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{{Short description|Semitic storm god}}
{{for-multi|the family name|Haddad|other uses|Hadad (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect-multi|3|Adad|Ishkur|Ramman|other uses|Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music|and|Ramman (festival)|and|Ram-Man}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Mesopotamian
| name = Hadad
| image = Ramman.png
| alt = 
| caption = [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] soldiers carrying a statue of Adad
| god_of = God of Weather, Hurricanes, Storms, Thunder and Rain
| abode = Heaven
| symbol = Thunderbolt, bull, lion
| consort = [[Shala]], Medimsha
| parents = Most common tradition: [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] and [[Ningal]], or [[Dagon]]
| siblings = [[Kishar]], [[Inanna]]
| children = [[Gibil]] or [[Girra]]
| mount = 
| Canaanite_equivalent = [[Baal]]
| Greek_equivalent = [[Zeus]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]
| equivalent1_type = Egyptian
| equivalent1 = [[Horus]]
| equivalent2_type = Hurrian
| equivalent2 = [[Teshub]]
}}
{{Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)}}
{{Middle Eastern deities}}
'''Hadad''' ({{langx|uga|{{script|Ugar|𐎅𐎄}}|translit=Haddu}}), '''Haddad''', '''Adad''' ([[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: [[Wiktionary:𒀭𒅎|𒀭𒅎]] ''<sup>[[DINGIR|D]]</sup>IM'', pronounced as ''Adād''), or '''Iškur''' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]) was the [[Weather god|storm- and rain-god]] in the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] and [[ancient Mesopotamian religion]]s.
He was attested in [[Ebla]] as "Hadda" in c. 2500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvtebmqZZDYC&pg=PA173|title=Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide|author= Sarah Iles Johnston| page=173|isbn=9780674015173|year=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East|author= Spencer L. Allen| page=10|isbn=9781614512363|date=5 March 2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG }}</ref> From the [[Levant]], Hadad was introduced to Mesopotamia by the [[Amorites]], where he became known as the [[Mesopotamian religion|Akkadian]] ([[Assyria]]n-[[Babylonia]]n) god Adad.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKBLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|title=The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel|author=Albert T. Clay| page=50|isbn=9781597527187|date=2007-05-01|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imZWpGNF0V4C&pg=PT15|title=The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria|author= Theophilus G. Pinches |author-link=Theophilus G. Pinches | page=15|isbn=9781465546708|year=1908|publisher=Library of Alexandria }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA157|title=Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins|author= Joseph Eddy Fontenrose| page=157|isbn=9780520040915|year=1959|publisher=University of California Press }}</ref>{{sfnp|Green|2003|p=166}} Adad and Iškur are usually written with the [[logogram]] {{cuneiform|𒀭𒅎}} {{Transliteration|Xsux|<sup>[[Dingir|d]]</sup>IM}}<ref name="oracc">[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ikur/index.html ORACC – Iškur/Adad (god)]</ref> - the same symbol used for the Hurrian god [[Teshub]].{{sfnp|Green|2003|p=130}} Hadad was also called '''Rimon/Rimmon''', '''Pidar''', '''Rapiu''', [[Baal-zephon|'''Baal-Zephon''']],<ref>{{cite book| title=Canaanite Myths and Legends| last=Gibson| first=John C.| pages=208| isbn=978-0567080899| publisher=T&T Clark| date=1978-04-01}}</ref> or often simply '''[[Baʿal]]''' (Lord); however, the latter title was also used for other gods. The [[Sacred bull|bull]] was the symbolic animal of Hadad. He appeared bearded,<ref>Sacred bull, holy cow: a cultural study of civilization's most important animal. By Donald K. Sharpes –Page 27</ref><ref>Studies in Biblical and Semitic Symbolism - Page 63. By Maurice H. Farbridge</ref> often holding a club and thunderbolt and wearing a bull-horned headdress.<ref>Academic Dictionary Of Mythology - Page 126. By Ramesh Chopra</ref><ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. By Encyclopædia Britannica, inc – Page 605</ref> Hadad was equated with the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] god [[Zeus]], the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] god [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]] ([[Jupiter Dolichenus]]), as well as the [[Babylonian mythology|Babylonian]] Bel.{{Citation needed|reason=No source for Jupiter Dolichenus or Bel in article.|date=June 2023}}

The [[Baal Cycle]] or Epic of Baal is a collection of stories about the Canaanite Baal, also referred to as Hadad. It was composed between 1400 and 1200 B.C. and rediscovered in the excavation of [[Ugarit]], an ancient city in modern-day [[Syria]].

The storm-god Adad and the sun-god [[Shamash]] jointly became the patron gods of [[oracle]]s and divination in Mesopotamia.

