View source for Russian ruble

{{Short description|Currency of Russia}}
{{About|the currency of Russia|other currencies named ruble in the past or present|Ruble (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox currency
| name = Russian ruble
| local_name = российский рубль{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ab|амааҭ}} ''amaat''|{{langx|ba|һум}} ''hum''|{{langx|cv|тенкĕ}} ''tenke''|{{langx|kv|шайт}} ''shayt''|[[Lak language|Lak]]: къуруш ''k'urush''|[[Mari language|Mari]]: теҥге ''tenge''|{{langx|os|сом}} ''som''|{{langx|tt-Cyrl|сум}} ''sum''|{{langx|udm|манет}} ''manet''|{{langx|sah|солкуобай}} ''solkuobay''}}}}
| local_name_lang = ru
| name_abbr = руб, р, Rub<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33367/33304.pdf?sequence=4|title=World Bank Editorial Style Guide 2020|page=138 |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref>
| image_1 = 100 rubles obverse 2022.jpg
| image_title_1 = 100₽ banknote (2022)
| image_width_1 = 200px
| image_2 = Current Russian Ruble (coins).png
| image_title_2 = current ruble coins
| iso_code = RUB
| iso_comment = RUR (1992–1997)
| issuing_authority = [[Central Bank of Russia]]
| issuing_authority_website = {{URL|www.cbr.ru}}
| date_of_introduction = {{circa}} {{Start date and age|1300}}{{efn|Ruble was first introduced {{circa}} 1300 during the [[Principality of Moscow]]. In 1704, [[Peter the Great]] during the [[Tsardom of Russia]], [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] the Russian ruble, making it the world's first decimalised currency. The Russian ruble was reissued as [[Soviet ruble]] between 1922 and 1992. In 1922 the [[Russian Federation]] replaced Soviet rubles with Russian rubles.}}
| replaced_currency = [[Soviet ruble|Soviet ruble (SUR)]] (1922–1992)
| using_countries = {{Flag|Russian Federation}} (1992–)
{{Collapsible list
| title = 1 leased territory
|
* {{flag|Baikonur}} (1992–)}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = 8 disputed territories
|
* ''{{Flag|Abkhazia}}'' (2008–)
* ''{{Flag|South Ossetia}}'' (2008–)
* ''{{Flag|Republic of Crimea}}'' (2014–)
* ''{{Flag|Sevastopol}}'' (2014–)
* ''{{Flag|Donetsk People's Republic}}'' (2014–)
* ''{{Flag|Luhansk People's Republic}}'' (2014–)
* ''{{flag country|Zaporizhzhia Oblast (Russia)}}'' (2022–)
* ''{{flag country|Kherson Oblast (Russia)}}'' (2022–)}}
----
{{Collapsible list
| title = Multiple historical users<ref name="IMF01"/><ref name="ISO50"/><ref name="ISO54"/>
| 
* [[Principality of Moscow]] ({{circa}} 1300–1547)
* {{flag|Tsardom of Russia}} (1547–1721)
* {{flag|Russian Empire}} (1721–1917)
* {{flag|Russian SFSR}} (1917–1922)
* {{KGZ}} (1992–1993)<ref name="ISO61"/>
* {{MDA}} (1992–1993)<ref name="ISO69"/>
* {{flag|Turkmenistan|1992}} (1992–1993)<ref name="ISO64"/>
* {{ARM}} (1992–1994)<ref name="ISO78"/>
* {{AZE}} (1992–1994)<ref name="ISO78"/>
* {{flag|Belarus|1991}} (1992–1994)<ref name="ISO77"/>
* {{flag|Georgia|1990}} (1992–1994)<ref name="ISO71"/>
* {{KAZ}} (1992–1994)<ref name="ISO72"/>
* {{UZB}} (1992–1994)<ref name="ISO76"/>
* {{TJK}} (1992–1995)<ref name="ISO84"/>}}
| inflation_rate = 9.5% (December 2024)
| inflation_source_date = [http://www.cbr.ru/eng/ Central Bank of Russia]
| inflation_method = [[Consumer price index|CPI]]
| unit = ruble
| symbol = ₽
| plural_slavic = Y
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|1|100}}
| subunit_name_1 = [[kopeck|kopeyka (копейка)]],{{efn|{{langx|tt-Cyrl|тиен}} ''tiyen''; {{langx|ba|тин}} ''tin''; {{langx|cv|пус}} ''pus''; {{langx|os|капекк}} ''kapekk''; {{langx|udm|коны}} ''kony''; [[Mari language|Mari]]: ыр ''yr''; {{langx|sah|харчы}} ''harchy'' }} коп. or к
| frequently_used_coins = {{RUB|1}}, {{RUB|2}}, {{RUB|5}}, {{RUB|10}}
| rarely_used_coins = 1&nbsp;коп., 5&nbsp;коп., 10&nbsp;коп., 50&nbsp;коп., {{RUB|25}}
| used_banknotes = {{RUB|5}}, {{RUB|10}}, {{RUB|50}}, {{RUB|100}}, {{RUB|200}}, {{RUB|500}}, {{RUB|1,000}}, {{RUB|2,000}}, {{RUB|5,000}}
<!-- production -->| printer = [[Goznak]]
| printer_website = {{URL|www.goznak.ru}}
| mint = [[Moscow Mint]] and [[Saint Petersburg Mint]]
| mint_website = {{URL|mmd.goznak.ru}}, {{URL|spmd.goznak.ru}}
| value = 
| footnotes = 
}}
The '''ruble''' or '''rouble'''{{efn|''Ruble'' is more common in [[North American English]]. ''Rouble'' is more common in [[British English]].}} ({{langx|ru|[[wikt:рубль|рубль]]|rublʹ}}; [[Currency symbol|symbol]]: '''[[₽]]'''; [[ISO 4217|ISO code]]: '''RUB''') is the [[currency]] of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]. Banknotes and coins are issued by the [[Central Bank of Russia]], which is Russia's [[central bank|monetary authority]] independent of all other government bodies.<ref name="RF75">[[wikisource:en:Constitution of Russia#Article 75|Article 75 - Constitution of the Russian Federation (English translation)]]</ref>

The ruble is the second-oldest currency in continuous use and the first [[Decimalisation|decimal currency]].{{sfn|Erdmann|2021|p=83}}<ref name="bbc-news"/> The ruble was the currency of the [[Russian Empire]], which was replaced by the [[Soviet ruble]] (code: SUR) during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet period]]. Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], by 1992, the Soviet ruble was replaced in the [[Russian Federation]] by the Russian ruble (code: RUR) [[Par value|at par]]. The Russian ruble then further continued to be used in 11 [[post-Soviet states]], forming a "ruble zone" until 1993.<ref name="IMF01">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2001/wp01101.pdf ''John Odling-Smee, Gonzalo Pastor.'' The IMF and the Ruble Area, 1991—1993 // IMF Working Paper, 2001] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145510/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2001/wp01101.pdf |date=2015-09-24}}</ref><ref name="ISO50">{{citation |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 50 - 1992-12-10 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_50.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ISO54">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 54 - 1993-03-08 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_54.pdf}}</ref> The ruble was [[Monetary reform in Russia, 1998|further redenominated]] with the new code "RUB" just preceding the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], and was exchanged at the rate of 1,000&nbsp;RUR = 1&nbsp;RUB.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 97 - 1997-12-19 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_97.pdf}}</ref>

{{As of|April 2019|post=,}} the ruble was the [[Template:Most traded currencies|17th-most traded currency in the world]];<ref name=BIS>{{cite web|title=Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2019|url=https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx19_fx.pdf|publisher=Bank for International Settlements|access-date=16 September 2019|page=10|date=16 September 2019}}</ref> however, due to [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions]], the ruble dropped to being the 34th-most traded currency in the world as of April 2022.<ref>{{cite report |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 |url=https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx.pdf |publisher=[[Bank for International Settlements]] |page=12 |date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=2022-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027140118/https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The ruble is subdivided into 100 [[kopeck]]s which have fallen out of use due to inflation. In 2023, the [[digital ruble]] was introduced.

==History==
===Overview===
The ruble has been used in Russian territories since the 14th century,<ref name="bbc-news">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-36735256 |title=Рубль: одно название за 700 лет и еще 21 факт |trans-title=Ruble: one name for 700 years and 21 more facts |last=Кречетников |first=Артем |date=2016-07-07 |work=BBC News Русская служба |access-date=2018-10-31|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710031012/https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-36735256|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the second-oldest currency still in circulation, behind [[pound sterling|sterling]].<ref name="bbc-news"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/forex/r/rub-russian-ruble.asp |title=Russian ruble facts |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205170622/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/forex/r/rub-russian-ruble.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Erdmann|2021|p=83}} Historically, the [[grivna]], ruble and [[denga]] were used across Russian territories as measurements of weight.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2019|p=272}} As a result of monetary reforms by [[Peter the Great]], the ruble was minted in Russia as a circulating coin in 1704, shortly before the establishment of the [[Russian Empire]]. It was also the first currency in Europe to be [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] in 1704, when it was divided into 100 [[kopeck]]s.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |last=Miate |first=Liana |title=The Reforms of Peter the Great |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2304/the-reforms-of-peter-the-great/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> The silver ruble was used until 1897, and the gold ruble was used until 1917.

The [[Soviet ruble]] officially replaced the imperial ruble in 1922 and continued to be used until 1993, when it was formally replaced with the Russian ruble in the [[Russian Federation]] and by other currencies in other [[post-Soviet states]]. The ruble has seen several incarnations and redenominations during its history, the latest of which is the introduction in 1998 of the current Russian ruble (code: RUB) at the rate of 1&nbsp;RUB = 1,000&nbsp;RUR.

===Etymology===
According to one version, the word "ruble" is derived from the Russian verb рубить (''rubit''), "to cut, to chop, to hack", as a ruble was considered a cutout piece of a silver [[grivna]].{{sfn|Snodgrass|2019|p=272}}{{sfn|Kuroda|2020|p=85}} According to [[Ivan Kondratyev]]:

{{blockquote|Rubles were parts of the grivna or pieces of silver with notches indicating their weight. Each grivna was divided into four parts; the name "ruble" came from the word "cut" because the silver rod weighing 1 grivna was split into four parts, which were called rubles.<ref name="Kondrat">[http://www.rusarch.ru/kondratiev1.htm Кондратьев И. К. Седая старина Москвы. М., 1893.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807183228/http://rusarch.ru/kondratiev1.htm |date=7 August 2020 }}
In Russian:
Рубли были частями [[:ru:Гривна (денежная и весовая единица Древней Руси)|гривны]] или кусками серебра с зарубками, означавшими их вес. Каждая гривна разделялась на четыре части; название же рубль произошло от слова «рубить», потому что прут серебра в гривну весом разрубался на четыре части, которые и назывались рублями.</ref>}}

Others say the ruble was never part of a grivna but a synonym for it. This is attested in a 13th-century [[birch bark manuscript]] from [[Novgorod]], where both ruble and grivna referred to {{convert|204|g|ozt|abbr=off}} of silver.<ref name=RusMetr>{{cite book|last1=Kamentseva|first1=E.|last2=Ustyugov|first2=N.|title=Russkaya metrologiya|script-title=ru:Русская метрология|date=1975|language=ru}}</ref> The casting of these pieces included some sort of cutting (the exact technology is unknown), hence the name from рубить (''rubit'').<ref name=Spas1970>{{cite book|last=Spassky|first=I. G.|title=Russkaya monetnaya sistema|script-title=ru:Русская монетная система|place=Leningrad|date=1970|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Vasmer|Рубль}}</ref> Another version of the word's origin is that it comes from the Russian noun рубец (''rubets''), the seam that is left around a silver bullions after casting: silver was added to the cast in two steps. Therefore, the word "ruble" means "a cast with a seam".<ref name="halatov">Sergey Khalatov. [http://www.statesymbol.ru/currency/20050421/39595617.html History of Ruble and Kopek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220656/http://www.statesymbol.ru/currency/20050421/39595617.html |date=26 September 2007 }} on "Collectors' Portal UUU.RU" {{in lang|ru}}</ref> A popular theory deriving the word ruble from ''[[rupee]]'' is probably not correct.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on | title=Рубль | author=Vasmer, Max | website=[[Max Vasmer|Vasmer]] [[Etymological dictionary]] | access-date=29 July 2015 | archive-date=5 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005070523/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on | url-status=live }}</ref>

The ruble was the Russian equivalent of the [[mark (money)|mark]], a measurement of weight for silver and gold used in medieval Western Europe. The weight of one ''ruble'' was equal to the weight of one ''grivna''. Since the monetary reform of 1534, one Russian accounting ruble became equivalent to 100 silver Novgorod [[denga]] coins or smaller 200 Moscow denga coins or even smaller 400 [[polushka]] coins. Exactly the former coin with a rider on it soon became colloquially known as [[kopeck]]s and was the higher coin until the beginning of the 18th century. Silver ruble coins entered circulation in 1654 but it was not until during the reign of [[Peter the Great]] did Russia completely shift to domestically minted silver ruble coins.<ref name="bbc-news"/> In 1704, he reformed the old monetary system and ordered mintage of a {{cvt|28|g|ozt}} silver ruble coin equivalent to 100 new copper kopeck coins. Apart from one ruble and one kopeck coins, other smaller and greater coins existed as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Russian Monetary System from the Kievan Empire to 1897 |url=https://www.moneymuseum.com/pdf/yesterday/05_Modern_Times/51_The%20Russian%20Monetary%20System%20from%20the%20Kievan%20Empire%20to%201897.pdf |publisher=moneymuseum.com |access-date=11 January 2025 }}</ref>

Both the spellings ''ruble'' and ''rouble'' are used in English, depending on the author's native dialect. The earliest use recorded in English is the now completely obsolete ''robble''. The form ''rouble'' is preferred by the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' and probably derives from the transliteration into French used among the [[Tsarist]] [[aristocracy]]. It may have been retained in English to avoid confusion with "rubble". In general, American, and some Canadian, authors tend to use "ruble" while other English-speaking authors use "rouble". In American English there is a tendency for older sources to use ''rouble'' and more recent ones to use ''ruble''. However, usage is not consistent and major publications are known to use both (though usually preferring one or the other).

