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{{Short description|Russian-born American musicologist (1894–1995)}}
{{for|other people with the same last name|Slonimsky}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Nicolas-Slonimsky-1933.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Nicolas Slonimsky in 1933]]
'''Nicolas Slonimsky''' ({{OldStyleDate|April 27|1894|April 15}} &ndash; December 25, 1995), born '''Nikolai Leonidovich Slonimskiy''' ({{langx|ru|Никола́й Леони́дович Слoнимский|link=no}}), was a Russian-born American musicologist, conductor, pianist, and composer. Best known for his writing and musical reference work, he wrote the ''Thesaurus of [[scale (music)|Scales]] and [[melodic pattern|Melodic Patterns]]'' and the ''[[Lexicon of Musical Invective]]'', and edited ''[[Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians]]''.

==Biography==

===Early life in Russia and Europe===
Slonimsky was born Nikolai Leonidovich Slonimskiy in [[Saint Petersburg]]. He was of [[Jew]]ish origin; his grandfather was Rabbi [[Chaim Zelig Slonimsky]]. His parents adopted the Orthodox faith after the birth of his older brother, and Nicolas was baptized in the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="Perfect">{{cite book|last=Slonimsky|first=Nicolas|title=Perfect Pitch: A Life Story|url=https://archive.org/details/perfectpitch0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|location=London, England|isbn=0-19-315155-3}}</ref> His maternal aunt, [[Isabelle Vengerova]], later a founder of Philadelphia's [[Curtis Institute of Music]], was his first piano teacher.

He grew up in the [[intelligentsia]]. After the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, he moved south, first to [[Kyiv]], then to [[Constantinople]], and ultimately to Paris, where many other Russian musicians and his sister [[Yulia Slonimskaya Sazonova]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Slonimsky|first1=Nicolas|editor-last1=Slonimsky Yourke|editor-first1=Electra|title=Dear Dorothy: Letters from Nicolas Slonimsky to Dorothy Adlow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVPNo7dTcjEC&pg=PA7|year=2012|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, New York|isbn=978-1-58046-395-9|pages=5–9}}</ref> had already fled. He worked as accompanist to conductor [[Serge Koussevitzky]], and he toured Europe in 1921–22 as accompanist to tenor [[Vladimir Rosing]]. In 1923, Rosing became director of opera at the [[Eastman School of Music]] in [[Rochester, New York]], and he invited Slonimsky to join him.

Slonimsky's younger brother, [[Mikhail Slonimsky|Mikhail]], remained in Russia and became an author. His nephew, [[Sergei Slonimsky]], became a composer.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

===Conducting career===
[[File:Slonimsky dirigeant Ionisation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Slonimsky conducting Varèse's [[Ionisation (Varèse)|''Ionisation'']] in Havana]]
In Rochester, Slonimsky continued his composition and conducting studies, with [[Albert Coates (musician)|Albert Coates]] and [[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Eugene Goossens]], and accompanied Rosing at many vocal recitals, including a performance at [[Carnegie Hall]] in October 1924. After two years, he moved to Boston, where Koussevitzky had become conductor of the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], and resumed his position as his pianist and now bilingual secretary. During this time, Slonimsky taught music theory at the [[Boston Conservatory]] and the Malkin Conservatory, and began to write music articles for ''The [[Boston Evening Transcript]]'', ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' and the magazine ''[[The Etude]]''.<ref name="Kozinn">{{cite news|first=Allan|last=Kozinn|author-link=Allan Kozinn| title=Nicolas Slonimsky, Author of Widely Used Reference Works on Music, Dies at 101|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/27/books/nicolas-slonimsky-author-of-widely-used-reference-works-on-musicdies-at-101.html|date=December 27, 1995|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=B6}}</ref>

Slonimsky began writing songs and other incidental pieces, and performed as a piano soloist and vocal accompanist. In 1927, he formed the Boston Chamber Orchestra, for which he solicited music from contemporary composers. Slonimsky was a great champion of contemporary music,<ref name="Kozinn" /> and through his interest in performing it met [[Henry Cowell]] and [[Charles Ives]]. He conducted the world premieres of Ives' ''[[Three Places in New England]]'' in 1931 (in New York's [[The Town Hall (New York City)|Town Hall]]), [[Edgard Varèse]]'s ''[[Ionisation (Varèse)|Ionisation]]'' for thirteen percussionists in 1933, and various other works.

In 1931, Slonimsky married [[Dorothy Adlow]], art critic of ''The Christian Science Monitor''. She was active as a critic and lectured extensively around the U.S., serving on panels and art juries. They married in Paris, with Varèse as [[best man]]. Their daughter, Electra, later edited his letters and collected works.{{efn|Some of his letters, books, photos, sheet music and recordings are maintained at slonimsky.net.{{clarify|date=January 2023|reason=That site seems to be dead.}}}}

In 1932, Slonimsky conducted a series of concerts in Havana highlighting Ives, Ruggles, Cowell, [[Amadeo Roldán]] and [[Alejandro García Caturla]]. He then traveled to Paris, Berlin and Budapest to conduct further concerts. He mentioned at the time he found conducting to be "the nearest approximation to music in motion". Thanks to the popularity of these tours, he was invited to conduct five concerts in the [[Hollywood Bowl]] in the summer of 1933. These were controversial and received mixed critical reviews.

