35 Lightning II
| image = F-35A flight (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] F-35A in flight over the coast of Florida
| alt = 
| aircraft_type = [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole]] [[strike fighter]]
| national_origin = United States
| manufacturer = [[Lockheed Martin]]<!-- Field is only for prime contractors/major manufacturers, not subcontractors/suppliers. -->
| first_flight = {{Start date and age|2006|12|15|df=yes}} (F-35A)
| introduction = {{ubl|F-35B: 31 July 2015 (USMC)<ref name="USMC_IOC">{{cite web |last=Drew |first=James |date=31 July 2015 |title=First operational F-35 squadron declared ready for combat |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/first-operational-f-35-squadron-declared-ready-for-combat/117812.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204204600/https://www.flightglobal.com/first-operational-f-35-squadron-declared-ready-for-combat/117812.article |archive-date=4 December 2020 |work=[[FlightGlobal]]}}</ref>|F-35A: 2 August 2016 (USAF)<ref name="defready aug16"/>|F-35C: 28 February 2019 (USN)<ref name=":0" />}} <!-- This template field is for when the aircraft enters operational service. See notes at [[Template:Infobox Aircraft Type]] for details. -->
| status = In service
| primary_user = [[United States Air Force]] (USAF)<!-- List only ONE (1) user. Please DON'T add flag icons, as they limit horizontal space. -->
| more_users = {{ubl|[[United States Navy]] (USN) |[[United States Marine Corps]] (USMC)|See [[#Operators|''Operators'' section]] for others}}<!-- Limit is three (3) users in 'more users' field, four (4) total users. -->
| produced = 2006–present
| number_built = 1,170+ {{As of|2025|May|lc=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.f35.com/f35/about/fast-facts.html |title=F-35 Fast Facts |website=F-35.com |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=28 May 2025 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323235753/https://www.f35.com/f35/about/fast-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| developed_from = [[Lockheed Martin X-35]]
| variants = 
| developed_into = 
}}

The '''Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II''' is an American family of single-seat, single-engine, supersonic [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] [[strike fighter]]s. A [[multirole combat aircraft]] designed for both [[Air superiority fighter|air superiority]] and [[attack aircraft|strike]] missions, it also has [[electronic warfare]] and [[intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance]] capabilities. [[Lockheed Martin]] is the prime F-35 contractor with principal partners [[Northrop Grumman]] and [[BAE Systems]]. The aircraft has three main variants: the [[CTOL|conventional takeoff and landing]] (CTOL) F-35A, the [[STOVL|short take-off and vertical-landing]] (STOVL) F-35B, and the [[carrier-based|carrier variant]] (CV) [[Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery|catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery]] (CATOBAR) F-35C.

The aircraft descends from the [[Lockheed Martin X-35]], which in 2001 beat the [[Boeing X-32]] to win the [[Joint Strike Fighter program|Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program intended to replace the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]], [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18 Hornet]], and the [[Harrier jump jet|McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II]] "jump jet", among others. Its development is principally funded by the United States, with additional funding from program partner countries from the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) and close U.S. allies, including Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom, and [[S-400 missile system#Turkey|formerly Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/f35/global-partnerships.html |title=F-35 Global Partnerships |website=Lockheed Martin |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902025203/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/f35/global-partnerships.html |archive-date=2 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dudley05Mar12">{{cite web |url=http://defense-update.com/20120305_program-partners-confirm-support-for-f-35-joint-strike-fighter.html |title=Program Partners Confirm Support for F-35 Joint Strike Fighter |first=Richard |last=Dudley |date=5 March 2012 |website=Defence Update |access-date=8 March 2012 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013203104/http://defense-update.com/20120305_program-partners-confirm-support-for-f-35-joint-strike-fighter.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pawlyk |first=Oriana |date=28 December 2020 |title=Key US Ally Declares Its F-35s Ready for Combat |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/12/28/key-us-ally-declares-its-f-35s-ready-combat.html |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Military.com |at=10th paragraph |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211238/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/12/28/key-us-ally-declares-its-f-35s-ready-combat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Several other countries have also ordered, or are considering ordering, the aircraft. The program has [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II development#Concerns over performance and safety|drawn criticism]] for its unprecedented size, complexity, ballooning costs, and delayed deliveries.<ref name="F-35 program to get more expensive">{{cite web |last1=Boehm |first1=Eric |title=The $1.7 Trillion F-35 Fighter Jet Program Is About To Get More Expensive |url=https://reason.com/2022/04/26/the-1-7-trillion-f-35-fighter-jet-program-is-about-to-get-more-expensive/ |website=reason.com |date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Reason |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>{{refn|{{As of|2023|August}}, the program was 80% over budget and 10 years late.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fortune.com/longform/lockheed-martin-f-35-fighter-jet/ |title=Lockheed Martin's $1.7 trillion F-35 fighter jet is 10 years late and 80% over budget—and it could be one of the Pentagon's biggest success stories |date=August 2, 2023 |work=Fortune |access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130124622/https://fortune.com/longform/lockheed-martin-f-35-fighter-jet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=N}} The acquisition strategy of concurrent production of the aircraft while it was still in development and testing led to expensive design changes and retrofits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-22/flawed-f-35-fighter-too-big-to-kill-as-lockheed-hooks-45-states |title=Flawed F-35 Too Big to Kill as Lockheed Hooks 45 States |first1=Kathleen |last1=Miller |first2=Tony |last2=Capaccio |first3=Danielle |last3=Ivory |name-list-style=amp |date=22 February 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002003845/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-22/flawed-f-35-fighter-too-big-to-kill-as-lockheed-hooks-45-states |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="adamciralsky">{{cite web |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2013/09/joint-strike-fighter-lockheed-martin |title=Will the F-35, the U.S. Military's Flaw-Filled, Years-Overdue Joint Strike Fighter, Ever Actually Fly? |last=Ciralsky |first=Adam |date=16 September 2013 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002004542/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2013/09/joint-strike-fighter-lockheed-martin |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2024|July}}, the average [[flyaway cost]]s per plane are: US$82.5 million for the F-35A, $109 million for the F-35B, and $102.1 million for the F-35C.<ref name=":1" />

The F-35 first flew in 2006 and entered service with the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] F-35B in July 2015, followed by the U.S. Air Force F-35A in August 2016 and the U.S. Navy F-35C in February 2019.<ref name="USMC_IOC"/><ref name="defready aug16">{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking-news/2016/08/02/f35-ioc-air-force-operational-acc-combat/87948142/ |title=Air Force Declares F-35A Ready for Combat |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |date=2 August 2016 |work=Defense News}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://news.usni.org/2019/02/28/navy-declares-initial-operational-capability-for-f-35c-joint-strike-fighter |title=Navy Declares Initial Operational Capability for F-35C Joint Strike Fighter |first=Megan |last=Eckstein |website=USNI News |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911120210/https://news.usni.org/2019/02/28/navy-declares-initial-operational-capability-for-f-35c-joint-strike-fighter |url-status=live }}</ref> The aircraft was first [[Operation House of Cards|used in combat in 2018]] by the [[Israeli Air Force]].<ref name="first strike">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IAF-commander-Israel-first-to-use-F-35-jet-in-combat-558030 |title=IAF Commander: Israel First To Use F-35 Jet In Combat |first=Anna |last=Ahronheim |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=22 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809114620/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IAF-commander-Israel-first-to-use-F-35-jet-in-combat-558030 |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. plans to buy 2,456 F-35s through 2044, which will represent the bulk of the crewed tactical aviation of the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps for several decades; the aircraft is planned to be a cornerstone of NATO and U.S.-allied air power and to operate to 2070.<ref name="FY2020_SAR"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2021/06/14/us-european-command-nato-may-450-f-35s-2030/ |title=US European Command/NATO May Have 450 F-35s by 2030 |work=Aviation Today |date=14 June 2021 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125201027/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2021/06/14/us-european-command-nato-may-450-f-35s-2030/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-f-35-service-life-extended-to-2070-423536/ |title=Lockheed F-35 service life extended to 2070 |first=James |last=Drew |date=25 March 2016 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028065404/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-f-35-service-life-extended-to-2070-423536/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Development ==
{{Main|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II development}}

===Program origins===
The F-35 was the product of the [[Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program, which was the merger of various combat aircraft programs from the 1980s and 1990s. One progenitor program was the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) Advanced Short Take-Off/Vertical Landing (ASTOVL) which ran from 1983 to 1994; ASTOVL aimed to develop a [[Harrier jump jet]] replacement for the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) and the UK [[Royal Navy]]. Under one of ASTOVL's classified programs, the Supersonic STOVL Fighter (SSF), Lockheed's [[Skunk Works]] conducted research for a stealthy supersonic STOVL fighter intended for both U.S. Air Force (USAF) and USMC; among key STOVL technologies explored was the shaft-driven lift fan (SDLF) system. Lockheed's concept was a single-engine [[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]] delta aircraft weighing about {{cvt|24000|lb|kg}} empty. ASTOVL was rechristened as the [[Common Affordable Lightweight Fighter]] (CALF) in 1993 and involved [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]], [[McDonnell Douglas]], and [[Boeing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/images/C1_V09N3_SM_1271449318_9088.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129013128/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/images/C1_V09N3_SM_1271449318_9088.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-29 |url-status=live |website=Code One Magazine |publisher=Lockheed |title=Common Lightweight Fighter |first=Stadler |last=Rich |date=October 1994}}</ref><ref name="pre-jast_hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_prejast.htm |title=History (Pre-JAST) |work=Joint Strike Fighter |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206155846/http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_prejast.htm |archive-date=6 December 2019 }}</ref>

The end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 caused considerable reductions in [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DoD) spending and subsequent restructuring. In 1993, the Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program emerged following the cancellation of the USAF's Multi-Role Fighter (MRF) and U.S. Navy's (USN) Advanced Attack/Fighter (A/F-X) programs. MRF, a program for a relatively affordable F-16 Fighting Falcon replacement, was scaled back and delayed due to post–Cold War defense posture easing F-16 fleet usage and thus extending its service life as well as increasing budget pressure from the [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|Lockheed Martin F-22]] [[Advanced Tactical Fighter]] (ATF) program. The A/F-X, initially known as the Advanced-Attack (A-X), began in 1991 as the USN's follow-on to the Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) program for an [[Grumman A-6 Intruder]] replacement; the ATA's resulting [[McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II]] had been canceled due to technical problems and cost overruns in 1991. In the same year, the termination of the Naval Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), a naval development of USAF's ATF program to replace the [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]], resulted in additional fighter capability being added to A-X, which was then renamed A/F-X. Amid increased budget pressure, the DoD's Bottom-Up Review (BUR) in September 1993 announced MRF's and A/F-X's cancellations, with applicable experience brought to the emerging JAST program.<ref name="pre-jast_hist"/> JAST was not meant to develop a new aircraft, but rather to develop requirements, mature technologies, and demonstrate concepts for advanced strike warfare.<ref name="jast_hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_jast.htm |title=History (JAST) |work=Joint Strike Fighter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715052740/http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_jast.htm |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=24 January 2020 }}</ref>

As JAST progressed, the need for concept demonstrator aircraft by 1996 emerged, which would coincide with the full-scale flight demonstrator phase of ASTOVL/CALF. Because the ASTOVL/CALF concept appeared to align with the JAST charter, the two programs were eventually merged in 1994 under the JAST name, with the program now serving the USAF, USMC, and USN.<ref name="jast_hist"/> JAST was subsequently renamed to Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) in 1995, with STOVL submissions by McDonnell Douglas, [[Northrop Grumman]], Lockheed Martin,{{refn|Lockheed acquired General Dynamics fighter division at Fort Worth in 1993 and merged with Martin Marietta in 1995 to form Lockheed Martin.|group=N}} and Boeing. The JSF was expected to eventually replace large numbers of multi-role and strike fighters in the inventories of the US and its allies, including the Harrier, F-16, [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]], [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II]], and [[Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrie |first1=Douglas |last2=Norris |first2=Guy |last3=Warwick |first3=Graham |name-list-style=amp |date=4 April 1995 |title=Short take-off, low funding |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%200833.html |work=FlightGlobal |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717172813/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%200833.html |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref>

International participation is a key aspect of the JSF program, starting with United Kingdom participation in the ASTOVL program. Many international partners requiring modernization of their air forces were interested in the JSF. The United Kingdom joined JAST/JSF as a founding member in 1995 and thus became the only Tier 1 partner of the JSF program;<ref name="T1partner">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.org.uk/ |title=The JSF UK Industry Team |work=Martin Baker Aircraft Company Limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427142906/http://www.jsf.org.uk/ |archive-date=27 April 2006}}</ref> Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Canada, Australia, and Turkey joined the program during the Concept Demonstration Phase (CDP), with Italy and the Netherlands being Tier 2 partners and the rest Tier 3. Consequently, the aircraft was developed in cooperation with international partners and available for export.<ref name="UKJAST">{{cite news |title=US, UK sign JAST agreement |date=25 November 1995 |work=Aerospace Daily |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=451}}</ref>

===JSF competition===
{{main|Joint Strike Fighter program|Lockheed Martin X-35}}

Boeing and Lockheed Martin were selected in early 1997 for CDP, with their concept demonstrator aircraft designated [[Boeing X-32|X-32]] and [[Lockheed Martin X-35|X-35]] respectively; the McDonnell Douglas team was eliminated and Northrop Grumman and [[British Aerospace]] joined the Lockheed Martin team. Each firm would produce two prototype air vehicles to demonstrate conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL), carrier takeoff and landing (CV), and STOVL.{{refn|As these were concept demonstrator aircraft for risk reduction, they did not need to have the internal structure or most subsystems of the final aircraft as a weapon system.|group=N}} Lockheed Martin's design would make use of the work on the SDLF system conducted under the ASTOVL/CALF program. The key aspect of the X-35 that enabled STOVL operation, the SDLF system consists of the lift fan in the forward center fuselage that could be activated by engaging a clutch that connects the driveshaft to the turbines and thus augmenting the thrust from the engine's swivel nozzle. Research from prior aircraft incorporating similar systems, such as the [[Convair Model 200]],{{refn|The F-35 swivel nozzle design was pioneered by the Convair Model 200.<ref>{{cite web |last=Renshaw |first=Kevin |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_article.html?item_id=137 |title=F-35B Lightning II Three-Bearing Swivel Nozzle |work=Code One Magazine |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731053136/https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_article.html?item_id=137 |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=N}} [[Rockwell XFV-12]], and [[Yakovlev Yak-141]], were also taken into consideration.<ref name="GovExec">{{cite web |url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0102/012202db.htm |title=The engine that could |first=George C. |last=Wilson |date=22 January 2002 |website=[[Government Executive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160442/http://www.govexec.com/defense/defense-beat/2002/01/the-engine-that-could/10890/ |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="LiftFanPatent1">{{cite web |url=http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5209428.html |title=Propulsion system for a vertical and short takeoff and landing aircraft, United States Patent 5209428 |date=7 May 1990 |website=PatentGenius.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225075708/http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5209428.html |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gunston |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Gunston |date=1997 |title=Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924 |url=https://archive.org/details/yakovlevaircraft00guns/page/n16 |url-access=limited |location=London |publisher=Putnam Aeronautical Books |page=16 |isbn=1-55750-978-6}}</ref> By contrast, Boeing's X-32 employed direct lift system that the augmented turbofan would be reconfigured to when engaging in STOVL operation.

[[File:X-35B Edwards.jpg|thumb|X-35B flying over Edwards Air Force Base]]
Lockheed Martin's commonality strategy was to replace the STOVL variant's SDLF with a fuel tank and the aft swivel nozzle with a two-dimensional thrust vectoring nozzle for the CTOL variant.{{refn|The thrust vectoring nozzle would eventually be replaced by an axisymmetric low-observable nozzle to reduce weight.|group=N}} STOVL operation is made possible through a patented shaft-driven LiftFan propulsion system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welt |first=Flying |date=2023-10-29 |title=Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II: Top 10 things to know |url=https://www.flyingwelt.com/2023/10/lockheed-martin-f-35-lightning-ii-top-10-things-to-know/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Flying Welt |language=en-US |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130130745/https://www.flyingwelt.com/2023/10/lockheed-martin-f-35-lightning-ii-top-10-things-to-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This would enable identical aerodynamic configuration for the STOVL and CTOL variants, while the CV variant would have an enlarged wing to reduce landing speed for carrier recovery. Due to aerodynamic characteristics and carrier recovery requirements from the JAST merger, the design configuration settled on a conventional tail compared to the canard delta design from the ASTOVL/CALF; notably, the conventional tail configuration offers much lower risk for carrier recovery compared to the ASTOVL/CALF canard configuration, which was designed without carrier compatibility in mind. This enabled greater commonality between all three variants, as the commonality goal was important at this design stage.<ref name="jast_to_ioc">{{cite journal |last1=Sheridan |first1=Arthur E. |last2=Burnes |first2=Robert |date=13 August 2019 |title=F-35 Program History: From JAST to IOC |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/5.9781624105678.0001.0076 |journal=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |page=50 |doi=10.2514/5.9781624105678.0001.0076 |isbn=978-1-62410-566-1 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916160115/https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/5.9781624105678.0001.0076 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Lockheed Martin's prototypes would consist of the X-35A for demonstrating CTOL before converting it to the X-35B for STOVL demonstration and the larger-winged X-35C for CV compatibility demonstration.<ref name="JPP">{{cite journal |last=Bevilaqua |first=Paul M. |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.15228 |title=Joint Strike Fighter Dual-Cycle Propulsion System |journal=Journal of Propulsion and Power |date=September 2005 |doi=10.2514/1.15228 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=778–783 |issn=0748-4658 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112192028/https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.15228 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The X-35A first flew on 24 October 2000 and conducted flight tests for subsonic and supersonic flying qualities, handling, range, and maneuver performance.<ref name="jsf_hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_jsf.htm |title=History (JSF) |work=Joint Strike Fighter |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715053937/http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_jsf.htm |archive-date=15 July 2019 }}</ref> After 28 flights, the aircraft was then converted into the X-35B for STOVL testing, with key changes including the addition of the SDLF, the three-bearing swivel module (3BSM), and roll-control ducts. The X-35B would successfully demonstrate the SDLF system by performing stable hover, vertical landing, and short takeoff in less than {{cvt|500|ft}}.<ref name="jast_to_ioc"/><ref name="Nova transcript X-planes">{{cite episode |title=Battle of the X-Planes |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/xplanes/ |series=[[Nova (American TV program)|NOVA]] |credits=Schreiber, Liev |network=[[PBS]] |air-date=3 February 2003 |transcript=Battle of the X-Planes |transcript-url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3004_xplanes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629060323/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3004_xplanes.html |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=25 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The X-35C first flew on 16 December 2000 and conducted field landing carrier practice tests.<ref name="jsf_hist"/>

On 26 October 2001, Lockheed Martin was declared the winner and was awarded the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) contract; [[Pratt & Whitney]] was separately awarded a development contract for the [[Pratt & Whitney F135|F135]] engine for the JSF.<ref name="f35_acq_hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_f35.htm |title=History (F-35 Acquisition) |work=Joint Strike Fighter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706050004/http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_f35.htm |archive-date=6 July 2019 |access-date=23 January 2021 }}</ref> The F-35 designation, which was out of sequence with [[1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system#Design number|standard DoD numbering]], was allegedly determined on the spot by program manager Major General Mike Hough; this came as a surprise even to Lockheed Martin, which had expected the F-24 designation for the JSF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/nonstandard-mds.html#_MDS_F35 |title=Non-Standard DOD Aircraft Designations |first=Andreas |last=Parsch |date=27 April 2006 |website=Designation Systems |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004151/http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/nonstandard-mds.html#_MDS_F35 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Design and production===
[[File:F-35 Wind Tunnel Model.jpg|thumb|An F-35 [[wind tunnel]] testing model in {{convert|16|ft|0|adj=on}} transonic wind tunnel at the [[Arnold Engineering Development Center]]|alt=Engineer handling a metallic scale model of jet fighter in wind-tunnel]]

As the JSF program moved into the System Development and Demonstration phase, the X-35 demonstrator design was modified to create the F-35 combat aircraft. The forward fuselage was lengthened by {{convert|5|in|cm}} to make room for mission avionics, while the horizontal stabilizers were moved {{convert|2|in|cm}} aft to retain balance and control. The [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] changed from a four-sided to a three-sided cowl shape and was moved {{convert|30|in|cm}} aft. The fuselage section was fuller, the top surface raised by {{convert|1|in|cm}} along the centerline and the lower surface bulged to accommodate weapons bays. Following the designation of the X-35 prototypes, the three variants were designated F-35A (CTOL), F-35B (STOVL), and F-35C (CV), all with a design service life of 8,000 hours. Prime contractor Lockheed Martin performs overall systems integration and final assembly and checkout (FACO) at [[United States Air Force Plant 4|Air Force Plant 4]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]],{{refn|FACO is also performed in Italy and Japan for some partner and export customers as part of the industrial benefits from international cooperation.|group=N}} while Northrop Grumman and [[BAE Systems]] supply components for mission systems and airframe.<ref>Keijsper 2007, pp. 122, 124.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_article.html?item_id=28 |website=Code One Magazine |publisher=Lockheed Martin |title=X to F: F-35 Lightning II And Its X-35 Predecessors |first=Eric |last=Hehs |date=15 May 2008 |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731024844/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_article.html?item_id=28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Adding the systems of a fighter aircraft added weight. The F-35B gained the most, largely due to a 2003 decision to enlarge the weapons bays for commonality between variants; the total weight growth was reportedly up to {{convert|2200|lb}}, over 8%, causing all STOVL key performance parameter (KPP) thresholds to be missed.<ref name="Keijsper 2007, p. 119">Keijsper 2007, p. 119</ref> In December 2003, the STOVL Weight Attack Team (SWAT) was formed to reduce the weight increase; changes included thinned airframe members, smaller weapons bays and vertical stabilizers, less thrust fed to the roll-post outlets, and redesigning the wing-mate joint, electrical elements, and the airframe immediately aft of the cockpit. The inlet was also revised to accommodate more powerful, greater mass flow engines.<ref name="thrust_target">{{cite news |last=Norris |first=Guy |title=Alternate JSF Engine Thrust Beats Target |work=Aviation Week |date=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=USAF Plans for Fighters Change |first1=David A. |last1=Fulghum |first2=Robert |last2=Wall |date=19 September 2004 |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]}}</ref> Many changes from the SWAT effort were applied to all three variants for commonality. By September 2004, these efforts had reduced the F-35B's weight by over {{convert|3000|lb|kg|sigfig=2}}, while the F-35A and F-35C were reduced in weight by {{convert|2400|lb}} and {{convert|1900|lb}} respectively.<ref name="jast_to_ioc"/><ref>Keijsper 2007, p. 124,</ref> The weight reduction work cost $6.2&nbsp;billion and caused an 18-month delay.<ref name="C4WDefault-3831104">{{cite web |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/weight-watchers-13117183/?all |title=Weight Watchers: How a team of engineers and a crash diet saved the Joint Strike Fighter |work=Air & Space Magazine |date=November 2006 |first=Joe |last=Pappalardo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213930/http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/weight-watchers-13117183/?all |archive-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:F-35A - Inauguration Towing.jpg|thumb|left|The first F-35A prototype, AA-1, being towed to its inauguration ceremony on 7 July 2006]]
The first F-35A, designated AA-1, was rolled out at Fort Worth on 19 February 2006 and first flew on 15 December 2006 with chief test pilot Jon S. Beesley at the controls.{{refn|This first prototype lacked the weight optimization from SWAT.|group=N}}<ref name="9jul2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.westdef.com/presentations/2013presentations/Keith_Knotts.pdf |title=CF-35 Lightning II: Canada's Next Generation Fighter |first=Keith P. |last=Knotts |date=9 July 2013 |website=Westdef.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221233717/http://www.westdef.com/presentations/2013presentations/Keith_Knotts.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> In 2006, the F-35 was given the name "Lightning II" after the [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]] of World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/130499/lightning-ii-moniker-given-to-joint-strike-fighter/ |title='Lightning II' moniker given to Joint Strike Fighter |date=7 June 2006 |work=U.S. Air Force |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731030802/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/130499/lightning-ii-moniker-given-to-joint-strike-fighter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some USAF pilots have nicknamed the aircraft "Panther" instead, and other nicknames include "Fat Amy" and "Battle Penguin".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20914/the-f-35-has-a-new-nickname-given-to-it-by-the-usafs-most-elite-pilots |title=The Air Force's Elite Weapons School Has Given The F-35 A New Nickname |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=17 May 2018 |work=The War Zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044728/http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20914/the-f-35-has-a-new-nickname-given-to-it-by-the-usafs-most-elite-pilots |archive-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erictegler/2023/12/30/five-things-that-happened-in-2023the-fighter-pilots-quick-take/ |title=5 Things That Happened In 2023 - The Fighter Pilot's Quick-Take |last=Tegler |first=Eric |date=30 December 2023 |work=Forbes |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213232325/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erictegler/2023/12/30/five-things-that-happened-in-2023the-fighter-pilots-quick-take/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=nellisafb |postid=C6MpVbcBu50 |title=It's World Penguin day! Here are some awesome shots of the F-35 Lightning II, a.k.a. "Battle Penguin" |date=25 April 2024}}</ref>

The aircraft's software was developed as six releases, or Blocks, for SDD. The first two Blocks, 1A and 1B, readied the F-35 for initial pilot training and multi-level security. Block 2A improved the training capabilities, while 2B was the first combat-ready release planned for the USMC's [[Initial Operating Capability]] (IOC). Block 3i retains the capabilities of 2B while having new Technology Refresh 2 (TR-2) hardware and was planned for the USAF's IOC. The final release for SDD, Block 3F, would have full flight envelope and all baseline combat capabilities. Alongside software releases, each block also incorporates avionics hardware updates and air vehicle improvements from flight and structural testing.<ref name="lm_sw">{{cite web |url=https://www.f35.com/about/life-cycle/software |title=F-35 Software Development |work=Lockheed Martin |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702032933/https://www.f35.com/about/life-cycle/software }}</ref> In what is known as "concurrency", some [[low rate initial production]] (LRIP) aircraft lots would be delivered in early Block configurations and eventually upgraded to Block 3F once development is complete.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06356.pdf |title=GAO-06-356: DOD Plans to Enter Production before Testing Demonstrates Acceptable Performance |work=Government Accountability Office |date=March 2006 |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801012121/https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06356.pdf }}</ref> After 17,000&nbsp;flight test hours, the final flight for the SDD phase was completed in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/04/12/f-35-program-office-wraps-up-final-developmental-flight-test/ |title=F-35 program office wraps up final developmental flight test |work=Defense News |date=28 April 2018}}</ref> Like the F-22, the F-35 has been targeted by [[cyberattack]]s and technology theft efforts, as well as potential vulnerabilities in the integrity of the supply chain.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Haynes|first=Deborah|author-link=Deborah Haynes|date=15 June 2019|title=F-35 jets: Chinese-owned company making parts for top-secret UK-US fighters|url=https://news.sky.com/story/f-35-jets-chinese-owned-company-making-parts-for-top-secret-uk-us-fighters-11741889|publisher=[[Sky News]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731030713/https://news.sky.com/story/f-35-jets-chinese-owned-company-making-parts-for-top-secret-uk-us-fighters-11741889|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/06/15/chinese-owned-company-supplies-electronics-on-u-s-and-u-k-f-35-fighter-jets/ |title=U.S. and U.K. F-35 Jets Include 'Core' Circuit Boards From Chinese-Owned Company |last=Doffman |first=Zak |date=15 June 2019 |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816185836/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/06/15/chinese-owned-company-supplies-electronics-on-u-s-and-u-k-f-35-fighter-jets/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Minnick |first=Wendell |url=https://www.defensenews.com/breaking-news/2016/03/24/chinese-businessman-pleads-guilty-of-spying-on-f-35-and-f-22/ |title=Chinese Businessman Pleads Guilty of Spying on F-35 and F-22 |website=Defense News |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313155355/https://www.defensenews.com/breaking-news/2016/03/24/chinese-businessman-pleads-guilty-of-spying-on-f-35-and-f-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:CF-1 flight test.jpg|thumb|The first F-35C flight sciences aircraft, CF-01, conducts a test flight over [[Chesapeake Bay]] in February 2011.]]
Testing found several major problems: early F-35B airframes were vulnerable to premature cracking,{{refn|Early F-35Bs have a service life as low as 2,100&nbsp;hours before retrofits as seen on Lot 9 and later aircraft.|group=N}} the F-35C arrestor hook design was unreliable, fuel tanks were too vulnerable to lightning strikes, the helmet display had problems, and more. Software was repeatedly delayed due to its unprecedented scope and complexity. In 2009, the DoD Joint Estimate Team (JET) estimated that the program was 30 months behind the public schedule.<ref name="internalmemo">{{cite news |title=Internal Pentagon memo predicts that F-35 testing won't be complete until 2016 |first=Bob |last=Cox |date=1 March 2010 |newspaper=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-06/lockheed-f-35-purchases-delayed-in-pentagon-s-fiscal-2011-plan.html |title=Lockheed F-35 Purchases Delayed in Pentagon's Fiscal 2011 Plan |first=Tony |last=Capaccio |date=6 January 2010 |website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110005120/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-06/lockheed-f-35-purchases-delayed-in-pentagon-s-fiscal-2011-plan.html |archive-date=10 January 2010}}</ref> In 2011, the program was "re-baselined"; that is, its cost and schedule goals were changed, pushing the IOC from the planned 2010 to July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Charette |first=Robert |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/f35-program-continues-to-struggle-with-software |title=F-35 Program Continues to Struggle with Software |work=IEEE Spectrum |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617210731/https://spectrum.ieee.org/f35-program-continues-to-struggle-with-software |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2018/pdf/dod/2018f35jsf.pdf |title=FY18 DOD Programs F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) |year=2018 |website=[[Director, Operational Test and Evaluation]] |page=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203053/https://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2018/pdf/dod/2018f35jsf.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref> The decision to simultaneously test, fix defects, and begin production was criticized as inefficient; in 2014, [[Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition]] [[Frank Kendall III|Frank Kendall]] called it "acquisition malpractice".<ref>{{cite episode |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/f-35-joint-strike-fighter-60-minutes/ |title=Is the F-35 worth it? |series=[[60 Minutes]] |network=CBS News |air-date=16 February 2014 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907044250/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/f-35-joint-strike-fighter-60-minutes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The three variants shared just 25% of their parts, far below the anticipated commonality of 70%.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/all-for-one-and-all-for-all/ |title=All For One and One for All |magazine=Air Force |date=14 March 2016 |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731045018/https://www.airforcemag.com/all-for-one-and-all-for-all/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The program received considerable criticism for cost overruns and for the total projected lifetime cost, as well as quality management shortcomings by contractors.<ref name="violations">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-united-tech-fighter-engine/u-s-watchdog-finds-quality-violations-in-pratt-work-on-f-35-engine-idUSKBN0NI1TL20150427 |title=U.S. watchdog finds quality violations in Pratt work on F-35 engine |last=Shalal |first=Andrea |date=27 April 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093130/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-united-tech-fighter-engine/u-s-watchdog-finds-quality-violations-in-pratt-work-on-f-35-engine-idUSKBN0NI1TL20150427 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="barrett">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Barrett |title=Danger Zone |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=10 April 2017 |pages=50–55 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-04-04/is-the-f-35-a-trillion-dollar-mistake |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922182820/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-04-04/is-the-f-35-a-trillion-dollar-mistake |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023|August}}, the program was 80% over budget and 10 years late.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Christopher |title=Lockheed Martin's $1.7 trillion F-35 fighter jet is 10 years late and 80% over budget—and it could be one of the Pentagon's biggest success stories |url=https://fortune.com/longform/lockheed-martin-f-35-fighter-jet/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