The Russian [[plural]]s that may be seen on the actual currency are modified according to [[Russian grammar]]. Numbers ending in 1 (except for 11) are followed by [[nominative]] singular рубль ''rubl'', копейка ''kopeyka''. Numbers ending in 2, 3 or 4 (except for 12–14) are followed by [[genitive]] singular рубля ''rublya'', копейки ''kopeyki''. Numbers ending in 5–9, 0, or 11–14 are followed by genitive plural рублей ''rubley'', копеек ''kopeyek''.

In several languages spoken in Russia and the former Soviet Union, the currency name has no etymological relation with ''ruble''. Especially in [[Turkic languages]] or languages influenced by them, the ruble is often known (also officially) as ''som'' or ''sum'' (meaning ''pure''), or ''manat'' (from Russian ''moneta'', meaning ''coin''). [[Soviet ruble]] banknotes had their value printed in the [[Languages of the Soviet Union|languages]] of all [[Soviet republics|15 republics]] of the Soviet Union.

===Early history===
The coinage system in medieval Russia was connected to a system of weights.<ref name="Feldbrugge">{{cite book |last1=Feldbrugge |first1=Ferdinand J. M. |title=A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649 |date=2 October 2017 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-35214-8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Russian_Law/TDI9DwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|page=984}} The grivna was used in Russia as the basic monetary unit, but during the 14th and 15th centuries, it was replaced by the ruble as the primary [[Unit of account|accounting unit]].<ref name="Feldbrugge"/>{{rp|pages=983–985}} The first chronicle mention of the ruble as an accounting unit is found under the year 1316.<ref name="bbc-news"/> In the second half of the 14th century, [[Dmitry Donskoy]] issued the ruble and a smaller coin known as the [[denga]] ({{plural form|''dengi''}}).{{sfn|Snodgrass|2019|p=87}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Ruth A. |title=All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World [2 volumes] |date=15 August 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-36463-1 |page=178 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/All_Things_Medieval/JRfOEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The relative value of the ruble differed between regions in the country.<ref name="Feldbrugge"/>{{rp|page=984}} In the [[Sudebnik of 1497|''Sudebnik'' of 1497]], the ruble was equal to 200 ''dengi'' and the [[altyn]] was equal to 6 ''dengi''.<ref name="Feldbrugge"/>{{rp|page=1015}}

There were two variants of the denga, minted in [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] and [[Moscow]]. The weight of a denga silver coin was unstable and inflating, but by 1535, following the monetary reform of [[Elena Glinskaya]], one Novgorod denga weighed {{cvt|0.68|g|ozt}}, the Moscow denga being a half that of the Novgorod denga. Thus, one accounting ruble consisted of 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscow ''dengi'' ({{cvt|68|g|ozt}} of silver). As the Novgorod denga bore the image of a rider with a spear ({{langx|ru|копьё, kop’yo}}), it later has become known as the kopeck. In the 17th century, the weight of a kopeck coin reduced to {{convert|0.48|g|ozt|abbr=on}}, thus one ruble was equal to {{convert|48|g|ozt|abbr=on}} of silver.<ref name=RusMetr/><ref name=Spas1970/>

In 1654–1655, Tsar [[Alexis of Russia]] carried out a monetary reform and ordered the mintage of silver one ruble coins from imported [[joachimsthaler]]s and new kopeck coins from copper (old silver kopecks were left in circulation). Although around a million of such rubles was made, its lower weight (28–32 grams) against the nominal ruble (48 g) led to counterfeiting, speculation and inflation, and after the [[Copper Riot]] of 1662, the new monetary system was abandoned in favour of the old one.<ref name=RusMetr/><ref name=Spas1970/>

===Imperial ruble (1704–1922)===
[[File:Russian Empire 1912 500 rub Obverse.jpg|thumb|Five hundred ruble note featuring [[Peter the Great]] and a [[personification]] of [[Mother Russia]], 1912]]
[[File:Russian Empire-1898-Bill-1-Reverse.jpg|thumb|1898 [[Russian Empire]] one ruble note, obverse, stating its gold equivalence 17.424 dolya or 0.77424 gram.]]

In 1704, [[Peter the Great]] finally reformed the old Russian monetary system, minting a silver ruble coin of weight {{cvt|28.1|g|ozt}} and 72% fineness; hence 20.22 g fine silver.{{efn|Gross weight 433 grains, net weight 312.1 grains, hence fineness 72%.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Universal Cambist and Commercial Instructor, Being a Full and Accurate Treatise on the Exchanges, Monies, Weights and Measures of All Trading Nations and Their Colonies |first=Patrick |last=Kelly |year=1821 |url=https://archive.org/details/b22012060_0001/page/299/mode/1up }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2022}} Source does not give 1704 Ukase anywhere in the book?}} The decision to subdivide it primarily into 100 copper kopecks, rather than 200 Moscow denga, made the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.<ref name=RusMetr/>

The amount of silver in a ruble varied in the 18th century. Additionally, coins worth over a ruble were minted in gold and [[platinum]]. By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4 ''[[zolotnik]]'' 21 ''dolya'' (or 4{{frac|21|96}} ''zolotnik'', almost exactly equal to 18&nbsp;grams) of pure silver or 27 ''dolya'' (almost exactly equal to {{cvt|1.2|g|ozt}}) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of the two metals. In 1828, platinum coins were introduced with 1 ruble equal to 77{{frac|2|3}} ''dolya'' (3.451&nbsp;grams).

On 17 December 1885, a new standard was adopted which did not change the silver ruble but reduced the gold content to 1.161&nbsp;grams, pegging the gold ruble to the [[French franc]] at a rate of 1 ruble = 4 francs. This rate was revised in 1897 to 1 ruble = 2{{frac|2|3}} francs (17.424 ''dolya'' or 0.77424 g fine gold). This ruble was worth about US$0.5145 in 1914.<ref>based on ratio of gold content between ruble 0.77424 g vs [[United States dollar]] 23.22 grains = 1.50463 g</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyberussr.com/hcunn/gold-std.html |title=Gold and Silver Standards |publisher=Cyberussr.com |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818064041/http://www.cyberussr.com/hcunn/gold-std.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=100000&year=1914 |title=Calculate the value of $100000 in 1914 – Inflation on 100000 dollars |publisher=DollarTimes.com |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331032042/http://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=100000&year=1914 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the outbreak of [[World War I]], the [[gold standard]] peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering from [[hyperinflation]] in the early 1920s. With the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the Soviet ruble. The pre-revolutionary [[Chervonets|Chervonetz]] was temporarily brought back into circulation from 1922 to 1925.<ref>''La Crise de la Monnaie Anglaise'' (1931), Catiforis S.J. Recueil Sirey, 1934, Paris</ref>

====Imperial ruble coins====
[[File:Russia 1771 Sestroretsk Rouble.jpg|thumb|275px|Catherine II Sestroretsk ruble (1771) is made of solid copper with a diameter of {{convert|77|mm|in|frac=100}} and a thickness of {{convert|26|mm|in|frac=100}} with a weight of {{convert|1.022|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It is the largest copper coin ever issued (except for the Swedish [[Swedish riksdaler#Penning accounting system|plate money]]).<ref>{{Citation| title = Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771| publisher = Heritage Auctions| url = http://coins.ha.com/itm/russia/russia-catherine-ii-novodel-sestroretsk-rouble-1771-romanov-eagle-with-date-on-breast-within-wreath-crown-over-value-in-two-line/a/410-14564.s?type=| access-date = 1 September 2015| archive-date = 22 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422100207/http://coins.ha.com/itm/russia/russia-catherine-ii-novodel-sestroretsk-rouble-1771-romanov-eagle-with-date-on-breast-within-wreath-crown-over-value-in-two-line/a/410-14564.s?type=| url-status = live}}</ref> It is 1mm larger and thicker than a standard [[hockey puck]].]]

By the beginning of the 19th century, copper coins were issued for {{frac|4}}, {{frac|2}}, 1, 2 and 5 kopecks, with silver 5, 10, 25 and 50 kopecks and 1 ruble and gold 5, although production of the 10 ruble coin ceased in 1806. Silver 20 kopecks were introduced in 1820, followed by copper 10 kopecks minted between 1830 and 1839, and copper 3 kopecks introduced in 1840. Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. In 1860, silver 15 kopecks were introduced, due to the use of this denomination (equal to 1 [[Polish złoty|złoty]]) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pjsymes.com.au/articles/three.htm |title=Currency of Three |author=Peter Symes |publisher=Pjsymes.com.au |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073808/http://www.pjsymes.com.au/articles/three.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1886, a new gold coinage was introduced consisting of 5 and 10 ruble coins. This was followed by another, in 1897. In addition to smaller 5 and 10 ruble coins, {{frac|7|1|2}} and 15 ruble coins were issued for a single year, as these were equal in size to the previous 5 and 10 ruble coins. The gold coinage was suspended in 1911, with the other denominations produced until the First World War.

The [[Constantine ruble]] (Russian: {{lang|ru|константиновский рубль}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|konstantinovsky rubl'}}) is a rare silver coin of the [[Russian Empire]] bearing the profile of [[Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia|Constantine]], the brother of emperors [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] and [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]]. Its manufacture was being prepared at the [[Saint Petersburg Mint]] during the brief [[Russian interregnum of 1825|Interregnum of 1825]], but it was never minted in numbers, and never circulated in public. Its existence became known in 1857 in foreign publications.<ref>By 1880 Russian numismatists were well aware of the existence of Constantine rubles, but their first printed description was published only in 1886 – Kalinin, [http://www.arcamax.ru/books/const/kalin01.htm p.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727160938/http://www.arcamax.ru/books/const/kalin01.htm |date=27 July 2013 }}.</ref>

====Imperial ruble banknotes====
[[File:25 rublej 1769 goda..jpg|thumb|25 Assignation rubles of 1769]]
[[File:Russian Empire-1898-Bill-1-Obverse.jpg|thumb|1898 [[Russian Empire]] one ruble banknote, reverse]]

In 1768, during the reign of [[Catherine the Great]], the [[Russian Assignation Bank]] was instituted to issue the government paper money. It opened in [[Saint Petersburg]] and in Moscow in 1769.<ref name=Bindseil>{{cite book |title=Central Banking before 1800: A Rehabilitation |author=Ulrich Bindseil |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2019}}</ref>

In 1769, [[Assignation ruble]]s were introduced for 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles, with 5 and 10 rubles added in 1787 and 200 rubles in 1819. The value of the Assignation rubles fell relative to the coins until, in 1839, the relationship was fixed at 1 silver ruble = {{frac|3|1|2}} assignat rubles. In 1840, the State Commercial Bank issued 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ruble notes, followed by 50 ruble credit notes of the Custody Treasury and State Loan Bank.

In 1843, the Assignation Bank ceased operations, and ''state credit notes'' (Russian: {{lang|ru|государственные кредитные билеты}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|gosudarstvenniye kreditniye bilety}}) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1859 a paper credit ruble was worth about nine-tenths of a silver ruble<ref>[[Jerome Blum]], The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe, 1978, p169</ref> These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 ruble notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1,000 ruble notes added in 1917. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular style (if small) notes for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 50 kopecks. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and the imperial eagle printed on the reverse. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 kopecks.

In 1917, the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] issued treasury notes for 20 and 40 rubles. These notes are known as "[[Kerenka|Kerenki]]" or "[[Alexander Kerensky|Kerensky]] rubles". The provisional government also had 25 and 1,000 ruble state credit notes printed in the United States but most were not issued.