=== Writings and musical criticism ===
Throughout his life, Slonimsky wrote extensively for periodicals and newspapers, produced program and liner notes, and contributed to numerous reference works. He described himself as a "diaskeuast" (from [[Greek language|Greek]] διασκευαστής), a "reviser or interpolator". When his conducting career slowed, he spent more time writing about music. He produced the chronology ''Music Since 1900'', and later after travelling in Latin America, produced the first thorough coverage in English, ''Music of Latin America''. In 1947 he published the ''Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns'', which would later become one of his most influential works as a sourcebook for composers and performers. The book influenced many jazz musicians and composers, including [[Allan Holdsworth]], [[John Coltrane]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[Paul Grabowsky]], and [[Steve Rochinski]], and remained in print 60 years later, but was largely ignored for years after its publication. [[Quincy Jones]] said in a February 2018 interview: "Every time I used to see Coltrane he'd have Nicolas Slonimsky's book."<ref>Marchese, David, [http://www.vulture.com/2018/02/quincy-jones-in-conversation.html "In Conversation: Quincy Jones"], ''[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]'', February 7, 2018.</ref>
[[File:Nicolas Slonimsky.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Slonimsky, before 1996]]
Two books for children followed, ''The Road to Music'' and ''A Thing or Two About Music'', with jokes, anecdotes and puzzles. Then in 1953, Slonimsky brought out the ''Lexicon of Musical Invective'' ("Critical Assaults on Composers since Beethoven's Time"), a collection of hilariously scathing, insulting, vituperative, and enraged contemporary critiques of musical greats in their time. In 1958, he became editor of ''[[Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians]]'', developing a reputation for factual accuracy,<ref name=Kozinn /> and remained its head editor until 1992.

=== Later life and work ===
In 1964 Slonimsky's wife died and he moved to Los Angeles. He taught at UCLA for three years, and lectured and spoke about music, introducing himself to classes by spelling out his name: "Slonimsky. S–L–O as in 'slow', N–I–M as in 'nimble', S–K–Y as in 'sky'." He possessed a sly sense of humor, and was a regular guest on radio and television programs, including [[Johnny Carson]]'s ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|Tonight Show]]''. New York public television station [[WNET]] filmed an interview with him for the "Aging" segment of the [[PBS]] series ''The Mind''.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Noelle Mullinger|first=Lisa|title=Nicolas Slonimsky's Role in the Musical Modernism of the Early Twentieth Century|type=[[Master of Music]] thesis|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/213402673.pdf|date=18 April 2013|publisher=[[University of Kansas]]|page=67}}</ref>

He became a friend of [[avant-garde]] composer and rock guitarist [[Frank Zappa]], and performed some of his own compositions at a Zappa concert in [[Santa Monica, California]], in 1981. He named his cat Grody-to-the-Max after learning the phrase from Zappa's daughter [[Moon Zappa]].<ref name="Perfect" /><ref name="Kozinn" />

Slonimsky wrote the ''Lectionary of Music'' as a "reading dictionary," as he called it. Then in 1988, he published his autobiography, ''Perfect Pitch'', filled with anecdotes about musical figures of the 20th century, including his mentors and colleagues.

For his 98th birthday, he visited Saint Petersburg to participate in a music festival. A documentary of his life including video of this visit, ''A Touch of Genius'', was broadcast by Film America on his 100th birthday.<ref>{{YouTube|0LYSd05BbOg||title=Nicolas Slonimsky Documentary: ''A Touch of Genius'' (56 minutes)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/0LYSd05BbOg|date=2021-12-11}}</ref> He died in Los Angeles in 1995 at the age of 101.<ref name=Kozinn /> His papers are archived in the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1997|title=Nicolas Slonimsky collection, 1873–1997|url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu002011|access-date=2022-01-04|website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

== Compositions ==
[[File:Grossmutterakkord.PNG|thumb|upright=0.6|"[[Grandmother chord]]", first used by Slonimsky[[File:Grossmutterakkord.mid]]]]

=== Piano ===

* Minitudes
* Variations on a Kindergarten Tune
* Yellowstone Park Suite
* Russian Nocturne
* Two Etudes
* Silhouettes Iberiennes
* Russian Prelude
* Modinha
* Variations on a Brazilian Tune (My Toy Balloon)
* Studies in Black and White

=== Chamber music ===

* Muss Perpetuo
* Suite (Сюита)
* Piccolo Divertimento
* Quaquaversal Suite

=== Commercial and satire ===

* Five Advertising Songs
* Gravestones at Hancock, New Hampshire (1945)
* A Very Great Musician
* I Owe a Debt to A Monkey (A Humorous Encore Song)