The JSF program was expected to cost about $200 billion for acquisition in base-year 2002 dollars when SDD was awarded in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Greg |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/10/27/lockheed-martin-beats-boeing-for-fighter-contract/c65b8843-131f-4827-9c69-c183066f1f57/ |title=Lockheed Martin Beats Boeing for Fighter Contract |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=27 October 2001 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818164640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/10/27/lockheed-martin-beats-boeing-for-fighter-contract/c65b8843-131f-4827-9c69-c183066f1f57/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dao |first=James |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/us/lockheed-wins-200-billion-deal-for-fighter-jet.html |title=Lockheed Wins $200 Billion Deal for Fighter Jet |work=The New York Times |date=27 October 2001 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915122410/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/us/lockheed-wins-200-billion-deal-for-fighter-jet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As early as 2005, the [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) had identified major program risks in cost and schedule.<ref>{{cite news |last=Merle |first=Renae |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38236-2005Mar15.html |title=GAO Questions Cost Of Joint Strike Fighter |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 March 2005 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128173309/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38236-2005Mar15.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The costly delays strained the relationship between the Pentagon and contractors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shalal-Esa |first=Andrea |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter/pentagon-tells-lockheed-to-shape-up-on-f-35-fighter-idUSBRE88H00D20120918 |title=Pentagon tells Lockheed to shape up on F-35 fighter |work=Reuters |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731112609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter/pentagon-tells-lockheed-to-shape-up-on-f-35-fighter-idUSBRE88H00D20120918 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2017, delays and cost overruns had pushed the F-35 program's expected acquisition costs to $406.5&nbsp;billion, with total lifetime cost (i.e., to 2070) to $1.5&nbsp;trillion in then-year dollars which also includes operations and maintenance.<ref name="C4WDefault-2683969">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Pages/2014/January%202014/January%2008%202014/The-Cost-of-Teamwork.aspx |title=The Cost of Teamwork |magazine=Air Force |date=8 January 2014 |first=John A. |last=Tirpak |publisher=Air Force Association |location=Arlington, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525023853/http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Pages/2014/January%202014/January%2008%202014/The-Cost-of-Teamwork.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-10/f-35-program-costs-jump-to-406-billion-in-new-pentagon-estimate |title=F-35 Program Costs Jump to $406.5 Billion in Latest Estimate |first=Anthony |last=Capaccio |date=10 July 2017 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008080050/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-10/f-35-program-costs-jump-to-406-billion-in-new-pentagon-estimate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/f35-fighter-jet-pentagon/ |title=The Pentagon's $1.5 Trillion Addiction to the F-35 Fighter |first=William J. |last=Astore |date=16 September 2019 |magazine=[[The Nation]] |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206140954/https://www.thenation.com/article/f35-fighter-jet-pentagon/ }}</ref> The F-35A's unit cost (not including engine) for LRIP Lot 13 was $79.2&nbsp;million in base-year 2012 dollars.<ref name="lrip_13">{{cite magazine |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/massive-34-billion-f-35-contract-includes-price-drop-as-readiness-improves/ |title=Massive $34 Billion F-35 Contract Includes Price Drop as Readiness Improves |magazine=Air Force |date=29 October 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731051439/https://www.airforcemag.com/massive-34-billion-f-35-contract-includes-price-drop-as-readiness-improves/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Delays in development and operational test and evaluation, including integration into the [[Joint Simulation Environment]], pushed full-rate production decision from the end of 2019 to March 2024, although actual production rate had already approached the full rate by 2020; the combined full rate at the Fort Worth, Italy, and Japan FACO plants is 156 aircraft annually.<ref name="gao">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/692307.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606191749/https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/692307.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-06 |url-status=live |title=F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Development Is Nearly Complete, but Deficiencies Found in Testing Need to Be Resolved |website=GAO |date=June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="F-35MilestoneC">{{cite web |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/pentagon-finally-approves-f-35-for-full-rate-production-after-5-year-delay/ |title=Pentagon finally approves F-35 for full rate production after 5-year delay |date=12 March 2024 |work=Breaking Defense |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312230506/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/pentagon-finally-approves-f-35-for-full-rate-production-after-5-year-delay/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Upgrades and further development===
[[File:Sailors prepare to taxi an F-35C Lightning II on aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (March 30, 2023).webp|thumb|Sailors prepare to taxi an F-35C Lightning II on aircraft carrier [[USS Carl Vinson]].]]

The F-35 is expected to be continually upgraded over its lifetime. The first combat-capable Block 2B configuration, which had basic air-to-air and strike capabilities, was declared ready by the USMC in July 2015.<ref name="USMC_IOC"/> The Block 3F configuration began operational test and evaluation (OT&E) in December 2018 and its completion in late 2023 concluded SDD in March 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |url=https://www.defensenews.com/2018/12/07/after-a-couple-months-delay-the-f-35-moves-into-operational-tests/ |title=After a couple months delay, the F-35 moves into operational tests |work=Defense News |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615030043/https://www.defensenews.com/2018/12/07/after-a-couple-months-delay-the-f-35-moves-into-operational-tests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The F-35 program is also conducting sustainment and upgrade development, with early aircraft from LRIP lot 2 onwards gradually upgraded to the baseline Block 3F standard by 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tirpak |first=John |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/keeping-the-f-35-ahead-of-the-bad-guys/ |title=Keeping the F-35 Ahead of the Bad Guys |magazine=Air Force |date=25 February 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731052517/https://www.airforcemag.com/article/keeping-the-f-35-ahead-of-the-bad-guys/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2024}}

With Block 3F as the final build for SDD, the first major upgrade program is Block 4 which began development in 2019 and was initially captured under the Continuous Capability Development and Delivery (C2D2) program. Block 4 is expected to enter service in incremental steps from the late 2020s to early 2030s and integrates additional weapons, including those unique to international customers, improved sensor capabilities including the new AN/APG-85 AESA radar and additional ESM bandwidth, and adds Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver ([[ROVER]]) support.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/24904/Lockheed_Martin_Awarded__1_8_Billion_for_F_35_Block_4_Development |title=Lockheed Martin Awarded $1.8 Billion for F-35 Block 4 Development |work=Defense World |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040956/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/24904/Lockheed_Martin_Awarded__1_8_Billion_for_F_35_Block_4_Development |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erictegler/2023/12/19/international-f-35-customers-your-airplanes-will-be-delayed/|title=International F-35 Customers, Your Airplanes Will Be Delayed|first=Eric|last=Tegler|website=Forbes|access-date=23 November 2024|archive-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118211734/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erictegler/2023/12/19/international-f-35-customers-your-airplanes-will-be-delayed/|url-status=live}}</ref> C2D2 also places greater emphasis on [[agile software development]] to enable quicker releases.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zazulia |first=Nick |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2019/03/19/dod-plans-spend-6-6-b-f-35-continuing-development-2024/ |title=U.S. Defense Department Plans to Spend $6.6B on F-35 Continuing Development Through 2024 |work=Avionics International |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817201550/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2019/03/19/dod-plans-spend-6-6-b-f-35-continuing-development-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The key enabler of Block 4 is Technology Refresh 3 (TR-3) avionics hardware, which consists of new display, core processor, and memory modules to support increased processing requirements, as well as engine upgrade that increases the amount of cooling available to support the additional mission systems. The engine upgrade effort explored both improvements to the F135 as well as significantly more power and efficient [[adaptive cycle engine]]s. In 2018, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney were awarded contracts to develop adaptive cycle engines for potential application in the F-35,{{refn|Adaptive cycle engine technology had been under development under [[Air Force Life Cycle Management Center]]'s (AFLCMC) [[Adaptive Versatile Engine Technology|Adaptive Engine Transition Program]] (AETP) and its precursors.|group=N}} and in 2022, the F-35 Adaptive Engine Replacement program was launched to integrate them.<ref name="fg20180709"/><ref name=faer_rfi>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/usaf-launches-f-35-advanced-engine-effort |title=USAF Launches F-35 Advanced Engine Effort |work=Janes |date=31 January 2022 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120214340/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/usaf-launches-f-35-advanced-engine-effort |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in 2023 the USAF chose an improved F135 under the Engine Core Upgrade (ECU) program over an adaptive cycle engine due to cost as well as concerns over risk of integrating the new engine, initially designed for the F-35A, on the B and C.<ref name="f35_pw_ecu_win">{{cite web |last=Marrow |first=Michael |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/air-force-will-not-develop-new-f-35-engine-keeping-pratt-as-sole-contractor/ |title=Air Force will not develop new F-35 engine, keeping Pratt as sole contractor |date=13 March 2023 |work=Breaking Defense |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514203939/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/air-force-will-not-develop-new-f-35-engine-keeping-pratt-as-sole-contractor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Difficulties with the new TR-3 hardware, including [[regression testing]], have caused delays to Block 4 as well as a halt in aircraft deliveries from July 2023 to July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decker |first=Audrey |date=2023-07-13 |title=F-35 test squadron works to wring out upgrade problems |url=https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/07/f-35-test-squadron-works-wring-out-upgrade-problems/388478/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Defense One |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118083834/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/07/f-35-test-squadron-works-wring-out-upgrade-problems/388478/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Losey |first=Stephen |date=2024-07-21 |title=F-35 deliveries resume, but upgrade delays have ripple effects |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2024/07/21/f-35-deliveries-resume-but-upgrade-delays-have-ripple-effects/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>

Defense contractors have offered upgrades to the F-35 outside of official program contracts. In 2013, Northrop Grumman disclosed its development of a directional [[infrared countermeasures]] suite, named Threat Nullification Defensive Resource (ThNDR). The countermeasure system would share the same space as the Distributed Aperture System (DAS) sensors and acts as a laser missile jammer to protect against infrared-homing missiles.<ref>{{cite web |first=Graham |last=Warwick |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/northrop-develops-laser-missile-jammer-f-35 |title=Northrop Develops Laser Missile Jammer For F-35 |work=Aviation Week |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420220645/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article/PrintArticle.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fawx_09_12_2013_p0-615904.xml&p=1&printView=true |archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>

Israel operates a unique subvariant of the F-35A, designated the F-35I, that is designed to better interface with and incorporate Israeli equipment and weapons. The Israeli Air Force also has their own F-35I test aircraft that provides more access to the core avionics to include their own equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/09/israel-wants-to-put-new-equipment-inside-the-f-35-exclusive-qa-with-top-officer/ |title=Israel Wants To Put New Equipment Inside The F-35: Exclusive Q&A With Top Officer |date=21 September 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Procurement and international participation===
{{Main|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement}}
The United States is the primary customer and financial backer, with planned procurement of 1,763 F-35As for the USAF, 353 F-35Bs and 67 F-35Cs for the USMC, and 273 F-35Cs for the USN.<ref name="FY2020_SAR">{{cite web |url=https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Selected_Acquisition_Reports/19-F-1098_DOC_33_F-35_SAR_Dec_2018.pdf |title=Select Acquisition Report: F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program (F-35) as of FY 2020 President's Budget |date=17 April 2019 |website=[[Washington Headquarters Services]] |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606024641/https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Selected_Acquisition_Reports/19-F-1098_DOC_33_F-35_SAR_Dec_2018.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2020 }}</ref> Additionally, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Australia, Norway, Denmark and Canada have agreed to contribute US$4.375&nbsp;billion towards development costs, with the United Kingdom contributing about 10% of the planned development costs as the sole Tier 1 partner.<ref name="T1partner"/> Britain supplies ejector seats, rear fuselage, active interceptor systems, targeting lasers and weapon release cables, mainly through British Aerospace, amounting to 15% of the value of the F-35, and is the largest supplier of spare parts for the jet after the US.<ref name=wintour>{{cite news| last=Wintour | first=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Wintour| title=UK's F-35 exports more important than stopping genocide, lawyers to argue | newspaper=The Guardian | date=12 May 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/may/12/uks-f-35-exports-more-important-than-stopping-genocide-lawyers-to-argue}}</ref> The initial plan was that the U.S. and eight major partner countries would acquire over 3,100 F-35s through 2035.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/JSF_PSFD_MOU_-_Update_4_2010.PDF |title=Estimated JSF Air Vehicle Procurement Quantities |date=April 2010 |work=Joint Strike Fighter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627033349/http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/JSF_PSFD_MOU_-_Update_4_2010.PDF |archive-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> The three tiers of international participation generally reflect financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the order in which countries can obtain production aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/F-35-Lightning-The-Joint-Strike-Fighter-Program-2012-07501/ |title=F-35 Lightning: The Joint Strike Fighter Program, 2012 |work=Defense Industry Daily |date=30 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125211010/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/F-35-Lightning-The-Joint-Strike-Fighter-Program-2012-07501/ |archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> Alongside program partner countries, Israel and Singapore have joined as Security Cooperative Participants (SCP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04554.pdf |title=Joint Strike Fighter Acquisition: Observations on the Supplier Base |first=Katherine V. |last=Schnasi |date=May 2004 |website=US General Accounting Office |access-date=8 February 2006 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816190247/https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04554.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ad-ad.nsf/eng/ad03863.html |title=Industry Canada F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Canada's Next Generation Fighter Capability |website=Government of Canada |date=18 November 2002 |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922154022/http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ad-ad.nsf/eng/ad03863.html |archive-date=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref>''Combat Aircraft Monthly'', September 2010, p. 24.</ref> Sales to SCP and non-partner states, including Belgium, Japan, and South Korea, are made through the Pentagon's [[Foreign Military Sales]] program.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Winters |first=Vice Adm. Mat |url=https://www.defensenews.com/outlook/2018/12/10/head-of-f-35-joint-program-office-stealth-fighter-enters-the-new-year-in-midst-of-a-growing-phase/ |title=Head of F-35 Joint Program Office: Stealth fighter enters the new year in midst of a growing phase |date=9 December 2018 |work=Defense News |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> Turkey was removed from the F-35 program in July 2019 over security concerns following its purchase of a Russian [[S-400 missile system|S-400]] surface-to-air missile system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manson |first1=Katrina |last2=Pitel |first2=Laura |title=US Senate blocks F-35 sales to Turkey |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d3c7492c-7346-11e8-b6ad-3823e4384287 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d3c7492c-7346-11e8-b6ad-3823e4384287 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |date=19 June 2018 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/trump-turkey-s400-sales/index.html |title=Trump blames Obama as he reluctantly bans F-35 sales to Turkey |first1=Kevin |last1=Liptak |first2=Nicole |last2=Gaouette |date=17 July 2019 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827183146/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/trump-turkey-s400-sales/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|Turkey was the sole supplier of several F-35 parts, thus forcing the program to find replacement vendors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/83476/f-35-chief-reaffirms-turkey-s-status-as-committed-programme-partner |title=F-35 chief reaffirms Turkey's status as committed programme partner |first=Pat |last=Host |date=1 October 2018 |work=Jane's 360 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003062144/https://www.janes.com/article/83476/f-35-chief-reaffirms-turkey-s-status-as-committed-programme-partner |archive-date=3 October 2018 }}</ref>|group=N}}
{{As of|2024|July}}, the average [[flyaway cost]]s per plane are: $82.5 million for the F-35A, $109 million for the F-35B, and $102.1 million for the F-35C.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=F-35's price might rise, Lockheed warns |url=https://www.defenseone.com/business/2024/07/f-35s-price-might-rise-lockheed-warns/398323/#:~:text=The%20deal%20struck%20for%20the,F-35C%20at%20$102.1%20million. |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Defense One |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203092110/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2024/07/f-35s-price-might-rise-lockheed-warns/398323/#:~:text=The%20deal%20struck%20for%20the,F-35C%20at%20$102.1%20million. |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Design ==

===Overview ===
The F-35 is a family of single-engine, supersonic, stealth multirole strike fighters.<ref name="LHMC">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35-capabilities.html |title=Capabilities: F-35 Lightning II |website=[[Lockheed Martin]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724021638/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35-capabilities.html |archive-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> The second [[fifth-generation fighter]] to enter US service and the first operational supersonic STOVL stealth fighter, the F-35 emphasizes low observables, advanced avionics and sensor fusion that enable a high level of situational awareness and long range lethality;<ref>{{cite news |title=F-35 STOVL supersonic |first1=John R. |last1=Kent |first2=Chris |last2=Geisel |website=Lockheed Martin |date=16 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.l-3com.com/displays/pdfs/redesign/ICP(2011)_LR.pdf |title=Open System Architecture (OSA) Secure Processing |date=March 2011 |website=[[L3 Technologies]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143800/http://www2.l-3com.com/displays/pdfs/redesign/ICP(2011)_LR.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/military/JSF-Integrated-Avionics-Par-Excellence_1067.html |title=JSF: Integrated Avionics Par Excellence |first=Charlotte |last=Adams |date=1 September 2003 |work=Aviation Today |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015654/http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/military/JSF-Integrated-Avionics-Par-Excellence_1067.html }}</ref> the USAF considers the aircraft its primary strike fighter for conducting [[suppression of enemy air defense]] (SEAD) and [[air interdiction]] missions, owing to the advanced sensors and mission systems.<ref>{{cite web |last=Amaani |first=USAF Tech. Sgt. Lyle |date=3 April 2009 |title=Air Force takes combat air acquisitions priorities to Hill |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/120743/air-force-takes-combat-air-acquisitions-priorities-to-hill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/120743/air-force-takes-combat-air-acquisitions-priorities-to-hill/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>

[[File:F-35 Lightning II variants in flight near Eglin AFB in 2014.jpg|thumb|{{em|(From the top)}} F-35A of the [[33rd Fighter Wing|33rd FW]], F-35B of [[VMFAT-501]] and F-35C of [[VFA-101]] near [[Eglin AFB]], 2014]]
[[File:F-35 Heritage Flight Team performs in Bell Fort Worth Alliance AirShow.jpg|thumb|A vortex forms around the body of the aircraft]]
The F-35 has a wing-tail configuration with two vertical stabilizers canted for stealth. Flight control surfaces include [[Flap (aeronautics)#Leading edge flap|leading-edge flaps]], [[flaperon]]s,{{refn|The F-35C has additional ailerons at the folding sections of the wings.|group=N}} [[rudder]]s, and all-moving horizontal tails ([[stabilator]]s); [[leading edge root extension]]s or chines<ref>CFD predictions of wing pressure distributions on the F-35 at angles-of-attack for transonic maneuvres AIAA 2007 4433</ref> also run forwards to the inlets. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the F-35A and F-35B is set by the requirement to fit inside USN amphibious assault ship parking areas and elevators; the F-35C's larger wing is more fuel efficient.<ref name=ryberg1>{{cite web |last=Ryberg |first=Eric S. |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a399988.pdf |title=The Influence of Ship Configuration on the Design of the Joint Strike Fighter |page=5 |website=[[Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division]] |date=26 February 2002 |access-date=1 December 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209001948/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a399988.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Whittle |first=Richard |date=February 2012 |title=The Ultimate Fighter? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-ultimate-fighter-21855513/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930103845/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-ultimate-fighter-21855513/ |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=24 February 2013 |website=Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> The fixed diverterless supersonic inlets (DSI) use a bumped compression surface and forward-swept cowl to shed the boundary layer of the forebody away from the inlets, which form a Y-duct for the engine.<ref name="dsi">{{cite web |last=Hehs |first=Eric |date=15 July 2000 |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=58 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930190323/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=58 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=28 December 2012 |website=Code One Magazine}}</ref> Structurally, the F-35 drew upon lessons from the F-22; composites comprise 35% of airframe weight, with the majority being [[Maleimide|bismaleimide]] and [[composite epoxy material]]s as well as some [[carbon nanotube]]-reinforced [[epoxy]] in later production lots.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloan |first=Jeff |date=19 October 2009 |title=Skinning the F-35 fighter |url=http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/skinning-the-f-35-fighter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023125135/https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/skinning-the-f-35-fighter |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=24 November 2016 |work=Composites World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2010 |title=Contract Awarded To Validate Process For JSF |url=http://www.onlineamd.com/aerospace-manufacturing-design-Vector-Composites-Quicksteps-amd-051710.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153109/http://www.onlineamd.com/aerospace-manufacturing-design-Vector-Composites-Quicksteps-amd-051710.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2012 |website=Aerospace Manufacturing and Design}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date=26 May 2011 |title=Lockheed Martin reveals F-35 to feature nanocomposite structures |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/05/26/357223/lockheed-martin-reveals-f-35-to-feature-nanocomposite.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530213822/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/05/26/357223/lockheed-martin-reveals-f-35-to-feature-nanocomposite.html |archive-date=30 May 2011 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> The F-35 is considerably heavier than the lightweight fighters it replaces, with the lightest variant having an empty weight of {{cvt|29300|lb|kg}}; much of the weight can be attributed to the internal weapons bays and the extensive avionics carried.<ref name="F-35_skills_analyzed">{{cite web |last=Nativi |first=Andy |date=5 March 2009 |title=F-35 Air Combat Skills Analyzed |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/F35-030509.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226061121/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2FF35-030509.xml |archive-date=26 December 2010 |website=Aviation Week}}</ref> Each F-35 contains about {{conv|50|lb|kg}} of [[samarium]] magnets.<ref name="nyt-bradsher-china-25">{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |title=China's Chokehold on This Obscure Mineral Threatens the West's Militaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/09/business/china-rare-earth-samarium-fighter-jets.html |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=2025-06-09}}</ref>

While lacking the [[kinematics|kinematic]] performance of the larger twin-engine F-22, the F-35 is competitive with [[fourth-generation fighter]]s such as the F-16 and F/A-18, especially when they carry weapons because the F-35's internal weapons bay eliminates drag from external stores.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crébas |first=Frank |date=May 2018 |title=F-35 – Out of the Shadows |url=https://shop.keypublishing.com/issue/View/issue/CAM1905/combat-aircraft-journal-may-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310074919/https://shop.keypublishing.com/issue/View/issue/CAM1905/combat-aircraft-journal-may-2018 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=8 February 2020 |publisher=Key Publishing |volume=19 |number=5 |magazine=Combat Aircraft Monthly}}</ref> All variants have a top speed of {{Convert|1.6|Mach|mph kph}}, attainable with full internal payload. The Pratt & Whitney F135 engine gives good subsonic acceleration and energy, with supersonic dash in afterburner. The F-35, while not a "supercruising" aircraft, can fly at {{Convert|1.2|Mach|mph kph}} for a dash of {{convert|150|mi|km}} with afterburners. This ability can be useful in battlefield situations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The F-35's Race Against Time |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1112fighter/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213232325/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1112fighter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The large stabilitors, leading edge extensions and flaps, and canted rudders provide excellent high alpha ([[angle-of-attack]]) characteristics, with a trimmed alpha of 50°. [[Relaxed stability]] and triplex-redundant [[fly-by-wire]] controls provide excellent handling qualities and [[departure resistance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/afa/beesley-interview.html |title=Flying The F-35: An Interview With Jon Beesley, F-35 Chief Test Pilot |website=Lockheed Martin |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218222032/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/afa/beesley-interview.html |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Seligman |first=Lara |date=1 March 2016 |title=Norwegian F-35 Pilot Counters Controversial Dogfighting Report |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2016/03/01/norwegian-f-35-pilot-counters-controversial-dogfighting-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171126150710/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2016/03/01/norwegian-f-35-pilot-counters-controversial-dogfighting-report/ |archive-date=26 November 2017 |work=Defense News}}</ref> Having over double the F-16's internal fuel, the F-35 has a considerably greater [[Radius of action|combat radius]], while stealth also enables a more efficient mission flight profile.<ref name="LM_F-35_Status_Fast_Facts"/>

===Sensors and avionics ===
[[File:F-35 EOTS 12-5054.jpg|thumb|The AN/AAQ-40 Electro-Optical Target System (EOTS) under the nose of an F-35A]]

The F-35's mission systems are among the most complex aspects of the aircraft. The avionics and [[sensor fusion]] are designed to improve the pilot's [[situational awareness]] and [[command and control|command-and-control]] capabilities and facilitate [[network-centric warfare]].<ref name="LHMC" /><ref>{{cite interview |first=Eric |subject=George |title=F-35 avionics: an interview with the Joint Strike Fighter's director of mission systems and software |url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-21/issue-5/news/news/f-35-avionics__an.html |date=1 May 2010 |work=Military & Aerospace Electronics |publisher=PennWell Corporation |volume=21 |issue=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101013605/http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-21/issue-5/news/news/f-35-avionics__an.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 }}</ref> Key sensors include the [[Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems|Northrop Grumman]] [[APG-81|AN/APG-81]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, [[BAE Systems Electronic Systems|BAE Systems]] AN/ASQ-239 Barracuda [[electronic warfare]] system, Northrop Grumman/[[Raytheon]] [[AN/AAQ-37 Electro-optical Distributed Aperture System]] (DAS), Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-40 Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) and Northrop Grumman AN/ASQ-242 Communications, Navigation, and Identification (CNI) suite. The F-35 was designed for its sensors to work together to provide a cohesive image of the local [[battlespace]]; for example, the APG-81 radar also acts as a part of the electronic warfare system.<ref name="aviationtoday.com">{{cite web |last=Sherman |first=Ron |date=1 July 2006 |title=F-35 Electronic Warfare Suite: More Than Self-Protection |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2006/04/01/f-35-electronic-warfare-suite-more-than-self-protection/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2006/04/01/f-35-electronic-warfare-suite-more-than-self-protection/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=4 August 2010 |website=Aviation Today}}</ref>

Much of the F-35's software was developed in [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]] [[programming language]]s, while [[Ada (programming language)|Ada83]] code from the F-22 was also used; the Block 3F software has 8.6&nbsp;million [[Source lines of code|lines of code]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Robb |first=John H. |date=11 February 2001 |title=Hey C and C++ Can Be Used In Safety Critical Applications Too! |url=https://journal.thecsiac.com/issue/53/158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216212524/https://journal.thecsiac.com/issue/53/158 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |work=Journal of Cyber Security and Information Systems}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Warwick |first=Graham |date=7 June 2010 |title=Flight Tests Of Next F-35 Mission-System Block Underway |url=https://aviationweek.com/flight-tests-next-f-35-mission-system-block-underway |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084833/https://aviationweek.com/flight-tests-next-f-35-mission-system-block-underway |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=Aviation Week}}</ref> The [[Green Hills Software]] [[INTEGRITY-178B|Integrity DO-178B]] [[real-time operating system]] (RTOS) runs on integrated core processors (ICPs); data networking includes the [[FireWire 800|IEEE 1394b]] and [[Fibre Channel]] buses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raytheon Selects RACE++ Multicomputers for F-35 Joint Strike Fighter |url=http://embeddedstar.com/press/content/2004/2/embedded12722.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027215847/http://embeddedstar.com/press/content/2004/2/embedded12722.html |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=EmbeddedStar.com}}</ref><ref name="M&AE V21 I2 McHale">{{cite web |last=McHale |first=John |url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-21/issue-2/news/news/f-35-joint-strike-fighter-leverages-cots-for-avionics-systems.html |title=F-35 Joint Strike Fighter leverages COTS for avionics systems |date=1 February 2010 |work=Military & Aerospace Electronics |publisher=PennWell Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054632/http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-21/issue-2/news/news/f-35-joint-strike-fighter-leverages-cots-for-avionics-systems.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> The avionics use [[commercial off-the-shelf]] (COTS) components when practical to make upgrades cheaper and more flexible; for example, to enable fleet software upgrades for the [[software-defined radio]] (SDR) systems.<ref name="avweek_20070205">{{cite news |title=The Electric Jet |first=E. H. |last=Philips |date=5 February 2007 |work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]}}</ref><ref name="avionics_20070601">{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Ian |date=1 June 2007 |title=Reducing Risk on the Joint Strike Fighter |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2007/06/01/reducing-risk-on-joint-strike-fighter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2007/06/01/reducing-risk-on-joint-strike-fighter/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=8 July 2007 |work=Aviation Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Keller |first=John |date=16 June 2013 |title=Tens of thousands of Xilinx FPGAs to be supplied by Lockheed Martin for F-35 Joint Strike Fighter avionics |url=http://www.avionics-intelligence.com/articles/2013/06/ai-f35-fpgas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112141325/http://www.avionics-intelligence.com/articles/2013/06/ai-f35-fpgas.html |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=16 June 2013 |website=Intelligent Aerospace}}</ref> The mission systems software, particularly for sensor fusion, was one of the program's most difficult parts and responsible for substantial program delays.{{refn|In 2014, Michael Gilmore, Director of Operational Test & Evaluation, stated that "software development, integration in the contractor labs, and delivery of mature capability to flight test continued to be behind schedule."<ref>FY2013 DOD PROGRAMS F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)</ref>|group=N}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Reed |first=John |date=23 November 2010 |title=Schwartz Concerned About F-35A Delays |url=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2010/11/23/schwartz-concerned-about-f-35a-delays/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126155649/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2010/11/23/schwartz-concerned-about-f-35a-delays/ |archive-date=26 November 2010 |website=DoD Buzz}}</ref><ref name="sw_delay">{{cite web |last1=Lyle |first1=Amaani |date=6 March 2014 |title=Program executive officer describes F-35 progress |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/473499/program-executive-officer-describes-f-35-progress/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/473499/program-executive-officer-describes-f-35-progress/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>

