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{{Short description|Town in Fife, Scotland}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English |date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name                    = St Andrews
| country                          = Scotland
| static_image_name                = St Andrews from Regulus tower - geograph.org.uk - 254003.jpg
| static_image_width               = 280
| static_image_caption             = St Andrews, seen from the top of St Rule's Tower
| population                       = {{Scottish locality population|name|POP=St Andrews}}
| population_ref                   = ({{Scottish settlement population citation|year}})<ref name="auto">{{Scottish settlement population citation}}</ref>
| os_grid_reference                = NO507168
| map_type                         = Scotland
| coordinates                      = {{coord|56.3404|-2.7955|display=inline,title}}
| post_town                        = ST. ANDREWS
| postcode_area                    = KY
| postcode_district                = KY16
| dial_code                        = 01334
| constituency_westminster         = [[North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]]
| gaelic_name                      = Cill Rìmhinn
| scots_name                       = Saunt Aundraes
| community_scotland               = Royal Burgh of St Andrews<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.standrewscc.net/|title=The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council Website|website=www.standrewscc.net}}</ref>
| unitary_scotland                 = [[Fife]]
| lieutenancy_scotland             = [[Fife]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[North East Fife (Scottish Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]]
| edinburgh_distance_mi            = 30
| london_distance_mi               = 351
}}

'''St Andrews''' ({{langx|la|S. Andrea(s)}};{{refn|Variously ''Sancto Andrea'', ''civitas Sancti Andrea'', ''urbs Sancti Andreæ'', ''urbs Sancti Andree'', ''Sanctus Andrea'', &c.}} {{langx|sco|Saunt Aundraes}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Names in Scots – Places in Scotland|url=http://www.scotslanguage.com/books/view/1/823/Names+in+Scots+-+Places+in+Scotland|access-date=23 May 2021|website=scotslanguage.com}}</ref> {{langx|gd|Cill Rìmhinn}}, pronounced [kʰʲɪʎˈrˠiː.ɪɲ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/st-andrews/|title=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (AÀA) – Gaelic Place-names of Scotland|website=www.ainmean-aite.scot}}</ref> is a town on the east coast of [[Fife]] in Scotland, {{convert|10|mi|km|0|abbr=off}} southeast of [[Dundee]] and {{convert|30|mi|km|-1|abbr=off}} northeast of [[Edinburgh]]. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and [[List of towns and cities in Scotland by population|45th most populous settlement in Scotland]].

The town is home to the [[University of St Andrews]], the third oldest university in the [[English-speaking world]] and the oldest in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/history/|title=History {{!}} University of St Andrews|website=www.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published by ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Sunday Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCall |first1=Alastair |title=St Andrews knocks Oxbridge off top spot as best British university |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/st-andrews-knocks-oxbridge-off-top-spot-as-best-british-university-xgldvbbb5 |access-date=14 October 2021 |work=The Times |date=18 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Good University Guide 2022 |url=http://nuk-tnl-editorial-prod-staticassets.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/bespoke/university-guide/index.html |website=The Times |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=University league tables 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2022/sep/24/the-guardian-university-guide-2023-the-rankings |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Complete University Guide |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings |website=The Complete University Guide |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>

The town is named after [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]] the [[Twelve apostles|Apostle]]. The settlement grew to the west of [[St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews|St Andrews Cathedral]], with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the [[Kinness Burn]] to the south. The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the [[Scottish Reformation]]. The famous [[cathedral]], the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins.

St Andrews is also known globally as the "[[home of golf]]". This is in part because of [[The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews]], founded in 1754, which until 2004 exercised legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico). It is also because the famous [[Old Course at St Andrews|Old Course]] of [[St Andrews Links]] (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for [[The Open Championship]], the oldest of [[golf]]'s four [[Men's major golf championships|major championships]]. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.

The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]], [[George Wishart]], and other martyrs of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. The civil parish has a population of 18,421 (in 2011).<ref name= KS101SC>Census of Scotland 2011, Table KS101SC – Usually Resident Population, publ. by National Records of Scotland. Web site http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ retrieved March 2016. See "Standard Outputs", Table KS101SC, Area type: Civil Parish 1930</ref>

The town also contains numerous museums, a botanic garden and an aquarium.

== Name and etymology ==
The earliest recorded name of the area is ''Cennrígmonaid''. This is [[Old Irish|Old Gaelic]] and composed of the elements {{lang|sga|cenn}} (head, peninsula), {{lang|sga|ríg}} (king) and {{lang|sga|monaid}} (moor). This became ''Cell Rígmonaid'' (''cell'' meaning church), which outside Gaelic orthography was rendered ''Kilrymont''. The modern Gaelic spelling is ''Cill Rìmhinn''. It is likely that the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] name represents an adaptation of a [[Pictish]] form ''*Penrimond''.<ref name="pp">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Mark A |last2=Driscoll |first2=Stephen T |last3=Geddess |first3=Jane |title=Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages |date=11 November 2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004188013 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6d55DwAAQBAJ |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> The name ''St Andrews'' derives from the town's claim to be the resting place of bones of the apostle [[Andrew the Apostle|Andrew]]. According to legend, [[St Regulus]] (or Rule) brought the relics to Kilrymont, where a shrine was established for their safekeeping and veneration while Kilrymont was renamed in honour of the saint.<ref>Gifford, J., ''The Buildings of Scotland: Fife'' (Yale UP, 1988), p. 357.</ref> This is the origin of a third name for the town ''Kilrule''.

Its name may also be notable for the lack of [[apostrophe]]; this is due to the fact that the name of the town predates the introduction of the apostrophe into the [[English language]] from French in the 16th century; similarly [[St Davids]] in Wales and [[St Neots]] in Cambridgeshire.

== History ==
[[File:Hill & Adamson (Scottish, active 1843 - 1848) - St. Regulus Tower and the East Gable of St. Andrews from the Northwest. - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|left|St Andrews Cathedral in 1845<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Grierson |title=Saint Andrews as it was and as it is |date=1838 |publisher=Printed by G.S. Tullis |location=Cupar |edition=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/saintandrewsasi00griegoog/page/n10 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:St Andrews, North Street, Fishergate, Women and Children Baiting the Line.jpg|thumb|left|St Andrews, North Street, Fishergate, Women and Children Baiting the Line. Robert Adamson, David Octavius Hill, {{Circa|1845}}]]
[[File:St Andrews - 'The Prospect of the Town of St Andrews' (5372742538).jpg|thumb|St Andrews, {{Circa|1693}}.]]
[[File:The Martyrs Memorial, the Scores, St. Andrews Scotland.JPG|thumb|Martyrs' Monument<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=Handbook to St. Andrews |date=1910 |publisher=J. & G. Innes |location=St. Andrews |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktostandrflem/page/120 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews |date=1887 |publisher="Fife Herald" Office |location=Cupar |url=https://archive.org/details/martyrsandconfe00flemgoog/page/n5 |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:Inscription on the Martyrs' Monument (geograph 2678849).jpg|thumb|In Memory of the Martyrs [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]], [[Henry Forrest (martyr)|Henry Forrest]], [[George Wishart]] And [[Walter Mill]], Who in Support of the Protestant Faith Suffered Death By Fire at St Andrews, Between The Years MDXXVIII AND MDLVIII. The Righteous shall be in Everlasting 
Remembrance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=J. H. |last2=Hutchison |first2=Matthew |title=The martyr graves of Scotland |date=1903 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/themartyrgraves00thomuoft/page/n229 210]–211 |url=https://archive.org/details/themartyrgraves00thomuoft |access-date=30 July 2019}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>]]
The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the rivers [[River Tay|Tay]] and [[River Eden, Fife|Eden]] during the [[Mesolithic]] (middle Stone Age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp1–2">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' pp.1–2.</ref> This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BCE as farmers clearing the area of woodland and building monuments.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp1–2" />

During the Iron Age/Early Middle Ages, a fortified enclosure, potentially a hillfort, was established on East Balrymonth hill, a mile to the south of the town. Today, the outline of the defences are visible on some aerial images. It marks the oldest still extant structure in St Andrews.