===Soviet ruble - SUR (1922–1992)===
{{Main|Soviet ruble}}

Between 1917 and 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the [[Soviet ruble]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: SUR) which, issued by the [[Gosbank|State Bank of the USSR]], remained the sole currency of the Soviet Union, until [[breakup of the Soviet Union|its breakup]] in 1991. Afterwards, it continued to be used in the 15 [[Post-Soviet states]] until it was replaced by new national currencies by the end of 1992, and in the Russian Federation, the Russian ruble was reintroduced by 1992. The [[Central Bank of Russia]] responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of 1993. As a result, other countries still in the "ruble zone" were "pushed out".<ref name="IMF01"/>

==={{anchor|RUR}}Ruble - RUR (1992–1998)===
{{Further|Soviet ruble|Monetary reform in Russia, 1993}}

Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the [[Soviet ruble]] remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name of [[Bank of Russia]] in 1993. The currency replaced the Soviet ruble at par and was assigned the [[ISO 4217]] code RUR and number 810.

Apart from Russia, the Russian ruble was used in eleven [[post-Soviet states]], forming a "ruble zone" between 1992 and 1993.<ref name="IMF01"/><ref name="ISO50"/><ref name="ISO54"/> Russian ruble was used in [[Kyrgyzstan]],<ref name="ISO61">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 61 - 1993-07-27 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_61.pdf}}</ref> [[Moldova]]<ref name="ISO69">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 69 - 1993-12-03 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_69.pdf}}</ref> and [[Turkmenistan]]<ref name="ISO64">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 64 - 1993-09-21 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_64.pdf}}</ref> until 1993, in [[Armenia]],<ref name="ISO78">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 78 - 1994-10-04 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_78.pdf}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]],<ref name="ISO78"/> [[Belarus]],<ref name="ISO77">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 77 - 1994-07-20 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_77.pdf}}</ref> [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]],<ref name="ISO71">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 71 - 1994-04-14 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_71.pdf}}</ref> [[Kazakhstan]]<ref name="ISO72">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 72 - 1994-05-17 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_72.pdf}}</ref> and [[Uzbekistan]]<ref name="ISO76">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 76 - 1994-07-12 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_76.pdf}}</ref> until 1994, and in [[Tajikistan]]<ref name="ISO84">{{cite web |title=ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 84 - 1995-07-12 |url=https://www.six-group.com/dam/download/financial-information/data-center/iso-currrency/amendments/dl_currency_iso_amendment_84.pdf}}</ref> until 1995.

The ruble's exchange rate versus the [[U.S. dollar]] depreciated significantly from US$1 = 125&nbsp;RUR in July 1992 to approximately US$1 = 6,000&nbsp;RUR when the currency was redenominated in 1998.

====RUR coins====
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 rubles. The coins depict the double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend "Банк России" ("Bank of Russia"). It is exactly the same eagle that the artist [[Ivan Bilibin]] painted after the [[February Revolution]] as the coat of arms for the [[Russian Republic]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zavtra.ru/content/view/bank-rossii-zamenit-na-monetah-emblemu-na-gerb-rossii/ |script-title=ru:Банк России заменит на монетах свою эмблему на герб России |trans-title=The Bank of Russia will replace its emblem on the coins with the coat of arms of Russia |work=Zavtra|date=30 December 2015 |access-date=5 March 2016| language=ru |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307214242/http://zavtra.ru/content/view/bank-rossii-zamenit-na-monetah-emblemu-na-gerb-rossii/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1 and 5-ruble coins were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20-ruble coins in cupro-nickel, and the 50 and 100-ruble coins were bimetallic (aluminium-bronze and cupro-nickel-zinc). In 1993, aluminium-bronze 50-ruble coins and cupro-nickel-zinc 100-ruble coins were issued, and the material of 10 and 20-ruble coins was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50-ruble coins was changed to brass-plated steel, but the coins were minted with the old date 1993. As high inflation persisted, the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used.

During this period, the commemorative one-ruble coins were regularly issued continuing the specifications of prior commemorative [[Soviet ruble]]s (31&nbsp;mm diameter, 12.8 grams cupronickel). It is nearly identical to those of the 5-[[Swiss franc]] coin (31.45&nbsp;mm, 13.2 g cupronickel), worth approx. €4.39 or US$5.09 as of August 2018. For this reason, there have been several instances of (now worthless) Soviet and Russian ruble coins [[slug (coin)|being used on a large scale to]] [[defraud]] automated vending machines in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mit alten Rubelmünzen Automaten am Zürcher HB geplündert |trans-title=Vending machines at Zurich main station looted with old ruble coins |publisher=[[Swissinfo]] |date=15 November 2006|url=http://www.swissinfo.org/ger/schweiz/ticker/index/Mit_alten_Rubelmuenzen_Automaten_am_Zuercher_HB_gepluendert.html?siteSect=113&sid=7262424&cKey=1163608880000|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930215833/http://www.swissinfo.org/ger/schweiz/ticker/index/Mit_alten_Rubelmuenzen_Automaten_am_Zuercher_HB_gepluendert.html?siteSect=113&sid=7262424&cKey=1163608880000|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>

====RUR banknotes====
In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes worth 10, 25, 50, and 100 rubles. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1, 3 and 5-ruble notes and also introduced 200, 500 and 1,000-ruble notes, although the 25-ruble note was no longer issued. In 1992, a final issue of notes was made bearing the name of the USSR before the Russian Federation introduced 5,000 and 10,000-ruble notes. These were followed by 50,000-ruble notes in 1993, 100,000 rubles in 1995 and, finally, 500,000 rubles in 1997 (dated 1995).

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits, which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes. With the issue of the 500-ruble note depicting a statue of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] and then the 1,000-ruble note depicting a statue of [[Yaroslav I the Wise|Yaroslav]], the lack of recognizable faces on the currency has been partially alleviated.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|+SUR and RUR series banknotes
|-
! Series !! Value !! Obverse !! Reverse !! Issuer !! Languages
|-
| 1961
| 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles
|rowspan="3"| [[Vladimir Lenin]] or views of the [[Moscow Kremlin]]
|rowspan="4"| Value, and views of the [[Moscow Kremlin]] for 50 rubles or higher
|rowspan="2"|USSR
| ''[[Languages of the Soviet Union|multiple]]''
|-
| 1991
| 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 rubles
|Russian
|-
| 1992
| 50, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 rubles
| {{plainlist|
*USSR for 1,000 rubles and lower
*[[Bank of Russia]] for 5,000- and 10,000 rubles}}
|rowspan="3"| Russian
|-
| 1993
| 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 rubles
|[[Moscow Kremlin]] with the [[Flag of Russia|tri-color Russian flag]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bank of Russia]]
|-
| 1995
| 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 rubles
|colspan="2"|Same design as today's banknotes, where 1&nbsp;RUB = 1,000&nbsp;RUR. The 1,000 ruble note did not continue as a 1 new ruble note.
|}

==={{anchor|RUB}}Ruble - RUB (1998–present)===
{{See also|Monetary reform in Russia, 1998}}
[[File:RIAN archive 978876 Printing banknotes at Goznak factory in Perm.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Printing of 5000 ₽ banknotes at [[Goznak]] factory in [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] in 2011.]]

In 1998, the Russian ruble was [[Monetary reform in Russia, 1998|redenominated]] with the new [[ISO 4217]] code "RUB" and number 643 and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. All Soviet coins issued between 1961 and 1991, as well as 1-, 2- and 3-kopeck coins issued before 1961, also qualified for exchange into new rubles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_63459.html |script-title=ru:Положение о порядке обмена денежной наличности физическим лицам в соответствии с указом президента Российской Федерации от 4 августа 1997 года n 822 "Об изменении нарицательной стоимости российских денежных знаков и масштаба цен". Положение. Центральный банк РФ (ЦБР). 15.12.98 63-П. Предпринимательское право |language=ru |trans-title=Regulations on the Procedure for the Exchange of Cash to Individuals in Accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 4 August 1997 N 822 "On Changes in the Nominal Value of Russian Money Signs and the Scale of Prices". Regulation. Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR). 12/15/98 63-P. Business Law |website=Предпринимательское право |access-date=2018-10-31 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103238/http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_63459.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The redenomination was an administrative step that reduced the unwieldiness of the old ruble<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/04/ruble.reform/|last1=Dougherty |first1=Jill |title=Russia to redenominate ruble |work=[[CNN]] |date=4 August 1997 |access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210182713/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/04/ruble.reform/|archive-date=10 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> but occurred on the brink of the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilman |first1=Martin |title=Why Russians and the World Dislike the Ruble |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/tmt/471793.html |website=The Moscow Times |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210182134/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/tmt/471793.html |archive-date=10 February 2015 |language=en |date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ruble lost 70% of its value against the US dollar in the six months following this financial crisis, from US$1 = {{RUB|6}} to approximately {{RUB|20}}.<ref>See table under [[#Exchange rates|exchange rates]]</ref>

After stabilizing at around US$1 = {{RUB|30}} from 2001 to 2013, it depreciated to the range of US$1 = {{RUB|60–80}} from 2014 to 2021 as a result of the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] in 2014 and the [[2010s oil glut]]. After the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], it declined further to US$1 = {{RUB|110}} due to [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions]].<ref name="110RUB">{{cite web |last1=Karunungan |first1=Lilian |title=Ruble Whipsawed as Exporter Dollar Sales Can't Offset Rout |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-02/ruble-indicated-lower-for-a-third-day-as-ukraine-war-intensifies |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220302123349/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-02/ruble-indicated-lower-for-a-third-day-as-ukraine-war-intensifies|archive-date=2 March 2022 |language=English |date=2 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ruble was subject to fluctuation when, in April 2022, the ruble went above its pre-[[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|full scale invasion]] level after falling as low as {{RUB|150}} per dollar in early March,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-06/mocked-as-rubble-by-biden-russia-s-ruble-comes-roaring-back?srnd=premium-europe |title=Mocked as 'Rubble' by Biden, Russia's Ruble Roars Back |first=Sydney |last=Maki |orig-date=6 April 2022 |date=7 April 2022 |work=Bloomberg |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083558/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-06/mocked-as-rubble-by-biden-russia-s-ruble-comes-roaring-back?srnd=premium-europe |url-status=live }}</ref> with the longer-term trend showing a steady decline from mid-2022 to mid-2023, falling from {{RUB|60}} to {{RUB|90}} per dollar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Ruble Plunges to 15-Month Low as Panicked Citizens Withdraw Billions |work=the deep dive |url=https://thedeepdive.ca/russian-ruble-plunges-to-15-month-low-as-panicked-citizens-withdraw-billions/ |date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

On 15 July 2024 the [[Central Bank of the Russian Federation]] closed the statistics of the over-the-counter currency market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ruble-value-falls-russia-war-economy-ukraine-oil-prices-sanctions-inflation-interest-rates-oligarchs/|title=Ruble tumbles as Russia's war economy comes under increasing strain|date=27 November 2024|website=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-27/us-sanctions-hit-ruble-as-russia-s-fx-sources-are-drying-up|title=US Sanctions Hit Ruble as Russia's FX Sources Are Drying Up|date=27 November 2024|work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interfax.ru/business/970928|script-title=ru:ЦБ РФ закрыл статистику внебиржевого валютного рынка|language=ru |date=15 July 2024|website=Interfax}}</ref> On 18 November 2024, the ruble fell below the US$1 = 100 RUB, a benchmark the Russian government was attempting to maintain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ruble-ukraine-war-1993091|title=What collapsing Russian ruble means for Ukraine war|first=Brendan Cole Senior News|last=Reporter|date=29 November 2024|website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2024/11/28/russia-ruble-central-bank-inflation/|title=Russian central bank takes desperate stand to halt collapsing ruble and fierce inflation|first=Christiaan|last=Hetzner|website=Fortune}}</ref> By 27 November, the ruble had fallen to US$1 = 114.5 RUB,<ref>[https://tass.com/economy/1878475 "Dollar exchange rate surpasses 114 rubles, euro - 120 rubles on Forex"]. [[TASS]]. 27 November 2024.</ref> with the currency [[currency depreciation|depreciating]] against USD and EUR at a rate of nearly 2% per day.<ref>{{cite web | title=Historical currency converter |website=OandA.com |url=https://fxds-hcc.oanda.com/ |access-date=13 December 2024}} Through June and July 2024, $1 bought {{RUB|87.5 ±0.5}}. By 28 November, the price had fallen to {{RUB|110.1}}</ref>

On 27 November 2024 in response to the currency collapse, the [[Bank of Russia]] halted formal foreign currency purchases from 28 November until year-end 2024, in "an effort to reduce the volatility on financial markets".<ref>[https://tass.com/economy/1878667 "Bank of Russia halts foreign currency purchases from November 28 until year end"]. [[TASS]]. 27 November 2024.</ref>

====Symbol====
{{Main|Ruble sign}}
{{distinguish|text=the Armenian letter [[Armenian alphabet|ք]]}}
[[File:Ruble sign.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.4|The ruble sign since 2013]]
[[File:Old sign of Russian ruble.svg|thumb|right|The "ruble" symbol used throughout the 17th century, composed of the Russian letters "[[Р]]" and "[[У]]".]]