[[File:AN-APG-81 Antenna, 2005 - National Electronics Museum - DSC00393.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[APG-81|AN/APG-81]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar antenna]]
The APG-81 radar uses electronic scanning for rapid beam agility and incorporates passive and active air-to-air modes, strike modes, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) capability, with multiple target [[track-while-scan]] at ranges in excess of {{cvt|80|nmi|km}}. The antenna is tilted backwards for stealth.<ref>{{cite web |title=APG-81 (F-35 Lightning II) |url=http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/f35aesaradar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123033148/http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/f35aesaradar/ |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=4 August 2007 |website=Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems}}</ref> Complementing the radar is the AAQ-37 DAS, which consists of six [[Thermographic camera|infrared sensors]] that provide all-aspect [[Missile approach warning|missile launch warning]] and target tracking; the DAS acts as a situational awareness [[infrared search and track]] (SAIRST) and gives the pilot spherical infrared and night-vision imagery on the helmet visor.<ref name="Distributed Aperture System">{{cite web |title=F-35 Distributed Aperture System (EO DAS) |url=http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/f35targeting/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402082538/http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/f35targeting/ |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=6 April 2010 |website=Northrop Grumman}}</ref> The ASQ-239 Barracuda electronic warfare system has ten [[radio frequency]] antennas embedded into the edges of the wing and tail for all-aspect [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR). It also provides sensor fusion of radio frequency and infrared tracking functions, geolocation threat targeting, and [[multispectral image]] countermeasures for self-defense against missiles. The electronic warfare system can detect and jam hostile radars.<ref name="mission_sys_design">{{cite journal |first1=Greg |last1=Lemons |first2=Karen |last2=Carrington |first3=Dr. Thomas |last3=Frey |first4=John |last4=Ledyard |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/eo/documents/webt/F-35_Mission_Systems_Design_Development_and_Verification.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526141016/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/eo/documents/webt/F-35_Mission_Systems_Design_Development_and_Verification.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-26 |url-status=live |journal=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |title=F-35 Mission Systems Design, Development, and Verification |doi=10.2514/6.2018-3519 |date=24 June 2018 |isbn=978-1-62410-556-2 |s2cid=115841087 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> The AAQ-40 EOTS is mounted behind a faceted low-observable window under the nose and performs laser targeting, forward-looking infrared (FLIR), and long range IRST functions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control: Joint Strike Fighter Electro-Optical Targeting System |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/JointStrikeFighterElectroOpticalTar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106235314/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/JointStrikeFighterElectroOpticalTar/ |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=11 April 2008 |website=Lockheed Martin}}</ref> The ASQ-242 CNI suite uses a half dozen physical links, including the directional [[Multifunction Advanced Data Link]] (MADL), for covert CNI functions.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASQ242 Datasheet |url=http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/F35Lightning/Documents/asq242_datasheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223224844/http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/F35Lightning/Documents/asq242_datasheet.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2014 |website=Northrop Grumman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-14/issue-5/features/special-report/f-35-jet-fighters-to-take-integrated-avionics-to-a-whole-new-level.html |title=F-35 jet fighters to take integrated avionics to a whole new level |date=1 May 2003 |work=Military & Aerospace Electronics |publisher=PennWell Corporation |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202064222/https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-14/issue-5/features/special-report/f-35-jet-fighters-to-take-integrated-avionics-to-a-whole-new-level.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Through sensor fusion, information from radio frequency receivers and infrared sensors are combined to form a single tactical picture for the pilot. The all-aspect target direction and identification can be shared via MADL to other platforms [[Low-probability-of-intercept radar|without compromising low observability]], while [[Link 16]] enables communication with older systems.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2012 |title=Israel, US Negotiate $450 Million F-35I Avionic Enhancements |url=http://defense-update.com/20120727_israel-us-negotiate-450-million-f-35i-avionic-enhancements.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730093546/http://defense-update.com/20120727_israel-us-negotiate-450-million-f-35i-avionic-enhancements.html |archive-date=30 July 2012 |website=Defense Update}}</ref>

The F-35 was designed to accept upgrades to its processors, sensors, and software over its lifespan. Technology Refresh 3, which includes a new core processor and a new cockpit display, is planned for Lot 15 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last=Donald |first=David |date=17 June 2019 |title=F-35 Looks to the Future |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-06-17/f-35-looks-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001131126/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-06-17/f-35-looks-future |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=Aviation International News}}</ref> Lockheed Martin has offered the Advanced EOTS for the Block 4 configuration; the improved sensor fits into the same area as the baseline EOTS with minimal changes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Drew |first=James |date=10 September 2015 |title=Lockheed reveals Advanced EOTS targeting sensor for F-35 Block 4 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-reveals-advanced-eots-targeting-sensor-for-416631/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225173917/https://www.flightglobal.com/lockheed-reveals-advanced-eots-targeting-sensor-for-f-35-block-4/118155.article |archive-date=25 February 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> In June 2018, Lockheed Martin picked Raytheon for improved DAS.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abbott |first=Rich |date=18 June 2018 |title=Raytheon Picked to Produce F-35 Sensor |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/06/18/raytheon-picked-produce-f-35-sensor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320202056/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/06/18/raytheon-picked-produce-f-35-sensor/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |work=Aviation Today}}</ref> The USAF has studied the potential for the F-35 to orchestrate attacks by [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]s (UCAVs) via its sensors and communications equipment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |date=15 December 2014 |title=Pawlikowski On Air Force Offset Strategy: F-35s Flying Drone Fleets |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2014/12/pawlikowski-on-air-force-offset-strategy-f-35s-flying-drone-fleets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030602/https://breakingdefense.com/2014/12/pawlikowski-on-air-force-offset-strategy-f-35s-flying-drone-fleets/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=Breaking Defense}}</ref>

A new radar called the [[AN/APG-85]] is planned for Block 4 F-35s.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web |last1=Helfrich |first1=Emma |date=3 January 2023 |title=F-35 Will Get New Radar Under Massive Upgrade Initiative |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/f-35-will-get-new-radar-under-massive-upgrade-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119132927/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/f-35-will-get-new-radar-under-massive-upgrade-initiative |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=The Drive}}</ref> According to the JPO, the new radar will be compatible with all three major F-35 variants. However, it is unclear if older aircraft will be retrofitted with the new radar.<ref name="auto5"/>

===Stealth and signatures ===
[[File:33rd FTS, F-35 training 131212-F-TJ158-008.jpg|thumb|The sawtooth design on the landing gear door and access panels]]

Stealth is a key aspect of the F-35's design, and [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) is minimized through careful shaping of the airframe and the use of [[radar-absorbent material]]s (RAM); visible measures to reduce RCS include alignment of edges and continuous curvature of surfaces, serration of skin panels, and the masking of the engine face and turbine. Additionally, the F-35's diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) uses a compression bump and forward-swept cowl rather than a [[splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter gap]] or bleed system to divert the [[boundary layer]] away from the inlet duct, eliminating the diverter cavity and further reducing radar signature.<ref name="dsi"/><ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2012 |title=Fast History: Lockheed's Diverterless Supersonic Inlet Testbed F-16 |url=http://aviationintel.com/2012/10/22/fast-history-lockheeds-diverterless-supersonic-inlet-testbed-f-16/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907000042/http://aviationintel.com/2012/10/22/fast-history-lockheeds-diverterless-supersonic-inlet-testbed-f-16/ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |website=Aviation Intel}}</ref> The RCS of the F-35 has been characterized as lower than a metal golf ball at certain frequencies and angles; in some conditions, the F-35 compares favorably to the F-22 in stealth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John A. |date=26 November 2014 |title=The F-35 on Final Approach |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/The-F-35-on-Final-Approach/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625223245/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/The-F-35-on-Final-Approach/ |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |date=11 March 2015 |title=Threat Data Biggest Worry For F-35A's IOC; But It 'Will Be On Time' |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2015/03/threat-data-biggest-worry-for-f-35as-ioc-but-it-will-be-on-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://breakingdefense.com/2015/03/threat-data-biggest-worry-for-f-35as-ioc-but-it-will-be-on-time/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=31 March 2015 |work=Breaking Defense}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |date=6 June 2014 |title=Gen. Mike Hostage On The F-35; No Growlers Needed When War Starts |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2014/06/gen-mike-hostage-on-the-f-35-no-growlers-needed-when-war-starts/3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611220940/https://breakingdefense.com/2014/06/gen-mike-hostage-on-the-f-35-no-growlers-needed-when-war-starts/ |archive-date=11 June 2023 |work=Breaking Defense}}</ref> For maintainability, the F-35's stealth design took lessons from earlier stealth aircraft such as the F-22; the F-35's radar-absorbent fibermat skin is more durable and requires less maintenance than older topcoats.<ref name="Countermeasures"/> The aircraft also has reduced [[infrared signature|infrared]] and [[aircraft camouflage|visual signatures]] as well as strict controls of radio frequency emitters to prevent their detection.<ref name="LockMart_Norway">{{cite web |title=USAF FY00 activity on the JSF |url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2000/airforce/00jsf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723171357/http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2000/airforce/00jsf.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |website=Director, Operational Test & Evaluation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2008 |title=Request for Binding Information Response to the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/FD/Temadokumenter/JSF_RBI-svar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012064324/http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/FD/Temadokumenter/JSF_RBI-svar.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2012 |website=Lockheed Martin |via=[[Government.no]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Capaccio |first=Tony |date=4 May 2011 |title=Lockheed Martin's F-35 Fighter Jet Passes Initial Stealth Hurdle |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-04/lockheed-martin-s-f-35-fighter-jet-passes-initial-stealth-hurdle.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225084933/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-05-04/lockheed-martin-s-f-35-fighter-jet-passes-initial-stealth-hurdle |archive-date=25 February 2015 |work=Bloomberg |publisher=}}</ref> The F-35's stealth design is primarily focused on high-frequency [[X-band radar|X-band]] wavelengths;<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2015 |title=F-35 – Beyond Stealth |url=http://defense-update.com/20150614_f35_beyond_stealth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://defense-update.com/20150614_f35_beyond_stealth.html |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=5 April 2019 |website=Defense-Update}}</ref> [[low-frequency radar]]s can spot stealthy aircraft due to [[Rayleigh scattering]], but such radars are also conspicuous, susceptible to clutter, and lack precision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a359931.pdf |title=Environmental/Noise Effects on UHF/VHF UWB SAR |first1=James |last1=Ralston |first2=James |last2=Heagy |first3=Roger |last3=Sullivan |date=September 1998 |website=Defense Technical Information Center |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102110548/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a359931.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Plopsky |first1=Guy |last2=Bozzato |first2=Fabrizio |date=21 August 2014 |title=The F-35 vs. The VHF Threat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/the-f-35-vs-the-vhf-threat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606085147/https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/the-f-35-vs-the-vhf-threat/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brewer |first1=Jeffrey |first2=Shawn |last2=Meadows |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA529057 |title=Survivability of the Next Strike Fighter |page=23 |work=Aircraft Survivability: Susceptibility Reduction |publisher=Joint Aircraft Survivability Program Office |date=Summer 2006 |via=Defense Technical Information Center |access-date=22 November 2010 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201031745/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA529057 }}</ref> To disguise its RCS, the aircraft can mount four [[Luneburg lens]] reflectors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lockie |first=Alex |date=5 May 2017 |title=This strange mod to the F-35 kills its stealth near Russian defenses – and there's good reason for that |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-luneberg-radar-cross-section-russia-estonia-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225174113/https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-luneberg-radar-cross-section-russia-estonia-2017-5?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=25 December 2023 |work=Business Insider}}</ref>

Noise from the F-35 caused concerns in residential areas near potential bases for the aircraft, and residents near two such bases—[[Luke Air Force Base]], Arizona, and [[Eglin Air Force Base]] (AFB), Florida—requested environmental impact studies in 2008 and 2009 respectively.<ref name="Alaimo">{{cite news |last=Alaimo |first=Carol Ann |date=30 November 2008 |title=Noisy F-35 Still Without A Home |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/article_b8e6b612-1751-5554-8819-166f110f0f24.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407212924/https://tucson.com/news/local/article_b8e6b612-1751-5554-8819-166f110f0f24.html |archive-date=7 April 2023 |newspaper=[[Arizona Daily Star]]}}</ref> Although the noise levels, in decibels, were comparable to those of prior fighters such as the F-16, the F-35's [[sound power]] is stronger—particularly at lower frequencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a526482.pdf |title=Report on Jet Engine Noise Reduction |work=Naval Research Advisory Committee |date=April 2009 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731051139/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a526482.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent surveys and studies have indicated that the noise of the F-35 was not perceptibly different from the F-16 and F/A-18E/F, though the greater low-frequency noise was noticeable for some observers.<ref>{{cite news |title=F-35 Acoustics Based on Edwards AFB Acoustics, Test |date=April 2009 |work=JSF Program Office & Lockheed Martin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/f-35-f-16-noise-difference-small-netherlands-study-shows |title=F-35, F-16 noise difference small, Netherlands study shows |work=Aviation Week |date=31 May 2016 |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731102855/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/f-35-f-16-noise-difference-small-netherlands-study-shows |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ledbetter |first=Stewart |date=31 May 2019 |title=Wonder no more: F-35 jet noise levels finally confirmed at BTV |url=https://www.mynbc5.com/article/wonder-no-more-f-35-jet-noise-levels-finally-confimed-at-btv/27684205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529200203/https://www.mynbc5.com/article/wonder-no-more-f-35-jet-noise-levels-finally-confimed-at-btv/27684205 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref>

===Cockpit ===
[[File:F-35 training system, logistic system ready for operations 150630-M-EG514-000.jpg|thumb|F-35 cockpit simulator]]

The [[glass cockpit]] was designed to give the pilot good situational awareness. The main display is a 20-by-8-inch (50 by 20&nbsp;cm) panoramic [[touchscreen]], which shows flight instruments, stores management, CNI information, and integrated caution and warnings; the pilot can customize the arrangement of the information. Below the main display is a smaller stand-by display.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hensley |first=Senior Airman James |date=19 May 2015 |title=F-35 pilot training begins at Luke |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/589143/f-35-pilot-training-begins-at-luke/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180358/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/589143/f-35-pilot-training-begins-at-luke/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=U.S. Air Force}}</ref> The cockpit has a [[Direct Voice Input|speech-recognition system]] developed by [[Adacel]].<ref name="voice">{{cite web |last=Schutte |first=John |date=10 October 2007 |title=Researchers fine-tune F-35 pilot-aircraft speech system |url=https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/154961/researchers-fine-tune-f-35-pilot-aircraft-speech-system/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215732/https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/154961/researchers-fine-tune-f-35-pilot-aircraft-speech-system/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force Materiel Command |access-date=26 January 2024 }}</ref> The F-35 does not have a [[head-up display]]; instead, flight and combat information is displayed on the [[helmet-mounted display|visor of the pilot's helmet]] in a helmet-mounted display system (HMDS).<ref name="hdms">{{cite web |date=10 April 2007 |title=VSI's Helmet Mounted Display System flies on Joint Strike Fighter |url=http://www.rockwellcollins.com/news/page8813.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717090016/http://www3.rockwellcollins.com/news/page8813.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 |website=[[Rockwell Collins]]}}</ref> The one-piece tinted canopy is hinged at the front and has an internal frame for structural strength. The [[Martin-Baker]] US16E [[ejection seat]] is launched by a twin-catapult system housed on side rails.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.org.uk/JSF-UK-Industry-Team/Martin-Baker.aspx |title=Martin-Baker |website=The JSF UK Industry Team |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021165256/http://www.jsf.org.uk/JSF-UK-Industry-Team/Martin-Baker.aspx |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> There is a right-hand [[side-stick|side stick]] and throttle [[HOTAS|hands-on throttle-and-stick]] system. For life support, an [[onboard oxygen-generation system]] (OBOGS) is fitted and powered by the Integrated Power Package (IPP), with an auxiliary oxygen bottle and backup oxygen system for emergencies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lowell |first=Capt. Jonathan |date=25 August 2019 |title=Keeping cool over Salt Lake |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/1941943/keeping-cool-over-salt-lake/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813032559/https://www.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/1941943/keeping-cool-over-salt-lake/ |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>

[[File:U.S. Air Force Capt. Brad Matherne, a pilot with the 422nd Test and Evaluation Squadron, taxis an F-35A Lightning II aircraft before its first operational training mission April 4, 2013, at Nellis Air Force 130404-F-KX404-037.jpg|left|thumb|The F-35's helmet-mounted display system]]
The Vision Systems International{{refn|Rockwell Collins and Elbit Systems formed the joint venture Vision Systems International (VSI), later renamed Collins Elbit Vision Systems (CEVS).|group=N}} helmet display is a key piece of the F-35's human-machine interface. Instead of the head-up display mounted atop the dashboard of earlier fighters, the HMDS puts flight and combat information on the helmet visor, allowing the pilot to see it no matter which way they are facing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zazulia |first=Nick |date=24 August 2018 |title=F-35: Under the Helmet of the World's Most Advanced Fighter |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/08/24/f-35-helmet-worlds-advanced-fighter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227020601/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/08/24/f-35-helmet-worlds-advanced-fighter/ |archive-date=27 December 2023 |work=Avionics International}}</ref> Infrared and night vision imagery from the Distributed Aperture System can be displayed directly on the HMDS and enables the pilot to "see through" the aircraft. The HMDS allows an F-35 pilot to fire missiles at targets even when the nose of the aircraft is pointing elsewhere by cuing missile seekers at high angles off-boresight.<ref name="F-35_prog_brief_Sept2006" /><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=4 May 2009 |title=F-35 Distributed Aperture System EO DAS |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/F35JSFVideos |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117144354/http://www.youtube.com/user/F35JSFVideos#play/uploads/7/CwvnhFgzIKI |archive-date=17 November 2009 |access-date=23 November 2009 |website=YouTube |publisher=F35JSFVideos |type=Video }}</ref> Each helmet costs $400,000.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davenport |first1=Christian |date=1 April 2015 |title=Meet the most fascinating part of the F-35: The $400,000 helmet |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/04/01/meet-the-most-fascinating-part-of-the-f-35-the-400000-helmet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401192132/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/04/01/meet-the-most-fascinating-part-of-the-f-35-the-400000-helmet/ |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The HMDS weighs more than traditional helmets, and there is concern that it can endanger lightweight pilots during ejection.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |date=14 October 2015 |title=F-35's Heavier Helmet Complicates Ejection Risks |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking-news/2015/10/14/f-35s-heavier-helmet-complicates-ejection-risks/73922710/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171117122108/https://www.defensenews.com/breaking-news/2015/10/14/usaf-acknowledges-expanded-risk-of-neck-damage-to-f-35-pilots/ |archive-date=17 November 2017 |website=Defense News}}</ref>

Due to the HMDS's vibration, jitter, night-vision and sensor display problems during development, Lockheed Martin and Elbit issued a draft specification in 2011 for an alternative HMDS based on the AN/AVS-9 [[night vision]] goggles as backup, with BAE Systems chosen later that year.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Lockheed Martin Awards F-35 Contract |url=http://www.dailymarkets.com/stock/2011/11/17/lockheed-martin-awards-f-35-contract/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430225851/http://www.dailymarkets.com/stock/2011/11/17/lockheed-martin-awards-f-35-contract/ |archive-date=30 April 2012 |website=Zack's Investment Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lockheed Weighs Alternate F-35 Helmet Display |first=Graham |last=Warwick |date=21 April 2011 |work=Aviation Week}}</ref> A cockpit redesign would be needed to adopt an alternative HMDS.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Bill |date=15 February 2012 |title=BAE Drives Dual Approach To Fixing F-35 Helmet Display Issues |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2012-02-15/bae-drives-dual-approach-fixing-f-35-helmet-display-issues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127233449/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2012-02-15/bae-drives-dual-approach-fixing-f-35-helmet-display-issues |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2012 |website=Aviation International News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Lockheed Martin Selects BAE Systems to Supply F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Helmet Display Solution |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/lockheed-martin-selects-bae-systems-to-supply-f-35-joint-strike-fighter--jsf--helmet-display-solution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030609/https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/lockheed-martin-selects-bae-systems-to-supply-f-35-joint-strike-fighter--jsf--helmet-display-solution |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=BAE Systems}}</ref> Following progress on the baseline helmet, development on the alternative HMDS was halted in October 2013.<ref name="C4WDefault-3692597">{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=10 October 2013 |title=F-35 JPO drops development of BAE alternative helmet |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/f-35-jpo-drops-development-of-bae-alternative-helmet-391623/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429220250/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/f-35-jpo-drops-development-of-bae-alternative-helmet-391623/ |archive-date=29 April 2014 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Dan |date=30 October 2012 |title=Lockheed Cites Good Reports on Night Flights of F-35 Helmet |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lockheed-fighter-helmet-idUSL5E8LUJ4320121030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171611/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/30/lockheed-fighter-helmet-idUSL5E8LUJ4320121030 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=1 July 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref> In 2016, the Gen 3 helmet with improved night vision camera, new liquid crystal displays, automated alignment and software enhancements was introduced with LRIP lot 7.<ref name="C4WDefault-3692597" />

===Armament ===
[[File:190116-F-BQ566-003.jpg|thumb|left|F-35A with all weapon bay doors open]]

To preserve its stealth shaping, the F-35 has two internal [[bomb bay|weapons bays]] each with two weapons stations. The two [[Hardpoint|outboard weapon stations]] each can carry ordnance up to {{convert|2500|lb|kg|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|1500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} for the F-35B, while the two inboard stations carry air-to-air missiles. Air-to-surface weapons for the outboard station include the [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM), [[Paveway]] series of bombs, [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon|Joint Standoff Weapon]] (JSOW), and [[cluster munition]]s ([[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]]). The station can also carry multiple smaller munitions such as the [[GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb]]s (SDB), [[GBU-53/B StormBreaker]] and [[SPEAR 3]]; up to four SDBs can be carried per station for the F-35A and F-35C, and three for the F-35B.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eshel |first=Noam |date=25 August 2010 |title=Small Diameter Bomb II – GBU-53/B |url=https://defense-update.com/20100825_sdb_2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924111829/https://defense-update.com/20100825_sdb_2.html |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=28 August 2010 |website=Defense Update}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=F-35B STOVL Variant |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35-variants/f-35b-stovl-variant.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223163759/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35-variants/f-35b-stovl-variant.html |archive-date=23 February 2009 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Lockheed Martin}}</ref><ref name="mbda spear">{{cite web |date=9 June 2019 |title=Spear Capability 3 |url=https://www.mbda-systems.com/innovation/preparing-future-products-3/spear-capability-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511040608/https://www.mbda-systems.com/innovation/preparing-future-products-3/spear-capability-3/ |archive-date=11 May 2023 |website=[[MBDA]] Systems |quote=This new, F-35 Lightning II internal bay compatible, air-to-surface missile}}</ref> The F-35A achieved certification to carry the [[B61 nuclear bomb#B61 Mod 12|B61 Mod 12 nuclear bomb]] in October 2023.<ref name="B61_certified">{{cite web |last=Marrow |first=Michael |date=8 March 2024 |title=F-35A officially certified to carry nuclear bomb |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/exclusive-f-35a-officially-certified-to-carry-nuclear-bomb/ |work=Breaking Defense |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310082949/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/exclusive-f-35a-officially-certified-to-carry-nuclear-bomb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The inboard station can carry the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and eventually the [[AIM-260 JATM]]. Two compartments behind the weapons bays contain [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares]], [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]], and towed decoys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keller |first=John |date=17 August 2018 |title=Navy asks BAE Systems to build T-1687/ALE-70(V) electronic warfare (EW) towed decoys for F-35 |url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/unmanned/article/16726515/navy-asks-bae-systems-to-build-t1687ale70v-electronic-warfare-ew-towed-decoys-for-f35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122210607/https://www.militaryaerospace.com/uncrewed/article/16726515/navy-asks-bae-systems-to-build-t-1687-ale-70v-electronic-warfare-ew-towed-decoys-for-f-35 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |work=Military Aerospace Electronics}}</ref>

[[File:F-35A first GAU-22-A use.webm|thumb|right|An F-35A from the 4th Fighter Squadron, 388th Fighter Wing, Hill AFB, Utah, flies a strafing run at the Utah Test & Training Range in August 2018. This was the first operation use of the [[GAU-22/A]] of the F-35A aircraft.]]
The aircraft can use six external weapons stations for missions that do not require stealth.<ref>Keijsper 2007, pp. 220, 239.</ref> The wingtip pylons each can carry an [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|AIM-9X]] or [[ASRAAM|AIM-132 ASRAAM]] and are canted outwards to reduce their radar cross-section.<ref name="UK_for_ASRAAM">{{cite web |last=Hewson |first=Robert |date=4 March 2008 |title=UK changes JSF configuration for ASRAAM |url=http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?ID=1065928225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916123905/http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?ID=1065928225 |archive-date=16 September 2012 |website=Jane's}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MBDA Shows Off ASRAAM |first=Pierre |last=Tran |date=22 February 2008 |work=Defense News}}</ref> Additionally, each wing has a {{convert|5000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} inboard station and a {{convert|2500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} middle station, or {{convert|1500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} for F-35B. The external wing stations can carry large air-to-surface weapons that would not fit inside the weapons bays such as the [[AGM-158 JASSM|AGM-158 Joint Air to Surface Standoff Missile]] (JASSM) or [[AGM-158C LRASM]] cruise missile. An air-to-air missile load of eight AIM-120s and two AIM-9s is possible using internal and external weapons stations; a configuration of six {{convert|2000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs, two AIM-120s and two AIM-9s can also be arranged.<ref name="F-35_prog_brief_Sept2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/AFA_Conf_-_JSF_Program_Brief_-_26_Sept_06.pdf |title=F-35 Program Brief |first=Brigadier General Charles R. |last=Davis |date=26 September 2006 |website=U.S. Air Force |via=Joint Strike Fighter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725033118/https://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/AFA_Conf_-_JSF_Program_Brief_-_26_Sept_06.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://es.is.itt.com/JSF%20Suite.htm |title=JSF Suite: BRU-67, BRU-68, LAU-147 – Carriage Systems: Pneumatic Actuated, Single Carriage |year=2009 |website=ITT.com}}{{dead link |date=November 2013}}</ref><ref name="JSFrange">{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007targets/Day1/Davisday1.pdf |title=JSF Range & Airspace Requirements |first=Davis |last=Digger |date=30 October 2007 |website=Headquarters Air Combat Command |via=Defense Technical Information Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219205327/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007targets/Day1/Davisday1.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref> The F-35 is armed with a [[25 mm caliber|25&nbsp;mm]] [[GAU-22/A]] rotary cannon, a lighter four-barrel variant of the [[GAU-12 Equalizer|GAU-12/U Equalizer]].<ref name="Multimission pod"/> On the F-35A this is mounted internally near the left wing root with 182 rounds carried;{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} the gun is more effective against ground targets than the [[20 mm caliber|20 mm]] gun carried by other USAF fighters.{{dubious|date=March 2024}}{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} In 2020, a USAF report noted "unacceptable" accuracy problems with the GAU-22/A on the F-35A. These were due to "misalignments" in the gun's mount, which was also susceptible to cracking.<ref name="gun cracking">{{cite news |last1=Capaccio |first1=Tony |title=The Gun On the Air Force's F-35 Has 'Unacceptable' Accuracy |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/federal-contracting/f-35s-gun-that-cant-shoot-straight-adds-to-its-roster-of-flaws |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=Bloomberg |date=30 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325203303/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/federal-contracting/f-35s-gun-that-cant-shoot-straight-adds-to-its-roster-of-flaws |url-status=live }}</ref> These problems were resolved by 2024.<ref name="GAU-22/A resolved"/> The F-35B and F-35C have no internal gun and instead can use a [[Terma A/S]] multi-mission pod (MMP) carrying the GAU-22/A and 220 rounds; the pod is mounted on the centerline of the aircraft and shaped to reduce its radar cross-section.<ref name="Multimission pod">{{cite web |url=http://www.gdatp.com/Products/Gun_Systems/Aircraft/F-35.asp |title=F-35 gun system |website=General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130602/http://www.gdatp.com/Products/Gun_Systems/Aircraft/F-35.asp |archive-date=6 June 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.gdatp.com/files/PDF/A118_GAU22.pdf |title=GAU-22/A |website=General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135842/http://www.gdatp.com/files/PDF/A118_GAU22.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011}} Retrieved 7 April 2011.</ref><ref>Keijsper 2007, p. 233.</ref>{{verify source|date=March 2024}} In lieu of the gun, the pod <!-- or the pod mount? --> can also be used for different equipment and purposes, such as [[electronic warfare]], [[aerial reconnaissance]], or rear-facing tactical radar.<ref name="Multi-Mission_Pod">{{cite web |last=Donald |first=David |date=11 July 2012 |title=Terma Highlights F-35 Multi-Mission Pod |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2012-07-11/terma-highlights-f-35-multi-mission-pod |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011013150/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2012-07-11/terma-highlights-f-35-multi-mission-pod |archive-date=11 October 2023 |website=Aviation International News}}</ref><ref name="f-16.net">{{cite web |last=Bolsøy |first=Bjørnar |date=17 September 2009 |title=F-35 Lightning II status and future prospects |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article3837.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228183621/https://www.f-16.net/f-35-news-article3837.html |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=23 November 2009 |website=F-16.net}}{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}}</ref> The pod was not susceptible to the accuracy issues that once plagued the gun on the F-35A variant,<ref name="gun cracking"/> though was apparently not problem-free.<ref name="GAU-22/A resolved">{{cite news |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |title=F-35A's Beleaguered 25mm Cannon Is Finally "Effective" |url=https://www.twz.com/air/f-35as-beleaguered-25mm-cannon-is-finally-effective |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=22 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325052430/https://www.twz.com/air/f-35as-beleaguered-25mm-cannon-is-finally-effective |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lockheed Martin is developing a weapon rack called Sidekick that would enable the internal outboard station to carry two AIM-120s, thus increasing the internal air-to-air payload to six missiles, currently offered for Block 4.<ref>{{cite web |last=Everstine |first=Brian W. |date=17 June 2019 |title=Lockheed Looking at Extending the F-35's Range, Weapons Suite |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/lockheed-looking-at-extending-the-f-35s-range-weapons-suite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528182539/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/lockheed-looking-at-extending-the-f-35s-range-weapons-suite/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=31 January 2020 |work=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref><ref name=dec2010>Lake 2010, pp. 37–45.</ref> Block 4 will also have a rearranged hydraulic line and bracket to allow the F-35B to carry four SDBs per internal outboard station; integration of the MBDA [[Meteor (missile)|Meteor]] is also planned.<ref name="clipped-fin">{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date=17 September 2010 |title=MBDA reveals clipped-fin Meteor for F-35 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/17/347416/picture-mbda-reveals-clipped-fin-meteor-for-f-35.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921000829/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/17/347416/picture-mbda-reveals-clipped-fin-meteor-for-f-35.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Drew |first=James |date=25 February 2015 |title=F-35B Internal Weapons Bay Can't Fit Required Load of Small Diameter Bomb IIs |url=http://insidedefense.com/share/167668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030604/https://insidedefense.com/share/167668 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=Inside Defense.com}}</ref> The USAF and USN are planning to integrate the [[AGM-88 HARM#AGM-88G AARGM-ER|AGM-88G AARGM-ER]] internally in the F-35A and F-35C.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/FM-Resources/Budget/Air-Force-Presidents-Budget-FY20/ |title=Air Force President's Budget FY20 |website=Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Financial Management and Comptroller |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831205136/https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/FM-Resources/Budget/Air-Force-Presidents-Budget-FY20/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Norway and Australia are funding an adaptation of the [[Naval Strike Missile]] (NSM) for the F-35; designated [[Joint Strike Missile]] (JSM), two missiles can be carried internally with an additional four externally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kongsberg.com/en/KOG/News/2009/June/0906JSMAndLockheedMartin.aspx |title=Important cooperative agreement with Lockheed Martin |date=9 June 2009 |website=Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414183147/http://www.kongsberg.com/en/kog/news/2009/june/0906jsmandlockheedmartin/ |archive-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Both [[Hypersonic weapon|hypersonic missiles]] and direct energy weapons such as [[solid-state laser]] are currently being considered as future upgrades; in 2024, Lockheed Martin disclosed its proposed [[Mako (missile)|Mako]] hypersonic missile, which can be carried internally in the F-35A and C and externally on the B.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2024/mako-a-hypersonic-missile-thats-more-than-ready.html |title=A Hypersonic Missile That's More Than Ready |publisher=Lockheed Martin |date=22 July 2024 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=24 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224163357/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2024/mako-a-hypersonic-missile-thats-more-than-ready.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|In 2002, [[solid-state laser]] weapons were reportedly being developed for the F-35.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationnow.com/content/publication/awst/20020708/aw32.htm |title=Lasers being developed for F-35 and AC-130 |first=David A. |last=Fulghum |date=8 July 2002 |website=Aviation Week and Space Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626050316/http://www.aviationnow.com/content/publication/awst/20020708/aw32.htm |archive-date=26 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_military.jsp?view=story&id=news%2Fmasd0926.xml |title=Keeping cool a big challenge for JSF laser, Lockheed Martin says |first=Jefferson |last=Morris |date=26 September 2002 |website=Aerospace Daily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604124353/http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_military.jsp?view=story&id=news%2Fmasd0926.xml |archive-date=4 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationnow.com/content/publication/awst/20020722/aw173.htm |title=Lasers, HPM weapons near operational status |first=David A. |last=Fulghum |date=22 July 2002 |website=Aviation Week and Space Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040613094437/http://www.aviationnow.com/content/publication/awst/20020722/aw173.htm |archive-date=13 June 2004}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_05_20_2013_p24-579062.xml |title=High-Speed Strike Weapon To Build On X-51 Flight |last1=Norris |first1=Guy |date=20 May 2013 |website=Aviation Week |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520230214/https://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_05_20_2013_p24-579062.xml |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref> Additionally, Lockheed Martin is studying integrating a [[fiber laser]] that uses spectral beam combining multiple individual laser modules into a single high-power beam, which can be scaled to various levels.<ref>{{cite web |last=Drew |first=James |date=5 October 2015 |title=Lockheed considering laser weapon concepts for F-35 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-considering-laser-weapon-concepts-for-f-35-417416/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095931/https://www.flightglobal.com/lockheed-considering-laser-weapon-concepts-for-f-35/118420.article |archive-date=31 October 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref>

