View source for Edward Jenner

{{Short description|English physician and pioneer of vaccines (1749–1823)}}
{{For|the New Zealand poet and translator|Edward Jenner (writer)}}
{{Expand Spanish|Edward Jenner|date=March 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=9}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = 
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS|FRCPE}}
| image             = Edward Jenner.jpg
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{birth-date|17 May 1749}}
| birth_place       = [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire]], England
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1823|1|26|1749|5|17|df=y}}
| death_place       = Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England
| spouse            = {{marriage|Catherine Kingscote|1788|1815|reason=died}}
| children          = 3
| field             = Medicine/surgery, natural history
| work_institutions = 
| alma_mater        = {{Plainlist|
* [[St George's, University of London]]
* [[University of St Andrews]]
 }}
| academic_advisors = [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]]
| known_for         = {{ubl|[[Vaccination]]|[[Smallpox vaccine]]}}
}}

'''Edward Jenner''' (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English [[physician]] and [[scientist]] who pioneered the concept of [[vaccine]]s and created the [[smallpox vaccine]], the world's first vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stefan |last=Riedel |pmc=1200696 |title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination |journal=Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |date=January 2005 |publisher=Baylor University Medical Center |pmid=16200144 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}</ref><ref name=Baxbydnb>{{cite ODNB |last=Baxby |first=Derrick|author-link = Derrick Baxby |title=Jenner, Edward (1749–1823) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14749 |year=2009 |origyear=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14749 |access-date=2 December 2022 |freearticle=y}}</ref> The terms ''vaccine'' and ''vaccination'' are derived from ''Variolae vaccinae'' ('pustules of the cow'), the term devised by Jenner to denote [[cowpox]]. He used it in 1798 in the title of his ''Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox'', in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baxby |first=Derrick |title=Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis |journal=Vaccine |year=1999 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=301–307 |pmid=9987167 |doi=10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00207-2}}</ref>

Jenner is often called "the father of [[immunology]]",<ref name="JennerBBC"/> and his work is said to have saved "more lives than any other man".{{r|"Baron1838_vol2"|page=100}}<ref name="Telegraph"/> In Jenner's time, smallpox killed around 10% of the global population, with the number as high as 20% in towns and cities where infection spread more easily.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/only-in-britain/edward-jenner-discovers-the-smallpox-vaccine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126061824/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/only-in-britain/edward-jenner-discovers-the-smallpox-vaccine/ |archive-date=26 January 2022  |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |title=How did Edward Jenner test his smallpox vaccine? |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 May 2016 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> In 1821, he was appointed physician to King [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]], and was also made mayor of [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire|Berkeley]] and justice of the peace. He was a member of the [[Royal Society]]. In the field of zoology, he was among the first modern scholars to describe the [[brood parasitism]] of the [[common cuckoo|cuckoo]] ([[Aristotle]] also noted this behaviour in his ''[[History of Animals]]''). In 2002, Jenner was named in the [[BBC]]'s list of the ''[[100 Greatest Britons]]''.

==Early life==
[[File:Edward Jenner manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright|Jenner's handwritten draft describing the first vaccination is held at the [[Royal College of Surgeons]] in London]]
Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749<ref name="About Edward Jenner"/> in [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire]], England as the eighth of nine children.<ref name="JGFH2018"/> His father, the [[The Reverend|Reverend]] Stephen Jenner, was the [[vicar]] of Berkeley, so Jenner received a strong basic education.<ref name="About Edward Jenner"/>

=== Education and training ===
[[File:Edward Jenner, testimonial to the efficacy of vaccination. Wellcome L0020705.jpg|thumb|upright|Jenner's 1802 testimonial to the efficacy of vaccination, signed by 112 members of the [[Physical Society of London|Physical Society, London]]]]

When he was young, he went to school in [[Wotton-under-Edge]] at Katherine Lady Berkeley's School and in [[Cirencester]].<ref name="About Edward Jenner">{{cite web |url=https://www.jenner.ac.uk/about/edward-jenner |title=About Edward Jenner |work=The Jenner Institute |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> During this time, he was [[inoculation|inoculated]] (by [[variolation]]) for [[smallpox]], which had a lifelong effect upon his general health.<ref name="About Edward Jenner"/> At the age of 14, he was apprenticed for seven years to Daniel Ludlow, a [[surgeon]] of [[Chipping Sodbury]], South Gloucestershire, where he gained most of the experience needed to become a surgeon himself.<ref name="About Edward Jenner"/>

In 1770, aged 21, Jenner became apprenticed in surgery and anatomy under surgeon [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] and others at [[St George's Hospital]], London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jennermuseum.com/Jenner/youngedward.html|title=Young Edward Jenner, Born in Berkeley|work=Edward Jenner Museum|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914084340/http://www.jennermuseum.com/Jenner/youngedward.html|archive-date=14 September 2012|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[William Osler]] records that Hunter gave Jenner [[William Harvey]]'s advice, well known in medical circles (and characteristic of the [[Age of Enlightenment]]), "Don't think; try."<ref name="Loncarek"/> Hunter remained in correspondence with Jenner over [[natural history]] and proposed him for the [[Royal Society]]. Returning to his native countryside by 1773, Jenner became a successful [[general practitioner|family doctor]] and surgeon, practising on dedicated premises at Berkeley. In 1792, "with twenty years' experience of general practice and surgery, Jenner obtained the degree of MD from the [[University of St Andrews]]".<ref name=Baxbydnb />