A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century. The symbol consisted of the [[Russian alphabet|Russian letters]] "[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]" (rotated 90° anti-clockwise) and "[[U (Cyrillic)|У]]" (written on top of it). The symbol was placed over the amount number it belonged to.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rian.ru/analytics/20060602/48952932.html |publisher=[[RIA Novosti]] |script-title=ru:Забытый знак российского рубля |trans-title=Forgotten Russian ruble sign |access-date=6 May 2006 |language=ru |archive-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011044316/http://www.rian.ru/analytics/20060602/48952932.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This symbol, however, fell into disuse by the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/24097 |script-title=ru:В поисках утраченного рубля |language=ru |trans-title=In search of the lost ruble |work=[[Kommersant]] |date=2000-03-08 |access-date=2017-07-09 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019032110/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/24097 |url-status=live}}</ref>

No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire, nor was one introduced in the [[Soviet Union]]. The abbreviations ''Rbl'' (plural: ''Rbls'') in Latin script<ref>For example: {{cite conference | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZecbDgc93hcC&dq=Rbls+rouble&pg=PA7011 | title=Economics and social impacts of Armenia earthquake |conference=Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering |volume=5 | date=1994 | location=Madrid | last1 = Krimgold |first1=F. |editor-first=Alberto |editor-last=Bernal | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9789054100607 |page=7011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcDWxNCh3JoC&dq=Rbls+rouble&pg=PA247  | title=The system of the international organizations of the communist countries | date=1976 | last1=Szawlowski | first1=Richard | publisher=BRILL | isbn=9789028603356 }}</ref> and ''руб.'' (Cyrillic)<ref>{{Cite web |title=XE - World Currency Symbols |url=http://www.xe.com/symbols.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080723165832/http://www.xe.com/symbols.htm |archive-date=2008-07-23 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.xe.com |language=en}}</ref> and the simple characters ''R'' (Latin)<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_(1990)/Soviet_Union |title=CIA World Factbook |page=288 |chapter=Soviet Union |date=1 April 1990 |access-date=2022-07-24 |via=Wikisource}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/currency_table.html |title=Currencies of the World |publisher=The University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129141202/http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/currency_table.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/russia?a=facts |publisher=Lonely Planet |title=Russia |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-date=5 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705140939/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/russia?a=facts |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''р'' (Cyrillic) were used. These are still used today, though are unofficial.<ref name="Valeria Korchagina">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowtimes.ru/stories/2006/06/15/041.html |work=The Moscow Times |first=Valeria |last=Korchagina |title='R' for Ruble Is Symbol of Pride |date=15 June 2006 |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630065310/http://www.moscowtimes.ru/stories/2006/06/15/041.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In July 2007, the [[Central Bank of Russia]] announced that it would decide on a symbol for the ruble and would test 13 symbols. This included the symbol РР (the initials of {{lang|ru|Российский Рубль}} "Russian ruble"), which received preliminary approval from the Central Bank.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/28/AR2006062802156.html?nav=rss_business |title=Russians Bet Ruble Will Rise To Status of Dollar, Euro, Yen |first=Peter |last=Finn |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=28 June 2006 |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109015740/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/28/AR2006062802156.html?nav=rss_business |url-status=live }}</ref> However, one more symbol, a Р with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to the [[Philippine peso]] sign, was proposed unofficially.<ref name="washingtonpost.com" /> Proponents of the new sign claimed that it is simple, recognizable and similar to other currency signs.<ref name="artlebedev.ru">{{cite web |url=http://www.artlebedev.ru/news/2007/rouble/ |script-title=ru:О знаке рубля |language=ru |trans-title=About the sign of the ruble |date=1 August 2007 |access-date=11 April 2008 |archive-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404131135/http://www.artlebedev.ru/news/2007/rouble/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imadesign.ru/ru/news/publications?id=411 |script-title=ru:Знак рубля. Попытка анализа |language=ru |trans-title=Ruble sign. An attempt at analysis |publisher=Imadesign.ru |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818093726/http://imadesign.ru/ru/news/publications?id=411 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fonts.ru/cinfo/news.asp?NewsId=78 |script-title=ru:Знак рубля |language=ru |trans-title=Ruble sign |publisher=Fonts.ru |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813091709/http://www.fonts.ru/cinfo/news.asp?NewsId=78 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This symbol is also similar to the Armenian letter [[Armenian alphabet|ք]] or the Latin letter [[Ꝑ]].

On 11 December 2013, the official symbol for the ruble became {{Russian ruble}}, a [[Er (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter ''Er'']] with a single added horizontal stroke,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/12/11/symbol/ |script-title=ru:Экономика: Деньги: Банк России утвердил символ рубля |language=ru |trans-title= Economy: Money: The Bank of Russia approved the symbol of the ruble |publisher=Lenta.ru |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211165609/http://lenta.ru/news/2013/12/11/symbol/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Об утверждении графического обозначения рубля (символ рубля) |url=https://www.cbr.ru/press/pr/?file=131211_121051rubl4.htm |website=cbr.ru |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]] |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> though the abbreviation "руб." is in wide use. The Unicode [[CJK Compatibility]] block contains {{unichar|3354}}, a square version of {{lang|ja|ルーブル}} ({{Transliteration|ja|rūburu}}), the Japanese word for "ruble".

On 4 February 2014, the Unicode Technical Committee during its 138th meeting in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] accepted {{unichar|20BD|Ruble Sign}} symbol for [[Unicode]] version 7.0;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14026.htm#138-C7 |title=UTC 138 Draft Minutes |date=10 February 2014 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109163956/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14026.htm#138-C7 |url-status=live }}</ref> the symbol was then included into Unicode 7.0 released on 16 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/blog/International/2014/06/17/announcing-the-unicode-standard-version-7-0/ |title=Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 7.0 |date=16 June 2014 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617090031/http://unicode-inc.blogspot.com/2014/06/announcing-unicode-standard-version-70.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2014, [[Microsoft]] issued updates for all of its mainstream versions of Microsoft Windows that enabled support for the new ruble sign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2970228 |title=Update to support the new currency symbol for the Russian ruble in Windows |date=August 2014 |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814230939/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2970228 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ruble sign can be entered on a [[Russian keyboard|Russian computer keyboard]] as {{keypress|AltGr|8}} on [[Windows]] and [[Linux]], or {{keypress|AltGr|Р}} (Qwerty {{keypress|H}} position) on [[macOS]].

====Digital ruble====
{{Main|Digital ruble}}
[[File:Digital_ruble_red_logo.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.4|The digital ruble logo since 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logo of digital ruble designed {{!}} Bank of Russia |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=16984 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.cbr.ru}}</ref>]]
In the wake of the development of [[cryptocurrencies]], in October 2017, a draft government resolution was prepared on the technological implementation of the creation of a “cryptoruble”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Цифровой суверенитет. Зачем правительству понадобился крипторубль |url=https://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/352381-cifrovoy-suverenitet-zachem-pravitelstvu-ponadobilsya-kriptorubl |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Forbes.ru |language=ru}}</ref> By October 2020, the [[Central Bank of Russia|Central Bank of the Russian Federation]] delivered a report on the creation of the [[Central bank digital currency|Digital Currency of the Central Bank]]. It was emphasized that the Central Bank will not become a cryptocurrency, since it will be centrally issued by the Bank of Russia, which will become a guarantor of the security of settlements. Units of ruble numbers are distinctive signs of a digital code. The central bank must combine the function of non-cash and cash - it can be implemented both remotely and through an [[Digital wallet|offline wallet]]; The digital ruble will be [[Convertibility|converted]] into cash and non-cash at the rate of 1:1. The report presents 4 possible models for implementing the circulation of the Central Bank of Securities, depending on who, how and to whom the wallets and several calculations are provided. At the same time, presidential press secretary [[Dmitry Peskov]] estimated the timeliness of introducing the foreign exchange ruble at 3–7 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ЦБ анонсировал появление цифрового рубля |url=https://vz.ru/news/2020/10/13/1065134.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=ВЗГЛЯД.РУ |language=ru}}</ref>

In April 2021, the [[Central Bank of Russia|Central Bank of the Russian Federation]] reported on the current stage of the project. A model was chosen where the Bank of Russia opens and maintains wallets for financial institutions, which, in turn, open and maintain wallets for clients. By the end of 2021, it was planned to create a platform where testing of the digital ruble should begin next year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-08 |title=ЦБ наполнит кошельки цифровыми рублями |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4762961 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Коммерсантъ |language=ru}}</ref> In June 2021, the Central Bank identified 12 banks that will take part in testing ruble blocks in January 2022: [[Ak Bars Bank]], [[Alfa-Bank]], Bank DOM.RF, [[VTB Bank]], [[Gazprombank]], [[Tinkoff Bank]], [[Promsvyazbank]], [[Rosbank]], [[Sberbank]], SKB- Bank, Bank SOYUZ, Bank TKB.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=ЦБ выбрал 12 банков для тестирования цифрового рубля |url=https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/finansy-i-investicii/433523-cb-vybral-12-bankov-dlya-testirovaniya-cifrovogo-rublya |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Forbes.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

Testing began on 19 January 2022; On 15 February 2022, the Bank of Russia and market participants began testing the digital ruble platform and successfully carried out the first transfers in digital rubles between citizens;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Dashveenjit |date=2022-02-23 |title=Digital Ruble: Here's everything we know about Russia's central bank digital currency |url=https://techhq.com/2022/02/digital-ruble-heres-everything-we-know-about-russias-central-bank-digital-currency/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=TechHQ |language=en-US}}</ref> in the future they plan to test payment for goods and services using it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital ruble: start of testing {{!}} Bank of Russia |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=12692 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.cbr.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Ian |date=2022-02-18 |title=Bank of Russia: digital ruble testing off to successful start |url=https://www.globalgovernmentfintech.com/bank-of-russia-digital-ruble-testing-off-to-successful-start/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Global Government Fintech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Russian banks set to use digital ruble in 2024 - Central Banking |url=https://www.centralbanking.com/fintech/cbdc/7952291/russian-banks-set-to-use-digital-ruble-in-2024 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.centralbanking.com |language=en}}</ref> At a press conference held on 16 September 2022, [[Elvira Nabiullina]], Director of the Bank of Russia, announced the start date for testing the digital ruble with real clients on 1 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Bank of Russia Governor Elvira Nabiullina in follow-up to Board of Directors meeting on 16 September 2022 {{!}} Bank of Russia |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=14172 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.cbr.ru}}</ref> [[Digital ruble]]s were officially launched on 15 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Russia tests digital ruble in bid to bypass sanctions |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230815-russia-tests-digital-ruble-in-bid-to-bypass-sanctions |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabrichnaya |first=Elena |date=2023-08-09 |title=Russia to widen scope of digital rouble testing from Aug. 15 -central bank |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/russia-widen-scope-digital-rouble-testing-aug-15-central-bank-2023-08-09/ |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>

On 20 June 2023, the [[State Duma]] approved a bill recognizing digital currency as an object of agreement, property and inheritance, and on 11 July, in the second and third readings, it adopted a law on the implementation of the digital ruble. The law was signed by the [[President of Russia|President of the Russia]] on 24 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Федеральный закон от 24 июля 2023 года № 340-ФЗ "О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации" |url=https://rg.ru/documents/2023/07/25/fz340-site-dok.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Российская газета |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=Putin Approves Law on Digital Rubble |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/russian-president-vladimir-putin-approves-law-on-digital-rubble/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Financial and Business News {{!}} Finance Magnates |language=en}}</ref>

==Coins==
In 1998, the following coins were introduced in connection with the ruble revaluation and are currently in circulation:

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Currently circulating coins<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/bank-notes_coins/coins/ |title=Coins, Bank of Russia |publisher=Cbr.ru |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517204737/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/bank-notes_coins/coins/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2"|Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Years of minting
|-
! Reverse !! Obverse !! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.01-2007-a.png|47px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.01-2007-b.png|47px]]
| 1&nbsp;kop
| 15.5&nbsp;mm
| 1.5 g<ref name=coins>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbr.ru/bank-notes_coins/coins/?file=Coins_97/kop_1_97.htm |title=Монеты, Банк России |trans-title=Coins, Bank of Russia |publisher=Cbr.ru |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922234425/http://www.cbr.ru/bank-notes_coins/coins/?file=Coins_97%2Fkop_1_97.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|rowspan="2"| [[Cupronickel]]-steel
|rowspan="2"| Plain
|rowspan="2"| [[Saint George]]
|rowspan="2"| Value
| rowspan=2 | {{plainlist|
*1997–2009
*2014, 2017}}
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.05-2007-a.png|56px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.05-2007-b.png|56px]]
| 5&nbsp;kop
| 18.5&nbsp;mm
| 2.6 g<ref name=coins />
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.10-2003-a.png|53px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.10-2003-b.png|53px]]
|rowspan="2"| 10&nbsp;kop
|rowspan="2"| 17.5&nbsp;mm
| 1.95&nbsp;g<ref name=coins />
| [[Brass]]
| Reeded
|rowspan="4"| Saint George
|rowspan="4"| Value
|1997–2006
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.10-2006-a.png|53px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.10-2006-b.png|53px]]
| 1.85 g
| [[Brass]]-plated [[steel]]
| Plain
| 2006–2015
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.50-2003-a.png|59px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.50-2003-b.png|59px]]
|rowspan="2"| 50&nbsp;kop
|rowspan="2"| 19.5&nbsp;mm
| 2.90 g<ref name=coins />
| Brass
| Reeded
| 1997–1999<br />2002–2006
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.50-2006-a.png|59px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-0.50-2006-b.png|59px]]
| 2.75 g
| Brass-plated steel
| Plain
| 2006–2015
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-1-1998-a.png|62px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-1-1998-b.png|62px]]
|rowspan="3"| {{RUB|1}}
|rowspan="3"| 20.5&nbsp;mm
|3.25 g
| [[Cupronickel]]
|rowspan="3"| Reeded
|rowspan="2"| Emblem of the [[Central Bank of the Russian Federation|Bank of Russia]]
|rowspan="9"| Value
|{{plainlist|
*1997–1999
*2005–2009}}
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-1-2009-a.png|62px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-1-2009-b.png|62px]]
|rowspan="2"| 3.00 g
|rowspan="2"| [[Nickel]]-plated [[steel]]
|2009–2015
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:1 Russian Ruble Obverse 2016.png|62px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:1 Russian Ruble Reverse 2016.png|62px]]
|[[Coat of arms of Russia]]
|2016–present
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-2-1998-a.png|69px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-2-1998-b.png|69px]]
|rowspan="3"| {{RUB|2}}
|rowspan="3"| 23&nbsp;mm
| 5.10 g
| Cupronickel
|rowspan="6"| Segmented (Plain and Reeded edges)
|rowspan="2"| Emblem of the Bank of Russia
|{{plainlist|
*1997–1999
*2006–2009}}
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-2-2009-a.png|69px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-2-2009-b.png|69px]]
|rowspan="2"| 5.00 g
|rowspan="2"| Nickel-plated steel
|2009–2015
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:2 Russian Rubles Obverse 2016.png|69px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:2 Russian Rubles Reverse 2016.png|69px]]
|Coat of arms of Russia
|2016–present
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-5-1997-a.png|75px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-5-1997-b.png|75px]]
|rowspan="3"| {{RUB|5}}
|rowspan="3"| 25&nbsp;mm
| 6.45 g
|[[Cupronickel]]-clad copper
|rowspan="2"| Emblem of the Bank of Russia
| {{plainlist|
*1997–1998
*2008–2009}}
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-5-2009-a.png|75px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-5-2009-b.png|75px]]
|rowspan="2"| 6.00 g
|rowspan="2"| Nickel-plated steel
|2009–2015
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:5 Russian Rubles Obverse 2016.png|75px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:5 Russian Rubles Reverse 2016.png|75px]]
|Coat of arms of Russia
|2016–present
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-10-2009-a.png|66px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:Russia-Coin-10-2009-b.png|66px]]
|rowspan="2"| {{RUB|10}}
|rowspan="2"| 22&nbsp;mm
|rowspan="2"| 5.63 g
|rowspan="2"| Brass-plated steel
|rowspan="2"| Segmented (plain and reeded edges)
| Emblem of the Bank of Russia
|rowspan="2"| Value
| 2009–2013, 2015
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:10 Russian Rubles Obverse 2016.png|66px]]
| style="background:#fff;"| [[File:10 Russian Rubles Reverse 2016.png|66px]]
|Coat of arms of Russia
|2016–present
|}

Kopeck coins are rarely used due to their low value and in some cases may not be accepted by stores or individuals.

These coins were issued starting in 1998, although some of them bear the year 1997. Kopeck denominations all depict [[Saint George|St George]] and the Dragon, and all ruble denominations (with the exception of commemorative pieces) depict the double headed eagle. Mint marks are denoted by "СП" or "M" on kopecks and the logo of either the Saint Petersburg or Moscow mint on rubles. Since 2000, many bimetallic {{RUB|10}} circulating commemorative coins have been issued. These coins have a unique holographic security feature inside the "0" of the denomination 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Монета Банка России образца 1997 года номиналом 10 рублей |url=https://cbr.ru/cash_circulation/coins/10rub/ |website=cbr.ru |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]]}}</ref>

In 2008, the Bank of Russia proposed withdrawing 1 and 5 kopeck coins from circulation and subsequently rounding all prices to multiples of 10 kopeks, although the proposal has not been realized yet (though characteristic [[psychological pricing|"x.99" prices]] are treated as rounded in exchange). The Bank of Russia stopped minting one-kopeck and five-kopeck coins in 2012, and kopecks completely in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://investforesight.com/russia-stops-minting-kopeks/|title = Russia stops minting kopeks|date = 14 May 2019|access-date = 29 April 2020|archive-date = 15 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200615111258/https://investforesight.com/russia-stops-minting-kopeks/|url-status = live}}</ref> The material of {{RUB|1}}, {{RUB|2}} and {{RUB|5}} coins was switched from copper-nickel-zinc and copper-nickel clad to nickel-plated steel in the second quarter of 2009. 10 and 50 kopecks were also changed from brass to brass-plated steel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Монета номиналом 50 копеек образца 1997 года |url=https://cbr.ru/cash_circulation/coins/50k/ |website=cbr.ru |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]]}}</ref>

In October 2009, a new {{RUB|10}} coin made of brass-plated steel was issued, featuring optical security features.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://altapress.ru/story/45523 |title=News article about new 10-ruble coins being issued |publisher=Altapress.Ru |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801045707/http://altapress.ru/story/45523 |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{RUB|10}} banknote would have been withdrawn in 2012, but a shortage of {{RUB|10}} coins prompted the Central Bank to delay this and put new ones in circulation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top.rbc.ru/economics/22/12/2011/631393.shtml |title=ЦБ возвращает в оборот 10-рублевые банкноты |trans-title=Central Bank returns 10-ruble banknotes to circulation |publisher=Rbc.Ru |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126020940/http://top.rbc.ru/economics/22/12/2011/631393.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> A series of circulating Olympic commemorative {{RUB|25}} coins started in 2011. The new coins are struck in [[cupronickel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php%3Ftopic%3D9503.0&ved=2ahUKEwjSxoXBttfqAhXoo4sKHWFoAek4MhAWMAl6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw1mWvJvU-7VeoZPVjFDTkfD |title=Russia's Olympic plans |publisher=World of Coins |date=19 April 2011 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607030620/http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php%3Ftopic%3D9503.0%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjSxoXBttfqAhXoo4sKHWFoAek4MhAWMAl6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw1mWvJvU-7VeoZPVjFDTkfD |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of commemorative smaller denominations of these coins exist in circulation as well, depicting national historic events and anniversaries. The Bank of Russia issues other commemorative non-circulating coins ranging from {{RUB|1}} to {{RUB|50,000}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/bank-notes_coins/base_of_memorable_coins/main.asp |title=Commemorative and Investment Coins database|publisher=Bank of Russia |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519114430/http://cbr.ru/eng/bank-notes_coins/base_of_memorable_coins/main.asp |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Banknotes==
{{See also|Modification of banknotes of the Russian ruble (2022—2025)}}
On 1 January 1998, a new series of banknotes dated 1997 was released in denominations of {{RUB|5}}, {{RUB|10}}, {{RUB|50}}, {{RUB|100}} and {{RUB|500}}. The {{RUB|1,000}} banknote was first issued on 1 January 2001 and the 5,000{{nbsp}}₽ banknote was first issued on 31 July 2006. Modifications to the series were made in 2001, 2004, and 2010.