[[File:F-35A with 2 B61-12 bombs.jpg|thumb|right|F-35A weapon bays with two B61 nuclear bombs and 2 AIM-120 AMRAAM]]
The USAF plans for the F-35A to take up the [[close air support]] (CAS) mission in contested environments; amid criticism that it is not as well suited as a dedicated attack platform, USAF chief of staff [[Mark Welsh]] placed a focus on weapons for CAS sorties, including [[Hydra 70#Precision guided Hydra 70|guided rockets]], fragmentation rockets that shatter into individual projectiles before impact, and more compact ammunition for higher capacity gun pods.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parsons |first=Dan |date=15 February 2015 |title=USAF chief keeps sights on close air support mission |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-chief-keeps-sights-on-close-air-support-mission-409070/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220152500/https://www.flightglobal.com/usaf-chief-keeps-sights-on-close-air-support-mission/115925.article |archive-date=20 February 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> Fragmentary rocket warheads create greater effects than cannon shells as each rocket creates a "thousand-round burst", delivering more projectiles than a [[strafing]] run.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Long Road Ahead For Possible A-10 Follow-On |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/long-road-ahead-possible-10-follow |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030605/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/long-road-ahead-possible-10-follow |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=Aviation Week}}</ref>

===Engine ===
The aircraft is powered by a single [[Pratt & Whitney F135]] low-bypass augmented turbofan with rated thrust of {{convert|28,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} at military power and {{cvt|43000|lbf|kN|0}} with afterburner. Derived from the [[Pratt & Whitney F119]] used by the F-22, the F135 has a larger fan and higher bypass ratio to increase subsonic thrust and [[fuel efficiency]], and unlike the F119, is not optimized for [[supercruise]].<ref name="JSF-FAQ">{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about JSF |url=http://www.jsf.mil/contact/con_faqs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801043341/http://www.jsf.mil/contact/con_faqs.htm |archive-date=1 August 2010 |access-date=6 April 2010 |work=Joint Strike Fighter}}</ref> The engine contributes to the F-35's stealth by having a low-observable augmenter, or [[afterburner]], that incorporates fuel injectors into thick curved vanes; these vanes are covered by ceramic radar-absorbent materials and mask the turbine. The stealthy augmenter had problems with pressure pulsations, or "screech", at low altitude and high speed early in its development.<ref>{{cite web |last=Warwick |first=Graham |date=17 March 2011 |title=Screech, the F135 and the JSF Engine War |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPosto&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3a261f21c4-19ea-40e0-a756-ed0491972939&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100321164415/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog |archive-date=21 March 2010 |website=Aviation Week |access-date=20 December 2017 }}</ref> The low-observable axisymmetric nozzle consists of 15 partially overlapping flaps that create a sawtooth pattern at the trailing edge, which reduces radar signature and creates shed vortices that reduce the infrared signature of the exhaust plume.<ref>{{cite web |last=Katz |first=Dan |date=7 July 2017 |title=The Physics And Techniques Of Infrared Stealth |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/physics-and-techniques-infrared-stealth |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/physics-techniques-infrared-stealth |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=12 April 2019 |work=Aviation Week}}</ref> Due to the engine's large dimensions, the U.S. Navy had to modify its underway replenishment system to facilitate at-sea logistics support.<ref>{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=1 October 2012 |title=US Navy works through F-35C air-ship integration issues |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/us-navy-works-through-f-35c-air-ship-integration-issues/107272.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202061512/https://www.flightglobal.com/us-navy-works-through-f-35c-air-ship-integration-issues/107272.article |archive-date=2 February 2020 |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref> The F-35's Integrated Power Package (IPP) performs power and thermal management and integrates environment control, auxiliary power unit, engine starting, and other functions into a single system.<ref name="av_tech">{{cite journal |author1=Chris Wiegand |author2=Bruce A. Bullick |author3=Jeffrey A. Catt |author4=Jeffrey W. Hamstra |author5=Greg P. Walker |author6=Steve Wurth |date=13 August 2019 |title=F-35 Air Vehicle Technology Overview |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/5.9781624105678.0121.0160 |journal=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |series=Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics |volume=257 |pages=121–160 |doi=10.2514/5.9781624105678.0121.0160 |isbn=978-1-62410-566-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:F-35B Joint Strike Fighter (thrust vectoring nozzle and lift fan).PNG|thumb|left|Illustration of the [[STOVL]] swivel nozzle, lift fan, and roll-control posts]]
The F135-PW-600 variant for the F-35B incorporates the Shaft-Driven Lift Fan (SDLF) to allow [[STOVL]] operations. Designed by Lockheed Martin and developed by [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]], the SDLF, also known as the [[Rolls-Royce LiftSystem]], consists of the lift fan, drive shaft, two roll posts, and a "three-bearing swivel module" (3BSM). The [[nozzle]] features three [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] resembling a short [[cylinder]] with [[Parallel (geometry)|nonparallel]] bases. As the [[Gear|toothed]] edges are rotated by motors, the nozzle swivels from being [[Linearity|linear]] with the engine to being [[perpendicular]]. The [[thrust vectoring]] 3BSM nozzle allows the main engine exhaust to be deflected downward at the tail of the aircraft and is moved by a [[valve actuator|"fueldraulic" actuator]] that uses pressurized fuel as the [[working fluid]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Custom tool to save weeks in F-35B test and evaluation |url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/17156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122212956/https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/17156 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=U.S. Naval Air Systems Command}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Zolfagharifard |first=Ellie |date=28 March 2011 |title=Rolls-Royce's LiftSystem for the Joint Strike Fighter |url=http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/rolls-royces-liftsystem-for-the-joint-strike-fighter/1008008.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219050153/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/rolls-royces-liftsystem-for-the-joint-strike-fighter/1008008.article |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=18 April 2011 |magazine=[[The Engineer (UK magazine)|The Engineer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LiftSystem |url=http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence/products/combat_jets/rr_liftsystem.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703204717/https://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/defence/aerospace/combat-jets/rolls-royce-liftsystem.aspx |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=23 November 2009 |website=Rolls-Royce}}</ref> Unlike the Harrier's [[Rolls-Royce Pegasus|Pegasus]] engine that entirely uses direct engine thrust for lift, the F-35B's system augments the swivel nozzle's thrust with the lift fan; the fan is powered by the low-pressure turbine through a drive shaft when engaged with a clutch and placed near the front of the aircraft to provide a torque countering that of the 3BSM nozzle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swivel nozzle VJ101D and VJ101E |date=20 June 2009 |work=[[Vertical Flight Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.robertcmason.com/textdocs/GermanVSTOLFighters.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027005442/http://www.robertcmason.com/textdocs/GermanVSTOLFighters.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-27 |url-status=live |title=V/STOL Fighter Programs in Germany: 1956–1975 |first=Mike |last=Hirschberg |date=1 November 2000 |website=International Powered Lift Conference |via=robertcmason.com |page=50 |access-date=3 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harrier.org.uk/technical/How_Hovers.htm |title=How the Harrier hovers |website=Harrier.org |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707235558/http://www.harrier.org.uk/technical/How_Hovers.htm |archive-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine [[Bypass duct|bypass]] air through wing-mounted thrust nozzles called roll posts.<ref name="lift1">{{cite web |last=Kjelgaard |first=Chris |date=21 December 2007 |title=From Supersonic to Hover: How the F-35 Flies |url=http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/071221-how-f-35b-stovl-propulsion-system-works.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926222554/https://www.space.com/4778-supersonic-hover-35-flies.html |archive-date=26 September 2023 |website=Space.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/issues/issue20/hutchinson.pdf |title=Going Vertical: Developing a STOVL system |first=John |last=Hutchinson |website=Ingenia.org.uk |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720000027/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/issues/issue20/hutchinson.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

An alternative engine, the [[General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136|General Electric/Allison/Rolls-Royce F136]], was being developed in the 1990s and 2000s; originally, F-35 engines from Lot 6 onward were competitively tendered. Using technology from the [[General Electric YF120]], the F136 was claimed to have a greater temperature margin than the F135 due to the higher mass flow design making full use of the inlet.<ref name="thrust_target"/><ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2009 |title=GE Rolls-Royce Fighter Engine Team completes study for Netherlands |url=https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases-archive/yr-2009/fighter-engine-study-netherlands.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122213449/https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases-archive/yr-2009/fighter-engine-study-netherlands.aspx |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=23 November 2009 |website=Rolls-Royce plc}}</ref> The F136 was canceled in December 2011 due to lack of funding.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date=11 June 2009 |title=Rolls-Royce: F136 survival is key for major F-35 engine upgrade |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/06/11/327771/rolls-royce-f136-survival-is-key-for-major-f-35-engine.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614073945/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/06/11/327771/rolls-royce-f136-survival-is-key-for-major-f-35-engine.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8450963&c=AME&s=AIR |title=GE, Rolls Royce Stop Funding F-35 Alt Engine |first=Dave |last=Majumdar |date=2 December 2011 |website=Defense News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729014307/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8450963&c=AME&s=AIR |archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref>

The F-35 is expected to receive propulsion upgrades over its lifecycle to adapt to emerging threats and enable additional capabilities. In 2016, the Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP) was launched to develop and test adaptive cycle engines, with one major potential application being the re-engining of the F-35; in 2018, both GE and P&W were awarded contracts to develop {{cvt|45000|lbf|kN}} thrust class demonstrators, with the designations [[XA100]] and [[XA101]] respectively.<ref name="fg20180709">{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Steven |date=9 July 2018 |title=USAF starts work on defining adaptive engine for future fighter |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/usaf-starts-work-on-defining-adaptive-engine-for-future-fighter/128748.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111172419/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/usaf-starts-work-on-defining-adaptive-engine-for-future-fighter/128748.article |archive-date=11 January 2020 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref> In addition to potential re-engining, P&W is also developing improvements to the baseline F135; the Engine Core Upgrade (ECU) is an update to the power module, originally called Growth Option 1.0 and then Engine Enhancement Package, that improves engine thrust and fuel burn by 5% and bleed air cooling capacity by 50% to support Block 4.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2017 |title=Pratt & Whitney Validates Growth Option for F135 Engine |url=https://www.prattwhitney.com/newsroom/news/2017/05/31/pratt-whitney-validates-growth-option-for-f135-engine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122214019/https://www.prattwhitney.com/newsroom/news/2017/05/31/pratt-whitney-validates-growth-option-for-f135-engine |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=25 November 2017 |website=Pratt & Whitney}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kjelgaard |first=Chris |date=15 June 2017 |title=P&W Outlines Three-step F135 Development Pathway |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/pw-outlines-three-step-f135-development-pathway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120124138/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/pw-outlines-three-step-f135-development-pathway |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2020 |work=Aviation International News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Steve |date=21 July 2020 |title=F-35 Propulsion Upgrade Moves Forward Despite Uncertainty |url=https://aviationweek.com/ad-week/f-35-propulsion-upgrade-moves-forward-despite-uncertainty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084812/https://aviationweek.com/ad-week/f-35-propulsion-upgrade-moves-forward-despite-uncertainty |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Aviation Week}}</ref> The F135 ECU was selected over AETP engines in 2023 to provide additional power and cooling for the F-35. Although GE had expected that the more revolutionary XA100 could enter service with the F-35A and C by 2027 and could be adapted for the F-35B, the increased cost and risk caused the USAF to choose the F135 ECU instead.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tirpak |first=John A. |date=5 November 2021 |title=Next-Generation Power for Air Force Fighters |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/next-generation-power-for-air-force-fighters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015112238/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/next-generation-power-for-air-force-fighters/ |archive-date=15 October 2023 |work=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref><ref name="f35_pw_ecu_win"/>

=== Maintenance and logistics ===
The F-35 is designed to require less maintenance than prior stealth aircraft. Some 95% of all field-replaceable parts are "one deep"—that is, nothing else needs to be removed to reach the desired part; for instance, the ejection seat can be replaced without removing the canopy. The F-35 has a fibermat radar-absorbent material (RAM) baked into the skin, which is more durable, easier to work with, and faster to cure than older RAM coatings; similar coatings are being considered for application on older stealth aircraft such as the F-22.<ref name="Countermeasures">{{cite web |last=Butler |first=Amy |date=17 May 2010 |title=New, Classified Stealth Concept Could Affect JSF Maintenance Costs |url=https://aviationweek.com/new-classified-stealth-concept-could-affect-jsf-maintenance-costs |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075225/https://aviationweek.com/new-classified-stealth-concept-could-affect-jsf-maintenance-costs |archive-date=10 March 2021 |website=Aviation Week}}</ref><ref name="raptorroadmap2019">{{cite web |last=Zazulia |first=Nick |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/10/11/rejuvenating-raptor-roadmap-f-22-modernization/ |title=Rejuvenating the Raptor: Roadmap for F-22 Modernization |work=Avionics Today |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035441/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/10/11/rejuvenating-raptor-roadmap-f-22-modernization/ |archive-date=16 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=6 November 2012 |title=US Air Force praises early performance of Lockheed Martin F-35 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-praises-early-performance-of-lockheed-martin-f-35-378578/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220152443/https://www.flightglobal.com/us-air-force-praises-early-performance-of-lockheed-martin-f-35/107732.article |archive-date=20 February 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> Skin corrosion on the F-22 led to the F-35 using a less [[galvanic corrosion]]-inducing skin gap filler, fewer gaps in the airframe skin needing filler, and better drainage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11171r.pdf |title=Defense Management: DOD Needs to Monitor and Assess Corrective Actions Resulting from Its Corrosion Study of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter |first=Jack E. |last=Edwards |date=16 December 2010 |website=[[Government Accountability Office]] |access-date=17 December 2010 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805173946/https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11171r.pdf }}</ref> The flight control system uses [[electro-hydrostatic actuator]]s rather than traditional hydraulic systems; these controls can be powered by lithium-ion batteries in case of emergency.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date=12 July 2010 |title=Farnborough: Lockheed encouraged by pace of F-35 testing |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-lockheed-encouraged-by-pace-of-f-35-tes-343782/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212005937/https://www.flightglobal.com/farnborough-lockheed-encouraged-by-pace-of-f-35-testing/94276.article |archive-date=12 December 2019 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2013/07/23/li-ion-battery-in-production-for-f-35s/ |title=Li-Ion Battery in Production for F-35s |work=Avionics International |date=23 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125091218/https://www.aviationtoday.com/2013/07/23/li-ion-battery-in-production-for-f-35s/ |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Commonality between variants led to the USMC's first aircraft maintenance Field Training Detachment, which applied USAF lessons to their F-35 operations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Dan |date=27 July 2012 |title=F-35 maintenance training spawns USMC's first air FTD |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/110740/f-35-maintenance-training-spawns-usmcs-first-air-ftd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084833/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/110740/f-35-maintenance-training-spawns-usmcs-first-air-ftd/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>

{{anchor|ALIS}}{{anchor|ODIN}}The F-35 was initially supported by a computerized maintenance management system named Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS). In concept, any F-35 can be serviced at any maintenance facility and all parts can be globally tracked and shared as needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sldinfo.com/?p=18843 |title=F-35, Maintenance and the Challenge of Service Standardization |date=9 June 2011 |website=Second Line of Defense |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704140548/http://www.sldinfo.com/?p=18843 |archive-date=4 July 2011}}</ref> Due to numerous problems,<ref name="55pctCapable">{{cite web |last1=Marrow |first1=Michael |title=Only 55 percent of F-35s mission capable, putting depot work in spotlight: GAO |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/only-55-percent-of-f-35s-mission-capable-putting-depot-work-in-spotlight-gao/ |website=Breaking Defense |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217100514/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/only-55-percent-of-f-35s-mission-capable-putting-depot-work-in-spotlight-gao/ |archive-date=17 December 2023 |date=21 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> such as unreliable diagnoses, excessive connectivity requirements, and [[Vulnerability (computing)|security vulnerabilities]], ALIS is being replaced by the cloud-based Operational Data Integrated Network (ODIN).<ref>{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=20 November 2012 |title=USMC finds workaround for cyber vulnerability on F-35 logistics system |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usmc-finds-workaround-for-cyber-vulnerability-on-f-35-logistics-system-379272/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212010122/https://www.flightglobal.com/usmc-finds-workaround-for-cyber-vulnerability-on-f-35-logistics-system/107935.article |archive-date=12 December 2019 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tucker |first1=Patrick |date=8 January 2015 |title=The F-35 Has To Phone Texas Before Taking Off |url=http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/01/f-35-has-phone-texas-taking/102525/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/01/f-35-has-phone-texas-taking/102525/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |website=Defense One}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Host |first=Pat |date=22 January 2020 |title=Pentagon announces replacement for F-35's ALIS |url=https://www.janes.com/article/93861/pentagon-announces-replacement-for-f-35-s-alis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123213152/https://www.janes.com/article/93861/pentagon-announces-replacement-for-f-35-s-alis |archive-date=23 January 2020 |work=Jane's}}</ref> From September 2020, {{anchor|OBK}}ODIN base kits (OBKs)<ref name=paxTester/> were running ALIS software, as well as ODIN software, first at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Yuma, Arizona, then at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California, in support of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 125 on 16 July 2021, and then Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, in support of the 422nd Test and Evaluation Squadron (TES) on 6 August 2021. In 2022, over a dozen more OBK sites will replace the ALIS's Standard Operating Unit unclassified (SOU-U) servers.<ref name= colin /> OBK performance is double that of ALIS.<ref name="dvids">{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=F-35 Joint Program Office begins deployment of new logistics hardware to F-35 squadrons |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/402674/f-35-joint-program-office-begins-deployment-new-logistics-hardware-f-35-squadrons |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084730/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/402674/f-35-joint-program-office-begins-deployment-new-logistics-hardware-f-35-squadrons |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service}}</ref><ref name="colin">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |date=13 August 2021 |title=ALIS Is Dying; Long Live F-35's ODIN |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/08/alis-is-dying-long-live-f-35s-odin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015112012/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/alis-is-dying-long-live-f-35s-odin/ |archive-date=15 October 2023 |website=Breaking Defense}}</ref><ref name="paxTester">{{cite web |last1=Land |first1=Michael |title=F-35 testers recommend fielding logistics software update |url=https://www.dcmilitary.com/tester/tenant_profile/updated-f-35-logistics-information-system-software-improves-performance-for-warfighter/article_878dce96-f99a-5a5e-b503-2114cbee9fc6.html |website=DC Military |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084356/https://www.dcmilitary.com/tester/tenant_profile/updated-f-35-logistics-information-system-software-improves-performance-for-warfighter/article_878dce96-f99a-5a5e-b503-2114cbee9fc6.html |archive-date=10 October 2023 |language=en |date=29 July 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Operational history==
=== Testing ===
The first F-35A, AA-1, conducted its engine run in September 2006 and first flew on 15 December 2006.<ref name="jsf_engine_run">{{cite web |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2006-09-20-Mighty-F-35-Lightning-II-Engine-Roars-to-Life |title=Mighty F-35 Lightning II Engine Roars to Life |date=20 September 2006 |website=Lockheed Martin |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310074718/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2006-09-20-Mighty-F-35-Lightning-II-Engine-Roars-to-Life |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike all subsequent aircraft, AA-1 did not have the weight optimization from SWAT; consequently, it mainly tested subsystems common to subsequent aircraft, such as the propulsion, electrical system, and cockpit displays. This aircraft was retired from flight testing in December 2009 and was used for live-fire testing at [[NAS China Lake]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011}}</ref>

[[File:First F-35 headed for USAF service.jpg|thumb|The first delivered USAF F-35A on its delivery flight to Eglin AFB, July 2011]]
The first F-35B, BF-1, flew on 11 June 2008, while the first weight-optimized F-35A and F-35C, AF-1 and CF-1, flew on 14 November 2009 and 6 June 2010 respectively. The F-35B's first hover was on 17 March 2010, followed by its first vertical landing the next day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolf |first=Jim |date=18 March 2010 |title=F-35 fighter makes first vertical landing |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSTRE62H4WF20100318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084431/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSTRE62H4WF20100318 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The F-35 Integrated Test Force (ITF) consisted of 18 aircraft at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] and [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]]. Nine aircraft at Edwards, five F-35As, three F-35Bs, and one F-35C, performed flight sciences testing such as F-35A [[Flight envelope|envelope]] expansion, flight loads, stores separation, as well as mission systems testing. The other nine aircraft at Patuxent River, five F-35Bs and four F-35Cs, were responsible for F-35B and C envelope expansion and STOVL and CV suitability testing. Additional carrier suitability testing was conducted at [[Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division]] at [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]]. Two non-flying aircraft of each variant were used to test static loads and fatigue.<ref name="sdd_flt_test">{{cite journal |last1=Hudson |first1=Mary L. |last2=Glass |first2=Michael L. |last3=Tucker |first3=Lt Col Tucker |last4=Somers |first4=C. Eric |last5=Caldwell |first5=Robert C. |date=24 June 2018 |title=F-35 System Development and Demonstration Flight Testing at Edwards Air Force Base and Naval Air Station Patuxent River |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2018-3371 |journal=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |page=27 |doi=10.2514/6.2018-3371 |isbn=978-1-62410-556-2 |s2cid=116177609 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731071705/https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2018-3371 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> For testing avionics and mission systems, a modified [[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-300]] with a duplication of the cockpit, the [[Lockheed Martin CATBird]] has been used.<ref name=dec2010 /> Field testing of the F-35's sensors were conducted during [[Exercise Northern Edge]] 2009 and 2011, serving as significant risk-reduction steps.<ref name="Branch25Jun09">{{cite web |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/ |title=Northern Edge fields new radar system |first= Ricardo |last=Branch |date=8 March 2012 |website=Northern Edge Joint Information Bureau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027014134/http://www.jber.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123156090 |archive-date=27 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Saiki |first=Tracey |date=28 June 2011 |title=Continued testing of F-35 JSF sensors a success at Northern Edge 2011 |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/112953/continued-testing-of-f-35-jsf-sensors-a-success-at-northern-edge-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030602/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/112953/continued-testing-of-f-35-jsf-sensors-a-success-at-northern-edge-2011/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 April 2012 |website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>

Flight tests revealed several serious deficiencies that required costly redesigns, caused delays, and resulted in several fleet-wide groundings. In 2011, the F-35C failed to catch the arresting wire in all eight landing tests; a redesigned tail hook was delivered two years later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2012301170010 |title=F-35C Tailhook Design Blamed for Landing Issues |first=Dave |last=Majumdar |date=17 January 2012 |website=Defense News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102142244/http://www.defensenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2012301170010 |archive-date=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="newhook">{{cite web |last1=Majumdar |first1=Dave |date=12 December 2013 |title=Lockheed: New Carrier Hook for F-35 |url=http://news.usni.org/2013/12/12/lockheed-new-carrier-hook-f-35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030602/https://news.usni.org/2013/12/12/lockheed-new-carrier-hook-f-35 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=12 December 2013 |website=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref> By June 2009, many of the initial flight test targets had been accomplished but the program was behind schedule.<ref name="DTI">{{cite web |url=http://www.zinio.com/reader.jsp?issue=416083334 |title=Get out and fly |first=Bill |last=Sweetman |date=June 2009 |website=Defense Technology International |pages=43–44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818084354/http://www.zinio.com/reader.jsp?issue=416083334 |archive-date=18 August 2009}}</ref> Software and mission systems were among the biggest sources of delays for the program, with sensor fusion proving especially challenging.<ref name="sw_delay"/> In fatigue testing, the F-35B suffered several premature cracks, requiring a redesign of the structure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date=22 November 2010 |title=Fatigue cracks raise questions about key decision in F-35 redesign |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fatigue-cracks-raise-questions-about-key-decision-in-f-35-redesign/96988.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203162438/https://www.flightglobal.com/fatigue-cracks-raise-questions-about-key-decision-in-f-35-redesign/96988.article |archive-date=3 February 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> A third non-flying F-35B is currently planned to test the redesigned structure. The F-35B and C also had problems with the horizontal tails suffering heat damage from prolonged afterburner use.{{refn|"Bubbling and blistering" of the horizontal tails and tail booms were observed once during flutter tests of the F-35B and C in late 2011; according to the program office, the problem has only occurred once despite numerous attempts to replicate it, and an improved spray-on coating has been implemented since as a mitigation measure. On 17 December 2019, the Pentagon program office closed the issue with no further actions planned, and instead is imposing a time limit on high-speed flight for the F-35B and C to reduce the risk of damaging the stealth coatings and antennas located on the back of the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Insinna |first1=Valerie |last2=Larter |first2=David |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2019/06/12/supersonic-speeds-could-cause-big-problems-for-the-f-35s-stealth-coating/ |title=Supersonic speeds could cause big problems for the F-35's stealth coatings |date=12 June 2019 |work=Defense News |archive-date=15 June 2023 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615035804/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2019/06/12/supersonic-speeds-could-cause-big-problems-for-the-f-35s-stealth-coating/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2020/04/24/the-pentagon-will-have-to-live-with-limits-on-f-35s-supersonic-flights/ |title=The Pentagon will have to live with limits on F-35's supersonic flights |first1=David B. |last1=Larter |first2=Valerie |last2=Insinna |first3=Aaron |last3=Mehta |name-list-style=amp |date=24 April 2020 |website=Defense News |language=en-US |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615030103/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2020/04/24/the-pentagon-will-have-to-live-with-limits-on-f-35s-supersonic-flights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=N}}<ref name="FY2019DOTE">{{cite web |url=https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2019/dod/2019f35jsf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205015532/https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2019/dod/2019f35jsf.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-05 |url-status=live |title=FY2019 DOT&E Report – F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35) |year=2020 |website=dote.osd.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Capaccio |first1=Tony |date=21 February 2014 |title=Lockheed F-35 for Marines Delayed as Test Exposes Cracks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-21/lockheed-f-35-for-marines-delayed-as-test-exposes-cracks.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714165713/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-21/lockheed-f-35-for-marines-delayed-as-test-exposes-cracks |archive-date=14 July 2015 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> Early flight control laws had problems with "wing drop"{{refn|Wing drop is an uncommanded roll that can occur during high-g transsonic maneuvering.|group=N}} and also made the airplane sluggish, with high angles-of-attack tests in 2015 against an F-16 showing a lack of energy.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/270417729/F-35-High-AoA-Maneuvers |title=F-35A High Angle of Attack Operational Maneuvers |work=Lockheed Martin |date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731033152/https://www.scribd.com/document/270417729/F-35-High-AoA-Maneuvers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |date=19 July 2017 |title=Pilots Say F-35 Superior Within Visual Range: Dogfight Criticisms Laid To Rest |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2017/06/pilots-say-f-35-superior-within-visual-range-dogfight-criticisms-laid-to-rest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173836/https://breakingdefense.com/2017/06/pilots-say-f-35-superior-within-visual-range-dogfight-criticisms-laid-to-rest/ |archive-date=26 December 2022 |work=Breaking Defense}}</ref>