In the mid-eighth century a monastery was established by the Pictish king [[Oengus I]], traditionally associated with the relics of [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]], a number of bones supposed to be the saint's arm, kneecap, three fingers and a tooth believed to have been brought to the town by St Regulus.<ref name="Gifford p357">Gifford ''Buildings of Scotland – Fife'' p.357.</ref> In AD 877, king [[Causantín mac Cináeda]] (Constantine I) built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed (or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.<ref>Raymond Lamont-Brown, ''St Andrews: City by the Northern Sea'' (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 2006), 9.</ref>

In AD 906, the town became the seat of the bishop of Alba, with the boundaries of the see being extended to include land between the [[River Forth]] and [[River Tweed]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p16">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.16.</ref> In 943 [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] abdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews.<ref>Gifford, Buildings of Scotland:Fife p.357</ref>

The establishment of the present town began around 1140 by [[Robert of Scone|Bishop Robert]] on an L-shaped hill, possibly on the site of the ruined [[St Andrews Castle]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p71">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.71.</ref> According to a charter of 1170, the new burgh was built to the west of the Cathedral precinct, along Castle Street and possibly as far as what is now known as North Street.<ref name="Gifford p357" /> This means that the lay-out may have led to the creation of two new streets (North Street and South Street) from the foundations of the new [[St Andrews Cathedral]] filling the area inside a two-sided triangle at its apex.<ref name="Gifford p357" /> The northern boundary of the burgh was the southern side of the Scores (the street between North Street and the sea) with the southern by the Kinness Burn and the western by the West Port.<ref name="Gifford p359">Gifford ''The Buildings of Scotland: Fife'' p.359.</ref> The burgh of St Andrews was first represented at the great council at [[Scone Palace]] in 1357.<ref name="Gifford p359" />

St Andrews, in particular the large cathedral built in 1160, was the most important centre of pilgrimage in medieval Scotland and one of the most important in Europe. Pilgrims from all over Scotland came in large numbers hoping to be blessed, and in many cases to be cured, at the shrine of Saint Andrew. The presence of the pilgrims brought about increased trade and development.<ref>Omand, D. (ed.) ''The Fife Book'', Birlinn Ltd, 2000, p.118</ref> Recognised as the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, the town now had vast economic and political influence within Europe as a cosmopolitan town.<ref name="Cook p3">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.3.</ref> The Scottish Parliament met in the town in 1304, when King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], in his capacity as overlord of Scotland, came to be received by [[Bishop William de Lamberton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?a=fcf&fn=edwardi_trans&id=126&t=trans|title=Edward I's Parliaments in Scotland: Translation, 1304, 9 March, St Andrews, Parliament|publisher=Records of the Parliament of Scotland|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> As many as 130 landowners turned up to witness the event ranging from Sir John of Cambo to Sir William Murray of Fort.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p188">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – The City by the Northern Sea'' p.188.</ref>

In 1559, the town fell into decay after the violent [[Scottish Reformation]] and the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] losing the status of ecclesiastical capital of Scotland.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p76">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.76.</ref> Even the University of St Andrews was considering relocating to [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] around 1697 and 1698.<ref name="Cook p3" /> Under the authorisation of the [[bishop of St Andrews]], the town was made a burgh of barony in 1614. [[Royal Burgh]] was then granted as a charter by King [[James I of England|James VI]] in 1620.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p19">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews –City by The Northern Sea'' p.19.</ref><ref name="Omand p109">Omand ''The Fife Book'' p.109.</ref> In the 18th century, the town was still in decline, but despite this the town was becoming known for having links 'well known to golfers'.<ref name="Cook p3" /> By the 19th century, the town began to expand beyond the original medieval boundaries with streets of new houses and town villas being built.<ref name="Cook p3" /> Today, St Andrews is served by education, golf and the tourist and conference industry.<ref name="Cook p3" />

In 1951, ''The Masque of St. Andrews'', which dramatised important events in the town's history, was staged in the Cathedral grounds as part of the [[Festival of Britain]].<ref>Elder, Michael (2003), ''What do You do During the Day?'', Eldon Productions, p. 66, {{isbn|9-780954-556808}}</ref>

== Governance ==
{{further|History of local government in Scotland}}
[[File:St Andrews Town Hall.jpg|thumb|upright|[[St Andrews Town Hall]]]]

===Local government===
St Andrews is represented by several tiers of elected government. Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a burgh council, a [[provost (civil)|provost]] and [[baillie]]s. From 1975, St Andrews was administered by [[North-East Fife (district)|North East Fife District Council]] and [[Fife Regional Council]]. North East Fife District was abolished in 1996 when Fife Council became the unitary authority. Fife Council, based in [[Glenrothes]], is now the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[Deliberation|deliberative]] and [[legislative]] body responsible for [[local government in Scotland|local governance]].<ref name="devolvedmatters">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/what-we-do/reserved-and-devolved-matters.html |title=Reserved and devolved matters |publisher=Scotland Office |access-date=6 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021065923/http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/what-we-do/reserved-and-devolved-matters.html |archive-date=21 October 2008 }}</ref> The [[Scottish Parliament]] is responsible for [[devolution|devolved matters]] such as [[education in Scotland|education]], [[health in Scotland|health]] and [[Scots law|justice]] while [[reserved and excepted matters|reserved matters]] are dealt with by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].<ref name="devolvedmatters" />

The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council, meeting on the first Monday of the month in the Council Chamber of [[St Andrews Town Hall]], forms the lowest tier of governance whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. The current chair is Mrs Penelope Fraser. The chair uses the honorary title of Provost of St Andrews on official and ceremonial occasions, this ancient title having been revived to mark the 400th Anniversary of the granting of Royal Burgh status to St Andrews in 1620 by King James VI & I.