In April 2016, the [[Central Bank of Russia]] announced that it will introduce two new banknotes – {{RUB|200}} and {{RUB|2,000}} – in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/press/Default.aspx?PrtId=event&id=275&PrintVersion=Y |website=Bank of Russia |title=Russia to issue 200- and 2,000-ruble banknotes|date=2016-04-12|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111457/http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/press/Default.aspx?PrtId=event&id=275&PrintVersion=Y|url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2016, a vote was held to decide which symbols and cities will be displayed on the new notes.<ref>{{cite web |title=На сайте Твоя-Россия.рф объявлены промежуточные результаты голосования за символы для новых банкнот |url=https://cbr.ru/press/event/?id=648 |website=cbr.ru |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]]}}</ref> In February 2017, the [[Central Bank of Russia]] announced the new symbols. The 200{{nbsp}}₽  banknote will feature symbols of [[Crimea]], that the country illegally annexed from Ukraine in 2014: the [[Monument to the Sunken Ships]], a view of [[Sevastopol]], and a view of [[Chersonesus]]. The 2,000{{nbsp}}₽  banknote will bear images of the [[Russian Far East]]: the bridge to [[Russky Island]] and the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] in the [[Amur Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/press/Default.aspx?PrtId=event&id=875&PrintVersion=Y |website=Bank of Russia |title=New 200 and 2000 ruble banknotes get their symbols|publisher=Central Bank of Russia|date=2017-02-01|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111912/http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/press/Default.aspx?PrtId=event&id=875&PrintVersion=Y|url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2018, the Central Bank issued a {{RUB|100}} "commemorative" banknote designed to recognize Russia's role as the host of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]] soccer tournament.  The banknote is printed on a polymer substrate, and has several transparent portions as well as a hologram.  Despite the note being intended for legal tender transactions, the Central Bank has simultaneously refused to allow the country's automated teller machines (ATMs) to recognize or accept it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bank of Russia presents commemorative polymer banknote for the 2018 World Cup|url=http://tass.com/economy/1005595|work=TASS|date=22 May 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124547/http://tass.com/economy/1005595|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2021, the Central Bank announced plans to gradually update the designs of the {{RUB|10}}, {{RUB|50}}, {{RUB|100}}, {{RUB|1,000}} and {{RUB|5,000}} banknotes and make them more secure; this is expected to be completed in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bank of Russia to strengthen protection, upgrade design of banknotes|url=https://tass.com/economy/1269365|access-date=2021-03-25|website=TASS|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324161425/https://tass.com/economy/1269365|url-status=live}}</ref> The first new design, for the {{RUB|100}} note, was unveiled on 30 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:ЦБ представил обновленную банкноту в 100 рублей |trans-title=The Central Bank introduced an updated banknote of 100 rubles |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/15081455 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=TASS}}</ref> The design of the new note includes symbols of Moscow on the obverse – [[Red Square]], [[Zaryadye Park]], [[Moscow State University]] on [[Sparrow Hills]], and [[Ostankino Tower]] – and the [[Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier]] on the reverse.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:ЦБ представил новую купюру номиналом ₽100 |trans-title=The Central Bank introduced a new banknote with a face value of ₽100 |url=https://www.rbc.ru/finances/30/06/2022/62bbdfc99a7947e974232290 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=РБК |date=30 June 2022 |language=ru}}</ref> In late 2022, the Central Bank resumed the printing of 5 ₽ and 10 ₽ notes for circulation; freshly printed notes began appearing in 2023.<ref name=":0"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|+1997 series<ref name="Banknotes and Coins">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/bank-notes_coins/banknotes_itm/|title=Banknotes and Coins|publisher=Central Bank of Russia|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228040900/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/Bank-notes_coins/banknotes_itm/|archive-date=28 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions !!colspan="4"| Description !!colspan="4"| Dates
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Town !!Obverse !! Reverse !! Watermark !! Printing* !! Issue !! Withdrawal !! Lapse
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 5 rubles (1997) front.jpg|150px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 5 rubles (1997) back.jpg|150px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|[[Russian five-ruble banknote|{{RUB|5}}]]
| 137 × 61&nbsp;mm
| [[Veliky Novgorod]]
| The [[Millennium of Russia]] monument on background of [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod|Saint Sophia Cathedral]]
| Fortress wall of the [[Novgorod Kremlin]]
| "5", Saint Sophia Cathedral
| 1997
2022
| rowspan="5"|1 January 1998
| colspan="2"|Current, but not issued from 2001 until 2021. Re-issued in 2022. Rarely seen in circulation. Returned to circulation in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |script-title=ru:Банк России вернул в обращение купюры по 5 и 10 рублей |url=https://rg.ru/2023/03/03/bank-rossii-vernul-v-obrashchenie-kupiury-po-5-i-10-rublej.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Российская газета}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 10 rubles 2004 front.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 10 rubles 2004 back.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|[[Russian ten-ruble banknote|{{RUB|10}}]]
| rowspan="4"| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[Krasnoyarsk]]
| [[Kommunalny Bridge]] across the [[Yenisei River]], [[Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel]]
| [[Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant]]
| "10", Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel
| rowspan="3"|{{plainlist|
*1997
*2001
*2004
*2022}}
| colspan="2" |Current, but not issued from 2010 to 2021. Re-issued in 2022. Still in use, but rarely seen in circulation. Returned to circulation in 2023.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 50 rubles 2004 front.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 50 rubles 2004 back.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|50}}
| [[Saint Petersburg]]
| A [[Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns|Rostral Column]] sculpture on background of [[Peter and Paul Fortress]]
| [[Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns]]
| "50", [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Peter and Paul Cathedral]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Current
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Russia100rubles04front.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Russia100rubles04back.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|100}}
| [[Moscow]]
| [[Quadriga]] statue on the portico of the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]
| The [[Bolshoi Theatre]]
| "100", The Bolshoi Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 500 rubles 2010 front.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 500 rubles 2010 back.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|500}}
| [[Arkhangelsk]]
| Monument to [[Peter I of Russia|Czar Peter the Great]], sailing ship and sea terminal<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/bank-notes_coins/?Prtid=banknotes_itm&selBanknote=500r_97&type=type1 |title=The 500-ruble Bank of Russia note |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182033/http://www.cbr.ru/Eng/bank-notes_coins/?Prtid=banknotes_itm&selBanknote=500r_97&type=type1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Solovetsky Monastery]]
| "500", portrait of Peter the Great
| {{plainlist|
*1997
*2001
*2004
*2010}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 1000 rubles 2010 front.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 1000 rubles 2010 back.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|1,000}}
| rowspan="2"| 157 × 69&nbsp;mm
| [[Yaroslavl]]
| Monument to [[Yaroslav I the Wise]] and the [[Lady of Kazan Chapel]]
| [[St. John the Baptist Church, Yaroslavl|John the Baptist Church]]
| "1,000", portrait of Yaroslav the Wise
| {{plainlist|
*2001
*2004
*2010}}
| 1 January 2001
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 5000 rubles 2010 front.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Banknote 5000 rubles 2010 back.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|5,000}}
| [[Khabarovsk]]
| Monument to [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]]
| [[Khabarovsk Bridge]] over the [[Amur river|Amur]]
| "5,000", portrait of Muravyov-Amursky
| {{plainlist|
*2006
*2010}}
|  31 July 2006
|-
| colspan="12"|{{Standard banknote table notice|standard_scale=Y}}
* Each new banknote series has enhanced security features, but no major design changes. Banknotes printed after 1997 bear the fine print "модификация 2001г." (or later date) meaning "modification of year 2001" on the left watermark area.
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|+2017–2025 series<ref name="Banknotes and Coins"/>
|-
!colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions !!colspan="4"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Federal District!!Obverse !! Reverse !! Watermark !! Printing !! Issue!! Withdrawal
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|10}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[Siberian Federal District]]
| [[Novosibirsk]]
| 
| "10"
| 2025
| 
| rowspan="8" |Current
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|50}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[Northwestern Federal District]]
| [[Saint Petersburg]]
| 
| "50"
| 2025
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:100 rubles obverse 2022.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:100 rubles reverse 2022.jpg|180px]]
| {{nowrap|{{RUB|100}}}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[Central Federal District]]
| [[Moscow]]: [[Spasskaya Tower]], [[Zaryadye Park]], [[Main building of Moscow State University|Moscow State University]], [[Ostankino Tower]]
| [[Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier|Memorial to the Soviet Soldier]], [[Rzhev]], [[Tver Oblast]]; [[Kulikovo Field]], [[Tula Oblast]]
| "100", Spasskaya Tower
| 2022
| 30 June 2022
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:200 rubles 2017 obverse.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:200 rubles 2017 reverse.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|200}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[Southern Federal District]]{{efn|Internationally recognized as Ukrainian territory occupied by Russia. [[De jure]] status of Sevastopol is Ukrainian [[city with special status]] and Chersonesus part of [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]]. (see [[Political status of Crimea]])}}
| [[Monument to the Sunken Ships]] (by sculptor [[Amandus Adamson]]), [[Sevastopol]]
| View of [[Chersonesus]]
| "200", Monument to the Sunken Ships
| 2017
| 12 October 2017
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|500}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[North Caucasian Federal District]]
| [[Pyatigorsk]] 
| 
| "500"
| 2025
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:1000 rubles obverse 2023.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:1000 rubles reverse 2023.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|1,000}}
| 157 × 69&nbsp;mm
| [[Volga Federal District]]
| [[Nizhny Novgorod]]: Nikolskaya Tower of the [[Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Fair]], [[Spit of Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Stadium]]
| Museum of the History of Statehood of the Tatar People and the Republic of Tatarstan in [[Kazan]], [[Söyembikä Tower]] on the [[Kazan Kremlin]], Museum of Archeology and Ethnography in [[Ufa]]
| "1000", Nikolskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
| 2023
| 16 October 2023
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:2000 rubles 2017 obverse.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:2000 rubles 2017 reverse.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|2,000}}
| 157 × 69&nbsp;mm
| [[Far Eastern Federal District]]
| [[Vladivostok]]: [[Russky Bridge]], [[Far Eastern Federal University]]
| [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]], [[Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast]]
| "2000", Russky Bridge
| 2017
| 12 October 2017
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:5000 rubles obverse 2023.jpg|180px]]
| style="text-align:center;;"| [[File:5000 rubles reverse 2023.jpg|180px]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;"|{{RUB|5,000}}
| 157 × 69&nbsp;mm
| [[Ural Federal District]]
| [[Yekaterinburg]]: Stele "Europe – Asia", [[Iset Tower]] in [[Yekaterinburg-City]], [[Vysotsky (skyscraper)|Vysotsky]], [[Yekaterinburg Circus]], House of Communications (main post office building), [[Palace of Sporting Games]], Sevastyanov's House
| Monument "Tale of the Urals" in [[Chelyabinsk]], metallurgical plant, stele "66 parallel" (Arctic Circle) in [[Salekhard]], oil and gas industry facilities
| "5000", House of Communications (main post office building), Sevastyanov's House
| 2023
| 16 October 2023
|}

For the rest of the 2017–2025 series, the following designs are planned:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=9677|title=Guidelines for Cash Circulation Development in 2021–2025 approved|date=23 March 2021|publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520200637/http://cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=9677|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{RUB|10}} (2025): [[Novosibirsk]] on the obverse, [[Siberian Federal District]] on the reverse
* {{RUB|50}} (2025): [[Saint Petersburg]] on the obverse, [[Northwestern Federal District]] on the reverse
* {{RUB|500}} (2025): [[Pyatigorsk]] on the obverse, [[North Caucasian Federal District]] on the reverse.

===Printing===
[[File:Russian banknote QR codes.svg|thumb|right|[[QR code]]s from the current (2017–present) series of banknotes]]

All Russian ruble banknotes are currently printed at the [[Moscow Mint|state-owned factory]] [[Goznak]] in Moscow, which was founded on 6 June 1919 and operated ever since. Coins are [[Mint (coin)|minted]] in the [[Moscow Mint]] and at the [[Saint Petersburg Mint]], which has been operating since 1724.

==={{RUB|100}} note controversy===
[[File:Russia100Rubles2001 Apollon.jpg|thumb|right|An image of the 100-ruble banknote, zoomed up to show a statue of the Greek god [[Apollo]] as depicted on top of the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in Moscow; this version of Apollo is shown with his penis and testicles exposed (which was the case on the Bolshoi Theatre at the time of printing, though the original statue was amended with a [[fig leaf]] covering them) which led to one Russian politician, [[Roman Khudyakov]], to condemn the banknote as "pornography".]]
On 8 July 2014, [[State Duma]] deputy and vice-chairman of the Duma Regional Political Committee [[Roman Khudyakov]] alleged that the image of the Greek god [[Apollo]] driving a [[quadriga]] on the portico of the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in [[Moscow]] on the {{RUB|100}} banknote constitutes [[pornography]] that should only be available to persons over the age of 18. Since it is impractical to limit the access of minors to banknotes, he requested in his letter to the [[Governor of the Bank of Russia]] [[Elvira Nabiullina]] to immediately change the design of the banknote.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:На 100-рублевой купюре в Госдуме разглядели "порнографию" |trans-title=On the 100-ruble note in the State Duma discerned "pornography" |url=http://izvestia.ru/news/573537|agency=[[Izvestia]]|date=8 July 2014|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708110924/http://izvestia.ru/news/573537|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khudyakov, a member of parliament for the [[LDPR]] party stated, "You can clearly see that Apollo is naked, you can see his genitalia. I submitted a parliamentary request and forwarded it directly to the head of the central bank asking for the banknote to be brought into line with the law protecting children and to remove this Apollo."<ref name="naked Apollos-Baczynska">{{cite news|last1=Baczynska|first1=Gabriela|title=No more naked Apollos on Russian banknotes, lawmaker says|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-banknote-idUSKBN0FD1OR20140709|access-date=12 July 2014|publisher=Reuters|date=9 July 2014|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312115342/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-banknote-idUSKBN0FD1OR20140709|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="naked Apollos-Wong">{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Curtis|title=Russia's 100-Ruble Banknote With Naked Apollo Image Is Pornographic, Politician Argues|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/09/russian-banknote-apollo-gay_n_5570695.html|access-date=12 July 2014|work=Huffington Post|date=9 July 2014|archive-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712021515/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/09/russian-banknote-apollo-gay_n_5570695.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Khudyakov's efforts did not lead to any changes being made to the design.

===Crimea controversy===
On 13 October 2017, the [[National Bank of Ukraine]] issued a decree forbidding the country's banks, other financial institutions and Ukraine's state postal service to circulate Russian banknotes which use images of [[Crimea]], a territory that is regarded as [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian-occupied]] by Ukraine and whose annexation by Russia is not recognised by most UN member states.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/702746-ukraine-refuses-to-circulate-new-russian-banknotes-depicting-crimea.html |title=Ukraine Refuses To Circulate New Russian Banknotes Depicting Crimea|work=Malaysian Digest |date =14 October 2017 |url-status = dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134108/http://malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/702746-ukraine-refuses-to-circulate-new-russian-banknotes-depicting-crimea.html |archive-date = 13 June 2018}}</ref> The NBU stated that the ban applies to all financial operations, including cash transactions, currency exchange activities and interbank trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article;jsessionid=9E3F9BD4E9CAC5FE4629E12211087FA9?art_id=56987597&cat_id=76291|title=NBU Forbids Banks to Perform Transactions with Russian Banknotes and Coins Depicting Any Objects Located in the Occupied Territories of Ukraine|website=National Bank of Ukraine|access-date=2017-10-25|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112040/https://bank.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article;jsessionid=9E3F9BD4E9CAC5FE4629E12211087FA9?art_id=56987597&cat_id=76291|url-status=live}}</ref> Crimea is featured on three banknotes that are currently in circulation – the {{RUB|100}} commemorative notes issued in 2015 and 2018, as well as the {{RUB|200}} note issued in 2017.

==={{RUB|1,000}} note controversy===
On 16 October 2023, the day of unveilling of the new design of the 1,000-ruble note, the design of the note was criticised by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] for displaying the [[Star and crescent|Islamic crescent]] on one of the buildings on the reverse of the note at the same time as excluding the [[Russian Orthodox cross|Orthodox cross]] from a different building (a former church that is now a museum).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=The Central Bank of Russia has suspended the issue of a 1,000-ruble banknote due to criticism from religious activists |url=https://runews24.ru/eng/society/18/10/2023/5b98f36aa1f80107103e25dedc9c1999 |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=RuNews24.ru |language=en}}</ref> The Bank of Russia announced on the following day that the design would be revised and the notes would not be printed.<ref>{{cite web |title=ЦБ остановил выпуск новой купюры ₽1000 с куполом церкви без креста |url=https://www.rbc.ru/finances/18/10/2023/652f67cc9a7947625f002c28 |website=rbc.ru |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

===Effect of international sanctions===

''[[Kommersant]]'' reported that the new {{RUB|100}} note introduced in 2022 will not work with an estimated 60% of cash registers and bank machines because they are imported and therefore must be updated by foreign companies, and this work may not be completed due to sanctions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times  |date=2022-07-01 |title=Russian ATMs Reject New 100-Ruble Bill – Kommersant |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/01/russian-atms-reject-new-100-ruble-bill-kommersant-a78175 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New banknotes unable to work with Russian ATMs for years |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/07/01/new-banknotes-unable-to-work-with-russian-atms-for-years |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Meduza |language=en}}</ref> However, Russian banks have been transferring their ATM networks to domestic software which does not require foreign specialists since at least 2018, with the biggest Russian bank, [[Sberbank]], completing 80% of the transfer by June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Сбер перевел большую часть своих банкоматов на собственное ПО |trans-title=Sber transferred most of its ATMs to its own software |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/15056337 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=tass.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> Russian banks will start purchasing domestic ATMs with [[Elbrus (computer)|Elbrus]] processors in 2023; the mandatory share of Russian products in the purchase of ATMs was to be at least 18% for banks with state partnership; since 2022 it has grown to 20%.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:"Эльбрус" добрался до наличных |trans-title="Elbrus" got to cash |url=https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2022/06/10/629dc4159a79478e9ca000fa |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Газета РБК |language=Russian}}</ref>