[[File:U.S. Marine Corps F-35B Lands on JS Izumo. Image 17 of 35.jpg|left|thumb|U.S. Marine Corps F-35B lands on {{JS|Izumo}}]]
At-sea testing of the F-35B was first conducted aboard {{USS|Wasp|LHD-1|6}}. In October 2011, two F-35Bs conducted three weeks of initial sea trials, called Development Test I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/18041 |title=F-35B completes first sea trials on USS Wasp |date=24 October 2011 |website=Naval Air Systems Command |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310080222/https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/18041 }}</ref> The second F-35B sea trials, Development Test II, began in August 2013, with tests including nighttime operations; two aircraft completed 19 nighttime vertical landings using DAS imagery.<ref name="DTII">{{cite news |last=Shalal-Esa |first=Andrea |date=29 August 2013 |title=U.S. Marines see progress in F-35 testing despite challenges |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lockheed-fighter-testing-idUSL2N0GU03Z20130829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230306/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/29/lockheed-fighter-testing-idUSL2N0GU03Z20130829 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=1 July 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://insidedefense.com/Inside-the-Navy/Inside-the-Navy-09/02/2013/f-35b-pilots-conduct-night-shipboard-landing-without-night-vision/menu-id-81.html |title=F-35B Pilots Conduct Night Shipboard Landing Without Night-Vision |date=9 February 2013 |website=Inside the Navy |publisher=Inside Washington Publishers |access-date=19 September 2013 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The first operational testing involving six F-35Bs was done on the ''Wasp'' in May 2015. The final Development Test III on {{USS|America|LHA-6|6}} involving operations in high sea states was completed in late 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://navalaviationnews.navylive.dodlive.mil/2017/03/14/f-35b-completes-at-sea-developmental-testing/ |title=F-35B Complete At-Sea Developmental Testing |date=14 March 2017 |work=Naval Aviation News |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731044849/https://navalaviationnews.navylive.dodlive.mil/2017/03/14/f-35b-completes-at-sea-developmental-testing/ }}</ref> A Royal Navy F-35 conducted the first "rolling" landing on board {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}} in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=Navy jets trial new 'rolling' landing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-45863698/navy-f-35-jet-trials-rolling-landing-on-aircraft-carrier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407221200/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-45863698 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=BBC News |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:F-35C First Carrier Landing 1.webm|thumb|USN F-35C makes the aircraft's first arrested landing aboard the carrier {{USS|Nimitz}} off the coast of San Diego]]
After the redesigned tail hook arrived, the F-35C's carrier-based Development Test I began in November 2014 aboard {{USS|Nimitz}} and focused on basic day carrier operations and establishing launch and recovery handling procedures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=84456 |title=F-35C Completes First Night Flight Aboard Aircraft Carrier |website=U.S. Navy |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710034605/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=84456 }}</ref> Development Test II, which focused on night operations, weapons loading, and full power launches, took place in October 2015. The final Development Test III was completed in August 2016, and included tests of asymmetric loads and certifying systems for landing qualifications and interoperability.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cavas |first=Christopher |date=17 August 2016 |title=F-35C Back at Sea for 3rd Round of Carrier Tests |url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2016/08/17/f-35c-back-at-sea-for-3rd-round-of-carrier-tests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122121731/https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2016/08/17/f-35c-back-at-sea-for-3rd-round-of-carrier-tests/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |work=Defense News}}</ref> Operational test of the F-35C was conducted in 2018 and the first operational squadron achieved safe-for-flight milestone that December, paving the way for its introduction in 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Grady |first=John |date=11 October 2018 |title=Preliminary F-35C Feedback is Positive, As Formal Operational Testing Begins This Fall |url=https://news.usni.org/2018/10/11/navy-positive-after-early-f-35c-carrier-tests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321104403/https://news.usni.org/2018/10/11/navy-positive-after-early-f-35c-carrier-tests |archive-date=21 March 2023 |work=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref>

The F-35's reliability and availability have fallen short of requirements, especially in the early years of testing. The ALIS maintenance and logistics system was plagued by excessive connectivity requirements and faulty diagnoses. In late 2017, the GAO reported the time needed to repair an F-35 part averaged 172 days, which was "twice the program's objective", and that shortage of spare parts was degrading readiness.<ref name="shortage">{{Cite news |last=Capaccio |first=Anthony |date=23 October 2017 |title=F-35s Hobbled by Parts Shortages, Slow Repairs, Audit Finds |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-23/f-35s-hobbled-by-parts-shortages-slow-repairs-audit-finds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023193457/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-23/f-35s-hobbled-by-parts-shortages-slow-repairs-audit-finds |archive-date=23 October 2017 |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> In 2019, while individual F-35 units have achieved mission-capable rates of over the target of 80% for short periods during deployed operations, fleet-wide rates remained below target. The fleet availability goal of 65% was also not met, although the trend shows improvement. Internal gun accuracy of the F-35A was unacceptable until misalignment issues were addressed by 2024.<ref name="FY2019DOTE"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/smr/hidden-troubles-f35/ |title=The Hidden Troubles of the F-35 |work=Defense News |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615012904/https://www.defensenews.com/smr/hidden-troubles-f35/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2020, the number of the program's most serious issues have been decreased by half.<ref>{{cite news |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |date=24 April 2020 |title=The Pentagon has cut the number of serious F-35 technical flaws in half |url=https://www.defensenews.com/smr/hidden-troubles-f35/2020/04/24/the-pentagon-has-cut-the-number-of-serious-f-35-technical-flaws-in-half/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427102408/https://www.defensenews.com/smr/hidden-troubles-f35/2020/04/24/the-pentagon-has-cut-the-number-of-serious-f-35-technical-flaws-in-half/ |archive-date=27 April 2020 |work=Defense News}}</ref><ref name="GAU-22/A resolved"/>

Operational test and evaluation (OT&E) with Block 3F, the final configuration for SDD, began in December 2018, but its completion was delayed particularly by technical problems in integration with the DOD's Joint Simulation Environment (JSE);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/f-35-finally-can-use-all-its-weapons-combat |title=F-35 Finally Can Use All Its Weapons In Combat |date=5 March 2018 |website=Aviation Week |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731032650/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/f-35-finally-can-use-all-its-weapons-combat |url-status=live }}</ref> the F-35 finally completed all JSE trials in September 2023.<ref name="F-35MilestoneC"/>

===United States===
====Training====
[[File:Navy launches first local F-35C sortie (cropped).jpg|thumb|The first F-35C Lightning II sortie takes off from [[VFA-101]] at [[Eglin Air Force Base]]]]

The F-35A and F-35B were cleared for basic flight training in early 2012, although there were concerns over safety and performance due to lack of system maturity at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/id/123291745/ |title=Air Force issues flight release for Eglin AFB F-35A |website=U.S. Air Force |date=28 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802014635/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123291745 |archive-date=2 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-28/air-force-expands-f-35-trials-over-tester-s-objections |title=Air Force Expands F-35 Trials Over Tester's Objections |first=Tony |last=Capaccio |date=28 September 2012 |website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118154612/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-28/air-force-expands-f-35-trials-over-tester-s-objections |archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |url=https://breakingdefense.com/documents/pentagons-testing-czar-questions-f-35-programs-ote-plan/ |title=Pentagon's Testing Czar Questions F-35 Program's OTE Plan |work=Breaking Defense |date=28 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831025218/http://defense.aol.com/2012/08/28/pentagons-testing-czar-questions-f-35-programs-ote-plan/ |archive-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> During the Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) phase, the three U.S. military services jointly developed tactics and procedures using flight simulators, testing effectiveness, discovering problems and refining design. On 10 September 2012, the USAF began an operational utility evaluation (OUE) of the F-35A, including logistical support, maintenance, personnel training, and pilot execution.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shalal-Esa |first=Andrea |date=10 September 2012 |title=More problems raised at Pentagon F-35 fighter review |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSBRE88A04A20120911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084833/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSBRE88A04A20120911 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="C4WDefault-772940">{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=16 November 2012 |title=USAF unit completes F-35 OUE activity |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-unit-completes-f-35-oue-activity-379117/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525031901/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-unit-completes-f-35-oue-activity-379117/ |archive-date=25 May 2014 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref>

[[File:F-35C NAS Fallon.jpg|thumb|A pair of F-35Cs and [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18E/Fs]] fly over [[NAS Fallon]], home of [[TOPGUN]], in September 2015.]]
The USMC F-35B [[Fleet Replacement Squadron]] (FRS) was initially based at Eglin AFB in 2012 alongside USAF F-35A training units, before moving to [[MCAS Beaufort]] in 2014 while another FRS was stood up at [[MCAS Miramar]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shalal-Esa |first=Andrea |date=27 February 2012 |title=USMC Near Start of F-35 Training Flights |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lockheed-fighter-idUSL2E8DP08Y20120225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084729/https://www.reuters.com/article/lockheed-fighter-idUSL2E8DP08Y20120225 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=21 November 2012 |title=Simulation plays vital role in building F-35 tactics and aircraft development |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/simulation-plays-vital-role-in-building-f-35-tactics-and-aircraft-development-379336/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915100520/https://www.flightglobal.com/simulation-plays-vital-role-in-building-f-35-tactics-and-aircraft-development/107958.article |archive-date=15 September 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> The USAF F-35A basic course is held at Eglin AFB and Luke AFB; in January 2013, training began at Eglin with capacity for 100 pilots and 2,100 maintainers at once.<ref name="pilot training">{{cite web |url=http://militarytimes.com/news/2012/12/air-force-f35-pilot-training-starts-next-month-eglin-121712/ |title=F-35 pilot training starts next month at Eglin |first=Brian |last=Everstine |date=17 December 2012 |website=Military Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310063124/http://militarytimes.com/news/2012/12/air-force-f35-pilot-training-starts-next-month-eglin-121712/ |archive-date=10 March 2013}}</ref> Additionally, the [[6th Weapons Squadron]] of the [[USAF Weapons School]] was activated at [[Nellis AFB]] in June 2017 for F-35A weapons instructor curriculum while the [[65th Aggressor Squadron]] was reactivated with the F-35A in June 2022 to expand training against adversary stealth aircraft tactics.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=65th Aggressor Squadron reactivates at Nellis with aggressor force of F-35s |url=https://www.nellis.af.mil/News/Article/3058572/65th-aggressor-squadron-reactivates-at-nellis-with-aggressor-force-of-f-35s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010124846/https://www.nellis.af.mil/News/Article/3058572/65th-aggressor-squadron-reactivates-at-nellis-with-aggressor-force-of-f-35s/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=U.S. Air Force}}</ref> The USN stood up its F-35C FRS in 2012 with [[VFA-101]] at Eglin AFB, but operations would later be transferred and consolidated under [[VFA-125]] at [[NAS Lemoore]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burgess |first=Richard R. |date=28 May 2019 |title=Navy Deactivates First F-35C Replacement Squadron, Merges With Second |url=https://seapowermagazine.org/navy-deactivates-first-f-35c-replacement-squadron-merges-with-second/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084732/https://seapowermagazine.org/navy-deactivates-first-f-35c-replacement-squadron-merges-with-second/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=Sea Power Magazine}}</ref> The F-35C was introduced to the Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor course, or [[TOPGUN]], in 2020 and the additional capabilities of the aircraft greatly revamped the course syllabus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunter |first=Jamie |date=10 July 2020 |title=How The F-35 Triggered Topgun's Biggest Syllabus Revamp In Nearly Four Decades |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34685/how-the-f-35-triggered-topguns-biggest-syllabus-revamp-in-nearly-four-decades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084730/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34685/how-the-f-35-triggered-topguns-biggest-syllabus-revamp-in-nearly-four-decades |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=The Drive}}</ref>

====U.S. Marine Corps====
On 16 November 2012, the USMC received the first F-35B of [[VMFA-121]] at [[Marine Corps Air Station Yuma|MCAS Yuma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reidinger |first=Staci |date=21 November 2012 |title=First Operational F-35 Squadron honored in historic ceremony |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/98226/first-operational-f-35-squadron-honored-historic-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523024649/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/98226/first-operational-f-35-squadron-honored-historic-ceremony |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service}}</ref> The USMC declared Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the F-35B in the Block 2B configuration on 31 July 2015 after operational trials, with some limitations in night operations, mission systems, and weapons carriage.<ref name="USMC_IOC"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Davenport |first=Christian |date=15 September 2015 |title=Pentagon weapons tester calls F-35 evaluation into question |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/09/15/pentagon-weapons-tester-calls-f-35-evaluation-into-question |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930085953/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/09/15/pentagon-weapons-tester-calls-f-35-evaluation-into-question/ |archive-date=30 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> USMC F-35Bs participated in their first Red Flag exercise in July 2016 with 67 sorties conducted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bardo |first1=J. T. |date=1 August 2016 |title=Executive Summary of VMFA-121 Support of Red Flag 16-3 |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3514589-Executive-Summary-of-VMFA-121-Support-of-Red.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326164243/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3514589-Executive-Summary-of-VMFA-121-Support-of-Red.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |website=DocumentCloud |publisher=United States Marine Corps}}</ref> The first F-35B deployment occurred in 2017 at MCAS Iwakuni, Japan; combat employment began in July 2018 from the amphibious assault ship {{USS|Essex|LHD-2|6}}, with the first combat strike on 27 September 2018 against a [[Taliban]] target in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Idrees |last2=Stone |first2=Mike |date=27 September 2018 |title=F-35 jet used by U.S. in combat for first time |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-f35/lockheed-f-35-jet-used-by-u-s-in-combat-for-first-time-official-idUSKCN1M72BT |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927193931/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-f35/lockheed-f-35-jet-used-by-u-s-in-combat-for-first-time-official-idUSKCN1M72BT |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

In addition to deploying F-35Bs on amphibious assault ships, the USMC plans to disperse the aircraft among austere forward-deployed bases with shelter and concealment to enhance survivability while remaining close to a battlespace. Known as distributed STOVL operations (DSO), F-35Bs would operate from temporary bases in allied territory within hostile missile engagement zones and displace inside the enemy's 24- to 48-hour targeting cycle; this strategy allows F-35Bs to rapidly respond to operational needs, with mobile forward arming and refueling points (M-FARPs) accommodating [[Lockheed Martin KC-130|KC-130]] and [[MV-22 Osprey]] aircraft to rearm and refuel the jets, as well as littoral areas for sea links of mobile distribution sites. For higher echelons of maintenance, F-35Bs would return from M-FARPs to rear-area friendly bases or ships. Helicopter-portable metal planking is needed to protect unprepared roads from the F-35B's exhaust; the USMC are studying lighter heat-resistant options.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/marines-propose-rapidly-mobile-f-35-operations |title=Marines Propose Rapidly Mobile F-35 Operations |date=16 December 2014 |website=Aviation Week |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216220323/http://aviationweek.com/defense/marines-propose-rapidly-mobile-f-35-operations |url-status=live }}</ref> These operations have become part of the larger USMC Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) concept.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eckstein |first=Megan |date=23 April 2019 |title=Marines Folding F-35B into New Pacific Island-Hopping Concept |url=https://news.usni.org/2019/04/23/marines-folding-f-35b-into-new-pacific-island-hopping-concept |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226202736/https://news.usni.org/2019/04/23/marines-folding-f-35b-into-new-pacific-island-hopping-concept |archive-date=26 December 2023 |work=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref>

The first USMC F-35C squadron, [[VMFA-314]], achieved [[Full Operational Capability]] in July 2021 and was first deployed on board USS ''Abraham Lincoln'' as a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=6 January 2022 |title=USMC deploys F-35C for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/usmc-deploys-f-35c-for-first-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118003432/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/usmc-deploys-f-35c-for-first-time |archive-date=18 January 2024 |work=Janes}}</ref>

In 2024, Lt. Gen. Sami Sadat of Afghanistan described an operation using F-35Bs from {{USS|Essex|LHD-2|6}} which bombed a Taliban position through cloud cover. "The impact [the F-35] left on my soldiers was amazing. Like, whoa, you know, we have this technology", Sadat said. "But also the impact on the Taliban was quite crippling, because they have never seen Afghan forces move in the winter, and they have never seen planes that could bomb through the clouds."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seck |first=Hope Hodge |date=2024-09-26 |title='Cool Birds': Afghan general describes awe of first F-35 encounter |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/2024/09/26/cool-birds-afghan-general-describes-awe-of-first-f-35-encounter/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Military Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 November 2024, Marine F-35Cs carried out strikes on the [[Houthis|Houthi movement]] in [[Yemen]] in the context of the [[Red Sea crisis]], making it the first time the F-35C has been used in combat.<ref name=Trevithickyemen>{{cite news |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=12 November 2024 |title=F-35C Naval Joint Strike Fighters Fly Combat Missions Against Houthis In Yemen |url=https://www.twz.com/air/f-35c-naval-joint-strike-fighters-fly-combat-missions-against-houthis-in-yemen |work=The War Zone |access-date=13 November 2024 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113123727/https://www.twz.com/air/f-35c-naval-joint-strike-fighters-fly-combat-missions-against-houthis-in-yemen |url-status=live }}</ref>

====U.S. Air Force====
USAF F-35A in the Block 3i configuration achieved IOC with the USAF's [[34th Fighter Squadron]] at [[Hill Air Force Base]], [[Utah]] on 2 August 2016.<ref name="defready aug16"/> F-35As conducted their first Red Flag exercise in 2017; system maturity had improved and the aircraft scored a kill ratio of 15:1 against an F-16 [[aggressor squadron]] in a high-threat environment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lockie |first=Alex |date=8 February 2017 |title=The F-35 slaughtered the competition in its latest test |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-slaughters-competition-red-flag-2017-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726061959/https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-slaughters-competition-red-flag-2017-2?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=26 July 2021 |work=Business Insider}}</ref> The first USAF F-35A deployment occurred on 15 April 2019 to [[Al Dhafra Air Base]], UAE.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2019 |title=U.S. Air Force's F-35A Lightning II arrives for first Middle East deployment |url=https://www.afcent.af.mil/News/Article/1813833/us-air-forces-f-35a-lightning-ii-arrives-for-first-middle-east-deployment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603073610/https://www.afcent.af.mil/News/Article/1813833/us-air-forces-f-35a-lightning-ii-arrives-for-first-middle-east-deployment/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |website=U.S. Air Forces Central}}</ref> On 27 April 2019, USAF F-35As were first used in combat in an airstrike on an [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] tunnel network in northern Iraq.<ref name="usaf20190427">{{cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=U.S. Air Force F-35As conduct first combat employment |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1830712/us-air-force-f-35as-conduct-first-combat-employment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110193544/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1830712/us-air-force-f-35as-conduct-first-combat-employment/ |archive-date=10 January 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>

For European basing, [[RAF Lakenheath]] in the UK was chosen as the first installation to station two F-35A squadrons, with 48 aircraft adding to the [[48th Fighter Wing]]'s existing [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]] and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]] squadrons. The first aircraft of the 495th Fighter Squadron arrived on 15 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |date=19 December 2021 |title=First European-based US Air Force F-35As arrive at Lakenheath home |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/first-european-based-us-air-force-f-35as-arrive-at-lakenheath-home/146903.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219230233/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/first-european-based-us-air-force-f-35as-arrive-at-lakenheath-home/146903.article |archive-date=19 December 2021 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref name="The Aviationist">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |date=9 January 2015 |title=RAF Lakenheath was selected as the first base to host USAFE F-35s |url=http://theaviationist.com/2015/01/09/uk-base-selected-to-host-first-u-s-f-35-jets-in-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925073847/https://theaviationist.com/2015/01/09/uk-base-selected-to-host-first-u-s-f-35-jets-in-europe/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=The Aviationist}}</ref>

The F-35's operating cost is higher than some older USAF tactical aircraft. In fiscal year 2018, the F-35A's cost per flight hour (CPFH) was $44,000, a number that was reduced to $35,000 in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rachel S. |date=2 May 2019 |title=JPO Seeks to Slash F-35A Flight-Hour Costs |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/jpo-seeks-to-slash-f-35a-flight-hour-costs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529195515/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/JPO-Seeks-to-Slash-F-35A-Flight-Hour-Costs/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref> For comparison, in 2015 the CPFH of the A-10 was $17,716; the F-15C, $41,921; and the F-16C, $22,514.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Mark |date=2 April 2013 |title=Costly Flight Hours |url=https://nation.time.com/2013/04/02/costly-flight-hours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117065519/https://nation.time.com/2013/04/02/costly-flight-hours/ |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=25 April 2020 |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> Lockheed Martin hopes to reduce it to $25,000 by 2025 through performance-based logistics and other measures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reim |first=Garrett |date=30 January 2020 |title=Lockheed Martin sees F-35 production rising to 180 units per year, despite high flying costs |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/lockheed-martin-sees-f-35-production-rising-to-180-units-per-year-despite-high-flying-costs/136455.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131181733/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/lockheed-martin-sees-f-35-production-rising-to-180-units-per-year-despite-high-flying-costs/136455.article |archive-date=31 January 2020 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref>

====U.S. Navy====
[[File:VFA-147 F-35C catches the wire on USS George Washington.jpg|thumb|VFA-147 F-35C catches the wire on {{USS|George Washington|CVN-73|6}}]]

The USN achieved operational status with the F-35C in Block 3F on 28 February 2019.<ref name=":0" /> On 2 August 2021, the F-35C of [[VFA-147]], as well as the [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|CMV-22 Osprey]], embarked on their maiden deployments as part of Carrier Air Wing 2 on board {{USS|Carl Vinson}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Thousands of sailors deploy with USS Carl Vinson strike group |url=https://fox5sandiego.com/news/local-news/sailors-aboard-uss-carl-vinson-set-to-leave-san-diego-for-deployment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106232948/https://fox5sandiego.com/news/local-news/sailors-aboard-uss-carl-vinson-set-to-leave-san-diego-for-deployment/ |archive-date=6 January 2024 |website=FOX 5 San Diego}}</ref>

USN F-35Cs operating from the USS ''Carl Vinson'' took part the training exercise Pacific Stellar 2025 in February, along with the French and Japanese navies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahadzir |first=Dzirhan |date=2025-02-19 |title=U.S., Japan and French Naval Forces Wrap Up Drills in Philippine Sea |url=https://news.usni.org/2025/02/19/u-s-japan-and-french-naval-forces-wrap-up-drills-in-philippine-sea |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=USNI News |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220033510/https://news.usni.org/2025/02/19/u-s-japan-and-french-naval-forces-wrap-up-drills-in-philippine-sea |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Photo of F-35Cs operating from the USS America in the cited article took place on February 3rd, before the mentioned exercise. -->

In April 2025, F-35C's from VFA-97 shot down multiple Houthi drones in the Red Sea, making it the first time the Navy has used the jet in combat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2025-04-25 |title=F-35C Naval Joint Strike Fighters Have Been Shooting Down Houthi Drones |url=https://www.twz.com/air/f-35c-naval-joint-strike-fighters-have-been-shooting-down-houthi-drones |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428210706/https://www.twz.com/air/f-35c-naval-joint-strike-fighters-have-been-shooting-down-houthi-drones |url-status=live }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:F-35B Lightning II lands aboard HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) on 17 October 2019 (191017-N-QI061-1159).jpg|thumb|F-35B ''ZM148'' of [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]] landing on HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'', 2019]]

The United Kingdom's [[Royal Air Force]] and Royal Navy operate the F-35B. Called Lightning in British service,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/f-35b-lightning/ |title=F-35B Lightning |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322123012/https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/f-35b-lightning/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it has replaced the [[British Aerospace Harrier II|Harrier GR9]], retired in 2010, and [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado GR4]], retired in 2019. The F-35 is to be Britain's primary strike aircraft for the next three decades. One of the Royal Navy's requirements was a [[SRVL|Shipborne Rolling and Vertical Landing]] (SRVL) mode to increase maximum landing weight by using wing lift during landing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nao.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docId=c02da1c8-320b-4062-881d-2c24482459b5&version=-1 |title=Major Projects Report 2008 |website=Ministry of Defence |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807073545/http://www.nao.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docId=c02da1c8-320b-4062-881d-2c24482459b5&version=-1 |archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2007 |title=US Marines eye UK JSF shipborne technique |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/06/15/214672/us-marines-eye-uk-jsf-shipborne-technique.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730180149/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/06/15/214672/us-marines-eye-uk-jsf-shipborne-technique.html |archive-date=30 July 2012 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref>  Like the Italian Navy, British F-35Bs use [[Ski-jump ramp|ski-jump]]s to fly from their aircraft carriers, {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}} and {{HMS|Prince of Wales|R09|6}}. British F-35Bs are not intended to use the Brimstone 2 missile.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Military Aircraft: Written question – 60456 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2017-01-17/60456/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030603/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2017-01-17/60456 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=4 July 2017 |website=UK Parliament |language=en}}</ref> In July 2013, [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] Air Chief Marshal [[Sir Stephen Dalton]] announced that [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]] would be the RAF's first operational F-35 squadron.<ref name="at19j13">{{cite news |date=19 July 2013 |title=Royal Air Force's No. 617 Squadron to fly F-35B fighter |url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsroyal-air-forces-no-617-squadron-to-fly-f-35b-fighter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407040614/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsroyal-air-forces-no-617-squadron-to-fly-f-35b-fighter/ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |newspaper=Airforce Technology}}</ref><ref name="gov18j13">{{cite news |date=18 July 2013 |title=Dambusters to be first Lightning II squadron |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dambusters-to-be-first-lightning-ii-squadron |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118104857/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dambusters-to-be-first-lightning-ii-squadron |archive-date=18 January 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>

The first British F-35 squadron was [[No. 17 Squadron RAF|No. 17 (Reserve) Test and Evaluation Squadron]] (TES), which stood up on 12 April 2013 as the aircraft's [[Operational Evaluation Unit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafconingsby/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=F49C9161-5056-A318-A822347F24474925 |title=17 Squadron Standard Parade |website=Royal Air Force |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828174416/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafconingsby/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=F49C9161-5056-A318-A822347F24474925 |archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> By June 2013, the RAF had received three F-35s of the 48 on order, initially based at Eglin Air Force Base.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/third-joint-strike-fighter-for-the-uk-arrives-28062013 |title=Third Joint Strike Fighter for the UK arrives |website=Royal Air Force |date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701061803/http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/third-joint-strike-fighter-for-the-uk-arrives-28062013 |archive-date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> In June 2015, the F-35B undertook its first launch from a ski-jump at NAS Patuxent River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/june/25/150625-f35-ski-ramp |title=Navy's new F-35 jump jet flies from trademark ski ramp for first time |website=Royal Navy |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707022325/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/june/25/150625-f35-ski-ramp }}</ref> On 5 July 2017, it was announced the second UK-based RAF squadron would be [[No. 207 Squadron RAF|No. 207 Squadron]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/identity-of-f35-lightning-training-squadron-announced-05072017/ |title=Identity of F-35 Lightning Training Squadron Announced |website=Royal Air Force |date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213241/https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/identity-of-f35-lightning-training-squadron-announced-05072017/ |archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> which reformed on 1 August 2019 as the Lightning [[Operational Conversion Unit]] (OCU).<ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Second Lightning Fight Jet Squadron Arrives In UK |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/second-lightning-fighter-jet-squadron-arrives-in-uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405205625/https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/second-lightning-fighter-jet-squadron-arrives-in-uk/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=Royal Air Force}}</ref> No. 617 Squadron reformed on 18 April 2018 during a ceremony in Washington, D.C., becoming the first RAF front-line squadron to operate the type;<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=RAF's legendary Dambusters squadron reforms to fly F-35 jets |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/rafs-legendary-dambusters-squadron-reforms-to-fly-f-35-jets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406064329/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/rafs-legendary-dambusters-squadron-reforms-to-fly-f-35-jets |archive-date=6 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> receiving its first four F-35Bs on 6 June, flying from MCAS Beaufort to [[RAF Marham]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Britain's most advanced jets touch down on home soil |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/britains-most-advanced-jets-touch-down-on-home-soil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713012021/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/britains-most-advanced-jets-touch-down-on-home-soil |archive-date=13 July 2023 |website=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> On 10 January 2019, No. 617 Squadron and its F-35s were declared combat-ready.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dominic |last=Nicholls |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/10/new-raf-jet-combat-ready-face-resurgent-russia-threat/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/10/new-raf-jet-combat-ready-face-resurgent-russia-threat/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New RAF jet 'combat ready' in face of resurgent Russia threat |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=10 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

April 2019 saw the first overseas deployment of a UK F-35 squadron when No. 617 Squadron went to [[RAF Akrotiri]], [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2019 |title=UK's most advanced jets deploy overseas for the first time |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-most-advanced-jets-deploy-overseas-for-the-first-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110193922/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-most-advanced-jets-deploy-overseas-for-the-first-time |archive-date=10 January 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> This reportedly led on 25 June 2019 to the first combat use of an RAF F-35B: an armed reconnaissance flight searching for Islamic State targets in Iraq and Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2019 |title=F-35 fighter jets join fight against IS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48745027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405101607/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48745027 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2019, F-35s of 617 Squadron and No. 17 TES  were embarked on HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=First UK fighter jets land onboard HMS Queen Elizabeth |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-uk-fighter-jets-land-onboard-hms-queen-elizabeth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118112737/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-uk-fighter-jets-land-onboard-hms-queen-elizabeth |archive-date=18 January 2024 |work=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> No. 617 Squadron departed RAF Marham on 22 January 2020 for their first [[Exercise Red Flag]] with the Lightning.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=F-35 Lightnings depart for Exercise RED FLAG in USA |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/f-35-lightnings-depart-for-exercise-red-flag-in-usa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084814/https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/f-35-lightnings-depart-for-exercise-red-flag-in-usa/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=Royal Air Force}}</ref> As of November 2022, 26 F-35Bs were based in the United Kingdom (with 617 and 207 Squadrons) and a further three were permanently based in the United States (with 17 Squadron) for testing and evaluation purposes.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=George |date=21 November 2022 |title=Britain takes delivery of more F-35 jets |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/britain-takes-delivery-of-more-f-35-jets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410215109/https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/britain-takes-delivery-of-more-f-35-jets/ |archive-date=10 April 2023 |website=UK Defence Journal}}</ref>

The UK's second operational squadron is the [[Fleet Air Arm]]'s [[809 Naval Air Squadron]], which stood up in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2023 |title=809 Squadron Stood Up |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2023/december/08/20231208-phoenix-rising-iconic-naval-unit-re-born-as-uks-second-front-line-f-35-squadron}}</ref><ref name="Royal Navy">{{cite web |date=9 September 2013 |title=Immortal air squadron to fly Royal Navy's newest jets |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2013/september/09/130909-809-air-squadron |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20201001170003/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2013/september/09/130909-809-air-squadron |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=21 March 2015 |work=Royal Navy |via=National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Jamie |date=15 March 2021 |title=Top British F-35 Pilot On How His Fledgling Team Is Forging Its Own Path Forward |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39690/top-british-f-35b-pilot-on-how-his-fledgling-team-is-forging-its-own-path-forward |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084833/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39690/top-british-f-35b-pilot-on-how-his-fledgling-team-is-forging-its-own-path-forward |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=The Drive}}</ref>

In June 2025, as part of its second phase of procurement, the UK announced plans to procure 12 F-35As, capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear weapons, including the [[B61 nuclear bomb#B61 Mod 12|B61-12]] thermonuclear gravity bomb. The aircraft will form part of NATO's [[Nuclear sharing#NATO|dual capable aircraft]] programme. The F35-As will be based in RAF Marham, to be used in a training role on routine operation, as part of the OCU. 15 F-35Bs are also planned in this phase.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Adu |first=Aletha |last2=Sabbagh |first2=Dan |last3=Stacey |first3=Kiran |date=2025-06-24 |title=UK to expand nuclear deterrent with US fighter jets capable of carrying warheads |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/jun/24/uk-to-expand-nuclear-deterrent-with-us-fighter-jets-capable-of-carrying-warheads |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=UK to purchase F-35As and join NATO nuclear mission as Government steps up national security and delivers defence dividend |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-purchase-f-35as-and-join-nato-nuclear-mission-as-government-steps-up-national-security-and-delivers-defence-dividend |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2025 |title=RAF F-35A marks a significant step in delivering a more lethal Integrated Force and joining NATO Nuclear Mission |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/raf-f-35a-marks-a-significant-step-in-delivering-a-more-lethal-integrated-force-and-joining-nato-nuclear-mission// |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Royal Air Force |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
[[File:Four No 3 Squadron RAAF F-35As during Talisman Sabre 2023.jpg|thumb|Four F-35As assigned to [[No. 3 Squadron RAAF]] in 2023]]