==Adad in Akkad and Sumer==
In Akkadian, Adad is also known as '''Rammanu''' ("Thunderer") cognate with {{langx|arc|רעמא}} ''Raˁmā'' and {{langx|he|רַעַם}} ''Raˁam'', a byname of Hadad. Many scholars formerly took Rammanu to be an independent Akkadian god, but he was later identified with Hadad.

Though originating in northern Mesopotamia, Adad was identified by the same Sumerogram {{Transliteration|Xsux|<sup>[[Dingir|d]]</sup>IM}} that designated Iškur in the south.{{sfnp|Green|2003|pp=51-52}} His worship became widespread in Mesopotamia after the [[First Babylonian dynasty]].{{sfnp|Green|2003|p=52}} A text dating from the reign of [[Ur-Ninurta]] characterizes the two sides of Adad/Iškur as threatening in his stormy rage, and benevolent in giving life.{{sfnp|Green|2003|p=54}}

'''Iškur''' appears in the list of gods found at [[Shuruppak]] but was of far less importance, perhaps because storms and rain were scarce in [[Sumer]] and agriculture there depended on irrigation instead. The gods [[Enlil]] and [[Ninurta]] also had storm god features that diminished Iškur's distinct role, and he sometimes appears as the assistant or companion of these more prominent gods.

When Enki distributed the destinies, he made Iškur inspector of the cosmos. In one litany, Iškur is proclaimed again and again as "great radiant bull, your name is heaven" and also called son of [[Anu]], lord of Karkara; twin-brother of [[Enki]], lord of abundance, lord who rides the storm, lion of heaven.

In other texts Adad/Iškur is sometimes son of the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna/Sin]] by [[Ningal]] and brother of [[Utu]]/Shamash and [[Inanna]]/Ishtar. He is also sometimes described as the son of Enlil.{{sfnp|Green|2003|p=59}}

The bull was portrayed as Adad/Iškur's sacred animal starting in the Old Babylonian period{{sfnp|Green|2003|pp=18-24}} (early 2nd millennium BCE).

Adad/Iškur's consort (both in early Sumerian and the much later Assyrian texts) was the grain goddess [[Shala]], who is also sometimes associated with the god [[Dagon|Dagānu]]. She was also called ''Gubarra'' in the earliest texts. The fire god [[Gibil]] (Girra in Akkadian) is sometimes the son of Iškur and Shala.
{{Mesomyth (50)}}
He is identified with the [[Anatolia]]n storm-god [[Teshub]], whom the Mitannians designated with the same Sumerogram {{Transliteration|Xsux|<sup>[[Dingir|d]]</sup>IM}}.{{sfnp|Green|2003|p=130}} Occasionally he is identified with the Amorite god [[Amurru (god)|Amurru]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The Babylonian center of Adad/Iškur's cult was Karkara in the south, his chief temple being {{smallcaps|É.Kar.kar.a}}; his spouse Shala was worshipped in a temple named {{smallcaps|É.Dur.ku}}. In [[Assyria]], Adad was developed along with his warrior aspect. During the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]], from the reign of [[Tiglath-Pileser I]] (1115-1077 BCE), Adad had a double sanctuary with Anu in [[Assur]], and the two are often associated in invocations. The name Adad and various alternate forms (''Dadu'', ''Bir'', ''Dadda'') are often found in Assyrian king names.

Adad/Iškur presents two aspects in hymns, incantations, and votive inscriptions. On the one hand, he brings rain in due season to fertilize the land; on the other, he sends storms to wreak havoc and destruction. He is pictured on monuments and cylinder seals (sometimes with a [[horned helmet]]) with the lightning and the thunderbolt (sometimes in the form of a spear), and in hymns his sombre aspects predominate. His association with the sun-god Shamash, with the two deities alternating in the control of nature, tends to imbue him with some traits of a solar deity.

According to Alberto Green, descriptions of Adad starting in the [[Kassites|Kassite]] period and in the region of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] emphasize his destructive, stormy character and his role as a fearsome warrior deity,{{sfnp|Green|2003|pp=59-60}} in contrast to Iškur's more peaceful and pastoral character.{{sfnp|Green|2003|pp=58-59}}

Shamash and Adad jointly became the gods of [[oracle]]s and divination, invoked in all the ceremonies to determine the divine will: through inspecting a sacrificial animal's liver, the action of oil bubbles in a basin of water, or the movements of the heavenly bodies. They are similarly addressed in royal annals and votive inscriptions as ''bele biri'' (lords of divination).

==Hadad in Ugarit==
[[File:Baal thunderbolt Louvre AO15775.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Stele of [[Baal with Thunderbolt]], 15th{{endash}}13th century BCE. Found at the acropolis in Ras Shamra (ancient city of Ugarit).]]