===UK Parliament===
In the early days of the United Kingdom, following implementation of the [[Acts of Union 1707|union of 1707]], St Andrews elected one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) to the United Kingdom Parliament.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p190">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – The City by the Northern Sea'' p.190.</ref> Following the implementation of the [[Reform Act 1832]] St Andrews Burgh merged with [[Anstruther]] for the purposes of electing one MP to the United Kingdom Parliament.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p190" /> Following implementation of the [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885]], there was one MP sitting for St Andrews Burgh (which would include Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, [[Crail]], Cupar, [[Kilrenny]] and Pittenweem).<ref name="Lamont-Brown p190" />

St Andrews now forms part of the [[North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]] constituency, electing one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. The constituency is represented by [[Wendy Chamberlain]], [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] of the [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]]. For the purposes of the [[Scottish Parliament]], St Andrews forms part of the [[North East Fife (Scottish Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]] constituency. The North East Fife Scottish Parliament (or ''Holyrood'') constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The seat was won at the [[2016 Scottish Parliament election|2016 Scottish Parliament Election]] by [[Willie Rennie]], for the [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]].<ref name="Roderick Campbell MSP">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.scot/msps/currentmsps/willie-rennie-msp.aspx|title=Willie Rennie MSP|publisher=Scottish Parliament|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="North East Fife results">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2016-scotland-36219201|title=Holyrood 2016: Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie takes seat from SNP|work=BBC News|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

== Demography ==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|+'''St Andrews compared according to [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK Census 2001]]'''<ref name="St Andrews population">{{cite web|url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=St+Andrews&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Populartion: St Andrews Locality Scotland|publisher=scrol.co.uk|year=2001|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223142815/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=St+Andrews&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="FifePopulation">{{cite web|url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Fife&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Population Profile: Fife Council Area Scotland|publisher=scrol.gov.uk|year=2001|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823051313/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Fife&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|archive-date=23 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="St Andrews Employment">{{cite web|url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Employment&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=St+Andrews&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Employment Profile: St Andrews Locality Scotland|publisher=scrol.gov.uk|year=2001|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223142852/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Employment&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=St+Andrews&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="FifeEmployment">{{cite web|url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Employment&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Fife&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Employment Profile: Fife Locality Scotland|publisher=scrol.gov.uk|year=2001|access-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823045845/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Employment&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Fife&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|archive-date=23 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
!
!style="padding:2px;"|St Andrews
!style="padding:2px;"|Fife
!style="padding:2px;"|Scotland
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Total population
|14,209||349,429||5,062,011
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|[[British nationality law|Foreign born]]
|11.60%||1.18%||1.10%
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Over 75 years old
|10.51%||7.46%||7.09%
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Unemployed
|1.94%||3.97%||4.0%
|}

According to the 2001 census, St Andrews had a total population of 14,209.<ref name="St Andrews population" /> The population increased to around 16,680 in 2008<ref name="Population Estimate">{{cite web |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/08mye-localities-table2.xls |title=Mid-2008 Population Estimates – Localities in order of size |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland |year=2008 |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702235600/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/08mye-localities-table2.xls |archive-date=2 July 2010}}</ref> and 16,800 in 2012<ref name="auto"/> The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 16 to 29 forms the largest portion of the population (37%).<ref name="St Andrews population" /> The median age of males and females living in St Andrews was 29 and 34 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.<ref name="St Andrews population" />

The place of birth of the town's residents was 87.78% United Kingdom (including 61.80% from Scotland), 0.63% Republic of Ireland, 4.18% from other European Union countries, and 7.42% from elsewhere in the world.<ref name="St Andrews population" /> The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 23.94% in full-time employment, 8.52% in part-time employment, 4.73% self-employed, 1.94% unemployed, 31.14% students with jobs, 9.08% students without jobs, 13.24% retired, 2.91% looking after home or family, 2.84% permanently sick or disabled, and 1.67% economically inactive for other reasons.<ref name="St Andrews Employment" />

== Economy ==
St Andrews, whose economy stands at £660 million, relies heavily on tourism and education. In 2016, one out of every five jobs in St Andrews is related to tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=The St Andrews Economy, Tourism and Businesses |url=http://bidstandrews.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/st-andrews-bid.pdf |website=BID St Andrews |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

St Andrews is often considered as an expensive destination. In 2016, St Andrews was reported to be home to the "Most Expensive Street in Scotland", with average house prices in The Scores in excess of 2 million pounds.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scotland's most expensive street now at home of golf|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-38404268|access-date=23 December 2016|publisher=BBC|date=23 December 2016}}</ref>

== Weather and climate ==
[[File:Sunset, St. Andrews by Sam Bough, 1856.JPG|thumb|Sunset, St. Andrews by [[Sam Bough]], 1856]]
[[File:View from St Salvator's Tower.jpg|thumb|right|View from St Salvator's Tower]]

St Andrews has a [[temperate]] [[maritime climate]], which is relatively mild despite its northerly [[latitude]]. Winters are not as cold as one might expect, considering that [[Moscow]] and [[Labrador]] lie on the same latitude. Daytime temperatures can fall below freezing and average around {{cvt|4|C}}. However, the town is subject to strong winds. Night-time frosts are common; however, snowfall is more rare.
The nearest official Met Office weather station for which data are available is at Leuchars, about {{convert|3+1/4|mi|km|abbr=off}} northwest of St Andrews town centre.

The absolute maximum temperature is {{convert|31.3|C|F}}, recorded in July 2022.
In a typical year, the warmest day<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=1830
|title=1971-00 average annual warmest day
|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> should reach {{convert|26.1|C|F}} and a total of 2 days<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=SU&stationid=1830
|title=>25c days
|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> should record a temperature of {{convert|25.1|C|F}} or above. The warmest calendar month (since 1960) was July 2006,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.climate-uk.com/monthly/0607.htm
|title=July 2006 temperature
|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> with a mean temperature of {{convert|16.8|C|F}} (mean maximum of {{convert|21.6|C|F}}, mean minimum of {{convert|11.9|C|F}})

The absolute minimum temperature (since 1960) stands at {{convert|-14.5|C|F}} recorded during February 1972,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=8&year=1972&indexid=TNn&stationid=1830
|title=Feb 1972 minimum
|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> although in an 'average' year, the coldest night should only fall to {{convert|-8.3|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Climatology details for station Leuchars, United Kingdom and index TNn: Minimum value of daily minimum temperature|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TNn&stationid=1830|access-date=22 March 2011|website=eca.knmi.nl}}</ref> Typically, just short of 60 nights a year will experience an air frost. The coldest calendar month (since 1960) was December 2010,<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate-UK.com's Review of the British Meteorological Scene - Monthly Summary for December 2010|url=http://www.climate-uk.com/monthly/1012.htm|access-date=22 March 2011|website=climate-uk.com}}</ref> with a mean temperature of {{convert|-0.8|C|F}} (mean maximum {{convert|1.9|C|F}}, mean minimum {{convert|-3.5|C|F}} )

Rainfall, at little more than 650&nbsp;mm per year makes St Andrews one of the driest parts of Scotland, shielded from Atlantic weather systems by several mountain ranges. Over 1&nbsp;mm of rain is recorded on just under 117 days of the year.

Sunshine, averaging in excess of 1,500 hours a year is amongst the highest for Scotland, and comparable to inland parts of Southern England. St Andrews is about the furthest north annual levels of above 1500 hours are encountered.

All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period.