Australia's first F-35, designated A35-001, was manufactured in 2014, with flight training provided through international Pilot Training Centre (PTC) at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2020 |title=RAAF F-35s achieve 1,000 flying hour milestone |url=https://australianaviation.com.au/2020/06/raaf-f-35s-achieve-1000-flying-hour-milestone-84018/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084350/https://australianaviation.com.au/2020/06/raaf-f-35s-achieve-1000-flying-hour-milestone-84018/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Australian Aviation |language=en-AU}}</ref> The first two F-35s were unveiled to the Australian public on 3 March 2017 at the [[Australian International Airshow|Avalon Airshow]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Wroe |first=David |date=3 March 2017 |title=Joint Strike Fighters: Australian military stealth unveiled at Avalon Airshow |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/joint-strike-fighters-australian-military-stealth-unveiled-at-avalon-airshow-20170303-guq1w3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084758/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/joint-strike-fighters-australian-military-stealth-unveiled-at-avalon-airshow-20170303-guq1w3.html |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> By 2021, the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] had accepted 26 F-35As, with nine in the US and 17 operating at No 3 Squadron and No 2 Operational Conversion Unit at [[RAAF Base Williamtown]].<ref name=":5" /> With 41 trained RAAF pilots and 225 trained technicians for maintenance, the fleet was declared ready to deploy on operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=PM's landing at Williamtown |url=https://www.portstephensexaminer.com.au/story/7118610/pms-landing-at-williamtown/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084813/https://www.portstephensexaminer.com.au/story/7118610/pms-landing-at-williamtown/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Port Stephens Examiner |language=en-AU}}</ref> It was originally expected that Australia would receive all 72 F-35s by 2023.<ref name=":6" /> Its final nine aircraft, which were the TR-3 version, arrived in Australia in December 2024.<ref name="DefenceJSFDec2024">{{cite press release |title=Final F-35A aircraft delivered |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2024-12-19/final-f-35a-aircraft-delivered |website=[[Defence Australia|Department of Defence]] |access-date=20 December 2024 |date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Israel ===
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) declared the F-35 operationally capable on 6 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.f35.com/news/detail/israel-declares-f-35i-adir-combat-capable |title=Israel Declares F-35I Adir Combat Capable |website=F-35 Lightning II |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926042134/https://f35.com/news/detail/israel-declares-f-35i-adir-combat-capable }}</ref> According to Kuwaiti newspaper ''Al Jarida'', in July 2018, a test mission of at least three IAF F-35s flew to Iran's capital [[Tehran]] and back to [[Tel Aviv]]. While publicly unconfirmed, regional leaders acted on the report; Iran's supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] reportedly fired the air force chief and commander of Iran's [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Revolutionary Guard Corps]] over the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novak |first=Jake |date=18 July 2019 |title=The F-35 has already freaked out Iran and changed everything in the Middle East |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/18/f-35-has-freaked-out-iran-and-changed-everything-in-the-middle-east.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173816/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/18/f-35-has-freaked-out-iran-and-changed-everything-in-the-middle-east.html |archive-date=26 December 2022 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Okbi |first1=Yasser |last2=Hashavua |first2=Maariv |date=29 March 2018 |title=Report: Israeli stealth fighters fly over Iran |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Israeli-stealth-fighters-fly-over-Iran-547421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329193758/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Israeli-stealth-fighters-fly-over-Iran-547421 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

On 22 May 2018, IAF chief [[Amikam Norkin]] said that the service had employed their F-35Is in two attacks on two battle fronts, marking the first combat operation of an F-35 by any country.<ref name="first strike" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Dan |date=22 May 2018 |title=Israel says it is the first country to use U.S.-made F-35 in combat |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-f35-israel/israel-says-it-is-the-first-country-to-use-u-s-made-f-35-in-combat-idUSKCN1IN0ON |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106182337/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-f35-israel/israel-says-it-is-the-first-country-to-use-u-s-made-f-35-in-combat-idUSKCN1IN0ON |archive-date=6 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Norkin said it had been flown "all over the Middle East", and showed photos of an F-35I flying over [[Beirut]] in daylight.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kubovich |first=Yaniv |date=23 May 2018 |title=A Message of Superiority: This Is the Israeli Army's Photo of an F-35 Over Beirut |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/this-is-the-israeli-army-s-photo-of-an-f-35-over-beirut-1.6114446 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207160641/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2018-05-24/ty-article/this-is-the-israeli-armys-photo-of-an-f-35-over-beirut/0000017f-df97-df7c-a5ff-dffffe6c0000 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> In July 2019, Israel expanded its strikes against Iranian missile shipments; IAF F-35Is allegedly struck Iranian targets in Iraq twice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bachner |first=Michael |date=30 July 2019 |title=Israel said to hit Iranian sites in Iraq, expanding strikes on missile shipments |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-said-to-hit-iranian-sites-in-iraq-expanding-strikes-on-missile-shipments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-said-to-hit-iranian-sites-in-iraq-expanding-strikes-on-missile-shipments/ |archive-date=9 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

In November 2020, the IAF announced the delivery of a unique F-35I [[testbed aircraft]] among a delivery of four aircraft received in August, to be used to test and integrate Israeli-produced weapons and electronic systems on F-35s received later. This is the only example of a testbed F-35 delivered to a non-US air force.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |date=25 May 2017 |title=Israel Is Getting A Single F-35 Test Jet Unlike Any Other |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/10665/israel-is-getting-a-single-f-35-test-jet-unlike-any-other |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106195239/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/10665/israel-is-getting-a-single-f-35-test-jet-unlike-any-other |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The Drive}}</ref><ref name="IsraelF35i">{{cite web |last1=Jennings |first1=Gareth |date=12 November 2020 |title=Israel receives F-35I testbed to develop national capabilities |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/israel-receives-f-35i-testbed-to-develop-national-capabilities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019154221/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/israel-receives-f-35i-testbed-to-develop-national-capabilities |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=Jane's}}</ref>

On 11 May 2021, eight IAF F-35Is took part in an attack on 150 targets in Hamas' rocket array, including 50–70 launch pits in the northern [[Gaza Strip]], as part of [[Operation Guardian of the Walls]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.idf.il/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/2021/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94-%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D-1105/ |title= מבצע "שומר החומות" – סיכום 11.05 |access-date= 7 November 2021 |work= idf.il |date= 11 May 2021 |language=he |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211001123637/https://www.idf.il/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/2021/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94-%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D-1105/ |archive-date= 1 October 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref>

On 6 March 2022, the IDF stated that on 15 March 2021, F-35Is shot down two Iranian [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]]s carrying weapons to the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=6 March 2022 |title=Israel shot down Iranian drones en route to Gaza, IDF says |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1rlwofb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107080457/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1rlwofb9 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |website=Ynetnews}}</ref> This was the first operational shoot down and interception carried out by the F-35. They were also used in the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |date=12 October 2023 |title=Configuration And Payload Of The Aircraft Employed By Israel In The Fight Against Hamas |url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/10/12/iaf-aircraft-war-with-hamas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114223401/https://theaviationist.com/2023/10/12/iaf-aircraft-war-with-hamas/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |website=The Aviationist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlin |first=Maya |date=12 October 2023 |title=Meet the F-35I Adir: Israel Has a 'Stealth' Fighter Not Even America Has |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2023/10/israels-special-f-35-variant/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118214705/https://www.19fortyfive.com/2023/10/israels-special-f-35-variant/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |website=19FortyFive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=18 October 2023 |title=Is Israel Using It's Special "Adir" F-35i Variant to Attack Hamas? |url=https://warriormaven.com/global-security/is-israel-using-its-special-adir-f-35i-variant-to-attack-hamas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120200658/https://warriormaven.com/global-security/is-israel-using-its-special-adir-f-35i-variant-to-attack-hamas |archive-date=20 November 2023 |website=Warrior Maven: Center for Military Modernization}}</ref>

On 2 November 2023, the IDF posted on social media that they used an F-35I to shoot down a Houthi cruise missile over the Red Sea that was fired from Yemen during the Gaza war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frantzman |first=Seth J. |date=2 November 2023 |title=Israel uses F-35I to shoot down cruise missile, a first for Joint Strike Fighter |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2023/11/israel-uses-f-35i-to-shoot-down-cruise-missile-a-first-for-joint-strike-fighter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217100514/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/israel-uses-f-35i-to-shoot-down-cruise-missile-a-first-for-joint-strike-fighter/ |archive-date=17 December 2023 |website=Breaking Defense}}</ref>

The F-35I Adir was used in the [[29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Israel strikes Yemeni port with advanced F-35I Adir jets |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/israel-strikes-yemeni-port-with-advanced-f-35i-adir-jets/ar-AA1rqziv |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=MSN}}</ref> F-35Is were also reportedly involved in the [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Behind the scenes of Israeli attack: Over 100 aircraft and a 2,000 km journey to Iran |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-826126 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref> The F-35 was also used during the [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]], equipped with low-observable [[Conformal fuel tank|conformal fuel tanks]] to extend their range and allow operations over Iranian soil without mid-air refueling.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Israel and US modified F-35s to enable Iran attack without refuelling, sources say |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-and-us-modified-f-35-jets-enable-iran-attack-without-refuelling-sources-say |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>

Britain supplies Israel with parts for the F-35 through the global spares pool. [[Patrick Wintour]] wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'' that,  following criticism of Israel's role in the [[Gaza war]], the legality of continuing this supply was questioned. The government in 2025 argued in a court case testing whether the law was broken by supplying Israel with F-35 parts usable to attack Palestinians in Gaza that preserving the British role in the F-35 jet fighter programme overrode UK laws on arms export controls and any UK obligation to prevent genocide in Israel.<ref name=wintour/>

===Italy===
Italy's F-35As were declared to have reached initial operational capability (IOC) on 30 November 2018. At the time Italy had taken delivery of 10 F-35As and one F-35B, with 2 F-35As and the one F-35B being stationed in the U.S. for training, the remaining 8 F-35As were stationed in Amendola.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kington |first1=Tom |date=30 November 2018 |title=Italy F-35s reach initial operating capability |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/11/30/italy-f-35s-reach-initial-operating-capability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122130824/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/11/30/italy-f-35s-reach-initial-operating-capability/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=Defense News}}</ref> [[Italian Navy]] F-35Bs have been operating from the Italian aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|ITS ''Cavour'']], where they have also conducted drills in the [[Philippine Sea]] with the US in 2024.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |date=2024-08-28 |title=Italian Navy Declares Initial Operational Capability For The Embarked F-35B Component |url=https://theaviationist.com/2024/08/28/italian-navy-declares-ioc/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=France, Japan, U.S. Partner in Multi-Large Deck Event in Philippine Sea |url=https://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/4055767/france-japan-us-partner-in-multi-large-deck-event-in-philippine-sea/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308092126/https://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/4055767/france-japan-us-partner-in-multi-large-deck-event-in-philippine-sea/ |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=Commander, U.S. 7th Fleet |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Japan===
[[File:Japan air self defense force Lockheed Martin F-35A using afterburner RJSM.jpg|thumb|F-35A in afterburner at JASDF [[Misawa Air Base]]]]

Japan's F-35As were declared to have reached initial operational capability (IOC) on 29 March 2019. At the time Japan had taken delivery of 10 F-35As stationed in [[Misawa Air Base]]. Japan plans to eventually acquire a total of 147 F-35s, which will include 42 F-35Bs. It plans to use the latter variant to equip Japan's {{sclass|Izumo|multi-purpose destroyer|2}}<nowiki/>s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |date=1 April 2019 |title=Asia allies take major steps forward with F-35 rollout |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2019/04/01/asia-allies-take-major-steps-forward-with-f-35-rollout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122130849/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2019/04/01/asia-allies-take-major-steps-forward-with-f-35-rollout/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=Defense News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=1 April 2019 |title=Japan Air Self Defense Force Stands Up First F-35A Lightning II Fighter Squadron |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/japan-air-self-defense-force-stands-up-first-f-35a-lightning-ii-fighter-squadron/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405164650/https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/japan-air-self-defense-force-stands-up-first-f-35a-lightning-ii-fighter-squadron/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref>

===Norway===
[[File:First Norwegian F-35 Lightning II at Luke Air Force Base.JPG|thumb|First Norwegian F-35A Lightning II at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona]]

On 6 November 2019 Norway declared initial operational capability (IOC) for its fleet of 15 F-35As out of a planned 52 F-35As.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Host |first1=Pat |date=7 November 2019 |title=Norway declares F-35A initial operational capability |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-declares-f-35a-initial-operational-capability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084350/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-declares-f-35a-initial-operational-capability |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=Jane's}}</ref> On 6 January 2022 Norway's F-35As replaced its older F-16A and B models for the NATO quick reaction alert mission in the high north.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sprenger |first1=Sebastian |date=6 January 2022 |title=Norway swaps in its F-35s for NATO quick-reaction mission in the High North |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/01/06/norway-swaps-in-its-f-35s-for-nato-quick-reaction-mission-in-the-high-north/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122131115/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/01/06/norway-swaps-in-its-f-35s-for-nato-quick-reaction-mission-in-the-high-north/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=Defense News}}</ref> In April 2025, the total number of F-35s delivered totaled 49 out of 52.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ruitenberg |first=Rudy |date=2025-03-11 |title=F-35 partners fully committed to program, Dutch defense minister says |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2025/03/11/f-35-partners-fully-committed-to-program-dutch-defense-minister-says/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=F-16.net - The ultimate F-16, F-35 and F-22 reference |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article12.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=www.f-16.net}}</ref>

On 22 September 2023, two F-35As from the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] landed on a motorway near [[Tervo]], Finland, showing, for the first time, that F-35As can operate from paved roads. Unlike the F-35B they cannot land vertically. The fighters were also refueled with their engines running. Major General Rolf Folland, Commander of the RNAF, said: "Fighter jets are vulnerable on the ground, so by being able to use small airfields – and now motorways – (this) increases our survivability in war",<ref>{{cite web |author=Fouche |first=Gwladys |date=23 September 2023 |title=Lockheed Martin F-35A fighter jets land on motorway |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/lockheed-martin-f-35a-fighter-jets-land-motorway-2023-09-22/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024073419/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/lockheed-martin-f-35a-fighter-jets-land-motorway-2023-09-22/ |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
On 27 December 2021, the Netherlands declared initial operational capability (IOC) for its fleet of 24 F-35As it has received to date from its order for 46 F-35As.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |last1=Jennings |first1=Gareth |date=29 December 2021 |title=Netherlands declares IOC for F-35 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/netherlands-declares-ioc-for-f-35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084431/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/netherlands-declares-ioc-for-f-35 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=Jane's}}</ref> In 2022, the Netherlands announced they will order an additional six F-35s, totaling 52 aircraft ordered.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://english.defensie.nl/binaries/defence/documenten/publications/2022/07/19/defence-white-paper-2022/Defence+White+Paper+2022.pdf |title=Defense White Paper 2022 |date=19 July 2022 |publisher=Dutch Ministry of Defense |page=28}}</ref> {{as of|2024|September|lc=n}}, 40 out of the 52 ordered have been delivered, and the Netherlands seeks to order another six jets to help completely phase out their F-16 fleet.<ref name=":2" />

==Variants==
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 200
 | header =
 | image1 = F-35 A B C Config.png
 | alt1 = F-35 configurations
 | image_caption1 = The three main variants: [[CTOL]] for conventional take-off and landing, [[STOVL]] for short take-off and vertical-landing, and CV for carrier variant
 | image2 = A U.S. Air Force pilot navigates an F-35A Lightning II aircraft assigned to the 58th Fighter Squadron, 33rd Fighter Wing into position to refuel with a KC-135 Stratotanker assigned to the 336th Air Refueling 130516-F-XL333-496.jpg
 | alt2 = F-35A
 | image_caption2 = USAF F-35A in flight, 2013
 | image3 = Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - An F-35B Lightning II makes first vertical landing at sea.ogv
 | alt3 = F-35B landing
 | image_caption3 = Video of a USMC F-35B conducting the first vertical landing aboard USS ''Wasp'' on 3 October 2011
 | image4 = Formation of F-35 Aircraft MOD 45157750.jpg
 | alt4 = F-35 variants in flight
 | image_caption4 = F-35 variants flying in formation. The F-35C (left) has a larger wing than other variants, while the F-35B (center) has a shorter nozzle and no tailhook.
}}

The F-35 was designed with three initial variants – the F-35A, a CTOL land-based version; the F-35B, a STOVL version capable of use either on land or on aircraft carriers; and the F-35C, a CATOBAR carrier-based version. Since then, there has been work on the design of nationally specific versions for Israel and Canada.

===F-35A===
[[File:JASDF F-35A Lightning II prepares to receive fuel from USAF KC-135 Stratotanker - February 2025.jpg|thumb|left|[[Japan Air Self-Defense Force|JASDF]] F-35A Lightning II prepares to receive fuel from a USAF [[KC-135 Stratotanker]] in February 2025.]]
The F-35A is the [[conventional take-off and landing]] (CTOL) variant intended for the USAF and other air forces. It is the smallest, lightest version and capable of 9 [[g-force|g]], the highest of all variants.

Although the F-35A currently conducts [[aerial refueling]] via boom and receptacle method, the aircraft can be modified for [[Aerial refueling#Probe-and-drogue|probe-and-drogue]] refueling if needed by the customer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=2 August 2012 |title=In Focus: Tokyo casts wary eye on Chinese airpower developments |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-tokyo-casts-wary-eye-on-chinese-airpower-developments-375007/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220163258/https://www.flightglobal.com/in-focus-tokyo-casts-wary-eye-on-chinese-airpower-developments/106491.article |archive-date=20 February 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2012/06/19/lockheeds-comprehensive-qa-on-the-f-35/ |title=Lockheed's comprehensive Q&A on the F-35 |first=Philip |last=Ewing |date=19 June 2012 |website=DoD Buzz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818131239/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2012/06/19/lockheeds-comprehensive-qa-on-the-f-35/ |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><!-- Add flight testing info to Testing section above. --> A [[Drogue parachute|drag chute]] pod can be installed on the F-35A, with the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] being the first operator to adopt it.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=F-35 Lightning Drag Chute |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_gallery_slideshow.html?gallery_id=177&gallery_style=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327102017/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_gallery_slideshow.html?gallery_id=177&gallery_style=1 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Code One Magazine}}</ref>  The F-35A has a [[tailhook]] designed to stop the aircraft during emergency situations.  Unlike the more robust unit of the carrier-based F-35C, the F-35A's tailhook is a single-use device.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSF tailhook testing begins at Edwards |url=https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/803667/jsf-tailhook-testing-begins-at-edwards/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250523161222/https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/803667/jsf-tailhook-testing-begins-at-edwards/ |archive-date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=Air Force Materiel Command |language=en-US}}</ref>

===F-35B===
{{See also|Joint Combat Aircraft}}
[[File:Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II cutaway with liftfan.jpg|thumb|F-35B cutaway with lift fan]]
[[File:U.S. Marine Corps F-35B Lands on JS Izumo. Image 17 of 35.jpg|thumb|F-35B conducting a vertical landing (note the rotated nozzle and the lift fan vent duct)]]

The F-35B is the [[short take-off and vertical landing]] (STOVL) variant of the aircraft. Similar in size to the A variant, the B sacrifices about a third of the A variant's fuel volume to accommodate the shaft-driven lift fan (SDLF).<ref>{{cite journal |title=The STOVL Joint Strike Fighter in Support of the 21st Century Marine Corps |first=Ben D. |last=Hancock |year=1997 |website=Defense Technical Information Center |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA493330}}</ref><ref name="From Archive.org-2117330">{{cite web |url=http://www.usace-isc.org/presentation/Geotech%20and%20Materials%20II/Constructability_of_a_High_Temperature_Concrete_Pad_Bly_Peter.pdf |title=Constructability of a High Temperature Concrete Pad |work=Geotechnical & Structures Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC) |first=Peter |last=Bly |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045722/http://www.usace-isc.org/presentation/Geotech%20and%20Materials%20II/Constructability_of_a_High_Temperature_Concrete_Pad_Bly_Peter.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> This variant is limited to 7&nbsp;g. Unlike other variants, the F-35B has no landing hook. The "STOVL/HOOK" control instead engages conversion between normal and vertical flight.<ref name=guyReac>{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/blog/pilot-reaction-flying-f-35b |title=Pilot reaction to flying the F-35B |first=Guy |last=Norris |date=24 April 2014 |website=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727190007/http://aviationweek.com/blog/pilot-reaction-flying-f-35b |archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Larkins |date=16 March 2010 |title=F-35B STOVL-mode Flight |url=http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/03/f-35-flightmode.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815075045/https://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/03/f-35-flightmode.html |archive-date=15 August 2020 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Defence Aviation}}</ref> The F-35B is capable of {{Convert|1.6|Mach|kph mph|abbr=out|round=5}} and can perform vertical and/or short take-off and landing ([[V/STOL]]).<ref name="lift1"/>

===F-35C===
The F-35C is a [[carrier-based aircraft|carrier-based]] variant designed for [[CATOBAR|catapult-assisted take-off, barrier arrested recovery]] operations from aircraft carriers. Compared to the F-35A, the F-35C features larger wings with [[Folding wing|foldable wingtip sections]], larger control surfaces for improved low-speed control, stronger landing gear for the stresses of [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]] arrested landings, a twin-wheel nose gear, and a stronger tailhook for use with carrier [[arrestor cable]]s.<ref name="newhook"/> The larger wing area allows for decreased landing speed while increasing both range and payload. The F-35C is limited to 7.5&nbsp;g.<ref name="FY2019 President's Budget Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) – F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35)"/>

===F-35I "Adir"===
<!-- There is no need for any other mention of F-35I elsewhere in this article. -->
{{Main|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement}}

The F-35I ''Adir'' ({{Langx|he|אדיר}}, meaning "Awesome",<ref>{{cite web |last=Kalman |first=Aaron |date=18 April 2013 |title=Jet's name is just plane 'Awesome' |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jets-name-is-just-plane-awesome/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226175320/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jets-name-is-just-plane-awesome/ |archive-date=26 December 2022 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> or "Mighty One"<ref>{{cite web |website=Lockheed Martin |url=https://www.f35.com/news/detail/israels-first-f-35-lightning-ii-takes-flight |title=Israel's first F-35 Lightning II takes flight |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728140034/https://www.f35.com/news/detail/israels-first-f-35-lightning-ii-takes-flight }}</ref>) is an F-35A with unique Israeli modifications. The US initially refused to allow such changes before permitting Israel to integrate its own electronic warfare systems, including sensors and countermeasures. The main computer has a plug-and-play function for add-on systems; proposals include an [[Radar jamming and deception|external jamming pod]], and new Israeli air-to-air missiles and guided bombs in the internal weapon bays.<ref name="Alon Ben-David">{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/08/23/AW_08_23_2010_p32-249396.xml |title=Israel To Buy F-35s With Cockpit Mods |first=Alon |last=Ben-David |date=27 August 2010 |website=Aviation Week}}{{dead link |date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=AW_Israel_July2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/07/04/AW_07_04_2011_p22-342412.xml&headline=Israel,%20U.S.%20Strike%20F-35%20Technology%20Deal&prev=10 |title=Israel, U.S. Strike F-35 Technology Deal |first1=Alon |last1=Ben-David |first2=Amy |last2=Butler |first3=Robert |last3=Wall |name-list-style=amp |date=7 July 2011 |website=[[Aviation Week]]}}{{dead link |date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A senior IAF official said that the F-35's stealth may be partly overcome within 10 years despite a 30 to 40-year service life, thus Israel's insistence on using their own electronic warfare systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_08_06_2012_p28-482027.xml |title=Israel, U.S. Agree To $450 Million In F-35 EW Work |first1=Eshel |last1=David |first2=David |last2=Fulghum |date=6 August 2012 |website=Aviation Week |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510231649/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_08_06_2012_p28-482027.xml |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> In 2010, [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) considered a two-seat F-35 concept; an IAI executive noted that there was a "known demand for two seats not only from Israel but from other air forces."<ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date=22 January 2010 |title=Israel sets sights on two-seater F-35 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-sets-sights-on-two-seater-f-35-337464/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811165123/https://www.flightglobal.com/israel-sets-sights-on-two-seater-f-35/91561.article |archive-date=11 August 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> In 2008, IAI planned to produce [[conformal fuel tank]]s, as well as stealthy external fuel tanks;<ref>{{cite web |last=Egozi |first=Arie |date=11 January 2008 |title=Israel to boost range of future F-35 fleet |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-to-boost-range-of-future-f-35-fleet-220748/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409065530/https://www.flightglobal.com/israel-to-boost-range-of-future-f-35-fleet/78193.article |archive-date=9 April 2020 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2022-06-09 |title=Israel Has Extended The Range Of Its F-35s: Report |url=https://www.twz.com/israel-has-extended-the-range-of-its-f-35s-report |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> these were reportedly used during the [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran|June 2025 Israeli airstrikes]] against Iran.<ref name="auto2"/><!-- were either ever done?  two seater?  conformal fuel tanks? -->

Israel had ordered a total of 75 F-35Is by 2023, with 36 already delivered as of November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=2 July 2023 |title=Israel to buy more F-35 fighter jets from US. Deal expands fleet by 50% and deepens partnership |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-f35-warplanes-iran-nuclear-0dcad6fc8a68b543575bf78fecf8217c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219175011/https://apnews.com/article/israel-f35-warplanes-iran-nuclear-0dcad6fc8a68b543575bf78fecf8217c |archive-date=19 December 2023 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=30 April 2023 |title=As F-35 deals move forward in US, where does Israel stand? - analysis |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-741716 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121185252/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-741716 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

===Proposed variants===

====CF-35====
{{main|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement}}

The Canadian CF-35 was a proposed variant that would differ from the F-35A through the addition of a [[drogue parachute]] and the potential inclusion of an F-35B/C-style refueling probe.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="C4Wauto-8740196">{{cite news |last=Daly |first=Brian |date=1 September 2010 |title=Harper, Ignatieff spar over fighter jets |url=http://www.calgarysun.com/news/canada/2010/09/01/15213341.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302043627/http://www.calgarysun.com/news/canada/2010/09/01/15213341.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=2 March 2014 |newspaper=[[Calgary Sun]]}}</ref> In 2012, it was revealed that the CF-35 would employ the same boom refueling system as the F-35A.<ref name="oCanada-2012-12-20">{{cite web
 | first         = Lee
 | last          = Berthiaume
 | title         = Military will contract out air-to-air refuelling if Canada goes with F-35
 | url           = http://o.canada.com/news/national/military-will-contract-out-air-to-air-refuelling-if-canada-goes-with-f-35/
 | work          = Canada.com
 | date          = 20 December 2012
 | access-date   = 2 March 2014
 | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302041720/http://o.canada.com/news/national/military-will-contract-out-air-to-air-refuelling-if-canada-goes-with-f-35/
 | archive-date  = 2 March 2014
}}</ref> One alternative proposal would have been the adoption of the F-35C for its probe refueling and lower landing speed; however, the Parliamentary Budget Officer's report cited the F-35C's limited performance and payload as being too high a price to pay.<ref name="C4Wauto-2064727">{{cite web
 | first1        = Tolga R.
 | last1         = Yalkin
 | first2        = Peter
 | last2         = Weltman
 | title         = An Estimate of the Fiscal Impact of Canada's Proposed Acquisition of the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter
 | url           = https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/406973/publication.html
 | url-status    = live
 | date          = 10 March 2011
 | website       = Office of the Parliamentary Budget Office
 | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302044823/http://www.parl.gc.ca/pbo-dpb/documents/F-35_Cost_Estimate_EN.pdf
 | archive-date  = 2 March 2014
}}</ref> Following the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 Federal Election]] the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], whose campaign had included a pledge to cancel the F-35 procurement,<ref name="Liberal2015Platform">{{cite web
 | title         = A New Plan For a Strong Middle Class
 | url           = https://www.liberal.ca/files/2015/10/New-plan-for-a-strong-middle-class.pdf
 | access-date   = 5 October 2015
 | website       = Liberal Party of Canada
 | date          = 5 October 2015
 | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20151014055323/https://www.liberal.ca/files/2015/10/New-plan-for-a-strong-middle-class.pdf
 | archive-date  = 14 October 2015
}}</ref> formed a new government and commenced an open competition to replace the existing [[McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet|CF-18 Hornet]].<ref name="canada_exit">{{cite web |last1=Drew |first1=James |date=21 October 2015 |title=Canadian F-35 exit could signal wider air force review |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/canadian-f-35-exit-could-signal-wider-air-force-review/118614.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113351/https://www.flightglobal.com/canadian-f-35-exit-could-signal-wider-air-force-review/118614.article |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=[[FlightGlobal]]}}</ref> The CF-35 variant was deemed too expensive to develop, and was never considered. The Canadian government decided to not pursue any other modifications in the [[Future Fighter Capability Project]], and instead focused on the potential procurement of the existing F-35A variant.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Future Fighter Capability Project - Defence Capabilities Blueprint |url=http://dgpaapp.forces.gc.ca/en/defence-capabilities-blueprint/project-details.asp?id=928 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122035747/https://apps.forces.gc.ca/en/defence-capabilities-blueprint/project-details.asp?id=928 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |website=Canadian Department of National Defence}}</ref>

On 28 March 2022, the Canadian Government began negotiations with Lockheed Martin for 88 F-35As<ref name="Brewster 28Mar22">{{cite web
 | last          = Brewster
 | first         = Murray
 | title         = Liberals launch negotiations to buy F-35 fighter jets
 | url           = https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/f-35-negotiations-1.6399978
 | publisher     = [[CBC News]]
 | date          = 28 March 2022
 | access-date   = 9 January 2023
 | archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20221118230307/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/f-35-negotiations-1.6399978
 | archive-date  = 18 November 2022
}}</ref> to replace the aging fleet of CF-18 fighters starting in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web
 | title         = Future fighter capability project
 | url           = https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/procurement/fighter-jets/future-fighter-capability-project.html
 | date          = 9 January 2023
 | access-date   = 9 January 2023
 | work          = National Defence (canada.ca)
}}</ref> The aircraft are reported to cost up to CA$19bn total with a life-cycle cost estimated at CA$77bn over the course of the F-35 program.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |date=21 June 2022 |title=Nine fully operational Canadian F-35 stealth fighters by 2027? |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/06/nine-fully-operational-canadian-f-35-stealth-fighters-by-2027/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105084611/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/06/nine-fully-operational-canadian-f-35-stealth-fighters-by-2027/ |archive-date=5 January 2023 |website=Aviacionline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Swedish jet maker complains Ottawa not following rules with F-35 negotiations |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/swedish-jet-maker-complains-ottawa-not-following-rules-with-f-35-negotiations-1.6091199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308043225/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/swedish-jet-maker-complains-ottawa-not-following-rules-with-f-35-negotiations-1.6091199 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> On 9 January 2023, Canada formally confirmed the purchase of 88 aircraft. The initial delivery to the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] in 2026 will be 4 aircraft, followed by 6 aircraft each in 2027–2028, and the rest to be delivered by 2032.<ref>{{Cite web
 | author        = Anita Anand, Minister of Defence
 | title         = Announcement regarding the F-35 acquisition
 | url           = https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2023/01/announcement-regarding-the-f-35-acquisition.html
 | date          = 9 January 2023
 | access-date   = 9 January 2023
 | publisher     = National Defence (canada.ca)
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berthiaume |first=Lee |date=9 January 2023 |title=Canada ends years-long search for new fighter jet with deal to buy F-35s |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-buying-f-35s-as-defence-minister-says-once-maligned-jets-have-matured-1.6222706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084656/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-buying-f-35s-as-defence-minister-says-once-maligned-jets-have-matured-1.6222706 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> The additional characteristics confirmed for the CF-35{{inconsistent}}<!-- previous prose in the section says the CF-35 was cancelled and F-35A were taken by Candadian military.  Which is it? --> included the drag chute pod for landings at short/icy arctic runways, as well as the 'sidekick' system, which allows the CF-35 to carry up to 6 x [[AIM-120D]] missiles internally (instead of the typical internal capacity of 4 x AIM-120 missiles on other variants).<ref>{{cite web |last=Parken |first=Oliver |date=9 January 2023 |title=Canada Closes Deal for 88 F35s to Finally Replace Its Aging CF18s |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/canada-closes-deal-for-88-f-35s-to-finally-replace-its-aging-cf-18s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324220336/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/canada-closes-deal-for-88-f-35s-to-finally-replace-its-aging-cf-18s |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=20 January 2021 |website=The Drive}}</ref>

====New export variant====
In December 2021, it was reported that Lockheed Martin was developing a new variant for an unspecified foreign customer. The Department of Defense released US$49&nbsp;million in funding for this work.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=20 December 2021 |title=Lockheed Martin to design and develop F-35 variant 'tailored' for foreign customer |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/lockheed-martin-to-design-and-develop-f-35-variant-tailored-for-foreign-customer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084656/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/lockheed-martin-to-design-and-develop-f-35-variant-tailored-for-foreign-customer |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=Janes}}</ref>

==Operators==
{{Main|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II operators|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement}}
<!-- Do not add to this list until until there is a signed and approved purchase contract.-->
[[File:First Australian F-35A at Luke AFB in December 2014.jpg|thumb|One of the RAAF's first two F-35As in December 2014]]
[[File:F-35A from the Japan Air Force.jpg|thumb|A Japan Air Self-Defense Force F-35A in flight]]
[[File:Testflyging av første norske F-35 -1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|An F-35A Lightning II of the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] conducts a test flight over [[Fort Worth]] in October 2015.]]
[[File:Britain's most advanced jets touch down on home soil MOD 45164370.jpg|thumb|First four RAF F-35Bs on a delivery flight to [[RAF Marham]], June 2018]]
[[File:F-35C Lightning II aircraft are tested aboard USS Abraham Lincoln. (36272619443).jpg|thumb|USN F-35C performs a [[touch-and-go landing]] aboard {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72|6}}.]]