===Commemorative banknotes===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Commemorative banknote series<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/Bank-notes_coins/ |title=Banknotes and Coins |work=cbr.ru |publisher=Central Bank of Russia |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134038/https://www.cbr.ru/eng/Bank-notes_coins/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="4"| Dates
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Obverse !! Reverse !! Watermark !! Printing* !! Issue !! Withdrawal !! Lapse
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:100 Olympic rubles.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:100 Olympic rubles 2.jpg|100px]]
| {{RUB|100}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| A snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster.
| [[Fisht Olympic Stadium]] in [[Sochi]], [[Firebird (Slavic folklore)|firebird]]
| [[2014 Winter Olympics]] logo
| 2014
| 30 October 2013
| colspan="3" rowspan="3"|Current
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Изображение памятной банкноты Банка России 100 рублей образца 2015 года, аверс.png|100px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Изображение памятной банкноты Банка России 100 рублей образца 2015 года, реверс.png|100px]]
| {{RUB|100}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| [[Monument to the Sunken Ships]] in [[Sevastopol Bay]], outlines of Monument to the heroes of the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)|Second Siege of Sevastopol]] and [[St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol|St. Vladimir Cathedral]], fragment of a painting by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]]
| [[Swallow's Nest]] castle, [[Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope]], outline of [[Big Khan Mosque]] in [[Bakhchisaray]] and a green stripe containing a QR code linking to the [[Bank of Russia]] webpage containing historical information relating to the commemorative banknote
| Portrait of [[Emperor of All Russia|Empress]] [[Catherine the Great]]
| 2015
| 23 December 2015
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Russia 100 Rubles 2018 obverse.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Russia 100 Rubles 2018 reverse.jpg|100px]]
| {{RUB|100}}
| 150 × 65&nbsp;mm
| A boy with a ball under his arm looking up as [[Lev Yashin]] saves a ball.
| A stylized image of the globe in the form of a [[Ball (association football)|football]] with a green image of Russia's territory (including [[Crimea]]) outlined on it, as well as the name of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] host cities
| The number 2018
| 2018
| 22 May 2018
|}

On 30 October 2013, a special banknote in honour of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Sochi]] was issued. The banknote is printed on high-quality white cotton paper. A transparent polymer security stripe is embedded into the paper to make a transparent window incorporating an optically variable element in the form of a snowflake. The highlight watermark is visible in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The front of the note features a snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster. The back of the note features the [[Fisht Olympic Stadium]] in Sochi. The predominant colour of the note is blue.

On 23 December 2015, another commemorative {{RUB|100}} banknote was issued to celebrate the "[[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|reunification of Crimea and Russia]]". The banknote is printed on light yellow cotton paper. One side of the note is devoted to [[Sevastopol]], the other one – to [[Crimea]]. А wide security thread is embedded into the paper. It comes out on the surface on the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the figure-shaped window. A multitone combined watermark is located on the unprinted area in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The [[Sevastopol]] side of the note features the Monument to Sunken Ships in Sevastopol Bay and a fragment of the painting ''[[Russian Squadron on the Roads of Sevastopol]]''<!--titled "The Russian Squadron on the Sebastopol Roads" at the artist's article--> by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]]. The Crimea side of the note features the [[Swallow's Nest]], a decorative castle and local landmark. In the lower part of the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the green stripe there is a QR-code containing a link to the Bank of Russia's webpage, which lists historical information related to the banknote. The predominant colour of the note is olive green.

On 22 May 2018, a special banknote to celebrate the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] was issued.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krivorotova|first1=Anastasia|last2=Rakitina|first2=Ekaterina|url=https://www.rbc.ru/finances/22/05/2018/5b03d7b19a794757f7dd69cc |script-title=ru:ЦБ представил памятную банкноту к чемпионату мира по футболу |trans-title=The Central Bank presented a commemorative banknote for the World Cup |language=ru |publisher=Central Bank of Russia |access-date=13 June 2018 |date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612181444/https://www.rbc.ru/finances/22/05/2018/5b03d7b19a794757f7dd69cc|url-status=live}}</ref> The banknote is printed on polymer. The top part of the note bears a transparent window that contains a holographic element. The design of the note is vertically oriented. The main images of the obverse are a boy with a ball under his arm and a goalkeeper diving for a ball. The main image of the reverse is a stylized image of the globe in the form of a [[Ball (association football)|football]] with green image of the Russian territory outlined on it. On the reverse there is the number 2018 that marks both the issue of the banknote and the World Cup, as well as the name of the host cities in the [[Russian language]]. The bottom right corner of the obverse bears a QR-code, which contains a link to the page of the Bank of Russia website with the description of the note's security features. Predominant colours of the note are blue and green.

==Economics==
[[File:Foreign currency uses and pegs.svg|400px|thumb|Worldwide official use of [[:Category:Fixed exchange rate|foreign currency or pegs]]. The ruble is used in Russia and Russian occupied territories of Georgia and Ukraine.
{{Legend|#666666|Russian ruble users, including the [[Russian Federation]]}}
{{Legend|#008000|US dollar users, including the United States}}
{{Legend|#00FF00|Currencies pegged to the US dollar}}
{{Legend|#0000FF|[[Euro]] users, including the [[Eurozone]]}}
{{Legend|#0080FF|Currencies pegged to the euro}}
<br />
{{Legend|#FF9F00|[[Australian dollar]] users, including Australia}}
{{Legend|#804000|[[New Zealand dollar]] users, including New Zealand}}
{{Legend|#8000FF|[[South African rand]] users ([[Common Monetary Area|CMA]], including South Africa)}}
{{Legend|#808000|[[Indian rupee]] users and pegs, including India}}
{{Legend|#FF0000|[[Pound sterling]] users and pegs, including the United Kingdom}}
<br />
{{Legend|#FF00FF|[[Special drawing rights]] or other currency basket pegs}}
{{Legend|#800080|Three cases of a country using or pegging the currency of a neighbour}}]]

The use of other currencies for transactions between Russian residents is punishable, with a few exceptions, with a fine of 75% to 100% of the value of the transaction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=206129#h418 |title=Федеральный закон от 10.12.2003 N 173-ФЗ — Редакция от 18.07.2017 — Контур.Норматив |trans-title=Federal Law of 10 December 2003 N 173-FZ - Edition of 18 July 2017 - Kontur.Normative |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221431/https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=206129#h418 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===International trade===
On 23 November 2010, at a meeting of [[Prime Minister of Russia|Russian Prime Minister]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Premier]] [[Wen Jiabao]], it was announced that Russia and China had decided to use their own [[national currency|national currencies]] for [[bilateral trade]], instead of the [[US dollar]]. The move is aimed to further improve relations between Beijing and Moscow and to protect their domestic economies during the [[Great Recession]]. The trading of the [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]] against the ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market, while the yuan's trading against the ruble was set to start on the Russian [[foreign exchange market]] in December 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuan-Ruble Trade Starts as Russia, China Shun Dollar - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-15/yuan-ruble-trade-starts-in-moscow-as-russia-china-seek-to-cut-dollar-use?embedded-checkout=true |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Allows Yuan to Start Trading Against Ruble - Bloomberg |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-11-22/china-allows-yuan-to-start-trading-against-ruble-update2- |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

In January 2014, [[President of Russia|President]] Putin said there should be a sound balance on the ruble exchange rate; that the Central Bank only regulated the national currency exchange rate when it went beyond the upper or lower limits of the floating exchange rate; and that the freer the Russian national currency is, the better it is, adding that this would make the economy react more effectively and timely to processes taking place in it.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/715718| title=Putin hopes Central Bank and government find balance in ruble exchange rate dynamics| agency=[[ITAR-TASS]]| date=22 January 2014| access-date=22 January 2014| archive-date=4 February 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040814/http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/715718| url-status=live}}</ref> The Russian ruble is one of the very few [[List of countries by exchange rate regime|free floating curriencies]] in the world.

The sanctions contributed to the value's reduction of the Russian ruble and worsened the [[economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |last2=Nardelli |first2=Alberto |date=18 January 2015 |title=Russia's rouble crisis poses threat to nine countries relying on remittances |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/18/russia-rouble-threat-nine-countries-remittances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312185424/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/18/russia-rouble-threat-nine-countries-remittances |archive-date=2022-03-12 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |doi=10.1787/888933417929|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They also caused economic damage to the [[Economy of the European Union|EU economy]], with total losses estimated at €100 billion ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}).<ref name="newsweek">
{{cite news|last=Sharkov|first=Damien|url=http://europe.newsweek.com/russian-sanctions-could-cost-europe-100-billion-328999|title=Russian sanctions to 'cost Europe €100bn'|work=Newsweek|date=19 June 2015|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602183322/http://europe.newsweek.com/russian-sanctions-could-cost-europe-100-billion-328999|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref> {{As of|2014}}, Russia's finance minister announced that the sanctions had cost Russia $40 billion, with another $100 billion loss in 2014 due to decrease in the [[price of oil]] the same year.<ref>Smith, Geoffrey. [http://fortune.com/2014/11/24/finance-minister-oil-slump-sanctions-cost-russia-140-billion-a-year/ "Finance Minister: oil slump, sanctions cost Russia $140 billion a year."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219081005/https://fortune.com/2014/11/24/finance-minister-oil-slump-sanctions-cost-russia-140-billion-a-year/ |date=19 December 2020 }} 24 November 2014.</ref> Following sanctions imposed in August 2018, economic losses incurred by Russia amounted to around 0.5–1.5% in foregone GDP growth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU-Russia sanctions exchange has had important economic and political consequences (news article) |url=https://wiiw.ac.at/n-365.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=wiiw.ac.at |language=en}}</ref>

A second round of sanctions involved various Russian banks being removed from [[SWIFT]], and direct sanctions on the [[Russian Central Bank]]. The value of the ruble fell 30% against the [[U.S. dollar]], to as low as ₽119/$1 as of 28 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Weizhen |last2=Turak |first2=Natasha |date=28 February 2022 |title=Russian ruble plunges nearly 30% against the dollar amid sanctions over Ukraine invasion |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/28/russian-ruble-dives-nearly-30percent-against-the-dollar-amid-sanctions-ukraine-crisis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228080349/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/28/russian-ruble-dives-nearly-30percent-against-the-dollar-amid-sanctions-ukraine-crisis.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The [[Russian central bank]] raised interest rates to 20% as a result. In an attempt to balance the sinking ruble, it temporarily shut down the [[Moscow Stock Exchange]], mandated that all Russian companies sell 80% of foreign exchange reserves, and prohibited foreigners from liquidating assets in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turak |first=Natasha |date=28 February 2022 |title=Russia central bank more than doubles key interest rate to 20% to boost sinking ruble |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/28/russia-central-bank-hikes-interest-rates-to-20percent-from-9point5percent-to-bolster-ruble.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228113939/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/28/russia-central-bank-hikes-interest-rates-to-20percent-from-9point5percent-to-bolster-ruble.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=The rouble's collapse compounds Russia's isolation |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/02/28/the-roubles-collapse-compounds-russias-isolation |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304082616/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/02/28/the-roubles-collapse-compounds-russias-isolation |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 March, the ruble was reported to be as low as ₽142.46/$1.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Karunungan|first1=Lilian|last2=Ismail|first2=Netty Idayu|title=Ruble Indicated at Record Low Offshore on Talk of Oil Embargo|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-07/ruble-indicated-at-record-low-offshore-on-talk-of-oil-embargo|access-date=7 March 2022|work=Bloomberg|date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307170024/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-07/ruble-indicated-at-record-low-offshore-on-talk-of-oil-embargo|archive-date=7 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> During the month of March 2022, the ruble gradually recovered back to its pre-war value of ~80 Rubles per dollar, partially due to increased gas and oil demand from Western companies, as they feared a potential ban on Russian resources,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/business/2022/03/31/despite-western-sanctions-russian-ruble-and-banks-recovering-tdn/7229663001/|title=Russian ruble and banks are recovering despite sanctions. Here's why|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401074656/https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/business/2022/03/31/despite-western-sanctions-russian-ruble-and-banks-recovering-tdn/7229663001/|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as various economic measures designed to prop up the currency.