{{Weather box
|location = Leuchars, elevation 10&nbsp;m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–
|collapsed =
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 14.2
|Feb record high C = 15.2
|Mar record high C = 21.4
|Apr record high C = 23.1
|May record high C = 25.2
|Jun record high C = 29.1
|Jul record high C = 31.3
|Aug record high C = 30.8
|Sep record high C = 26.6
|Oct record high C = 23.2
|Nov record high C = 17.1
|Dec record high C = 14.9
|year record high C = 31.3
|Jan high C = 6.3
|Feb high C = 6.9
|Mar high C = 9.0
|Apr high C = 11.0
|May high C = 13.6
|Jun high C = 16.8
|Jul high C = 19.0
|Aug high C = 18.9
|Sep high C = 16.2
|Oct high C = 12.8
|Nov high C = 9.0
|Dec high C = 7.0
|year high C = 12.2
|Jan low C = 0.4
|Feb low C = 0.6
|Mar low C = 1.8
|Apr low C = 3.2
|May low C = 5.6
|Jun low C = 8.4
|Jul low C = 10.5
|Aug low C = 10.3
|Sep low C = 8.4
|Oct low C = 5.7
|Nov low C = 2.4
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 4.9
|Jan record low C = −13.7
|Feb record low C = −14.5
|Mar record low C = −11.7
|Apr record low C = −5.8
|May record low C = −3.0
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 2.4
|Aug record low C = 2.2
|Sep record low C = -0.9
|Oct record low C = −3.8
|Nov record low C = −10.2
|Dec record low C = −13.1
|year record low C = −14.5
|Jan precipitation mm = 68.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 45.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 49.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 43.9
|May precipitation mm = 49.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 46.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 47.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 61.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 57.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 66.2
|year precipitation mm = 653.9
|Jan sun = 58.9
|Feb sun = 76.6
|Mar sun = 119.0
|Apr sun = 152.1
|May sun = 195.0
|Jun sun = 191.1
|Jul sun = 190.7
|Aug sun = 173.9
|Sep sun = 133.2
|Oct sun = 105.4
|Nov sun = 77.4
|Dec sun = 49.9
|year sun = 1523.2
|source 1 = Met Office<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/leuchars.html
 |title       = Climate Normals and extremes
 |publisher   = Met Office
 |access-date  = 22 March 2011
|url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20111019064706/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/leuchars.html
 |archive-date = 19 October 2011}}</ref>
|date=Mar 2011
}}

== Transport ==
The [[St Andrews Railway]] provided a connection to the main [[Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line]] at [[Leuchars railway station]]. This service was ended in 1969. The [[St Andrews Rail Link]] project aims at realising a new high-speed twin-cord mainline rail link via [[Cupar]] to the south and west and via [[Leuchars]] to the north.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StARLink |url=https://www.starlink-campaign.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=StARLink |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=StaRLink St Andrews Rail Link High Level Report |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/uo44glymvw84gp3/Tata%20Steel%20St%20Andrews%20Railway%20report.pdf |last=Rangelov |first=Vladimir |date=May 2012 |publisher=[[Tata Steel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814181339/https://www.dropbox.com/s/uo44glymvw84gp3/Tata%20Steel%20St%20Andrews%20Railway%20report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

Currently, the only public transport to reach trains at Leuchars or to connect other towns in [[Fife]] is provided by [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]] and Moffat & Williamson buses. Stagecoach's Routes 99 and 42A/42B connect St Andrews to [[Dundee]] and [[Leuchars]], with buses up to every ten minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=42A Bus Route & Timetable: Dundee city centre - Glenrothes or St Andrews {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://www.stagecoachbus.com/routes/east-scotland/42A/dundee-city-centre-glenrothes-or-st-andrews/XHAO042A.I |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.stagecoachbus.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=99 Bus Route & Timetable: St Andrews bus station - Dundee City Centre {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://www.stagecoachbus.com/routes/east-scotland/99/st-andrews-bus-station-dundee-city-centre/XHAO099.O |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.stagecoachbus.com |language=en}}</ref> Moffat & Williamson's Routes 63 and 77/77A also connect St Andrews to Leuchars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moffat & Willimson {{!}} Service 77, 77A, M77 Timetable |url=https://www.moffat-williamson.co.uk/timetable/service-77-updated |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.moffat-williamson.co.uk}}</ref> Both Stagecoach and Moffat & Williamson have buses connecting the wider town of St Andrews (including [[St Andrews Community Hospital]]) to the town centre; these currently include the 9B,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moffat & Willimson {{!}} Service 9B Timetable |url=https://www.moffat-williamson.co.uk/timetable/service-9b-new |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.moffat-williamson.co.uk}}</ref> 64,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moffat & Willimson {{!}} Service 64 Mon-Sat Timetable |url=https://www.moffat-williamson.co.uk/timetable/service-64-new-updated |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.moffat-williamson.co.uk}}</ref> 90/90A/90B/90C and 91/91A,<ref>{{Cite web |title=90/91 Bus Route & Timetable: St Andrews bus station - Bogward {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://tiscon-maps-stagecoachbus.s3.amazonaws.com/Timetables/East%20Scotland/Fife/ESCOT_Special_Fife_90_91.pdf |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.stagecoachbus.com |language=en}}</ref> and 95.<ref>{{Cite web |title=95 Bus Route & Timetable: Anstruther harbour - Leven bus station {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://tiscon-maps-stagecoachbus.s3.amazonaws.com/Timetables/East%20Scotland/EXPRESS/ESCOT_Special_95.pdf |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.stagecoachbus.com |language=en}}</ref> Stagecoach and Moffat & Williamson also provide bus services to many towns in [[Fife]], as well as further destinations like [[Edinburgh]], [[Glasgow]], and [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moffat & Williamson {{!}} Buses |url=https://moffat-williamson.co.uk/timetable/buses |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=moffat-williamson.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fife Buses - Tickets, Timetables & Routes {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://www.stagecoachbus.com/promos-and-offers/east-scotland/fife-buses |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.stagecoachbus.com |language=en}}</ref>

As of 5 May 2025, Stagecoach JET 787 provides direct transportation from [[Edinburgh Airport]] to St Andrews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JET 747 Edinburgh Airport Bus Timetable {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://www.stagecoachbus.com/promos-and-offers/east-scotland/jet-747-edinburgh-airport-bus |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.stagecoachbus.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JET 787 Edinburgh Airport Bus Timetable {{!}} Stagecoach |url=https://tiscon-maps-stagecoachbus.s3.amazonaws.com/Timetables/East%20Scotland/Fife/Fife%20787%20May%202025%20-%20Web.pdf}}</ref> Alternatively, travellers can get the tram to [[Edinburgh Gateway station|Edinburgh Gateway]] and then the train to Leuchars. The coach services [[Ember (coach operator)|Ember]] and [[Xplore Dundee#FLY|Xplore Dundee FLY]] also operate between Edinburgh Airport and Dundee. 

University of St Andrews staff and students are eligible for a 75% discount on Stagecoach and Moffat & Williamson buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cost of living - University of St Andrews |url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/cost-of-living/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University bus travel discount - University of St Andrews (Requires university login) |url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/bus-travel-discount/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=www.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref> During term time, there is also a free university-operated nightbus for staff and students which circles the town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University night bus timetables - University of St Andrews |url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/students/support/night-bus/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref> 

[[Dundee Airport]], about 15 miles north of the town, has flights that connect with [[London City Airport|London-City]] and [[Belfast-City Airport|Belfast-City]] provided by [[Loganair]].

Roads [[A91 road|A91]], [[A915 road|A915]], [[A917]], [[A918 road (Great Britain)|A918]] and [[B939 road|B939]] traverse the town at different locations. The nearest motorway is the [[M90 motorway|M90]], which signs St Andrews from junction 8 with the A91 east of [[Milnathort]].