=== Later life ===
Jenner and others formed the Fleece Medical Society or Gloucestershire Medical Society, so called because it met in the parlour of the Fleece Inn, [[Rodborough]], Gloucestershire. Members dined together and read papers on medical subjects. Jenner contributed papers on [[angina pectoris]], [[ophthalmia]], and cardiac valvular disease and commented on [[cowpox]]. He also belonged to a similar society which met in [[Alveston]], near Bristol.<ref>[http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8 "Papers at the Royal College of Physicians summarised"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107144243/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8 |date=7 November 2017 }}.</ref>

He became a master [[Freemasonry|mason]] on  30 December 1802, in Lodge of Faith and Friendship #449. From 1812 to 1813, he served as worshipful master of Royal Berkeley Lodge of Faith and Friendship.<ref>[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/jenner_e/jenner_e.html "Edward Jenner biography"]. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A. M. Retrieved 22 August 2016</ref>

== Zoology ==
[[File:Cuculus canorus.jpg|thumb|[[Common cuckoo]]]]

Jenner was elected fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1788, following his publication of a careful study of the previously misunderstood life of the nested [[common cuckoo|cuckoo]], a study that combined observation, experiment, and dissection.

Jenner described how the newly hatched cuckoo pushed its host's eggs and fledgling chicks out of the nest (contrary to existing belief that the adult cuckoo did it).<ref>[http://www.jennermuseum.com/ej/cuckoo.shtml Jenner Museum: Cuckoo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923015150/http://www.jennermuseum.com/ej/cuckoo.shtml |date=23 September 2009 }}</ref> Having observed this behaviour, Jenner demonstrated an anatomical adaptation for it{{snd}}the baby cuckoo has a depression in its back, not present after 12 days of life, that enables it to cup eggs and other chicks. The adult does not remain long enough in the area to perform this task. Jenner's findings were published in ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' in 1788.<ref>"Observations on the Natural History of the Cuckoo". By Mr. Edward Jenner. In a Letter to John Hunter, Esq. F.R.S. Jenner, E Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776–1886). 1788. 78:219–237 [https://archive.org/details/philtrans06624558 (Archived Text)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3366/anh.2011.0030 | volume=38 | title=Cuckoo chicks evicting their nest mates: coincidental observations by Edward Jenner in England and Antoine Joseph Lottinger in France | year=2011 | journal=Archives of Natural History | pages=220–228 | author=Sealy Spencer G| issue=2 }}</ref>

"The singularity of its shape is well adapted to these purposes; for, different from other newly hatched birds, its back from the scapula downwards is very broad, with a considerable depression in the middle. This depression seems formed by nature for the design of giving a more secure lodgement to the egg of the Hedge-sparrow, or its young one, when the young Cuckoo is employed in removing either of them from the nest. When it is about twelve days old, this cavity is quite filled up, and then the back assumes the shape of nestling birds in general."<ref>(Letter to Hunter at the Royal Society, as above)</ref> Jenner's nephew assisted in the study. He was born on 30 June 1737.

Jenner's understanding of the cuckoo's behaviour was not entirely believed until the artist [[Jemima Blackburn]], a keen observer of birdlife, saw a blind nestling pushing out a host's egg. Blackburn's description and illustration were enough to convince [[Charles Darwin]] to revise a later edition of ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women|date=2006}}</ref>

Jenner's interest in zoology played a large role in his first experiment with inoculation. Not only did he have a profound understanding of human anatomy due to his medical training, but he also understood animal biology and its role in human-animal trans-species boundaries in disease transmission.  At the time, there was no way of knowing how important this connection would be to the history and discovery of vaccinations.  We see this connection now; many present-day vaccinations include animal parts from cows, rabbits, and chicken eggs, which can be attributed to the work of Jenner and his cowpox/smallpox vaccination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|year=2005|title=The History of Vaccines and Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges|journal=Health Affairs|volume=24|issue=3|pages=611–621|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611|pmid=15886151|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Marriage and human medicine==
[[File:Edward Jenner, certificate of attendance at Wellcome L0020702.jpg|thumb|upright|A lecturer's certificate of attendance given to Jenner. He attended many lectures on chemistry, medicine and physics.]]

Jenner married Catherine Kingscote (who died in 1815 from [[tuberculosis]]) in March 1788. He might have met her while he and other fellows were experimenting with [[balloons]]. Jenner's trial balloon descended into [[Kingscote Park, Gloucestershire]], owned by Catherine's father Anthony Kingscote.<ref>Richard B. Fisher, ''Edward Jenner'' (Andre Deutsch, 1991) pp. 40–42 {{ISBN|978-023398681-4}}</ref> They had three children: Edward Robert (1789–1810), Robert Fitzharding (1792–1854) and Catherine (1794–1833).<ref name="JGFH2018">[http://dx.doi.org/10.24240/23992964.2017.1234513 ''The Journal of Genealogy and Family History''], Vol. 2, No. 1, page 23 Figure 2 (2018)</ref>

He earned his MD from the [[University of St Andrews]] in 1792.<ref>{{cite web|title=A brief history of the University | website=University of St Andrews | url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/history/brief/ | access-date=11 February 2018 | quote=Through the centuries many great minds have been attracted to St Andrews:...Edward Jenner, pioneer of the smallpox vaccine (MD, 1792) }}</ref> He is credited with advancing the understanding of [[angina pectoris]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.4997/JRCPE.2011.416 | volume=41 | title=A story of heartache: the understanding of angina pectoris in the pre-surgical period | year=2011 | journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | pages=361–365 | author=Beasley AW| issue=4 | pmid=22184576 | doi-access=free }}</ref> In his correspondence with Heberden, he wrote: "How much the heart must suffer from the coronary arteries not being able to perform their functions".<ref>Valentin Fuster, Eric J. Topol, Elizabeth G. Nabel (2005). "Atherothrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease". p. 8. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins {{ISBN|978-078173583-4}}</ref>