;{{AUS}}
* [[Royal Australian Air Force]] – 72 F-35A delivered {{as of|2024|12|lc=on}}.<ref name="DefenceJSFDec2024"/>
;{{BEL}}
* [[Belgian Air Component]] – 8 officially delivered<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=Belgium receives first F-35 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/belgium-receives-first-f-35 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> (but none have left the US {{as of|2024|3|lc=y}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=F-35 delivery delays: a problem for European air forces - War Wings Daily |url=https://warwingsdaily.com/f-35-delivery-delays-a-problem-for-european-air-forces/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> 34 F-35A planned {{as of|2019|lc=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Emmott |first1=Robin |date=25 October 2018 |title=Belgium picks Lockheed's F-35 over Eurofighter on price |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aerospace-belgium/belgium-picks-lockheeds-f-35-over-eurofighter-on-price-idUSKCN1MZ1S0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025145835/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aerospace-belgium/belgium-picks-lockheeds-f-35-over-eurofighter-on-price-idUSKCN1MZ1S0 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |work=Reuters |location=Brussels}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2019 |title=Luchtmachtbasissen moeten verbouwd worden voor F-35: 275 miljoen euro |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190708_04499594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708070631/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190708_04499594 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |newspaper=[[Het Nieuwsblad]] |language=nl}}</ref>
;{{flaglist|Denmark}}
* [[Royal Danish Air Force]] – 17 F-35As delivered (including 6 stationed at [[Luke Air Force Base|Luke AFB]] for training) of the 27 planned for the RDAF {{as of|2025|April|lc=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danish F-35 aircraft achieve new milestone in the USA |url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/november/7849-danish-f-35-aircraft-achieve-new-milestone-in-the-usa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208195807/https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/november/7849-danish-f-35-aircraft-achieve-new-milestone-in-the-usa.html |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=Air Recognition}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Agreement on Procurement for New Fighters |url=http://www.fmn.dk/nyheder/Documents/aftale-vedr-kampflyanskaffelse-2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006150939/https://www.fmn.dk/nyheder/Documents/aftale-vedr-kampflyanskaffelse-2016.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2016 |website=Danish Ministry of Defence |language=da}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Det første F-35, der skal til Danmark, er nu leveret i USA |url=https://www.forsvaret.dk/da/nyheder/2023/det-forste-f-35-der-skal-til-danmark-er-nu-leveret-i-usa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001094734/https://www.forsvaret.dk/da/nyheder/2023/det-forste-f-35-der-skal-til-danmark-er-nu-leveret-i-usa/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023 |publisher=Forsvaret |language=Danish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Denmark's First F-35s Arrive at Skrydstrup Air Base |url=https://www.f35.com/f35/news-and-features/denmark-first-f35-arrive.html?linkId=100000218505179 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=www.f35.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
;{{flaglist|Israel}}
* [[Israeli Air Force]] – 46 delivered {{as of|2025|4|lc=on}} (F-35I "Adir").<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Israel receives new F-35 fighter jets from Lockheed Martin, bolstering arsenal |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/defense/1689933450-israel-receives-new-f-35-fighter-jets-from-lockheed-martin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118053123/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/defense/1689933450-israel-receives-new-f-35-fighter-jets-from-lockheed-martin |archive-date=18 January 2024 |website=I24news |language=en}}</ref> Includes one F-35 [[testbed aircraft]] for indigenous Israeli weapons, electronics and structural upgrades, designated (AS-15).<ref name="Israel_F-35i">{{cite web |last1=Mathew |first1=Arun |title=Unique F-35I Test Aircraft Arrives in Israel |url=https://defpost.com/unique-f-35i-test-aircraft-arrives-in-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113231747/https://defpost.com/unique-f-35i-test-aircraft-arrives-in-israel/ |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=DefPost|date=11 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="jpost.com">{{cite news |last=Ahronheim |first=Anna |date=26 November 2018 |title=Air Force Bolsters Stealth Power as More F-35I Fighter Jets Land in Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Two-more-F-35i-Adir-jets-land-in-Israel-572831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173826/https://www.jpost.com//israel-news/two-more-f-35i-adir-jets-land-in-israel-572831 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> A total of 75 ordered.<ref>{{cite web |last=Israel |first=David |date=2 July 2023 |title=Israel to Purchase 3rd F-35 Squadron, Will Up Number of Stealth Fighters to 75 |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/idf/israel-to-purchase-3rd-f-35-squadron-upping-number-of-stealth-fighters-to-75/2023/07/02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702122231/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/idf/israel-to-purchase-3rd-f-35-squadron-upping-number-of-stealth-fighters-to-75/2023/07/02/ |archive-date=2 July 2023 |access-date= |work=Jewishpress}}</ref>
;{{ITA}}
* [[Italian Air Force]] – 24 F-35As and 8 F-35Bs delivered {{as of|2025|4|lc=on}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kington |first1=Tom |date=28 May 2020 |title=Italy defense minister commits to F-35 after calls to suspend program |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/05/28/italy-defense-minister-commits-to-f-35-after-calls-to-suspend-program/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122013400/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/05/28/italy-defense-minister-commits-to-f-35-after-calls-to-suspend-program/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=Defense News}}</ref> of 75 F-35As and 20 F-35Bs ordered for the Italian Air Force.<ref name="ItalyPlans">{{cite news |last=Kington |first=Tom |date=21 October 2020 |title=Italy's Navy-Air Force tussle over the F-35 comes to a head |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/10/21/italys-navy-air-force-tussle-over-the-f-35-comes-to-a-head/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201021160020/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/10/21/italys-navy-air-force-tussle-over-the-f-35-comes-to-a-head/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=Defense News}}</ref><ref name="LockheedItaly">{{cite web |date=February 2017 |title=F-35 Lightning II: Creating Jobs. Securing Italy's Future |url=https://www.f35.com/assets/uploads/documents/FG17-03515_002_English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707051512/https://www.f35.com/assets/uploads/documents/FG17-03515_002_English.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=F35.com |publisher=Lockheed Martin |quote=Aeronautica Militare is programmed to receive 60 F-35A CTOLs and 15 F-35B STOVLs, while Marina Militare is programmed to acquire 15 F-35B STOVLs.}}</ref><ref name="italy-2023">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |date=29 March 2023 |title=Future Base, Expected FOC And More About The Italian F-35 Fleet |url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/03/30/future-base-expected-foc-and-more-about-the-italian-f-35-fleet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084813/https://theaviationist.com/2023/03/30/future-base-expected-foc-and-more-about-the-italian-f-35-fleet/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023 |work=The Aviationist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Italy announced its intentions to acquire Typhoons and 25 F-35s |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/09/17/italy-announced-its-intentions-to-acquire-typhoons-and-25-f-35s/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Giansiracusa">{{cite web |last1=Giansiracusa |first1=Aurelio |title=Ulteriori venticinque F-35 per Aeronautica e Marina Militare |date=18 September 2024 |url=https://aresdifesa.it/ulteriori-venticinque-f-35-per-aeronautica-e-marina-militare/ |publisher=Ares Difesa |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Italian Navy]] – 6 delivered {{as of|2024|9|lc=on}}, out of 20 F-35Bs ordered for the Italian Navy.<ref name="ItalyPlans" /><ref name="LockheedItaly" /><ref name="italy-2023" /><ref name="Giansiracusa"/><ref name=":8" />
;{{JPN}}
* [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] – 42 F-35As operational {{as of|2025|4|lc=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=2025 World Air Forces |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=106507 |website=[[FlightGlobal]] |access-date=29 January 2025 |page=22}}</ref> with a total order of 147, including 105 F-35As and 42 F-35Bs.<ref name="Diplomat">{{cite magazine |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=1 April 2019 |title=Japan Air Self Defense Force Stands Up First F-35A Lightning II Fighter Squadron |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/japan-air-self-defense-force-stands-up-first-f-35a-lightning-ii-fighter-squadron/ |magazine=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Tim |last2=Kubo |first2=Nobuhiro |date=21 February 2018 |title=Exclusive: Japan to buy at least 20 more F-35A stealth fighters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-defence-f35-exclusive/exclusive-japan-to-buy-at-least-20-more-f-35a-stealth-fighters-sources-idUSKCN1G507W |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122014251/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-defence-f35-exclusive/exclusive-japan-to-buy-at-least-20-more-f-35a-stealth-fighters-sources-idUSKCN1G507W/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=21 February 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Robin |date=18 December 2018 |title=Japan to expand military with 100 more F-35 stealth fighters |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f32519c8-0263-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f32519c8-0263-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 January 2019 |newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name="doj2022">{{cite web |title=Defence of Japan 2022 (Annual White Paper) |url=https://www.mod.go.jp/j/publication/wp/wp2022/pdf/R04shiryo.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206231056/https://www.mod.go.jp/j/publication/wp/wp2022/pdf/R04shiryo.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2022 |website=Ministry of Defence (Japan) |page=53 |language=Japanese}}</ref>
;{{NLD}}
* [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] – 42 F-35As delivered and operational, of which 8 trainer aircraft based at [[Luke Air Force Base]] in the USA.<ref name="auto3" /> 52 F-35As ordered in total.<ref name="World Air Forces 2014">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=World Air Forces 2014 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/108161/world-air-forces-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201152044/http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/108161/world-air-forces-2014.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2014 |website=Flight Global Insight}}</ref><ref name="RNAF">{{cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Netherlands Orders Eight F-35s |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/netherlands-orders-eight-f-35s |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=Aviation Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Defence spending to be stepped up, more tanks and F-35 jets |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2018/12/defence-spending-to-be-stepped-up-more-tanks-and-f-35-jets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122015750/https://www.dutchnews.nl/2018/12/defence-spending-to-be-stepped-up-more-tanks-and-f-35-jets/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=15 December 2018 |work=DutchNews.nl}}</ref> The RNLAF is the second air force with a 5th gen-only fighter fleet after the retirement of its F-16s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvestris |first=Elia |date=2024-09-27 |title=End of an Era: Bidding Farewell to the F-16 in the RNLAF After 45 Years of Service |url=https://theaviationist.com/2024/09/27/rnlaf-f-16-retires/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{flaglist|Norway}}
* [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] – 52 F-35A delivered.<ref>{{cite web |last=Allison |first=George |title=Norway completes delivery of full F-35 fleet |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/norway-completes-delivery-of-full-f-35-fleet/ |website=UK Defence Journal |access-date=26 April 2025 |date=5 April 2025}}</ref> They differ from other F-35A through the addition of a [[drogue parachute]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |date=11 October 2019 |title=Norway's F-35s have a problem with a unique piece of gear |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2019/10/11/norways-f-35s-have-a-problem-with-a-unique-piece-of-gear/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191013130733/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2019/10/11/norways-f-35s-have-a-problem-with-a-unique-piece-of-gear/ |archive-date=13 October 2019 |website=Defense News}}</ref>
;{{POL}}
* [[Polish Air Force]] – 32 F-35A “Husarz” Block 4 jets with "Technology Refresh 3" software update and drogue parachutes were ordered on 31 January 2020.<ref name="pl_order">{{cite web |last=Adamowski |first=Jaroslaw |date=31 January 2020 |title=Poland inks $4.6 billion contract for F-35 fighter jets |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/01/31/poland-inks-46-billion-contract-for-f-35-fighter-jets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200131235510/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/01/31/poland-inks-46-billion-contract-for-f-35-fighter-jets/ |archive-date=31 January 2020 |work=Defense News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaleta |first=Włodzimierz |date=2023-12-08 |title=Amerykanie oblatują F-35 dla Polski |trans-title=Americans are test-flying the F-35 for Poland |url=https://www.wnp.pl/przemysl-obronny/amerykanie-oblatuja-f-35-dla-polski,782867.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141746/https://www.wnp.pl/przemysl-obronny/amerykanie-oblatuja-f-35-dla-polski,782867.html |archive-date=2024-01-14 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=wnp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> The deliveries are expected to begin in first F-35s manufactured for Poland which rolled off the assembly line in 2024,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Nikolov |first=Boyko |date=2025-02-02 |title=Poland achieves historic milestone with 'local' F-35 flight |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2025/02/02/poland-achieves-historic-milestone-with-local-f-35-flight/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> and conclude in 2030. There are plans for two more squadrons consisting of 16 jets each, for a total of 32 additional F-35s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Graf |first=Jędrzej |date=27 July 2022 |title=Poland to Buy 1,000 MBTs. Minister Błaszczak Also Outlines a Plan To Procure Extra F-35s or F-15s |url=https://defence24.com/defence-policy/poland-to-buy-1000-mbts-minister-blaszczak-also-outlines-a-plan-to-procure-extra-f-35s-or-f-15s-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927235625/https://defence24.com/defence-policy/poland-to-buy-1000-mbts-minister-blaszczak-also-outlines-a-plan-to-procure-extra-f-35s-or-f-15s-interview |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=10 August 2022 |publisher=Defence24}}</ref> The first domestic flights of the F-35 by Polish pilots took place in February 2025, signaling the start of the country's use of the aircraft.<ref name=":7" />
; {{KOR}}
* [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] – 40 F-35As ordered and delivered {{as of|2022|1|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web |last=Sang-ho |first=Song |date=27 January 2022 |title=S. Korea's Air Force completes deployment of 40 F-35A fighters: sources |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220127013600325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084431/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220127013600325 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=4 February 2022 |work=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref> with 25 more ordered in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=4 September 2020 |title=South Korea to Double Down on F-35 and Procure STOVL Variant for LPX-II |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/09/south-korea-to-double-down-on-f-35-and-procure-stovl-variant-for-lpx-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010085005/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/09/south-korea-to-double-down-on-f-35-and-procure-stovl-variant-for-lpx-ii/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=13 April 2020 |title=USA approves $675 million support package for Korean F-35s |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/usa-approves-675-million-support-package-for-korean-f-35s/137849.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813203117/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/usa-approves-675-million-support-package-for-korean-f-35s/137849.article |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Josh |date=20 December 2017 |title=South Korea plans to buy 20 additional F-35 aircraft: report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-usa-airforce/south-korea-plans-to-buy-20-additional-f-35-aircraft-report-idUSKBN1EF051?il=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-usa-airforce/south-korea-plans-to-buy-20-additional-f-35-aircraft-report-idUSKBN1EF051?il=0 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Mike |date=14 September 2023 |title=US State Department approves South Korea to buy 25 more F-35A jets |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2023/09/14/us-state-department-approves-south-korea-to-buy-25-more-f-35a-jets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122020838/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2023/09/14/us-state-department-approves-south-korea-to-buy-25-more-f-35a-jets/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Defense News}}</ref>
* [[Republic of Korea Navy]] – about 20 F-35Bs planned.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=2 January 2018 |title=Who Wants to Operate Carrier-Based F-35Bs in Asia? Apparently, Japan and South Korea |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/who-wants-to-operate-carrier-based-f-35bs-in-asia-apparently-japan-and-south-korea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003173012/https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/who-wants-to-operate-carrier-based-f-35bs-in-asia-apparently-japan-and-south-korea/ |archive-date=3 October 2023 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2020 |title=S. Korea begins procedures to introduce F-35B fighters for light aircraft carrier |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200805006600325?section=national/defense |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928173859/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200805006600325?section=national/defense |archive-date=28 September 2023 |work=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref> It has not yet been approved by [[National Assembly (South Korea)|South Korean parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title='경항모' 기사회생했지만 탑재 전투기는 F-35B 뿐… 가성비 논란 '여전' |trans-title=The 'light aircraft carrier' was revived, but the only aircraft on board was the F-35B... The cost-effectiveness controversy 'still persists' |url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021120515410002820?t=20220317000326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122021518/https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021120515410002820?t=20220317000326 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |website=한국일보 |language=Korean}}</ref>
;{{UK}}
* [[Royal Air Force]] and [[Royal Navy]] (owned by the RAF but jointly operated) – 39 F-35Bs received<ref>{{cite web|title=After a long journey from Lockheed Martin  in Fort Worth Texas, two new F-35B Lightning jets have arrived RAF Marham|url=https://x.com/RoyalAirForce/status/1920494173678870749|website=Twitter|access-date=8 May 2025|date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=West|first=Lisa|title=UK's first batch of 48 F-35B jets nears completion|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/uks-first-batch-of-48-f-35b-jets-nears-completion/|website=UK Defence Journal|access-date=26 April 2025|date=19 March 2025}}</ref> with 35 in the UK after the loss of one aircraft in November 2021;<ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|date=17 November 2021|title=Probe after British F-35 fighter crashes in Mediterranean|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59323895|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511054751/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59323895|archive-date=11 May 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Allison|first=George|date=4 November 2021|title=More F-35 jets delivered to the UK|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/more-f-35-jets-delivered-to-the-uk/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084759/https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/more-f-35-jets-delivered-to-the-uk/|archive-date=10 October 2023|website=UK Defence Journal}}</ref><ref name="itv.com">{{cite web|date=4 August 2018|title=Further five F-35 fighter jets land at new RAF Marham home|url=http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2018-08-04/further-five-f-35-fighter-jets-land-at-new-raf-marham-home/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406094040/https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2018-08-04/further-five-f-35-fighter-jets-land-at-new-raf-marham-home|archive-date=6 April 2023|website=ITV News}}</ref> the other three are in the US where they are used for testing and training.<ref name="marham">{{cite web|title=Lockheed Martin-Built F-35 Comes Home to RAF Marham|url=https://www.f35.com/news/detail/lockheed-martin-built-f-35-comes-home-to-raf-marham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914203219/https://www.f35.com/news/detail/lockheed-martin-built-f-35-comes-home-to-raf-marham|archive-date=14 September 2020|access-date=19 June 2018|website=F35.com|publisher=Lockheed Martin}}</ref> A total of 48 ordered {{as of|2021|lc=y}}; with a total of 138 planned to be procured during the lifetime of the programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK to purchase F-35As and join NATO nuclear mission as Government steps up national security and delivers defence dividend |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-purchase-f-35as-and-join-nato-nuclear-mission-as-government-steps-up-national-security-and-delivers-defence-dividend |website=GOV.UK |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref> Whilst the UK was originally expected to only order the F-35B in June 2025, the UK announced plans to procure 12 F-35As, enabling the UK to join [[Nuclear sharing|NATO's nuclear mission]] due to the A variant's ability to carry B61 nuclear bombs internally, alongside 15 F-35Bs.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Air Force]] – 400+ delivered with 1,763 F-35As planned<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY25/FY25%20Air%20Force%20Aircraft%20Procurement%20Vol%20I.pdf?ver=trnnCwkcSenGdKVniZvWHQ%3d%3d |title=Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget Estimates: Air Force – Aircraft Procurement, Air Force Justification Book |date=March 2024 |volume=1 |page=6 |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[United States Marine Corps]] – 112 F-35B/C delivered<ref name="theaviationist_2024">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=20 December 2024 |title=Lockheed has delivered the 100th F-35C |url=https://theaviationist.com/2024/12/20/lockheed-martin-delivered-100th-f-35c/ |url-access=registration |access-date= 23 February 2025 |publisher=The Aviationist |doi=}}</ref> with 280 F-35Bs and 140 F-35Cs planned<ref>{{cite web |title=2025 Marine Aviation Plan |url=https://media.defense.gov/2025/Feb/03/2003636520/-1/-1/0/2025_MARINECORPSAVIATIONPLAN.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204113305/https://media.defense.gov/2025/Feb/03/2003636520/-1/-1/0/2025_MARINECORPSAVIATIONPLAN.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2025 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=3 February 2025 |page=9 |date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[United States Navy]] – 110+ delivered<ref name="theaviationist_2024" /> with 273 F-35Cs planned<ref name="myp">{{cite web |last=Reim |first=Garrett |date=18 April 2018 |title=DOD reveals F-35 multiyear procurement strategy to start in 2021 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/systems-and-interiors/dod-reveals-f-35-multiyear-procurement-strategy-to-start-in-2021/127782.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308233603/https://www.flightglobal.com/systems-and-interiors/dod-reveals-f-35-multiyear-procurement-strategy-to-start-in-2021/127782.article |archive-date=8 March 2021 |work=FlightGlobal}}</ref>

=== Future operators ===
;{{CAN}}
{{further|Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement}}
*[[Royal Canadian Air Force]] – 88 F-35As (Block 4) ordered on 9 January 2023. The first four are to be delivered in 2026, six in 2027, another six in 2028, and the rest delivered by 2032.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Defence |first=National |date=2023-01-09 |title=Announcement regarding the F-35 acquisition |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2023/01/announcement-regarding-the-f-35-acquisition.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> The aircraft are to replace [[McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet|CF-18]]s delivered in the 1980s.<ref name="Berthiaume">{{cite web |url= https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/defence-department-gets-ok-to-spend-7-billion-on-16-f-35-fighter-jets-cp-sources-1.6202528|title= Defence Department gets OK to spend $7 billion on 16 F-35 fighter jets: CP sources|access-date= 21 December 2022|last= Berthiaume|first= Lee|work= [[CTV News]]|date= 20 December 2022|archive-url= https://archive.today/20221221010514/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/defence-department-gets-ok-to-spend-7-billion-on-16-f-35-fighter-jets-cp-sources-1.6202528|archive-date= 21 December 2022|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Brewster090123">{{cite web|url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-f35-fighter-jet-deal-1.6707769|title= Federal government inks deal to buy fleet of F-35 fighter jets|access-date= 9 Jan 2023|last= Brewster|first= Murray|work= [[CBC News]]|date= 9 Jan 2023|archive-url= https://archive.today/20230109165109/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-f35-fighter-jet-deal-1.6707769?cmp=rss|archive-date= 9 January 2023|url-status= live}}</ref>
;{{flag|Czech Republic}}
*[[Czech Air Force]] – On 29 June 2023, the U.S. State Department announced the approval of a possible sale to the Czech Republic of F-35 aircraft, munitions and related equipment worth up to $5.62&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehrfeld |first=Jonathan |date=30 June 2023 |title=US State Dept. clears $5.6 billion sale of F-35s for Czech Republic |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2023/06/30/us-state-dept-clears-56-billion-sale-of-f-35s-for-czech-republic/ |website=Defense News}}</ref> On 29 January 2024, the Czech government signed a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. to buy 24 F-35As.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferran |first=Lee |date=2024-01-29 |title=Czech Republic joins F-35 ranks, inks 'most important' deal with US for 24 aircraft |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2024/01/czech-republic-joins-f-35-ranks-inks-most-important-deal-with-us-for-24-aircraft/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Breaking Defense }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In September 2024, the Czech Republic signed a contract for F-35A logistics support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNeil |first=Harry |date=2024-09-27 |title=Lockheed Martin secures deal to integrate F-35s to Czech Republic |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/lockheed-martin-secures-deal-to-integrate-f-35s-to-czech-republic/#:~:text=The%20contract%20will%20cover%20programme,be%20completed%20by%20September%202027.&text=Lockheed%20Martin%20Aeronautics%20has%20been,35%20Joint%20Strike%20Fighter%20programme. |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{FIN}}
* [[Finnish Air Force]] – In 2022, ordered 64 F-35A Block 4s<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12314148 |title=Finland signs F-35 fighter jet deal |date=11 February 2022|website=News}}</ref> via the [[HX Fighter Program]] to replace [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18 Hornets]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=The Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II is Finland's next multi-role fighter |url=https://www.defmin.fi/en/topical/press_releases_and_news/the_lockheed_martin_f-35a_lightning_ii_is_finland_s_next_multi-role_fighter.12335.news#3c918041 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103221004/https://www.defmin.fi/en/topical/press_releases_and_news/press_release_archive/2021/the_lockheed_martin_f-35a_lightning_ii_is_finland_s_next_multi-role_fighter.12335.news#3c918041 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence (Finland)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ristamäki |first1=Juha |last2=Nurmi |first2=Lauri |date=5 December 2021 |title=IL:n tiedot: Puolustusvoimat esittää yhdysvaltalaista F-35:ttä Suomen uudeksi hävittäjäksi |trans-title=Information from IL: The Defense Forces presents the US F-35 as Finland's new fighter |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/8dfecfdf-e834-4f67-931d-ad255e54d3f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084812/https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/8dfecfdf-e834-4f67-931d-ad255e54d3f4 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref>
;{{GER}}
* [[German Air Force]] – In 2022, ordered 35 F-35As<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabak |first=Juliusz |date=29 July 2022 |title=Niemcy: Wielki zakup F-35 z uzbrojeniem za 8,4 mld dolarów |trans-title=Germany: Major purchase of F-35 with weapons for $8.4 billion |url=https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/niemcy-wielki-zakup-f-35-z-uzbrojeniem-za-84-mld-dolarow |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084432/https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/niemcy-wielki-zakup-f-35-z-uzbrojeniem-za-84-mld-dolarow |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=defence24.pl |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2022 |title=Germany Becomes Latest Country to Join the F-35 Lightning II Global Team |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2022-12-14-Germany-Becomes-Latest-Country-to-Join-the-F-35-Lightning-II-Global-Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084431/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2022-12-14-Germany-Becomes-Latest-Country-to-Join-the-F-35-Lightning-II-Global-Team |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=Lockheed Martin |language=en-us}}</ref> for delivery starting in 2026.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Greet |first=Kai |date=2025-03-26 |title=Germany Doubles Down on F-35 Procurement |url=https://theaviationist.com/2025/03/26/germany-doubles-down-f-35-procurement/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2024, an order for 10 more was being considered.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-07/germany-is-in-talks-to-buy-10-additional-f-35-fighter-jets "Germany Is in Talks to Buy 10 Additional F-35 Fighter Jets"]. Bloomberg, 7 June 2024.</ref> German F-35s will also replace the older [[Panavia Tornado]]s in carrying the [[B61 nuclear bomb]].<ref name=":9" />
; {{flag|Greece}}
* [[Hellenic Air Force]] – In 2024, ordered 20 F-35As for delivery in late 2027 to early 2028,<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Matthew |date=2024-01-27 |title=US approves sale of F-16 jets to Turkey, F-35s to Greece |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/01/27/us-approves-sale-of-f-16-jets-to-turkey-f-35s-to-greece/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Greece signs deal to buy 20 US-made F-35 jets in major military overhaul |url=https://apnews.com/article/greece-defense-turkey-fighters-f35-military-201f3f178d9466814302b1c33651ce97 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> with an option to buy 20 more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2024-07-25-Greece-Becomes-Newest-Member-of-the-F-35-Lightning-II-Global-Alliance|title=Greece Becomes Newest Member Of The F-35 Lightning II Global Alliance|website=news.lockheedmartin.com|date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
;{{ROU}}
*[[Romanian Air Force]] – Romania signed the contract for 32 F-35A worth $6.5&nbsp;billion on 21 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2024-11-21-Romania-Becomes-the-20th-Member-of-the-F-35-Global-Alliance#assets_all|title=Romania Becomes the 20th Member of the F-35 Global Alliance|website=lockheedmartin.com|date=21 November 2024}}</ref> The plan is to buy 48 F-35A aircraft in two phases – first phase of 32 and second phase of 16. The first F-35s will arrive after 2030 and will replace the current Romanian F-16 fleet between 2034 and 2040.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hotnews.ro/oficial-romania-a-semnat-contractul-cu-sua-pentru-32-de-avioane-de-vanatoare-f-35-1840422|title=OFICIAL România a semnat contractul cu SUA pentru 32 de avioane de vânătoare F-35|author=Victor Cozmei|language=ro|work=[[HotNews]]|date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/armata-romana-a-publicat-legea-pentru-achizitia-de-avioane-f-35-cand-vor-fi-scoase-f-16-din-dotarea-fortelor-aeriene-2909585|title=Armata Română a publicat proiectul de lege pentru achiziția de avioane F-35. Când vor fi scoase F-16 din dotarea Forțelor Aeriene|language=ro|first=Valentin|last=Stan|work=Digi24|date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
;{{SIN}}
* [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] – 12 F-35Bs on order {{as of|2024|2|lc=y}} with first 4 to be delivered in 2026; The other 8 are to be delivered in 2028. 8 F-35As have been ordered, and are expected to arrive by 2030.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-buys-f35a-f35b-ng-eng-hen-2371071|title= Singapore to buy 8 F-35A fighter jets, adding to 12 F-35Bs it ordered earlier: Ng Eng Hen |newspaper = Today Online yea= 2024| access-date=2024-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tham |first=Davina |date=24 February 2023 |title=Singapore to acquire 8 more F-35B fighter jets, growing fleet to 12 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/f35-fighter-jet-mindef-saf-rsaf-air-force-military-defence-3302941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104084539/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/f35-fighter-jet-mindef-saf-rsaf-air-force-military-defence-3302941 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=25 February 2023 |agency=Channel News Asia}}</ref>
;{{SWI}}
* [[Swiss Air Force]] – 36 F-35A ordered to replace the current [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18C/D Hornet]]. Deliveries will begin in 2027 and conclude in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Air2030: Beschaffungsvertrag für die Kampfflugzeuge F-35A unterzeichnet |url=https://www.vbs.admin.ch/content/vbs-internet/de/home.detail.nsb.html/90403.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227165235/https://www.vbs.admin.ch/content/vbs-internet/de/home.detail.nsb.html/90403.html |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Schweiz unterzeichnet Kaufvertrag für F-35 |url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/vertrag-zur-beschaffung-der-f-35-jets-unterschrieben-793541527081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306113859/https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/vertrag-zur-beschaffung-der-f-35-jets-unterschrieben-793541527081 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=Tagesanzeiger |language=German}}</ref>