==Media==
Local news and television programmes are provided by [[BBC Scotland]] and [[STV North]]. Television signals are received from either the [[Angus transmitting station|Angus]] or [[Durris transmitting station|Durris]] TV transmitters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Angus |title= Full Freeview on the Angus (Dundee City, Scotland) transmitter |date=1 May 2004 |accessdate =12 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Durris |title=Full Freeview on the Durris (Aberdeenshire, Scotland) transmitter|date=1 May 2004 |accessdate =12 October 2023 }}</ref>

Local radio stations are [[BBC Radio Scotland]], [[Kingdom FM]], [[Forth 1]], [[Forth 2|Greatest Hits Radio Edinburgh, Lothians, Fife and Falkirk]], and St Andrews Radio (STAR), a community based station which broadcast from the [[University of St Andrews]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://standrewsradio.com/ |title=St Andrews Radio |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

The St Andrews Citizen is the town's local newspaper <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/scotland/st-andrews-citizen/|title=St Andrews Citizen|date=5 February 2014|website=British Papers|accessdate= 11 October 2023}}</ref> including student newspapers which are published from the [[University of St Andrews]], The Saint and The Stand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thesaint.scot/|title=The Saint|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thestand-online.com/|title=The Stand|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
{{Main|St Andrews Cathedral|St Andrews Castle|St Salvator's Chapel}}
[[File:West Port in St Andrews.jpg|thumb|300px|right|West Port]]

St Andrews was once bounded by several "ports" (the [[Scots language|Lowland Scots]] word for a town gate). Two are still extant: So'gait port (South Street, now called West Port) and the Sea Yett (as The Pends terminates to the harbour). The West Port is one of few surviving town "Ports" in Scotland<ref name="Walker and Ritchie p79">Walker and Ritchie ''Fife, Perthshire and Angus'' p.79.</ref> and is a [[scheduled monument]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=SM90263|desc=St Andrews, West Port|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> The towers were influenced by those seen at the base of the Netherbow Port in [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="Pride pp124–126">Pride ''Kingdom of Fife'' pp.124–126.</ref> The central archway which displays semi-octagonal "rownds" and "battling" is supported by corbelling and neatly moulded passageways. Side arches and relief panels were added to the port, during the reconstruction between 1843 and 1845.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" />

[[File:St. Salvator's Chapel on 10 October 2022.jpg|300 px|left|thumb|[[St Salvator's Chapel]] viewed from inside the Lower College Lawn, featuring the nave and the steeple, on 10 October 2022.]] The Category A listed<ref name="Holy Trinity listing">{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB40633|desc=Holy Trinity Church (Town Kirk), South Street|cat=A|access-date=21 March 2019|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> [[Holy Trinity Church, St Andrews|Holy Trinity]] (also known as the Holy Trinity Parish Church or "town kirk") is the most historic church in St Andrews.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p171">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.171.</ref> The church was initially built on land, close to the south-east gable of the cathedral, around 1144, and was dedicated in 1234 by Bishop [[David de Bernham]]. It then moved to a new site on the north side of South Street between 1410 and 1412 by bishop Warlock.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown p171" /> Much of the architecture feature of the church was lost in the re-building by Robert Balfour between 1798 and 1800.<ref name="Fife Regional Council p46">Fife Regional Council ''Medieval Abbeys and Historic Churches in Fife'' p.46.</ref> The church was later restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance between 1907 and 1909 by MacGregor Chambers.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /><ref name="Cook p14">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.14.</ref>

[[File:St. Andrews Cathedral Ruins on 10 October 2022 I.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Recent view of the east tower, St. Rule's Tower and graveyard beneath, 10 October 2022.]]
[[File:St andrews cathedral ojk.JPG|300px|thumb|right|The ruins of the nave of St. Andrews Cathedral]]
[[File:ViewFromTheTop.JPG|thumb|300px|right|View of the cathedral grounds from the top of St Rule's Tower.]] To the east of the town centre, lie the ruins of [[St Andrews Cathedral]].<ref name="Fife Regional Council p22">Fife Regional Council ''Medieval Abbeys and Historic Churches in Fife'' p.22.</ref> This was at one time Scotland's largest building, originated in the priory of Canons Regular founded by Bishop Robert Kennedy. St Rule's Church, to the south-east of the medieval cathedral is said to date from around 1120 and 1150, being the predecessor of the cathedral.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132">Walker and Ritchie ''Fife, Perthshire and Angus'' pp.130–132.</ref> The tall square tower, part of the church, was built to hold the relics of [[St Andrew]] and became known as the first cathedral in the town.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp70–72">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' pp.70–72.</ref> After the death of Bishop Robert Kennedy, a new cathedral was begun in 1160 by Bishop Arnold (his successor) on a site adjacent to St Rule's Church.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp70–72" /> Work on the cathedral was finally completed and consecrated in 1318 by [[Bishop William de Lamberton]] with [[Robert de Brus|Robert the Bruce]] (1306–29) present at the ceremony.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp70–72" /> The cathedral and associated buildings, including St Rule's Church, are protected as a scheduled monument.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=SM13322|desc=St Andrews Cathedral and Priory and adjacent ecclesiastical remains|access-date=21 March 2019|fewer-links=yes}}</ref>

[[File:The ruins of St Andrews Castle.jpg|thumb|400px|left|The ruins of [[St Andrews Castle]]]]
The ruins of [[St Andrews Castle]] are situated on a cliff-top to the north of the town.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp115–116">Walker and Ritchie ''Fife, Perthshire and Angus'' pp.115–116.</ref><ref name="Pride p121">Pride ''Kingdom of Fife'' p.121.</ref> The castle was first erected around 1200 as the residence, prison and fortress of the bishops of the diocese. Several reconstructions occurred in subsequent centuries, most notably due to damage incurred in the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]].

[[File:St Andrews Bandstand.jpg|thumb|300px|right| St Andrews bandstand]]

The castle was occupied, besieged and stormed during [[The Rough Wooing]] and was severely damaged in the process.

The majority of the castle seen today dates to between 1549 and 1571. The work was commissioned by [[John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)]] in a renaissance style which made the building a comfortable, palatial residence while still remaining well-fortified.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp115–116" />
After the Reformation, the castle passed to several owners, who could not maintain its structure and the building deteriorated into a ruin.
The castle is now a scheduled monument administered by [[Historic Environment Scotland]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=SM90259|desc=St Andrews Castle|access-date=21 March 2019|fewer-links=yes}}</ref>

The [[apse]] of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friary]], [[Blackfriars, St Andrews|Blackfriars]], can still be seen on South Street (between Madras College and Bell Street).<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland |cat=PLA |num=34336 |num2=NO51NW 5 |desc=St Andrews, South Street, Blackfriars' Chapel |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref> Other defunct religious houses that existed in the medieval town, though less visible, have left traces, as for instance the [[St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews|leper hospital]] at [[St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews|St Nicholas farmhouse]] (The Steading) between Albany Park and the East Sands leisure centre.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland |cat=PLA |num=34312 |num2=NO51NW 28 |desc=St Andrews, St Nicholas Farm |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Madras College.JPG|thumb|right|Original building of [[Madras College]] on South Street]]
Today, St Andrews is home to one secondary school, one private school and three primary schools.<ref name="list of primary schools">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/topics/index.cfm?startRow=101&OBJECTID=xxx&ORDERBY=location&FUSEACTION=Facility%2EList&SUBJECTID=0AB411F8%2D508B%2DDE79%2D478BA07C673E89C9 |title=list of primary schools in Fife |publisher=Fife Council |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220011114/http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/topics/index.cfm?startRow=101&OBJECTID=xxx&ORDERBY=location&FUSEACTION=Facility.List&SUBJECTID=0AB411F8-508B-DE79-478BA07C673E89C9 |archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>
Canongate Primary School, which opened in 1972 is located off the Canongate, beside the [[St Andrews Botanic Garden]]. The school roll was recorded in February 2008 as 215.<ref name="Cannongate Primary School">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=CEFA5EC0-5DB7-404F-97AA571607B8AD98 |title=Cannongate Primary School |publisher=Fife Council |access-date=8 March 2010}}</ref> Lawhead Primary School, which opened in 1974 is on the western edge of the town. The school roll was recorded in September 2009 as 181.<ref name="Lawhead Primary School">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=003A0E36-40C7-4D1D-A9A7AAECD602137B |title=Lawhead Primary School |publisher=Fife Council |access-date=8 March 2010}}</ref>  Greyfriars Primary School is a Roman Catholic school located in the southern part of the town.