==Invention of the vaccine==
{{sidebar|navbar=off
| style  = text-align:left
| heading1 = Jenner's Hypothesis:
| content1 = The initial source of infection was a disease of horses, called "the grease", which was transferred to cattle by farm workers, transformed, and then manifested as cowpox.
}}

[[Inoculation]] was already a standard practice in Asian and African medicine but involved serious risks, including the possibility that those inoculated would become contagious and spread the disease to others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/lady-montagu-and-introduction-smallpox-inoculation-england|title=Lady Montagu and the Introduction of Smallpox Inoculation to England {{!}} Muslim Heritage|website=www.muslimheritage.com|date=16 February 2010 |language=en|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> In 1721, [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]] had imported [[variolation]] to Britain after having observed it in [[Istanbul|Constantinople]]. While [[Johnnie Notions]] had great success with his self-devised inoculation<ref name="Smith1998">{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Brian|date=July 1998|title=Camphor, Cabbage Leaves and Vaccination: the Career of Johnie 'Notions' Williamson of Hamnavoe, Eshaness, Shetland|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=28|issue=3|page=402|pmid=11620446|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731014908/https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (and was reputed not to have lost a single patient),<ref name="Dishington1999">{{Cite journal|last=Dishington|first=Andrew|date=1999|orig-year=1792|editor-last=Sinclair|editor-first=Sir John|title=United Parishes of Mid and South Yell|url=https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/link/osa-vol2-p569-parish-shetland-yellmid_and_south|journal=The Statistical Account of Scotland Drawn up from the Communications of the Ministers of the Different Parishes|location=University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow|publisher=Edinburgh: William Creech|volume=2|issue=50|page=571|oclc=1045293275|access-date=10 October 2019|via=The Statistical Accounts of Scotland online service|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829062124/https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/static/statacc/dist/viewer/osa-vol2-Parish_record_for_Yellmid_and_South_in_the_county_of_Shetland_in_volume_2_of_account_1/osa-vol2-p569-parish-shetland-yellmid_and_south|url-status=dead}}</ref> his method's practice was limited to the [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. [[Voltaire]] wrote that at this time 60% of the population caught smallpox and 20% of the population died from it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1778voltaire-lettres.asp#Letter%20XI |author=François Marie Arouet de Voltaire |title=Letters on the English or Lettres Philosophiques |year=1778 }}</ref> He also stated that the [[Circassia]]ns used the inoculation from times immemorial, and that the Turks may have borrowed the custom from them.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Voltaire on Circassian Medicine: ''Inoculation'' | url=http://www.circassianworld.com/new/history/miscelleneous/1202-circassian-medicine.html | publisher=Circassian World | access-date=26 May 2012 | archive-date=8 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053649/http://www.circassianworld.com/new/history/miscelleneous/1202-circassian-medicine.html | url-status=dead }} from {{cite book| author=Voltaire | title=The Works of Voltaire | volume=XIX (Philosophical Letters) | year=1733 }}</ref> In 1766, Daniel Bernoulli analysed smallpox morbidity and [[Mortality rate|mortality]] data to demonstrate the efficacy of inoculation.<ref>reprinted in {{cite journal|year=2004|pmid=15334536|url=http://www.semel.ucla.edu/biomedicalmodeling/pdf/Bernoulli&Blower.pdf|title=An attempt at a new analysis of the mortality caused by smallpox and of the advantages of inoculation to prevent it|last1=Blower|first1=S|last2=Bernoulli|first2=D|volume=14|issue=5|pages=275–288|doi=10.1002/rmv.443|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|s2cid=8169180|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032605/http://www.semel.ucla.edu/biomedicalmodeling/pdf/Bernoulli%26Blower.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

By 1768, English physician [[John Fewster]] had realised that prior infection with cowpox rendered a person immune to smallpox.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osdEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA102 |location=London |title=An Inquiry Concerning the History of the Cowpox, Principally with a View to Supersede and Extinguish the Smallpox |pages=102–104 |date=1798 |publisher=J. Johnson}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=L. |last1=Thurston |first2=G. |last2=Williams |year=2015 |url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thurston.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014111232/https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thurston.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2022  |title=An examination of John Fewster's role in the discovery of smallpox vaccination |journal=[[Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=173–179|doi=10.4997/JRCPE.2015.217 |doi-broken-date=27 February 2025 |pmid=26181536 }}</ref> In the years following 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine against smallpox in humans.<ref name="PlettSudhoffs"/> For example, [[Dorset]] farmer [[Benjamin Jesty]]<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2279376| author= Hammarsten J. F. | pmid = 390826 | title = Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? | journal = Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association | volume=90 | year=1979 | pages=44–55 | last2 = Tattersall | first2 = W | last3 = Hammarsten | first3 = JE}}</ref> successfully vaccinated with cowpox and presumably [[artificial induction of immunity|induced immunity]] in his wife and two children during the 1774 smallpox epidemic, though it was not until Jenner's work that the procedure became widely understood. Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grant |first=John |title=Corrupted Science: Fraud, Ideology and Politics in Science |publisher=Facts, Figures & Fun |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-904332-73-2 |page=24 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/corruptedscience0000gran/page/24}}</ref>  In 1780, [[Jacques Antoine Rabaut-Pommier]] made similar observations in France.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc= 1082587 | pmid=390274 | volume=23 | title=Rabaut-Pommier, a neglected precursor of Jenner | author=Théodoridès J | journal=Med Hist | pages=479–480 | doi=10.1017/s0025727300052121 | year=1979| issue=4 }}</ref>

Jenner postulated that the [[pus]] in blisters from sufferers of [[cowpox]] (a disease similar to smallpox but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox. On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating [[James Phipps]], the eight-year-old son of Jenner's gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom<ref name="JennerMuseum"/> (whose hide now hangs on the wall of the [[St George's, University of London|St. George's Medical School]] library, now in [[Tooting]], London). Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner's first paper on [[vaccination]].<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1556742&pageno=13 An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, Edward Jenner]. Retrieved 17 November 2012</ref>

Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day; this led to a fever and some uneasiness but no full-blown infection. Later, Jenner injected Phipps with [[variolation|variolous material]], the routine method of immunization at that time and again no disease followed. The boy was later challenged with variolous material and again showed no sign of infection.  There were no unexpected side effects, and neither Phipps nor any other recipients underwent any future 'breakthrough' cases.