=== Potential sales ===
;{{IND}}
* [[Indian Air Force]] - In February 2025, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] offered the F-35 to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] of India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/politics/2025/03/06/india-narendra-modi-agrees-us-trade-talks-donald-trump-offers-f-35-jets/78577620007/|title=India's Modi agrees to US trade talks, Trump offers F-35 jets during White House meeting|website=USA TODAY}}</ref> which as of March 2025, was also mulling a competing offer from Russia's [[Sukhoi Su-57]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/markets/commodities/trump-says-india-agreed-purchase-more-us-oil-gas-2025-02-13/|title=Trump says US to increase military sales to India, eventually provide F-35 jets}}</ref>

===Cancellations===
;{{ROC}}
* [[Republic of China Air Force]] – Taiwan has repeatedly expressed interest in buying the F-35 to deter and fight off any Chinese attempt to seize the island by force. It is reportedly most interested in the F-35B STOVL variant, which could enable the Republic of China Air Force to continue operations if China bombed the island's runways.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |date=16 March 2018 |title=Taiwan renews interest in F-35 to counter Chinese first strike |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/03/15/taiwan-renews-interest-in-f-35-to-counter-chinese-first-strike |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180318104916/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/03/15/taiwan-renews-interest-in-f-35-to-counter-chinese-first-strike/ |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=Defense News |location=Melbourne}}</ref> But the U.S. has repeatedly rebuffed this interest<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carlin |first1=Maya |title=Why Won't America Sell F-35 Stealth Fighters to Taiwan? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-wont-america-sell-f-35-stealth-fighters-taiwan-207085 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=The National Interest |date=28 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>—for example, in March 2009, September 2011,<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2011 |title=Taiwan plans to request F-35s from US |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/20/2003513701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208181828/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/20/2003513701 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=16 January 2012 |newspaper=Taipei Times}}</ref> early 2017,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shim|first1=Elizabeth|title=Taiwan's plan to buy F-35 fighter jets riles China|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/04/28/Taiwans-plan-to-buy-F-35-fighter-jets-riles-China/8691493405302/|website=United Press International|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171017100017/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/04/28/Taiwans-plan-to-buy-F-35-fighter-jets-riles-China/8691493405302/|archive-date=17 October 2017|date=28 April 2017}}</ref> and March 2018. The usual reason given is to prevent provoking Beijing. But in April 2018, another reason for U.S. reluctance surfaced: concern that Chinese spies within the [[Republic of China Armed Forces|Taiwanese Armed Forces]] might gain classified data about the aircraft. In November 2018, it was reported that Taiwanese military leaders had abandoned efforts to buy the F-35, and would instead buy a larger number of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16V|F-16V Viper]] aircraft. The decision was reportedly motivated by concerns about industry independence, cost, and espionage concerns.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhezheng |first1=Hong |title=放棄F-35 我擬對美採購66架F-16V新戰機 |url=https://udn.com/news/story/10930/3506279?from=udn-catelistnews_ch2 |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129084221/https://udn.com/news/story/10930/3506279?from=udn-catelistnews_ch2 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |language=zh |date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
;{{THA}}
* [[Royal Thai Air Force]] – 8 or 12 planned to replace [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16A/B Block 15 ADF|F-16A/B Block 15 ADF]] in service. On 12 January 2022, Thailand's cabinet approved a budget for the first four F-35A, estimated at 13.8&nbsp;billion baht in FY2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nanuam |first=Wassana |date=12 January 2022 |title=Air force eyes B13.8bn jets purchase |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2245879/air-force-eyes-b13-8bn-jets-purchase |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122023244/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2245879/air-force-eyes-b13-8bn-jets-purchase |archive-date=22 January 2024 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nanuam |first=Wassana |date=31 December 2021 |title=Air force eyes F-35 stealth jets |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2240091/air-force-eyes-f-35-stealth-jets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122023502/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2240091/air-force-eyes-f-35-stealth-jets |archive-date=22 January 2024 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2021 |title=ผบ.ทอ. ประกาศซื้อ F-35 อีกครั้ง พร้อม MUM-T เผยเสนอในปีงบ 66 นี้เลย |trans-title=Air Force Commander announces purchase of F-35 again, with MUM-T revealed to be offered in fiscal year 2023. |url=https://thaiarmedforce.com/2021/12/31/rtaf-cnc-insist-in-buying-f-35-and-mum-t/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010085006/https://thaiarmedforce.com/2021/12/31/rtaf-cnc-insist-in-buying-f-35-and-mum-t/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=thaiarmedforce |language=Thai}}</ref> On 22 May 2023, the [[United States Department of Defense]] implied it will turn down Thailand's bid to buy F-35 fighters, and instead offer [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Block 70/72|F-16 Block 70/72 Viper]] and [[Boeing F-15EX Eagle II|F-15EX Eagle II]] fighters, a Royal Thai Air Force source said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nanuam |first=Wassana |date=22 May 2023 |title=US Pentagon set to rebuff Thailand's bid for F-35s |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2575890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230522121246/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2575890 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |newspaper=Bangkok Post}}</ref>
;{{TUR}}
* [[Turkish Air Force]] – 30 were ordered,<ref name="TDP-21.06.18">{{cite web |author=Kelly |first=Fergus |date=21 June 2018 |title=Turkey receives F-35s from Lockheed, despite US Senate ban |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/06/21/turkey-f-35-lockheed-roll-out/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084841/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/06/21/turkey-f-35-lockheed-roll-out/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=The Defense Post}}</ref> of up to 100 total planned.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.f35.com/news/detail/turkey-to-order-four-more-f-35-fighter-jets |title=Turkey to Order Four More F-35 Fighter Jets |work=F-35.com |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121124549/https://www.f35.com/news/detail/turkey-to-order-four-more-f-35-fighter-jets }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2016 |title=Turkey Plans More F-35 Orders After Receiving First Batch in 2018 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/turkey/1.749708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226175321/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/turkey/2016-10-28/ty-article/turkey-expects-f-35-delivery-in-2018-plans-to-order-more/0000017f-e2a8-d804-ad7f-f3fabd910000 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |newspaper=Haaretz |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Future purchases have been banned by the U.S. with contracts canceled by early 2020, following Turkey's decision to buy the [[S-400 missile system]] from Russia.<ref name="turkeyban">{{Cite web |last=Pawlyk |first=Oriana |date=16 June 2019 |title=Trump: Turkey Will Be Out of F-35 Fighter Jet Program After S-400 Buy |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/07/16/trump-turkey-will-be-out-f-35-fighter-jet-program-after-s-400-buy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316044127/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/07/16/trump-turkey-will-be-out-f-35-fighter-jet-program-after-s-400-buy.html |archive-date=16 March 2023 |website=Military.com}}</ref> Six of Turkey's 30 ordered F-35As were completed {{as of|2019|lc=y}} (they are still kept in a hangar in the United States {{as of|2023|lc=y}}<ref name="FlightGlobal-23.01.2023">{{cite web |author=Finnerty |first=Ryan |date=23 January 2023 |title=US, Turkish defence officials meet for second round of F-35 discussions |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/us-turkish-defence-officials-meet-for-second-round-of-f-35-discussions/151753.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123200419/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/us-turkish-defence-officials-meet-for-second-round-of-f-35-discussions/151753.article |archive-date=23 January 2023 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref><ref name="Janes-24.01.2023">{{cite web |author=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=24 January 2023 |title=US, Turkey continue talks to settle F-35 dispute |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-turkey-continue-talks-to-settle-f-35-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803200551/http://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-turkey-continue-talks-to-settle-f-35-dispute |archive-date=3 August 2023 |website=Janes}}</ref> and so far haven't been transferred to the USAF, despite a modification in the 2020 Fiscal Year defense budget by the U.S. Congress which gives authority to do so if necessary),<ref name="TRT_World-21.07.2020"/><ref name="DefenseNews-20.07.2020"/> and two more were at the assembly line in 2020.<ref name="TRT_World-21.07.2020">{{cite web |date=21 July 2020 |title=US to buy eight F-35 jets originally built for Turkey |url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/us-to-buy-eight-f-35-jets-originally-built-for-turkey-38301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209075522/https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/us-to-buy-eight-f-35-jets-originally-built-for-turkey-38301 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |website= |publisher=[[TRT World]] |agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="DefenseNews-20.07.2020">{{cite web |author=Insinna |first=Valerie |date=21 July 2020 |title=It's official: US Air Force to buy Turkish F-35s |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2020/07/20/its-official-us-air-force-to-buy-turkish-f-35s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200721135043/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2020/07/20/its-official-us-air-force-to-buy-turkish-f-35s/ |archive-date=21 July 2020 |website=Defense News}}</ref> The first four F-35As were delivered to [[Luke Air Force Base]] in 2018<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=F-35'lerin ilk teslimat töreni ABD'de gerçekleşti |trans-title=The first delivery ceremony of F-35s took place in the USA |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/f-35lerin-ilk-teslimat-toreni-abdde-gerceklesti-371160.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010085005/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/f-35lerin-ilk-teslimat-toreni-abdde-gerceklesti-371160.html |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=trthaber.com |publisher=[[TRT Haber]] |language=Turkish}}</ref> and 2019<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Mike |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=4 April 2019 |title=Turkish F-35 delivered to training base in Arizona, official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-turkey-f35-arizona-idUSKCN1RG242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405164712/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-turkey-f35-arizona-idUSKCN1RG242 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> for the training of Turkish pilots.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=Turkish F35 takes flight |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDq7Ewkf6R4 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304231504/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDq7Ewkf6R4 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |website=YouTube |publisher=Kaparzo1453 |type=Video |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=Turkish Air Force pilots training with Turkish F-35As at Luke Air Force Base |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQzTgHYtm30 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304231506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQzTgHYtm30 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |website=YouTube |publisher=Tonk298 |type=Video |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref> On 20 July 2020, the U.S. government had formally approved the seizure of eight F-35As originally bound for Turkey and their transfer to the USAF, together with a contract to modify them to USAF specifications.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tirpak |first=John A. |date=20 July 2020 |title=USAF Nets Turkey's F-35s Under $861.7M Contract Mod |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/usaf-nets-turkeys-f-35s-under-861-7m-contract-mod/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015112104/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/usaf-nets-turkeys-f-35s-under-861-7m-contract-mod/ |archive-date=15 October 2023 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref> The U.S. has not refunded the $1.4&nbsp;billion payment made by Turkey for purchasing the F-35A fighters {{as of|2023|1|lc=y}}.<ref name="FlightGlobal-23.01.2023"/><ref name="Janes-24.01.2023"/> On 1 February 2024, the United States expressed willingness to readmit Turkey into the F-35 program if Turkey agrees to give up its S-400 system.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/us-ready-greenlight-turkey-f-111400491.html | title=US ready to greenlight Turkey's F-35 fighter jet program if Ankara gives up Russian S-300s and S-400s | date=February 2024 | access-date=3 July 2024 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202005500/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/us-ready-greenlight-turkey-f-111400491.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> After Trump and Erdoğan's phone call in March 2025, news was reported in the press that Trump could approve the sale of F-35s to Türkiye if Türkiye resolves the S-400 issue.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-eyes-lifting-sanctions-potential-sale-prized-fighter-jet-turkey | title=Trump eyes lifting sanctions, potential sale of prized fighter jet to Turkey | date=21 March 2025 | access-date=22 March 2025| website=[[Foxnews]]}}</ref>
;{{UAE}}
* [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]] – Up to 50 F-35As planned.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2020 |title=White House moves forward with sale of F-35s to UAE |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/29/white-house-moves-forward-with-f-35-sale-to-uae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010085005/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/29/white-house-moves-forward-with-f-35-sale-to-uae |archive-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> But on 27 January 2021, the Biden administration temporarily suspended the F-35 sales to the UAE.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2021 |title=Biden suspends F-35 sale to UAE |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/biden-suspends-f-35-sale-to-uae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084758/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/biden-suspends-f-35-sale-to-uae |archive-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[Daily Sabah]]}}</ref> After pausing the bill to review the sale, the Biden administration confirmed to move forward with the deal on 13 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axelrod |first1=Tal |title=Biden to move ahead with $23 billion UAE weapons sale approved by Trump |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/548102-biden-to-move-ahead-with-23-billion-uae-weapons-sale-approved-by-trump |website=The Hill |access-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414082725/https://thehill.com/policy/defense/548102-biden-to-move-ahead-with-23-billion-uae-weapons-sale-approved-by-trump |archive-date=14 April 2021 |date=13 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021 UAE withdrew from purchasing F-35s as they did not agree to the additional terms of the transaction from the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ghantous |first1=Ghaida |last2=Ponnezhath |first2=Maria |last3=Stone |first3=Mike |last4=Ali |first4=Idrees |date=14 December 2021 |title=UAE told the U.S. it will suspend talks on F-35 jets -Emirati official |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/uae-threatens-pull-out-23-bln-f-35-drone-deal-with-us-wsj-2021-12-14/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240122025156/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/uae-threatens-pull-out-23-bln-f-35-drone-deal-with-us-wsj-2021-12-14/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palowski |first=Jakub |date=15 December 2021 |title=Emiraty bez F-35? Porozumienie zerwane |trans-title=Emirates without F-35? Agreement broken |url=https://defence24.pl/przemysl/emiraty-bez-f-35-dubaj-nie-zgadza-sie-na-warunki-bidena-komentarz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010084841/https://defence24.pl/przemysl/emiraty-bez-f-35-dubaj-nie-zgadza-sie-na-warunki-bidena-komentarz |archive-date=10 October 2023 |website=defence24.pl |language=pl}}</ref> On 14 September 2024, a senior UAE official said that the United Arab Emirates does not expect to resume talks with the U.S. about the F-35.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE rules out reopening F-35 talks with US |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uae-rules-out-reopening-f-35-talks-us |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>

==Accidents and notable incidents==
{{Main|List of accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II}}

The F-35 has been described as a relatively safe military aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=An F-35 Went Down in New Mexico. It's Still One of the Safest Planes in the Skies. |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a60962511/f-35-went-down-in-new-mexico/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US}}</ref> Still, since 2014, more than a dozen have crashed or otherwise been involved in incidents that have killed or severely injured people or destroyed the aircraft. Some were caused by operator error; others by mechanical problems, some of which set the entire program back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marrow |first=Michael |date=2024-06-05 |title=What a crashed jet means for an F-35 program already thin on test planes |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2024/06/what-a-crashed-jet-means-for-an-f-35-program-already-thin-on-test-planes/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Specifications (F-35A)==
[[File:Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II 3-view drawing.png|thumb|upright=1.4|F-35A three-view drawing]]

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Lockheed Martin: F-35 specifications,<ref name="LM_F-35A_page">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35A-ctol-variant.html |title=F-35A Conventional Takeoff and Landing Variant|access-date=13 July 2012 |last=[[Lockheed Martin]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113904/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35A-ctol-variant.html |archive-date=17 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/478441/f-35a-lightning-ii/ |title=F-35A Lightning II |website=af.mil|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=lockf35B>{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35b-stovl-variant.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317114148/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35b-stovl-variant.html |title=F-35B Short Takeoff/Vertical Landing Variant |archive-date=17 March 2011 |website=Lockheed Martin |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=lockf35C>{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35c-cv-variant.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317173004/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/f-35c-cv-variant.html |title=F-35C Carrier Variant |website=Lockheed Martin |archive-date=17 March 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> Lockheed Martin: F-35 weaponry,<ref name=weaponry>{{cite web |url=https://www.f35.com/about/carrytheload/weaponry |title=F-35 Weaponry |website=F35.com |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418155950/https://f35.com/about/carrytheload/weaponry }}</ref> Lockheed Martin: F-35 Program Status,<ref name="LM_F-35_Status_Fast_Facts">{{cite web |url=http://f-35.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/F-35-Fast-Facts-March-13-2012.pdf |title=F-35 Lightning II Program Status and Fast Facts |website=F-35.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524200620/http://f-35.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/F-35-Fast-Facts-March-13-2012.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2013 |publisher=Lockheed Martin |date=13 March 2012}}</ref> F-35 Program brief,<ref name="F-35_prog_brief_Sept2006" /> FY2019 Select Acquisition Report (SAR),<ref name="FY2019 President's Budget Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) – F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35)">{{cite web |url=https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Selected_Acquisition_Reports/18-F-1016_DOC_44_DOD_F-35_SAR_Dec_2017.pdf |title=FY2019 President's Budget Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) – F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35) |website=esd.whs.mil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310034412/https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Selected_Acquisition_Reports/18-F-1016_DOC_44_DOD_F-35_SAR_Dec_2017.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2019 }}</ref> Director of Operational Test & Evaluation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2016/pdf/dod/2016f35jsf.pdf#page=15 |title=FY2016 DOT&E Report – F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35) |year=2017 |website=dote.osd.mil|page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713055540/http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2016/pdf/dod/2016f35jsf.pdf#page=15 |archive-date=13 July 2017 }}</ref>
|prime units?=kts
<!--
 General characteristics -->
|genhide=
|crew=1
|length ft=51.4
|length in=
|length note=
|span ft=35
|span in=
|span note=
|height ft=14.4
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqft=460
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=2.66
|airfoil=
|empty weight lb=29300
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=49540
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=65918
|max takeoff weight note=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/aircraft/f-35a-lightning-ii |title=F-35A Lightning II |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Royal Australian Air Force |access-date=2022-11-14 |quote=}}</ref>
|fuel capacity={{cvt|18250|lb|0}} internal
|more general=
<!--
 Powerplant -->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney F135#F135-PW-100|Pratt & Whitney F135-PW-100]]
|eng1 type=afterburning [[turbofan]]
|eng1 lbf=28000
|eng1 kn=125
|eng1 note=
|eng1 lbf-ab=43000
|eng1 kn-ab=191
<!--
 Performance -->
|perfhide=

|max speed kts=
|max speed mach=1.6 at high altitude
**Mach 1.06, {{convert|700|knots|mph km/h|0}} at sea level
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range nmi=1500
|range note=
|combat range nmi=669
|combat range note=interdiction mission (air-to-surface) on internal fuel
** {{cvt|760|nmi|mi km}}, air-to-air configuration on internal fuel<ref name="Gary North Vice President Lockheed Martin – Presentation to Israel (2016)">{{cite web |url=http://www.fisher.org.il/2016/Adir%20Powepoint/GaryNorth.pdf#page=7 |work=F-35: The Future is Now |publisher=Fisher.org.il |title=Long Combat Radius |first=Gary |last=North |date=April 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609054858/http://www.fisher.org.il/2016/Adir%20Powepoint/GaryNorth.pdf#page=7 }}</ref>
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=50000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=+9.0
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=107.7
|wing loading note=at gross weight
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|thrust/weight=0.87 at gross weight (1.07 at loaded weight with 50% internal fuel)
|more performance=
<!--
 Armament -->
|guns= 1 × [[25 mm caliber|25&nbsp;mm]] [[GAU-12 Equalizer#GAU-22/A|GAU-22/A]] 4-barrel [[rotary cannon]], 180 rounds{{refn|F-35B and F-35C have the cannon in an external pod with 220 rounds.|group=N}}
|hardpoints=4 × internal stations, 6 × external stations on wings
|hardpoint capacity={{convert|5700|lb}} internal, {{convert|15000|lb}} external, {{convert|18000|lb}} total weapons payload
|hardpoint missiles=<br />
*** [[Air-to-air missile]]s:
**** [[AIM-9X Sidewinder]]
**** [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]
**** [[AIM-132 ASRAAM]]
**** [[AIM-260 JATM]] (being integrated)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-developing-amraam-replacement-to-counter-china/|title=Air Force Developing AMRAAM Replacement to Counter China|date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
**** [[MBDA Meteor]] (Block 4, for F-35B, not before 2027)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/integration-of-meteor-missile-on-f-35b-slips-to-2027/|title=Integration of Meteor missile on F-35B slips to 2027|first=George|last=Allison|date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="clipped-fin" /><ref name="integbudget">{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/italy-uk-to-complete-meteor-spear-missile-integration-on-f-35-fleets/145515.article|title=Italy, UK to complete Meteor, Spear missile integration on F-35 fleets|first=Craig|last=Hoyle|date=2021-09-17|website=FlightGlobal}}</ref>
*** [[Air-to-surface missile]]s:
**** [[AGM-88 HARM#AGM-88G AARGM-ER|AGM-88G AARGM-ER]] (Block 4)
**** [[AGM-158 JASSM]]<ref name="JSFrange" />
**** [[AGM-179 JAGM]]
**** [[SPEAR 3]] (Block 4, in development, integration contracted)<ref name="mbda spear" /><ref name="integbudget"/>
**** [[Stand-in Attack Weapon]] (SiAW)<ref name= siawPhase2 >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/northrop-nabs-705m-air-force-award-for-new-f-35-air-to-ground-missile/ (25 Sep 2023) Northrop nabs $705M Air Force award for new F-35 air-to-ground missile] IOC 2026</ref>
*** [[Anti-ship missile]]s:
**** [[AGM-158C LRASM]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2012/07/03/the-navys-advanced-weapons-shopping-list/ |title=The Navy's advanced weapons shopping list |first=Philip |last=Ewing |date=3 July 2012 |website=DoD buzz.com |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906070100/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2012/07/03/the-navys-advanced-weapons-shopping-list/ |archive-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> (being integrated)
**** [[Joint Strike Missile]] (being integrated)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-jsm-successfully-released-from-f-35a|title=Update: JSM successfully released from F-35A|website=Janes.com|date=12 April 2021 }}</ref>
|hardpoint bombs=<br />
*** [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]]
*** [[Paveway]]
*** [[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided]] [[glide bomb]]:
**** [[AGM-154 JSOW]]
**** [[GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb]]
**** [[GBU-53/B StormBreaker]]
*** [[B61 nuclear bomb#B61 Mod 12|B61 mod 12]] nuclear bomb<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/2010%20Nuclear%20Posture%20Review%20Report.pdf |title=Nuclear Posture Review Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207170603/http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/2010%20Nuclear%20Posture%20Review%20Report.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2014 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |location=Washington, D.C. |date=April 2010}}</ref><ref name="B61_certified" />
|rockets=
|avionics= *[[AN/APG-81]] ''or'' [[AN/APG-85]] (Lot 17 onwards) [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] radar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/air/an-apg-81-active-electronically-scanned-array-aesa-fire-control-radar|title=AN/APG-81 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Fire Control Radar|website=Northrop Grumman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-developing-the-next-generation-radar-for-the-f-35-lightning-ii |title=Northrop Grumman Developing the Next Generation Radar for the F-35 Lightning II |last= |first= |date= |website=|publisher= |access-date=2023-02-04 |quote=}}</ref>
* AN/AAQ-40 Electro-Optical Targeting System<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-35-lightning-ii-eots.html|title=F-35 Electro Optical Targeting System (EOTS)|website=Lockheed Martin}}</ref>
* [[AN/AAQ-37 Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raytheonintelligenceandspace.com/what-we-do/air-dominance/eodas|title=Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System &#124; Raytheon Intelligence & Space|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230324232606/https://www.raytheonintelligenceandspace.com/what-we-do/air-dominance/eodas|archive-date= 24 March 2023|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* AN/ASQ-239 Barracuda [[electronic warfare]]/[[electronic countermeasures]] system<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.baesystems.com/en-media/uploadFile/20210404061430/1434583878736.pdf|title= AN/ASQ-239 Electronic warfare/countermeasure system|access-date= 16 May 2023|author= BAE Systems|author-link= BAE Systems|work= www.baesystems.com|date= November 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230514010902/https://www.baesystems.com/en-media/uploadFile/20210404061430/1434583878736.pdf|archive-date= 14 May 2023|url-status= live}}</ref>
* AN/ASQ-242 CNI suite, which includes
** [[Harris Corporation]] [[Multifunction Advanced Data Link]] (MADL) communication system
** [[Link 16]] data link
** [[SINCGARS]]
** An [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] interrogator and transponder
** [[HAVE QUICK]]
** AM, VHF, UHF AM, and UHF FM Radio
** GUARD survival radio
** A [[radar altimeter]]
** An [[instrument landing system]]
** A [[TACAN]] system
** Instrument carrier landing system
** A [[JPALS]]
** [[TADIL-J]] JVMF/VMF
}}

===Differences between variants===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!
!F-35A<br />[[CTOL]]
!F-35B<br />[[STOVL]]
!F-35C<br />[[Carrier-based aircraft|CV]] [[CATOBAR]]
|-
|Length
|{{convert|51.4|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|{{convert|51.2|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|{{convert|51.5|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|-
|Wingspan
|{{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|{{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|{{convert|43|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|-
|Height
|{{convert|14.4|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|{{convert|14.3|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|{{convert|14.7|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}
|-
|Wing Area
|{{convert|460|sqft|sqm|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}
|{{convert|460|sqft|sqm|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}
|{{convert|668|sqft|sqm|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}
|-
|Empty weight
|{{convert|28999|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|32472|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|34581|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|-
|Internal fuel
|{{convert|18250|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|13500|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|19750|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|Weapons payload
|{{convert|18000|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|15000|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|18000|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}}
|-
|Max takeoff weight
|{{convert|70000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} class
|{{convert|60000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} class
|{{convert|70000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} class
|-
|Range
|>{{convert|1200|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
|>{{convert|900|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
|>{{convert|1200|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
|-
|Combat radius on<br />internal fuel
|{{convert|669|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|505|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|670|nmi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}
|-
|Thrust/weight <br />{{•}} full fuel: <br />{{•}} 50% fuel:
|<br />0.87<br />1.07
|<br />0.90<br />1.04
|<br />0.75<br />0.91
|-
|g limit
|<big>+</big>9.0
|<big>+</big>7.0
|<big>+</big>7.5
|}

== Appearances in media ==
<!--===============({{NoMoreCruft}})===============-->
<!-- Please READ [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Popular culture]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Style guide#Popular culture]] before adding any "Popular culture" items.

Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield 2, Tom Clancy's HAWX, and Metal Gear Solid appearances, along with ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed.

If your item has been removed, please discuss it on the talk page FIRST. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. If a consensus is reached to include your item, a regular editor of this page will add it back. Thank you for your cooperation.-->
<!--===============({{NoMoreCruft}})===============-->
<!-- READ notes below "Popular culture" before adding anything to this section. -->
{{Main|Aircraft in fiction#F-35 Lightning II}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|see also=<!-- related articles that do not fit the specific entries: -->
|related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: -->
* [[Lockheed Martin X-35]] – Concept demonstrator aircraft for Joint Strike Fighter program
|similar aircraft=<!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability this design: -->
* [[Chengdu J-20]] – Chinese fifth-generation fighter aircraft
* [[HAL AMCA]] – Indian fifth-generation fighter under development by [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
* [[KAI KF-21 Boramae]] – Advanced multirole fighter aircraft under development by South Korea and Indonesia
* [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor]] – American fifth-generation air superiority fighter
* [[Shenyang J-35]] – Chinese fifth-generation fighter aircraft
* [[Sukhoi Su-57]] – Russian fifth-generation fighter aircraft
* [[Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate]] – Russian single engine fifth-generation fighter under development by [[Sukhoi]]
* [[TAI TF Kaan]] – Turkish fifth-generation fighter under development by [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]
|lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: -->
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
* [[List of active United States military aircraft]]
* [[List of megaprojects#Aerospace projects|List of megaprojects, Aerospace]]
* [[List of military electronics of the United States]]
<!-- See [[WP:Air/PC]] for more explanation of these fields. -->
}}
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=N}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Hamstra |first=Jeffrey |editor1-first=Jeffrey W. |editor1-last=Hamstra |date=2019 |title=The F-35 Lightning II: From Concept to Cockpit |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/4.105678 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |doi=10.2514/4.105678 |isbn=978-1-62410-566-1|s2cid=212996081 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keijsper |first=Gerald |title=Lockheed F-35 Joint Strike Fighter |location=London |publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-84415-631-3}}
* Lake, Jon. "The West's Great Hope". ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', December 2010.
* {{cite book |last=Polmar |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA397 |title=The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet |location=Annapolis, [[Maryland|MD]] |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-59114-685-8}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Borgu |first=Aldo |title=A Big Deal: Australia's Future Air Combat Capability |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |date=2004 |isbn=1-920722-25-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Spick |first=Mike |title=The Illustrated Directory of Fighters |location=London |publisher=Salamander |date=2002 |isbn=1-84065-384-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Winchester |first=Jim |year=2005 |title=Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes, and Experimental Aircraft |isbn=978-1-59223-480-6 |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |location=San Diego, CA |oclc=636459025}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|F-35 Lightning II}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.jsf.mil/ Official JSF website]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027111123/http://www.jsf.mil/ |date=27 October 2007 }}.
* [http://f35.com/ Official F-35 Team website]
* [https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/air/f35-lightning F35 Lightning II {{!}} Northrop Grumman]
* [http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=334E7A23-1F02-4669-843A-89222BEEDC01 F-35 page on U.S. Naval Air Systems Command site]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307083758/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=334E7A23-1F02-4669-843A-89222BEEDC01 |date=7 March 2010 }}.
* [https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/f-35b-lightning/ F-35 – Royal Air Force]

{{Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II}}
{{Lockheed Martin aircraft}}
{{US fighters}}
{{Italian military aircraft}}
{{Stealth aircraft}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II| ]]
[[Category:Lockheed Martin aircraft|F-035 Lightning II]]
[[Category:2000s United States fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
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[[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]]
[[Category:Stealth aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2006]]
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[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]