[[Madras College]] is the sole secondary school in the town. The school which opened to pupils in 1833 was based on a Madras system – founded and endowed by Andrew Bell (1755–1832), a native of the town.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp177–178">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – A City by the Northern Sea'' pp177–178</ref><ref name="Cook p13">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.13.</ref> Prior to the opening, Bell was interested in the demand for a school which was able to teach both poor and privileged children on one site.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp177–178" /> The high reputation of the school meant that many children came from throughout Britain to be taught there, often lodging with masters or residents in the town.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp177–178" /> The school was located on two campuses – Kilrymont, (which opened in 1967) and South Street (incorporating the original 1833 building). Pupils in S1-S3 are served by Kilrymont and S4-S6 by South Street.<ref name="Madras College">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=02594B20-2A48-48EB-8CAA25FCCAE0DFEB |title=Madras College info, fifedirect |publisher=Fife Council |access-date=21 February 2009}}</ref>

Plans to build a replacement for Madras College on a single site have been ongoing since 2006. Originally, the school was in negotiations with the [[University of St Andrews]] for a joint new build at Lang Lands on land owned by the university. The plans, which were scrapped in August 2011, would have seen the school share the university's playing fields.<ref name="Council's Madras Plan">{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=Kristen |title=Council's Madras plan 'fails pupils' |page=1&7 |publisher=The Courier |date=9 January 2012}}</ref> In October 2011, a scoring exercise drawn up by the council to decide the best location for the new Madras College was put before parents, staff and the local community to ask for their views. A £40-million redevelopment of the Kilrymont building proved to be most popular and was officially given the go-ahead in November 2011.<ref name="New Madras College">{{cite news |title=New Madras College options to be considered by committee |publisher=Fife Council |date=28 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Madras decision spark outrage">{{cite news |title=Madras College decision spark outrage in St Andrews |work=St Andrews Herald|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> This decision was met with controversy from parents, staff and the local community.<ref name="Madras decision spark outrage" /> Following a decision from a group of senior councillors to analyse the other potential sites than push ahead with the controversial redevelopment, The new Building was finished in 2021.<ref name="Madras decision spark outrage" /><ref name="Kilrymont plan on ice">{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Michael |title=Madras College families facing yet more uncertainty after Kilrymont plan put on ice |publisher=The Courier |date=8 June 2012}}</ref> In August 2020, it was reported that the college will sell its Kilrymont site and built a replacement school at Langlands.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Criag Smith |title=Closing date put on sale of Madras College's Kilrymont site in St Andrews |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/local/fife/1515049/closing-date-put-on-sale-of-madras-colleges-kilrymont-site-in-st-andrews/ |website=The Courrier UK |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

[[File:St Andrews University Classics Building.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of St Andrews]] Classics Building, Swallowgate]]

The private school known as [[St Leonards School]] was initially established as the St Andrews School for girls company in 1877. The present name was taken in 1882 when a move to St Leonards House was made.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp183–185">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by the Northern Sea'' pp183–185.</ref> The school is now spread across thirty acres between Pends Road and Kinnesburn.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp183–185" /> A private school for boys was also set up in 1933 as [[New Park School|New Park]]. The operations of the school merged with the middle and junior sections of St Leonards to become St Leonards-New Park in 2005.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp183–185" />

The [[University of St Andrews]], which is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|third oldest English-speaking university]] and the [[Ancient universities of Scotland|oldest university in Scotland]], was founded between 1410 and 1413.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p83">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.83.</ref> A charter for the university was issued by Bishop [[Henry Wardlaw]] between 1411 and 1412 and this was followed by [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII]] granting university status to award degrees to students in 1413.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown p83" /> The school initially started out as a society for learned men in the fields of canon law, the arts and divinity.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p83" /> The chapel and college of St John the Evangelist became the first building to have ties with the university in 1415.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /> The two original colleges to be associated with the university were St Salvator in 1450 by Bishop [[James Kennedy (bishop)|James Kennedy]] and St Leonard in 1512 by archbishop [[Alexander Stewart (Archbishop of St Andrews)|Alexander Stewart]] and prior [[James Hepburn (bishop)|James Hepburn]].<ref name="Pride pp124–126" />

== Sport and recreation ==
Leisure facilities in the town include a canoe club, a senior football club ([[St Andrews United F.C.|St Andrews United]]), a rugby club (known as [[Madras College FP RFC|Madras Rugby Club]]), tennis club, university sports centre, and a links golf driving range. The East Sands Leisure Centre, which opened in 1988, sits on the outskirts of the town as the town's swimming pool with gym facilities.

=== Golf ===
{{Main|Old Course at St Andrews|Golf in Scotland}}
[[File:18th Green and Clubhouse.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Old Course at St Andrews|Old Course]] and [[The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews|The Royal and Ancient Golf Club]]]]
St Andrews is known widely as the "home of golf".<ref name="Pride p118">Pride ''Kingdom of Fife'' p.118.</ref> According to the earliest surviving document from 1552, the "playing at golf" on the links adjacent to the "water of eden" was granted permission by Archbishop Hamilton.<ref name="Pride p118" /> The most famous golf course in the town is the Old Course, purchased by the town council in 1894.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p85" /> The course which dates back to medieval times, is an [[The Open Championship|Open Championship]] course – which was first staged in 1873 and will host the 2022 Open Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Future Venues for The Open {{!}} British Golf The Open Championship Packages {{!}} British Isles Golf Cruise Vacation Tours {{!}} PerryGolf|url=https://www.perrygolf.com/theopen/british-golf-the-open-championship-future-venues.php|access-date=1 June 2021|website=Golf vacations and golf cruises to world's most memorable destinations with PerryGolf|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cook p3" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' pp.224–227.</ref> Famous winners at St Andrews have included: [[Old Tom Morris]] (1861, 1862, 1867 and 1874), [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby Jones]] (1927 and 1930 [[British Amateur]]), [[Jack Nicklaus]] (1970 and 1978) and [[Tiger Woods]] (2000 and 2005).<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" /><ref name="Cook p39">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.39.</ref> According to [[Jack Nicklaus]], "if a golfer is going to be remembered, he must win at St Andrews".<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" /> There are seven golf courses in total – Old, New, Jubilee, Eden, Strathtyrum, Balgove and the Castle –
surrounding the western approaches of the town.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p85">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.85.</ref><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" /> The seventh golf course (the Castle) was added in 2007 at [[Kinkell Braes]], designed by David McLay Kidd.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" />

=== West Sands Beach ===
[[File:West Sands Beach, St Andrews - geograph.org.uk - 1803950.jpg|thumbnail|West Sands, looking towards St Andrews]]