Jenner's biographer [[John Baron (physician)|John Baron]] later speculated that it was Jenner's observation of the unblemished complexion of milkmaids that led to his understanding that it was possible to be inoculated against smallpox by being exposed to cowpox, that is he did not build on the work of his predecessors. The milkmaid story is still widely repeated even though it appears to be a myth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boylston |first=Arthur |date=2013 |title=The origins of vaccination: myths and reality |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=351–354 |doi=10.1177/0141076813499292 |pmid=23995824 |pmc=3758677 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarry |first=Jonathan |date=9 June 2023 |title=The White Lie at the Heart of Vaccine History |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/medical-critical-thinking-history/white-lie-heart-vaccine-history |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Office for Science and Society}}</ref>

{{sidebar|navbar=off
| style  = text-align:left; float:right; clear:left; margin:0.5em 1.0em 0.5em 0
| heading1 = Known:
| content1 = Smallpox is more dangerous than variolation and cowpox less dangerous than variolation.
| heading2 = Hypothesis:
| content2 = If target is infected with cowpox, then target is immune to smallpox.
| heading3 = Test:
| content3 = If variolation after infection with cowpox fails to produce a smallpox infection, immunity to smallpox has been achieved.
| heading4 = Consequence:
| content4 = Immunity to smallpox can be induced much more safely than by variolation.
}}

US physician [[Donald Hopkins]] has written, "Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle."<ref name="Hopkins"/> Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 additional subjects.

Jenner continued his research and reported it to the [[Royal Society]], though the initial paper was not published. After revisions and further investigations, he published his findings on the 23 cases, including his 11-month-old son Robert.<ref>{{cite book |last = Williams | first = Gareth |title = Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-27471-6 |page=198}}</ref> Some of his conclusions were correct, some erroneous; modern microbiological and microscopic methods would make his studies easier to reproduce. The medical establishment deliberated at length over his findings before accepting them. Eventually, vaccination was accepted, and in 1840, the British government banned variolation{{spaced ndash}}the use of smallpox to induce immunity{{spaced ndash}}and provided vaccination using cowpox free of charge (''see'' [[Vaccination Act]]).

The success of Jenner's discovery soon spread around Europe and was used ''en masse'' in the Spanish [[Balmis Expedition]] (1803–1806), a three-year-long mission to the Americas, the Philippines, Macao and China led by [[Francisco Javier de Balmis]] with the aim of giving the smallpox vaccine to thousands.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Carlos Franco-Paredes |author2=Lorena Lammoglia |author3=José Ignacio Santos-Preciado |title=The Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition to Bring Smallpox Vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th Century |publisher=Oxford Journals |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=1285–1289 |year=2005 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |doi= 10.1086/496930 |pmid=16206103|doi-access=free }}</ref> The expedition was successful, and Jenner wrote: "I don't imagine the annals of history furnish an example of philanthropy so noble, so extensive as this".<ref>"Andean Studies: New Trends and Library Resources : Papers of the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the [[Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials]]", University of California, Los Angeles ... 27–31 May 2000. p. 46</ref> [[Napoleon]], who at the time was [[Napoleonic Wars|at war with Britain]], had all his French troops vaccinated, awarded Jenner a medal, and at Jenner's request,  released two English prisoners of war, allowing them to their return home.<ref name="Napoleon"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Jenner Society and the Edward Jenner Museum: Tributes to a physician-scientist |first1=A.J. |last1=Morgan |first2=Gregory A. |last2=Poland |journal=[[Vaccine (journal)|Vaccine]] |volume=29 |issue=Supplement 4 |date=30 December 2011 |pages=D152–D154 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.128 |pmid=22486976 |url=http://www.edwardjennersociety.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Jenner-Society-and.pdf}}</ref> Napoleon remarked he could not "refuse anything to one of the greatest benefactors of mankind".<ref name="Napoleon">{{cite journal |title=The relations between fellows of the Royal Society and French men of science when France and Britain were at war |last=De Beer |first=G. R. |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |date=May 1952 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=297 {{^|Whole article is pp. 244–299}} |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1952.0016|s2cid=202574537 }}</ref>

Jenner's continuing work on vaccination prevented him from continuing his ordinary medical practice. He was supported by his colleagues and King [[George III]] in petitioning [[UK Parliament|Parliament]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpFIAQAAMAAJ&q=Dr+John+Griffiths%2C+surgeon+to++st+George%27s+Hospital&pg=PA176|title=Reports from Committees of the House of Commons which Have Been Printed by Order of the House: And are Not Inserted in the Journals [1715–1801]|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|last=Commons|date=18 July 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> and in 1802 was granted £10,000 for his work on vaccination.<ref name="DNB1892" /> In 1807, he was granted another £20,000 after the Royal College of Physicians confirmed the widespread efficacy of vaccination.<ref name=Baxbydnb />