===Exchange rates===
{|class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%; float: right"
|+ USD/RUB 1998–2024
! rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan=29|
! colspan="2"|Lowest ↓
!rowspan=29|
! colspan="2"|Highest ↑
!rowspan=29|
!Average
|-
!Date
!Rate
!Date
!Rate
!Rate
|-
!1998
|1 January
|style="background-color:yellow"|5.9600
|29 December
|20.9900
|9.7945
|-
!1999
|1 January
|20.6500
|29 December
|27.0000
|24.6489
|-
!2000
|6 January
|26.9000
|23 February
|28.8700
|28.1287
|-
!2001
|4 January
|28.1600
|18 December
|30.3000
|29.1753
|-
!2002
|1 January
|30.1372
|7 December
|31.8600
|31.3608
|-
!2003
|20 December
|29.2450
|9 January
|31.8846
|30.6719
|-
!2004
|30 December
|27.7487
|1 January
|29.4545
|28.8080
|-
!2005
|18 March
|27.4611
|6 December
|28.9978
|28.1910
|-
!2006
|6 December
|26.1840
|12 January
|28.4834
|27.1355
|-
!2007
|24 November
|24.2649
|13 January
|26.5770
|25.5808
|-
!2008
|16 July
|23.1255
|31 December
|29.3804
|24.8529
|-
!2009
|13 November
|28.6701
|19 February
|36.4267
|31.7403
|-
!2010
|16 April
|28.9310
|8 June
|31.7798
|30.3679
|-
!2011
|6 May
|27.2625
|5 October
|32.6799
|29.3823
|-
!2012
|28 March
|28.9468
|5 June
|34.0395
|31.0661
|-
!2013
|5 February
|29.9251
|5 September
|33.4656
|31.9063
|-
!2014
|1 January
|32.6587
|18 December
|67.7851
|38.6025
|-
!2015
|17 April
|49.6749
|31 December
|72.8827
|61.3400
|-
!2016
|30 December
|60.2730
|22 January
|83.5913
|66.8336
|-
!2017
|26 April
|55.8453
|4 August
|60.7503
|58.2982
|-
!2018
|28 February
|55.6717
|12 September
|69.9744
|62.9502
|-
!2019
|26 December
|61.7164
|15 January
|67.1920
|64.6184
|-
!2020
|10 January
|61.0548
|18 March
|80.8692
|72.4388
|-
!2021
|27 October
|69.5526
|8 April
|77.7730
|73.6628
|-
!2022
|30 June
|51.1580
|11 March
|style="background-color:yellow"|120.3785
|68.4869
|-
!2023
|15 January
|66.0026
|8 October
|101.0001
|85.5086
|-
!2024
|20 June
|82.6282
|29 November
|109.5782
|92.6567
|-
|colspan="9" style="font-size:90%; line-height: 1em;"|Source: USD exchange rates in RUB, [[Central Bank of Russia|Bank of Russia]]<ref>[http://cbr.ru/eng/currency_base/dynamics USD exchange rates in RUB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611223756/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/currency_base/dynamics/ |date=11 June 2018 }}, [[Central Bank of Russia|Bank of Russia]]</ref>
|}
{{Exchange Rate|RUB}}

[[File:US Dollar - Russian Ruble Exchange Rate.webp|thumb|upright=1.8|USD / RUB [[exchange rate]] 1994–2023]]
[[File:EUR-RUB exchange rate.webp|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Euro|EUR]] / RUB exchange rate]]

The first Russian ruble (RUR) introduced in January 1992 depreciated significantly versus the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] from US$1 = 125&nbsp;RUR to around US$1 = 6,000&nbsp;RUR (or 6&nbsp;RUB) when it was redenominated in January 1998. The new ruble then depreciated rapidly in its first year to US$1 = 20&nbsp;RUB before stabilizing at around US$1 = 30&nbsp;RUB from 2001 to 2013.

The [[Russian financial crisis (2014–present)|financial crisis]] in Russia in 2014–2016 was the result of the [[economic collapse|collapse]] of the Russian ruble beginning in the second half of 2014.<ref name="NKit">{{cite news|last1= Kitroeff|first1= Natalie|last2= Weisenthal|first2= Joe |title= Here's Why the Russian Ruble Is Collapsing|url= http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-12-16/no-caviar-is-not-getting-cheaper-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-russian-ruble-collapse|access-date= 17 December 2014|publisher= Bloomberg|work= Businessweek|date= 16 December 2014|archive-date= 28 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128054057/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-12-16/no-caviar-is-not-getting-cheaper-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-russian-ruble-collapse|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf7d4d6-8c4c-11e4-ad27-00144feabdc0.html | title= Moscow says rouble crisis is over | work= Financial Times | first1= Kathrin | last1= Hille | date= 25 December 2014 | access-date= 2 January 2015 | archive-date= 25 June 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160625112244/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf7d4d6-8c4c-11e4-ad27-00144feabdc0.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/news-in-moscow-russia-ruble | title = The News in Moscow | magazine = The New Yorker | first1 = Masha | last1 = Gessen | date = 27 December 2014 | access-date = 2 January 2015 | archive-date = 3 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150103062143/http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/news-in-moscow-russia-ruble | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonhartley/2015/01/01/online-prices-indicate-russian-inflation-spike-after-ruble-decline/ | title= Online Prices Indicate Russian Inflation Spike After Ruble Decline | work= Forbes | first1= Jon | last1= Hartley | date= 1 January 2015 | access-date= 2 January 2015 | archive-date= 26 February 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210226145333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonhartley/2015/01/01/online-prices-indicate-russian-inflation-spike-after-ruble-decline/ | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.chinapost.com.tw/business/2015/01/01/425383/Ex-Soviet-republics.htm | title= Ex-Soviet republics hit by Russian economic crisis | work= The China Post | agency= [[Agence France-Presse]] | first1= Irakli | last1= Metreveli | date= 1 January 2015 | access-date= 2 January 2015 | archive-date= 4 December 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201204181816/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/business/2015/01/01/425383/Ex-Soviet-republics.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-01|title='We are hardly surviving': As oil and the ruble drop, ordinary Russians face growing list of problems|work=[[Financial Post]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://financialpost.com/news/economy/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020134835/https://financialpost.com/news/economy/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems|url-status=live}}</ref> A decline in confidence in the [[Economy of Russia|Russian economy]] caused investors to sell off their Russian assets, which led to a decline in the value of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis. The lack of confidence in the Russian economy stemmed from at least two major sources. The first is the fall in the [[price of oil]] in 2014. [[Crude oil]], a major [[export]] of Russia, declined in price by nearly 50% between its yearly high in June 2014 and 16 December 2014. The second was the result of [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|international economic sanctions imposed on Russia]] following Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]].<ref name="NKit" /><ref name="sanctions">{{cite web | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-16/u-s-won-t-ease-sanctions-to-prevent-economic-meltdown-in-russia.html | title = U.S. Won't Ease Sanctions to Stem Russia's Economic Crisis | first1 = Mike | last1 = Dorning | first2 = Ian | last2 = Katz | date = 16 December 2014 | access-date = 16 December 2014 | work = Bloomberg | archive-date = 8 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150108110634/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-16/u-s-won-t-ease-sanctions-to-prevent-economic-meltdown-in-russia.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The crisis affected the Russian economy, both consumers and companies, and regional financial markets, as well as Putin's ambitions regarding the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]. The Russian [[stock market]] in particular experienced large declines, with a 30% drop in the [[RTS Index]] from the beginning of December through 16 December 2014. From July 2014 to February 2015 the ruble fell dramatically against the U.S. dollar. A 6.5 percentage point interest rate rise to 17 percent<ref>{{cite web |url=http://primepair.com/market-review/russian-ruble-meltdown-full-force-17-12-2014 |title=Russian Ruble Meltdown in Full Force |work=PrimePair |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222170309/http://primepair.com/market-review/russian-ruble-meltdown-full-force-17-12-2014 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> failed to prevent the currency hitting record lows in a "perfect storm" of low oil prices, looming recession and [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]] over the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=WRAPUP 2-Rouble crisis could shake Putin's grip on power|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-rouble-putin/wrapup-2-rouble-crisis-could-shake-putins-grip-on-power-idUSL6N0U02G520141217|work=Reuters|date=17 December 2014|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155118/https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-rouble-putin/wrapup-2-rouble-crisis-could-shake-putins-grip-on-power-idUSL6N0U02G520141217|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia faced [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|steep economic sanctions]] due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]] in early 2022. In response to the military campaign, several countries imposed strict economic sanctions on the Russian economy.{{efn|Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States.}} This led to a 32 percent drop in the value of the ruble, which traded at an exchange rate of 120 rubles per dollar in March 2022.<ref name="110RUB" /> On 23 March 2022, President Putin announced that Russia would only accept payments for Russian gas exports from "[[Unfriendly Countries List|unfriendly countries]]" in rubles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia demands natural gas payments in rubles, leaves a loophole|work=NewsHour|publisher=PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russia-demands-natural-gas-payments-in-rubles-leaves-a-loophole|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=4 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404034946/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russia-demands-natural-gas-payments-in-rubles-leaves-a-loophole|url-status=live}}</ref> This, along with several other actions to control capital flow, coinciding with soaring commodity prices led to the ruble rallying to a record high in May 2022 that economists feel is unlikely to last.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's ruble is the strongest currency in the world this year |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-ruble-currency-2022/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=CBS News |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530044342/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-ruble-currency-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the ruble continued to rally in June 2022, hitting its highest point (51 rubles to the dollar) for the past seven years at the end of the month.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=AFP |date=2022-06-29 |title=Russia Mulls FX Interventions To Tame Ruble's Rise |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/06/29/russia-mulls-fx-interventions-to-tame-rubles-rise-a78145 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref>

In early November 2023, the value of the Russian ruble increased slightly reaching a three-month high of 90 against the USD. The Russian key interest rate rose to 15% in October. Capital control measures, including the mandatory FX sales for Russian exporters imposed by Moscow were also effective to support the value of the currency. On November 2, the U.S. announced new sweeping sanctions against Russian energy exports and limits on foreign currency payments by Russia's Central Bank, which was thought to be another reason for the higher value of the ruble, forcing Russian banks to pay in ruble. Stock indices for Russian companies were also up. The ruble's overall decline is a major problem for the Russian economy as it increases inflation particularly for imported goods.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/12/economy/russia-ruble-surge-export-controls/index.html "Russia brings back capital controls to shore up the ruble"] October 12, 2023. ''CNN Business'' accessed 4 Nov. 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/rouble-soars-vs-dollar-market-gauges-impact-latest-us-sanctions-2023-11-03/ "Rouble soars vs dollar as market gauges impact of latest US sanctions"] ''Reuters.'' accessed 4 Nov. 2023.</ref>

{{Most traded currencies}}

==See also==
* [[Belarusian ruble]]
* [[Russian economy]]
* [[Transnistrian ruble]]
* [[Ruble (disambiguation)]], various historic and modern rubles.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{numis cite SCWC |date = 1991 }}
* {{numis cite SCWPM |date = 1994 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Erdmann |first1=Torsten |editor1-last=Medinskaya |editor1-first=Olga |editor2-last=Randau |editor2-first=Henk R. |editor3-last=Altmann |editor3-first=Christian |title=Russia Business: Analyze the Economy, Understand the Society, Manage Effectively |date=30 June 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-64613-4 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Russia_Business/c0w2EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |language=en |chapter=The Russian Ruble and Monetary System}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kuroda |first1=Akinobu |title=A Global History of Money |date=23 March 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-05457-6 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Global_History_of_Money/CmIPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Mary Ellen |title=Coins and Currency: An Historical Encyclopedia, 2d ed. |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3665-8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Coins_and_Currency/e7ylDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Russian ruble}}

* {{official website|http://www.goznak.ru/en/}} of Goznak {{in lang|en|ru}}
* [http://banknoter.com/s/russia Russian Ruble (Catalog of banknotes)] {{in lang|en|ru}}
* [http://www.cbr.ru/eng/currency_base/daily/ Foreign Currency Market {{!}} Bank of Russia] {{in lang|en|ru}}
* [http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/euro_to_rub_exchange_rates_russian_ruble.htm Russian Currency Exchange Rate History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100515011419/http://www.tx.am/world-currency-exchange-rates/russian-ruble-exchange-rates-rub/ Historical Russian Ruble eXchange Rates: RUB] (archived 15 May 2010)
* [http://russianmoney.info/ History of the Russian paper money] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105213154/http://russianmoney.info/ |date=5 January 2020 }})
* [https://colnect.com/en/banknotes/list/country/4146 Images of historic and modern Russian bank notes]
* {{CISCoins|Russia}} {{in lang|en|es|ru}}
* [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Russland-B-En.htm Historical and current banknotes of Russia] {{in lang|en|de|fr}}
* [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/UdSSR-B-En.htm including banknotes of the Soviet Union] {{in lang|en|de|fr}}

{{Clear}}

{{Russia topics}}
{{Economy of Russia}}
{{Currencies of post-Soviet states}}
{{Currencies of Europe}}
{{Currencies of Asia}}
{{Ruble}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|Europe|Money|Numismatics|Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Economy of Russia]]
[[Category:Economic history of Russia]]
[[Category:Currencies of Russia]]
[[Category:Currencies of Asia]]
[[Category:Circulating currencies]]
[[Category:Currencies of Europe]]