West Sands Beach in St Andrews, Scotland,<ref name="British Beaches">{{cite web|title=St. Andrews West Sands - Fife, Scotland|url=http://www.britishbeaches.info/st-andrews-west-sands-fife|access-date=20 May 2013|website=britishbeaches.uk}}</ref><ref name="Trip Advisor">{{cite web|title=St Andrews West Sands Beach|url=http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g186533-d570777-Reviews-West_Sands-St_Andrews_Fife_Scotland.html|access-date=20 May 2013|website=tripadvisor.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Keep Scotland Beautiful">{{cite web|title=Scotland's Beach Awards|url=http://coastal.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/scottish-beach.asp?beach=35 |access-date=20 May 2013|website=keepscotlandbeautiful.org}}</ref><ref name="Fife.gov">{{cite web|title=Fife.gov|url=http://www.fife.gov.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=f34f9dce-399d-4c02-97a10d6ac5118c4c|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> served as the set for the opening scene in the movie ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''.<ref name="Keep Scotland Beautiful" /><ref name="Fife.gov" /><ref name="YouTube CoF">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/TLbWBlB2aWA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120217210408/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLbWBlB2aWA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=Youtube – Chariots of Fire opening scene| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLbWBlB2aWA|access-date=20 May 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BBC Cof">{{cite news|title=Chariots of Fire legacy keeps on running in St Andrews|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-18262315|access-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=BBC News site|date=31 May 2012}}</ref> This scene was reenacted during the [[2012 Olympics]] torch relay.<ref name="Mirrow Torch Relay">{{cite news|title=Chariots of Fire beach scene re-enacted on Olympic Torch relay|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/chariots-of-fire-beach-scene-re-enacted-880530|access-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=The Mirror|date=13 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Metro Torch Relay">{{cite news|title=Olympic Torch relay gets Chariots of Fire treatment on West Sands beach|url=http://metro.co.uk/2012/06/13/olympic-torch-relay-gets-chariots-of-fire-treatment-on-west-sands-beach-466076/|access-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=Metro|date=13 June 2012}}</ref> The beach was also featured in the [[2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony]]<ref name="High Speed Dirt – West Sands St Andrews">{{cite web|title=High Speed Dirt – West Sands St Andrews|url=http://www.highspeeddirt.co.uk/news-features/turf/west-sands-st-andrews/|access-date=20 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053424/http://www.highspeeddirt.co.uk/news-features/turf/west-sands-st-andrews/|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="You Tube OG">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/CwzjlmBLfrQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120727223238/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwzjlmBLfrQ&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=You Tube – Rowan Atkinson Sequence – Opening Ceremony – London 2012 Olympic Games| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwzjlmBLfrQ|access-date=20 May 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|0}} beach is adjacent to the famous St Andrews Links golf course.<ref>[http://coastal.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/scottish-beach.asp?beach=35 West Sands Beach in St Andrews, Scotland], ''Keep Scotland Beautiful''</ref> Sand dunes on the beach, which have long protected the golf course, are themselves in danger of eroding away, and are the subject of a restoration project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coastal.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/scottish-beach.asp?beach=35|title=Beach Awards – Keep Scotland Beautiful|website=coastal.keepscotlandbeautiful.org}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==
=== Byre Theatre ===
[[File:Byre Theatre, St Andrews.jpg|thumb|Byre Theatre from Abbey Street]]
The [[Byre Theatre]] was founded in 1933 by Charles Marford, an actor (found in the Who's Who of 1921) and Alexander B. Paterson, a local journalist and playwright, with help from a theatre group made up from members of Hope Park Church, St Andrews. The third and current building was opened in 2001 by Sir [[Sean Connery]]. Its main auditorium is named after A.B. Paterson. There is also a second 60-seat performance space named after the late golf photographer, Lawrence Levy. The theatre is said to be haunted by the benevolent ghost of Charles Marford, one of its founders.

=== Lade Braes Walk ===
[[File:Law Mill, Lade Braes, St Andrews, Fife.JPG|thumb|Remains of Law Mill at the head of the Lade Braes Walk in St Andrews, Fife]]

The Lade Braes Walk is a scenic public footpath of about {{convert|1+1/2|mi|km|round=0.5|abbr=off}} that follows the route of a medieval mill [[Leat|lade]] through St Andrews.<ref name="Lade Braes">{{cite web|title=Lade Braes|url=http://www.ladebraes.net/|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> The walk starts in the town centre near Madras College and runs roughly westward, through Cockshaugh Park to Law Mill.<ref name="Lade Braes Walk - The Sinner's Guide to St Andrews">{{cite web|title=Lade Braes Walk – The Sinner's Guide to St Andrews|url=http://www.thesinner.net/guide/Lade_Braes_Walk|access-date=16 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151555/http://www.thesinner.net/guide/Lade_Braes_Walk|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> The lade's function was to transport water from a higher upstream point on the Kinness Burn to the [[water mill]] in the grounds of [[St Andrews Cathedral Priory]] where it arrived at an elevated level simply by following the contours of the land. It may have been built before 1144.<ref name="Smart p179">Smart, RN (1991). ''Notes on the Water Mills of St Andrews (1989) in 'Three Decades of Historical Notes' (ed. M Innes & J Whelan)'' p.179.</ref> In the late 19th century, the lade was covered over and the area from Cockshaugh Park to Law Mill was landscaped and planted with trees.<ref name="History of the Lade Braes">{{cite web|title=History of the Lade Braes|url=http://www.ladebraes.net/lade-braes-history/|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> The remains of Law Mill, its grain drying kiln and [[water wheel]] are a category C [[listed buildings|listed building]].<ref name="Buildings at Risk Register, Law Mill">{{cite web|title=Buildings at Risk Register, Law Mill|url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/916217|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> A Brae is an old Scots word for the high ground adjoining a river bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/brae_n1|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Brae n.1|website=www.dsl.ac.uk|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref>

===Museum===
The [[St Andrews Museum]] is a municipal museum focusing on the history of the town of St Andrews in St Andrews established in 1991 it is located in Kinburn Park. It holds a collection of objects of historical value that are related to the town from the earliest times up to the twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/st-andrews-museum-p251001|title=St Andrews Museum, St Andrews – Museums|work=Visit Scotland|access-date=15 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the historic Kinburn house named after the [[Battle of Kinburn (1855)|Battle of Kinburn]] during the Crimean War.