[[File:Edward Jenner- Smallpox.svg|center|300px|The steps taken by Edward Jenner to create vaccination, the first vaccine for smallpox. Jenner did this by inoculating James Phipps with cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, to create immunity, unlike variolation, which used smallpox to create an immunity to itself.]]
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:"Edward Jenner advising a farmer to vaccinate his family". O Wellcome V0018221.jpg|''Edward Jenner advising a farmer to vaccinate his family''. Oil painting by an English painter, {{Circa|1910}}
File:A cow's udder with vaccinia pustules and human arms exhibiti Wellcome V0016678.jpg|Jenner's discovery of the link between cowpox pus and smallpox in humans helped him to create the smallpox vaccine.
File:Jenner phipps 01 (cropped).jpg|Jenner performing his first vaccination on [[James Phipps]], a boy of age 8, on 14 May 1796
File:The cow pock.jpg|[[James Gillray]]'s 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages.
File:Jenner and his two colleagues seeing off three anti-vaccinat Wellcome V0011075.jpg|1808 cartoon showing Jenner, [[Thomas Dimsdale]] and [[George Rose (politician)|George Rose]] seeing off anti-vaccination opponents
File:Edward_Jenner._Photograph_of_a_sculpture_by_Giulio_Monteverd_Wellcome_V0028722.jpg|1873 sculpture of ''Jenner Vaccinating His Own Son Against Smallpox'' by Italian sculptor Giulio Monteverde, [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]], Rome
</gallery>

== Later life ==
[[File:Certificate of the Freedom of the City, Jenner. Wellcome M0011023.jpg|thumb|right|Certificate of the [[Freedom of the City]] of London awarded to Jenner, 1803]]

Jenner was later elected a foreign honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1802, a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1804,<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Edward+Jenner&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=1 April 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 1806.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter J|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterJ.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>  In 1803 in London, he became president of the Jennerian Society, concerned with promoting vaccination to eradicate [[smallpox]]. The Jennerian ceased operations in 1809. Jenner became a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society on its founding in 1805 (now the [[Royal Society of Medicine]]) and presented several papers there.  In 1808, with government aid, the National Vaccine Establishment was founded, but Jenner felt dishonoured by the men selected to run it and resigned his directorship.{{r|"Baron1838_vol2"|pages=122–125}}

Returning to London in 1811, Jenner observed a significant number of cases of smallpox after vaccination. He found that in these cases the severity of the illness was notably diminished by previous vaccination. In 1821, he was appointed physician extraordinary to [[King George IV]], and was also made mayor of Berkeley<ref name=Baxbydnb /> and [[Magistrate (England and Wales)|magistrate]]{{r|"Baron1838_vol2"|page=303}} ([[justice of the peace]]). He continued to investigate natural history, and in 1823, the last year of his life, he presented his "Observations on the Migration of Birds" to the Royal Society.<ref name="DNB1892">{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Jenner, Edward (1749-1823)|volume=29}}</ref>

Jenner was a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Jenner |url=https://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/jenner_e/jenner_e.html |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=freemasonry.bcy.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2009 |title=Famous Freemasons in History {{!}} Freemason Information |url=https://freemasoninformation.com/masonic-education/famous/famous-freemasons-in-history/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
Jenner was found in a state of [[apoplexy]] on 25 January 1823, with his right side paralysed.{{r|"Baron1838_vol2"|page=314}} He did not recover and died the next day of an apparent stroke, his second, on 26 January 1823,<ref name="Baron1838_vol2">{{Cite book |title=The Life of Edward Jenner M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. |last=Baron |first=John |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1838 |location=London |language=en |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t2t523s95?urlappend=%3Bseq=332 |volume=2 |page=310 |hdl=2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t2t523s95 |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref> aged 73. He was buried in the family vault at the Church of St Mary, Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmarys-berkeley.co.uk/history/60-edward-jenner|title=Edward Jenner – St Mary's Church, Berkeley, Gloucestershire|access-date=15 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920055356/http://www.stmarys-berkeley.co.uk/history/60-edward-jenner|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

== Religious views ==
[[File:Memorial to Edward Jenner in Gloucester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|upright|1825 memorial to Jenner by Robert William Sievier, in [[Gloucester Cathedral]]]]

Neither fanatic nor lax,<ref>Horne, Charles F. 1894. ''[https://www.ggarchives.com/SpCol/Biography/EdwardJenner.html Dr. Edward Jenner (1749–1823) by John Timbs, F.S.A.]''. GG Archives</ref> Jenner was a Christian who in his personal correspondence showed himself quite spiritual.{{r|"Baron1838_vol2"|page=141}} Some days before his death, he stated to a friend: "I am not surprised that men are not grateful to me; but I wonder that they are not grateful to God for the good which He has made me the instrument of conveying to my fellow creatures".{{r|"Baron1838_vol2"|page=295}}

== Legacy ==
In 1980, the [[World Health Organization]] declared smallpox an eradicated disease.<ref>{{cite web |author=World Health Organization |title=Smallpox |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_1}}</ref> This was the result of coordinated public health efforts, but vaccination was an essential component. Although the disease was declared eradicated, some pus samples [[Smallpox virus retention debate|still remain]] in laboratories in [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] in [[Atlanta]] in the US, and in [[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR]] in [[Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast]], Russia.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/08/smallpox-vials-found-cardboard-box-maryland-laboratory "Forgotten smallpox vials found in cardboard box at Maryland laboratory"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 October 2016</ref>

Jenner's vaccine laid the foundation for contemporary discoveries in [[immunology]].<ref name="JennerEssortment"/> In 2002, Jenner was named in the [[BBC]]'s list of the [[100 Greatest Britons]] following a UK-wide vote.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 August 2002|title=100 great British heroes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Commemorated on postage stamps issued by the [[Royal Mail]], in 1999 he featured in their [[Great Britain commemorative stamps 1990–1999|World Changers]] issue along with [[Charles Darwin]], [[Michael Faraday]] and [[Alan Turing]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Issue: World Changers (21.09.1999) |url=https://www.bfdc.co.uk/1999/world_changers/page1.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=BFDC}}</ref> The [[moon|lunar]] crater [[Jenner (crater)|Jenner]] is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Jenner on Moon|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2819|url-status=live|access-date=13 October 2021|website=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (IAU)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531095906/https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2819 |archive-date=31 May 2018 }}</ref>