== Writings ==

=== Books ===
* ''Music Since 1900'' (1937){{efn|First published 1937 by Coleman-Ross. Republished in 2001 by Schirmer Reference, New York.}}
** ''Supplement to Music since 1900'' (1986){{efn|Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.}}
* ''Music of Latin America'' (1945){{efn|First published 1945 by Thomas Y. Crowell. Republished in 1972 by Da Capo Press, New York.}}
* ''Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns'' (1947){{efn|Coleman-Ross. Republished in 1975 by Music Sales, New York.}}
* ''The Road to Music New York'' (1947){{efn|Dodd, Mead. Republished in 1966.}}
* ''A Thing or Two about Music'' (1948){{efn|New York: Allen, Towne & Heath. Reprinted in 200 as ''Slonimsky's Book of Musical Anecdotes'', Routledge.}}
* ''Lexicon of Musical Invective'' (1953){{efn|Coleman-Ross. Republished in 2000 by W. W. Norton.}}
* ''Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'' (1958).{{efn|G. Schirmer. Republished in 2000 by Schirmer Books.}}
* ''The Concise Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'' (1987){{efn|New York by Schirmer Books.}}
* ''Perfect Pitch'' (1988)<ref name="Perfect" />
* ''Lectionary of Music'' (1989){{efn|McGraw-Hill. Republished in 1990 by Anchor Books.}}

=== Collected writings ===
* ''Nicolas Slonimsky: The First Hundred Years'' (1994){{efn|Ed. [[Richard Kostelanetz]]. New York: Schirmer Books.}}
* ''The Great Composers and Their Works'' (Reissued as ''The Listener's Companion'') (2000){{efn|Ed. Electra Slonimsky Yourke, 2 vols. Schirmer Books, New York.}}
* ''Nicolas Slonimsky: Writings on Music'' (2004){{efn|Ed. Electra Slonimsky Yourke, 4 vols. Routledge, New York. <!-- Includes
''Early Writings for the Boston Evening Transcript'', "Russian and Soviet Music and Composers", "Music of the Modern Era", "Slonimskyana" -->}}
* ''Dear Dorothy – Letters from Nicolas Slonimsky to Dorothy Adlow'' (2012){{efn|Ed. Electra Slonimsky Yourke, University of Rochester Press.}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external links|date=January 2023}}
{{Commons category|Nicolas Slonimsky}}
* [http://slonimsky.net/ Nicolas Slonimsky web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809125529/http://www.slonimsky.net/ |date=August 9, 2010 }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024040340/http://beststudentviolins.com/slonimsky.html |date=October 24, 2009 |title=Nicolas Slonimsky quotes and remembrance }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083332/http://www.otherminds.org/html/Slonimsky.html Nicolas Slonimsky In Memoriam] (from [[Other Minds (organization)|Other Minds]])
* [http://www.bruceduffie.com/slonimsky.html Interview with Nicolas Slonimsky], April 12, 1986
* [https://www.loc.gov/collections/moldenhauer-archives/articles-and-essays/guide-to-archives/evolution-of-from-paracelsus/ "Transformation and Adaptation: The Evolution of Charles Ives's Song 'From "Paracelsus"{{-"}}] by Felix Meyer (2004), Library of Congress

===Listening to Slonimsky===
* [http://newmillenniumrecords.com/classroom/slonimsky1.mp3 Newmillenniumrecords.com], Doug Ordunio of [[KFAC (radio station)|KFAC]] converses with Slonimsky at his home, 1979
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=SOM.1987.03.12.A Speaking of Music], [[Charles Amirkhanian]] of [[KPFA]] talks to Slonimsky, 1987
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=EC.1979.01.15.A Music & Conversation with Slonimsky at his home in Los Angeles, 1979]
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=OTG.1991.06.17 Ode to Gravity], Music by and for Slonimsky on his 97th birthday (with [[Charles Amirkhanian]], June 1991)
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=TA.1971.02.27.A Slonimsky at 76], Slonimsky discusses [[Igor Stravinsky]] and [[Charles Ives]] with Charles Amirkhanian and [[Robert Commanday]], 1971
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=AM.1983.05.20 On Frank Zappa], Slonimsky discusses his relationship with [[Frank Zappa]], 1983
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=AM.1971.08.03.c2.A A dinner at Mrs. Antheil's house], Slonimsky shares roast duck with [[Charles Amirkhanian]], Carol Law and the widow of composer [[George Antheil]], 1971
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=AM.1971.10.16.A Lecture at Berkeley Piano Club, 1971]
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=AM.1976.08.11 On Shostakovich, after the composer's death, 1975], Slonimsky discusses the work of [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=RV.1981.05.13.c5 A program on the elder statesmen of American music, including Slonimsky]
* [http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=AM.1973.03.06 Slonimsky talks with David Cloud] on the 40th anniversary of the world premiere of Varèse's ''[[Ionisation (Varèse)]]'', 1973

{{Laurel Leaf Award}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Slonimsky, Nicolas}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Eastman School of Music alumni]]
[[Category:New England Conservatory faculty]]
[[Category:Boston Evening Transcript people]]
[[Category:Jewish American classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:Russian classical composers]]
[[Category:Russian male classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American musicologists]]
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[[Category:American male classical pianists]]
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[[Category:20th-century classical pianists]]
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[[Category:American lexicographers]]
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[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States]]
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