=== University Museum ===
The [[Museum of the University of St Andrews]] is a small museum dedicated to the history of the University of St Andrews. The museum, which is free to enter, looks at the university's foundation, student life at the university, and innovative ideas and inventions associated with staff, students, and alumni. The museum also shows a range of temporary exhibitions on different themes. Highlights of the displays include the university's three medieval maces, which are rare examples of ornate ceremonial University maces from the 15th century, and a large astrolabe dating from 1575.<ref>Ian Carradice, MUSA Guide Book (2008), pp.1–13</ref>

=== Botanic Garden ===
''See [[St Andrews Botanic Garden|main article]]''

The [[St Andrews Botanic Garden]] is an 18-acre [[botanical garden]] in the Canongate suburb to the south of the town. It contains more than 8000 species of native and exotic plants. These are laid out in zones of woodland, meadow, shrubbery, herbaceous bedding, a large rockery and a series of ponds. There are also vegetable and herb gardens, and several large greenhouses, one of which contains a [[butterfly house]]. There is an entrance fee for most visitors with some exceptions (e.g. juniors, students or faculties of the University of St Andrews).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standrewsbotanic.org/|title=St Andrews Botanic Garden {{!}} Home|website=St Andrews Botanic Garden|language=en|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Aquarium ===
The St Andrews Aquarium is located on the cliff foot of the Scores overlooking West Sands. The family-owned establishment features a variety of tropical and native fish species, alongside penguins, marmosets, meerkats, and seals, which have multiple daily feeding sessions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standrewsaquarium.co.uk/|title=St Andrews Aquarium|website=www.standrewsaquarium.co.uk|language=en-US|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>

== International relations ==
As of St. Andrew's Day 2015, the town is formally twinned with the French medieval town of [[Loches]], with which it had previously shared a cultural exchange for over two decades.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferrier|first=Maureen|date=4 December 2015|title=St Andrews twinning pact signed in saint's celebrations|url=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/news/local-headlines/st-andrews-twinning-pact-signed-in-saint-s-celebrations-1-3966433|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080844/http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/news/local-headlines/st-andrews-twinning-pact-signed-in-saint-s-celebrations-1-3966433|archive-date=8 December 2015|website=fifetoday.co.uk}}</ref>

{{wide image|A view of St Andrews 8515359035 d7fb968324 o.jpg|500px|align-cap=center|A panoramic view of St Andrews}}

==Freedom of the City==
The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the City and Royal Burgh]] of St Andrews.

{{Incomplete list|date=December 2020}}

===Individuals===
* [[Benjamin Franklin]]: 1759.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2002|title=Permanent tribute to Benjamin Franklin|url=https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/permanent-tribute-to-benjamin-franklin/|access-date=23 May 2021|website=news.st-andrews.ac.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]]: 19 July 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Freedom of St Andrews |date=19 July 1902 |page=14 |issue=36824}}</ref>
* [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]] (later Edward VIII).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince of Wales St.Andrews Receiving Freedom of the City - Fife Postcard (P2752)|url=https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/333669358844|access-date=23 May 2021|website=ebay.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Robert Tyre Jones Jr.]]: 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1958|title=Full record for 'Bobby Jones Receives Freedom of St. Andrews ' (0311) - Moving Image Archive catalogue|url=https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0311|access-date=23 May 2021|website=movingimage.nls.uk}}</ref>
* [[Jack Nicklaus]]: 11 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/sport/golf/3480742/magic-st-andrews-old-course-nicklaus/ |title=The magic of St Andrews and the Old Course will always endure, believes Jack Nicklaus  |last=Scott |first=Steve |date=11 July 2022 |website=The Courier Evening Telegraph |access-date=12 July 2022 }}</ref>

===Military units===
* [[Army Leuchars]]: 2015

== See also ==
* [[All Saints Church, St Andrews]]
* [[Bishop of St Andrews]]
* [[Celtic art]] – Pictish stones at St Andrews.
* [[The New Picture House]]
* [[St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews]]
* [[St Andrews Community Hospital]]
* [[University of St Andrews]]
* [[St Andrews Botanic Garden]]
* [[List of town defences in Scotland]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{EB1911|wstitle=St Andrews}}
* Ash, Marinell. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529179 The diocese of St. Andrews under its 'Norman' bishops]". ''Scottish Historical Review'' 55.160 (1976): 105–126.
* Brooks, Nicholas P., and Whittington, Graeme. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/621832 Planning and growth in the medieval Scottish burgh: the example of St Andrews]". ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'' (1977): 278–295.
* Browne, Sarah. [https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/23/1/100/1664552 {{"'}}A Veritable Hotbed of Feminism': Women's Liberation in St Andrews, Scotland, c. 1968–c. 1979"]. ''Twentieth Century British History'' 23.1 (2012): 100–123. {{doi|10.1093/tcbh/hwq058}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Richard |chapter=The Influence of Sport on Destination Development: the Example of Golf at St. Andrews |title=Sport tourism destinations |date=2005 |pages=274–282 |publisher=Routledge |chapter-url=http://www.microlinkcolleges.net/elib/files/undergraduate/Tourism%20&%20Hotel%20Management/Sports%20Tourism%20Destinations%20(2005).pdf#page=291 |isbn=0-7506-5937-8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223054037/http://www.microlinkcolleges.net/elib/files/undergraduate/Tourism%20&%20Hotel%20Management/Sports%20Tourism%20Destinations%20(2005).pdf |archive-date= Feb 23, 2022 }}
* Cameron, Neil. "[http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9501/9468 St Rule's Church, St Andrews, and early stone-built churches in Scotland]". ''Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.'' Vol. 124. (1994).
* Clifford, Ben P., and Charles R. Warren. "Development and the environment: Perception and opinion in St Andrews, Scotland". ''Scottish Geographical Journal'' 121.4 (2005): 355–384.
* Dawson, Jane E. A. {{"'}}The Face of Ane Perfyt Reformed Kyrk': St Andrews and the Early Scottish Reformation". ''Studies in Church History Subsidia'' 8 (1991): 413–435.
* Duncan, Archibald A. M. "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, 1140". ''Scottish Historical Review'' 84.1 (2005): 1–37.
* Emerson, Roger L. ''Academic Patronage in the Scottish Enlightenment: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008).
* Herkless, John, and Robert Kerr Hannay. ''The Archbishops of St. Andrews'' (W. Blackwood, 1907) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCANAAAAYAAJ&dq=St+Andrews++scotland&pg=IA4 online].
* {{cite book |last=Lamont-Brown |first=Raymond |year=2002 |title=Fife in History and Legend |isbn=0-85976-567-9 |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=John Donald}}
* {{cite book |last=Lamont-Brown |first=Raymond |year=2006 |title=St Andrews:city by the northern sea |isbn=1-84158-450-9 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Birlinn Publishing}}
* Kirk, Russell. "St. Andrews: The Haunted Town" ''History Today'' (Jan 1953) 3#1 pp 22–30. online.
* {{cite book |last=Omand |first=Donald |year=2000 |title=The Fife Book}}
* {{cite book |last=Pride |first=Glen L. |year=1999 |title=The Kingdom of Fife |edition=2nd |isbn=1-873190-49-2 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Rutland Press}}
* Rhodes, Bess. ''Riches and Reform: Ecclesiastical Wealth in St Andrews, c. 1520–1580'' (Brill, 2019).
* Skene, William. "[http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/4795/4773 Notice of the Early Ecclesiastical Settlements at St Andrews]". ''Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland''  Vol. 4. (1860).
* Swanson, Robert. "The University of St. Andrews and the Great Schism, 1410–1419". ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' 26.3 (1975): 223–245.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=St Andrews}}
* [https://www.rsearch.uk/st-andrews-attractions.html List of Attractions around St Andrews in order to walk round with Maps and Information]
* [http://www.standrewscc.net/ Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council]
* [http://www.standrews.org.uk/ St Andrews Links]
* Engraving of a [http://digital.nls.uk/74582368 view of St Andrews] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
* [http://www.ladebraes.net/ The Lade Braes]
* [https://www.eurowalks.scot/st-andrews/ St Andrews EuroWalk - online self-guided walking tour of the town]

{{St Andrews}}
{{Bishops of St Andrews}}
{{World Heritage Site 'Tentative List' applicants in Scotland}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:St Andrews| ]]
[[Category:Royal burghs]]
[[Category:Towns in Fife]]
[[Category:Parishes in Fife]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Scotland]]