== Monuments and buildings ==
* Jenner's house in the village of [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire]], is now a [[Edward Jenner Museum|small museum]],<ref name=Baxbydnb /> housing, among other things, the horns of the cow, Blossom.
* A statue of Jenner by [[Robert William Sievier]] was erected in the nave of [[Gloucester Cathedral]].<ref name="GloucesterSievier">{{cite book |editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=N.M. |year=1988 |chapter=Gloucester: The cathedral and close |title=A History of the County of Gloucester |volume=4: The City of Gloucester |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for the [[Institute of Historical Research]] |pages=275–288 |chapter-url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42310 |access-date=7 November 2006}}</ref>
* [[Statue of Edward Jenner, London|Another statue]] was erected in [[Trafalgar Square]] and later moved to [[Kensington Gardens]].<ref name="JennerArchivesRCP"/>
* Near the Gloucestershire village of [[Uley]], Downham Hill is locally known as "Smallpox Hill" for its possible role in Jenner's studies of the disease.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tnmgc.com/gomu.php?menu=3&id=197 |title=Edward Jenner (1749–1823) |last1=Bala |first1=Divya |last2=Badrinath |first2=Chan |year=2013 |publisher=The National Medical Graduates Club |language=en |access-date=13 May 2018 }}</ref>
* London's [[St. George's Hospital Medical School]] has a Jenner Pavilion, where his bust may be found.<ref name="StGeorgesHistory"/>
* A group of villages in [[Somerset County, Pennsylvania]], United States, was named in Jenner's honour by early 19th-century English settlers, including Jenners, [[Jenner Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Jenner Township]], Jenner Crossroads, and [[Jennerstown, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Bedford, Somerset, and Fulton Counties, Pennsylvania: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=An02AgAACAAJ&pg=PA504|year=1884|publisher=Waterman, Watkins & Co.|pages=503–508}}</ref>
* [[Jennersville, Pennsylvania]], is located in [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.penntownship.us/about-the-township/historydemographics-populationmaps-real-estate/ |title=History and Demographics, Chester County, Pennsylvania |website=Penn Township |language=en-US |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513183701/http://www.penntownship.us/about-the-township/historydemographics-populationmaps-real-estate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research]] is an infectious disease vaccine research centre, also the [[Jenner Institute]] part of the [[University of Oxford]].
* A section at [[Gloucestershire Royal Hospital]] is known as the Edward Jenner Unit; it is where blood is drawn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gloshospitals.nhs.uk/your-visit/our-wards/edward-jenner-unit/ |title=Edward Jenner Unit |website=Gloucestershire Hospitals |publisher=NHS Foundation Trust |access-date=13 May 2018 }}</ref>
* A ward at [[Northwick Park Hospital]] is called Jenner Ward.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lnwh.nhs.uk/services/ward-phone-numbers/northwick-park-and-st-marks-hospital-ward-phone-numbers/ |title=Northwick Park and St Mark's Hospital ward phone numbers |website=London North West University Healthcare |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513151943/https://www.lnwh.nhs.uk/services/ward-phone-numbers/northwick-park-and-st-marks-hospital-ward-phone-numbers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Jenner Gardens at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, opposite one of the scientist's former offices, is a small garden and cemetery.<ref>[https://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/info/33/parks_and_open_spaces/362/jenner_gardens/2 "Jenner Gardens"]. Cheltenham.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2017</ref>
* A statue of Jenner was erected at the [[Tokyo National Museum]] in 1896 to commemorate the centenary of Jenner's discovery of vaccination.<ref>"Top 10 Tokyo". p. 27. Dorling Kindersley Ltd, 2017</ref>
* A monument outside the walls of the upper town of [[Boulogne sur Mer]], France.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-a-edward-jenner-boulogne-sur-mer/ |title=Monument à Edward Jenner – Boulogne-sur-Mer |website=e-monumen.net |date=5 July 2011 |publisher=L'Association pour la sauvegarde et la promotion du patrimoine métallurgique haut-marnais |language=fr-FR |access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref>
* A street in Stoke Newington, north London: Jenner Road, N16 {{coord|51.55867|-0.06761|display=inline|name=Jenner Road}}
* Built around 1970, The Jenner Health Centre, 201 Stanstead Road, Forest Hill, London, SE23 1HU<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jennerpractice.co.uk/ |title=The Jenner Practice|access-date=28 July 2020 }}</ref>
* Jenner's name is featured on the Frieze of the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]]. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the Keppel Street building when it was constructed in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/index.html|title=Behind the Frieze|website=LSHTM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110315/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/index.html|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
* Minor planet [[5168 Jenner]] is named in his honour.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_5016 |chapter=(5168) Jenner |publisher=Springer |date=2003 |pages=445 |isbn=978-3-540-29925-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5016 |title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="180">
File:Edward Jenner Museum, The Chantry, Church Lane, Berkeley, England-9March2010.jpg|[[Edward Jenner Museum|Jenner's House]], The Chantry, Church Lane, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England
File:Jenner statue, Kensington Gdns.JPG|Bronze statue of Jenner in [[Kensington Gardens]], London
File:Edward Jenner's name on the Frieze of the LSHTM.jpg|alt=Edward Jenner's name as it appears on the Frieze of the LSHTM Keppel Street building|Edward Jenner's name as it appears on the Frieze of the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|LSHTM]] Keppel Street building
</gallery>

== Publications ==
* 1798 ''[[s:An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ|An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ]]''
* 1799 ''Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/2.html |author=Edward Jenner | publisher=The Harvard Classics, 1909–1914 |title=Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox. 1799|date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>
* 1800 ''A Continuation of Facts and Observations relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ'' 40pp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/3.html |author=Edward Jenner. | publisher=The Harvard Classics, 1909–1914 |title=A Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox. 1800|date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>
* 1801 ''The Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation''<ref>[http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the-origins-of-vaccination-no-inoculation-no-vaccination/ "The origins of vaccination: no inoculation, no vaccination"]. James Lind Initiative, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Minervation Ltd</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Medicine|Viruses}}
* [[History of science]]
* [[Koyama Shisei]], Japanese vaccinologist (1807–1862) who improved upon the Jennerian smallpox vaccine
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|28em|refs=

<ref name="JennerBBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml |title=History – Edward Jenner (1749–1823) |publisher=BBC |date=1 November 2006 |access-date=28 July 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Loncarek">{{cite journal |author=Loncarek K |title=Revolution or reformation |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=195–197 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19399955 |pmc=2681061 |doi=10.3325/cmj.2009.50.195}}</ref>

<ref name="PlettSudhoffs">{{cite journal |author=Plett PC |trans-title=Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner |language=de |journal=Sudhoffs Archiv |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=219–232 |year=2006 |pmid=17338405 |title=Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner}}</ref>

<ref name="JennerMuseum">{{cite web|title=Edward Jenner & Smallpox |url=http://www.jennermuseum.com/sv/smallpox2.shtml |publisher=The Edward Jenner Museum |access-date=13 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628230753/http://jennermuseum.com/sv/smallpox2.shtml |archive-date=28 June 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite book |first=Donald R. |last=Hopkins |title=The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatestkillersm0000hopk/page/80 80] |isbn=978-0-226-35168-1 |oclc=49305765}}</ref>

<ref name="JennerEssortment">{{cite web |url=http://www.essortment.com/all/edwardjennersm_rmfk.htm |title=Dr. Edward Jenner and the small pox vaccination |publisher=Essortment.com |access-date=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414155704/http://www.essortment.com/all/edwardjennersm_rmfk.htm |archive-date=14 April 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="JennerArchivesRCP">{{cite web |url= http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8 |title= Jenner, Edward (1749–1750) |author= Royal College of Physicians |author-link= Royal College of Physicians |work= AIM25 Archives |access-date= 19 February 2006 |archive-date= 7 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107144243/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

<ref name="StGeorgesHistory">{{cite web |url= http://www.stgeorges.nhs.uk/aboutourhistory.asp |title= Our History |author= St George's, University of London |author-link= St George's, University of London |access-date= 25 August 2006 |archive-date= 10 November 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101110210111/http://www.stgeorges.nhs.uk/aboutourhistory.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{colbegin}}
* [http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8 Papers at the Royal College of Physicians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107144243/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8 |date=7 November 2017 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Life of Edward Jenner M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. |last=Baron |first=John |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1827 |location=London |language=en |oclc=841887455 |url=https://archive.org/details/b21524968/page/n8/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Life of Edward Jenner M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. |last=Baron |first=John |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1838 |location=London |language=en |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t5t80td4m |volume=1 |hdl=2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t5t80td4m |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Life of Edward Jenner M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. |last=Baron |first=John |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1838 |location=London |language=en |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t2t523s95 |volume=2 |hdl=2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t2t523s95 |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
* {{Cite journal |title=Edward Jenner: the Man and His Work |journal=British Medical Journal  |last=Underwood |first=E. Ashworth |date=21 May 1949 |issue=4611 |volume=1 |pages=881–884 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4611.881 |language=en |pmc=2050111 |pmid=20787561 <!--|doi-access=subscription-->}}
* Fisher, Richard B., ''Edward Jenner 1749–1823'', Andre Deutsch, London, 1991.
* Bennett, Michael, ''[[War against smallpox: Edward Jenner and the global spread of vaccination]]'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2020.
* {{Cite journal |author=Cartwright K |title=From Jenner to modern smallpox vaccines |journal=Occupational Medicine |volume=55 |issue=7 |page=563 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16251374 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqi163|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Riedel S |title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination |journal=Proceedings |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |date=January 2005 |pmid=16200144 |pmc=1200696 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Tan SY |title=Edward Jenner (1749–1823): conqueror of smallpox |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=507–508 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15510320 |url=http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4511/4511ms1.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal |author=van Oss CJ |title=Inoculation against smallpox as the precursor to vaccination |journal=Immunological Investigations |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=443–446 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11130785}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Gross CP, Sepkowitz KA |title=The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=54–60 |year=1998 |pmid=9831677 |doi=10.1016/S1201-9712(98)90096-0|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Willis NJ |title=Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox |journal=Scottish Medical Journal |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=118–121 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9507590 |doi=10.1177/003693309704200407|s2cid=43179073 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Theves G |trans-title=Smallpox: an historical review |language=de |journal=Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Médicales du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=31–51 |year=1997 |pmid=9303824 |title=Smallpox: an historical review}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Kempa ME |language=pl |journal=Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=433–434 |date=December 1996 |pmid=9273243 |title=Edward Jenner (1749–1823){{snd}}benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox)}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Baxby D |author-link = Derrick Baxby|title=The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine |journal=FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8954347 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00105.x|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Larner AJ |title=Smallpox |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=335 |issue=12 |pages=901; author reply 902 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8778627|doi=10.1056/nejm199609193351217}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Aly A, Aly S |title=Smallpox |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=335 |issue=12 |pages=900–901; author reply 902 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8778626 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199609193351217}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Magner J |title=Smallpox |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=335 |issue=12 |pages=900–902 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8778624 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199609193351217}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Kumate-Rodríguez J |trans-title=Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons |language=es |journal=Salud Pública de México |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=379–385 |year=1996 |pmid=9092091 |title=Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Budai J |trans-title=200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine |language=hu |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=137 |issue=34 |pages=1875–1877 |date=August 1996 |pmid=8927342 |title=200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Rathbone J |title=Lady Mary Wortley Montague's contribution to the eradication of smallpox |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=9014 |pages=1566 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8684145 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90724-2|s2cid=36862611 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Baxby D |title=The Jenner bicentenary; still uses for smallpox vaccine |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=231–234 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8666065 |doi=10.1017/S0950268800052523 |pmc=2271423}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Cook GC |title=Dr William Woodville (1752–1805) and the St Pancras Smallpox Hospital |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |date=May 1996 |pmid=11616267 |doi=10.1177/096777209600400202|s2cid=20098740 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Baxby D |title=Jenner and the control of smallpox |journal=Transactions of the Medical Society of London |volume=113 |pages=18–22 |year=1996 |pmid=10326082}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Dunn PM |title=Dr Edward Jenner (1749–1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=F77–78 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8653442 |pmc=2528332 |url=|doi=10.1136/fn.74.1.F77}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Meynell E |title=French reactions to Jenner's discovery of smallpox vaccination: the primary sources |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=285–303 |date=August 1995 |pmid=11639810 |doi=10.1093/shm/8.2.285}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Bloch H |title=Edward Jenner (1749–1823). The history and effects of smallpox, inoculation, and vaccination |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=772–774 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8322750 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160310074022}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Roses DF |title=From Hunter and the Great Pox to Jenner and smallpox |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=365–372 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1411896}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Turk JL, Allen E |title=The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=266–267 |date=April 1990 |pmid=2187990 |pmc=1292617 |doi=10.1177/014107689008300419}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Poliakov VE |trans-title=Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox |language=ru |journal=Meditsinskaia Sestra |volume=44 |issue=12 |pages=49–51 |date=December 1985 |pmid=3912642 |title=Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Hammarsten JF, Tattersall W, Hammarsten JE |title=Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? |journal=Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association |volume=90 |pages=44–55 |year=1979 |pmid=390826 |pmc=2279376}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Rodrigues BA |title=Smallpox eradication in the Americas |journal=Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=53–68 |year=1975 |pmid=167890}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Wynder EL |title=A corner of history: Jenner and his smallpox vaccine |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=173–175 |date=March 1974 |pmid=4592685 |doi=10.1016/0091-7435(74)90074-7}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Andreae H |trans-title=Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago |language=de |journal=Das Offentliche Gesundheitswesen |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=366–367 |date=June 1973 |pmid=4269783 |title=Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Friedrich I |language=hu |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=336–338 |date=February 1973 |pmid=4567814 |title=A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death}}
* {{Cite journal |author=MacNalty AS |title=The prevention of smallpox: from Edward Jenner to Monckton Copeman |journal=Medical History |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 1968 |pmid=4867646 |pmc=1033768 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300012722}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Udovitskaia EF |trans-title=Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination) |language=ru |journal=Vrachebnoe Delo |volume=11 |pages=111–115 |date=November 1966 |pmid=4885910 |title=Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Voigt K |trans-title=The Pharmacy Display Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination |language=de |journal=Pharmazeutische Praxis |volume=106 |pages=88–89 |year=1964 |pmid=14237138 |title=The Pharmacy Displa Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination }}
* Ordnance Survey showing reference to Smallpox Hil: http://explore.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os_routes/show/1539 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203014458/http://explore.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os_routes/show/1539 |date=3 February 2011 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Davies JW | year = 1970 | title = A historical note on the Reverend John Clinch, first Canadian vaccinator | journal = CMAJ | volume = 102 | issue = 9| pages = 957–961 | pmid = 4951061 | pmc = 1946720 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Roberts KB | year = 1978 | title = Smallpox: an historic disease | journal = Memorial University of Newfoundland Occas Papers Med Hist | volume = 1 | pages = 31–39 }}
* LeFanu WR. 1951 ''A bio-bibliography of Edward Jenner, 1749–1823''. London: Harvey and Blythe; 1951. pp.&nbsp;103–108.
* {{cite book |url=http://www.avpi.org/statics/flipbooks/SmallpoxEN/sources/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119085450/http://www.avpi.org/statics/flipbooks/SmallpoxEN/sources/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2012 |title=Smallpox Zero |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-620-43765-3 |publisher=African Comic Production House|location= Johannesburg, South Africa }}
{{colend}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q40852|mw=no|m=no|species=no|v=no|voy=no|b=no|s=Author:Edward Jenner|wikt=no|n=no}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=33899| name=Edward Jenner}}
* {{Librivox author |id=12417}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Jenner}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/ The Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox]
* A [http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=614.4_J54I_1798 digitized copy] of ''An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine'' (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at [[Carnegie Mellon]]
* [https://jennermuseum.com/ Dr Jenner's House, Museum and Garden], Berkeley

{{History of infectious disease}}
{{Vaccines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jenner, Edward}}
[[Category:Edward Jenner| ]]
[[Category:1749 births]]
[[Category:1823 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Alumni of St George's, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:British immunologists]]
[[Category:English biologists]]
[[Category:English Freemasons]]
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[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
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[[Category:People educated at Cirencester Grammar School]]
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[[Category:People from Berkeley, Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Smallpox vaccines]]
[[Category:Smallpox]]
[[Category:Vaccinologists]]
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]