In religious texts, [[Ba‘al]]/Hadad is the lord of the sky who governs rain and crops, master of fertility and protector of life and growth. His absence brings drought, starvation, and chaos. Texts of the [[Baal Cycle]] from [[Ugarit]] are fragmentary and assume much background knowledge.

The supreme god [[El (god)|El]] resides on Mount Lel (Night?) where the assembly of the gods meets. At the beginning of the cycle, there appears to a feud between El and Ba‘al. El appoints one of his sons, called both prince [[Yam (god)|Yamm]] (Sea) and judge Nahar (River), as king over the gods and changes Yamm's name from ''yw'' to ''mdd ’il'' (darling of El). El tells his son that he will have to drive off Ba‘al to secure the throne. 
 
In this battle Ba‘al is somehow weakened, but the divine craftsman [[Kothar-wa-Khasis]] crafts two magic clubs for Ba’al as weapons that help Ba’al strike down Yamm and Ba'al is supreme. [[Astarte|‘Athtart]] proclaims Ba‘al's victory and salutes Ba‘al/Hadad as {{Transliteration|uga|lrkb ‘rpt}} (Rider on the Clouds), a phrase applied by editors of modern English Bibles to [[Yahweh]] in [[Psalms|Psalm]] 68.4. At ‘Athtart's urging Ba‘al "scatters" Yamm and proclaims that he is dead and warmth is assured.

A later passage refers to Ba‘al's victory over [[Lotan]], the many-headed sea dragon. Due to gaps in the text it is not known whether Lotan is another name for Yamm or a character in a similar story. These stories may have been allegories of crops threatened by the winds, storms, and floods from the [[Mediterranean]] sea.

A palace is built for Ba‘al with silver, gold, and cedar wood from [[Mount Lebanon]] and [[Mount Hermon|Sirion]]. In his new palace Ba‘al hosts a great feast for the other gods. When urged by Kothar-wa-Khasis, Ba’al reluctantly opens a window in his palace and sends forth thunder and lightning. He then invites [[Mot (god)|Mot]] (Death, the god of drought and the underworld), another son of El, to join the feast.

But Mot, the eater of human flesh and blood, is insulted when offered only bread and wine. He threatens to break Ba‘al to pieces and swallow him, and even Ba‘al cannot stand against Death. Gaps here make interpretation dubious. It seems that by the advice of the sun goddess [[Shapash]], Ba‘al mates with a heifer and dresses the resultant calf in his own clothes as a gift to Mot, and then himself prepares to go down to the underworld in the guise of a helpless shade. News of Ba‘al's apparent death leads even El to mourn. Ba‘al's sister ‘[[Anat]] finds Ba‘al's corpse, presumably really the dead calf, and she buries the body with a funeral feast. The god [[Attar (god)|‘Athtar]] is appointed to take Ba‘al's place, but he is a poor substitute. Meanwhile, ‘Anat finds Mot, cleaves him with a sword, burns him with fire, and throws his remains to the birds. But the earth is still cracked with drought until Shapsh fetches Ba‘al back.

Seven years later Mot returns and attacks Ba‘al, but the battle is quelled when Shapsh tells Mot that El now supports Ba’al. Mot surrenders to Ba‘al and recognizes him as king.

==Hadad in Egypt==
{{One source section|date=March 2024}}
In the [[Amherst Papyrus]], [[Baal-zephon|Baal Zephon]] (Hadad) is identified with the Egyptian god [[Horus]]: "May Baal from Zephon bless you", [[Amherst Papyrus 63]], 7:3 and in 11:13-14: "and from Zephon may Horus help us". Classical sources translate this name as [[Zeus#Roles and epithets|Zeus Kasios]], since in Pelusium, the statue of Zeus Kasios was considered the image of [[Harpocrates]] (Horus the Child).{{sfn|Kramer|1984|p=266}} Zeus Casius had inherited some traits from [[Apollo]] as well. They also recall his conflict with [[Typhon]] over that mountain ([[Jebel Aqra|''Mount Casius'']] on the Syrian-Turkish border or ''Casion'' near [[Pelusium]] in Egypt). The reason why Baal could be both identified with Horus and his rival [[Set (deity)|Set]]; is because in Egypt the element of the storm was considered foreign as Set was a god of strangers and outsiders, thus because the Egyptians had no better alternative to identify their native god Set with another neighboring deity, they tentatively associated him with Hadad since he was a storm-god, but when the god [[Baal]] (Hadad) is not specifically attributed the traits of rain and thunder and is instead perceived as a god of the sky generically, which is what is embodied by his form "Baal Zaphon" as the chief deity who resides on the mountain (for example a 14th-century letter from the king of Ugarit to the Egyptian pharaoh places Baʿal Zaphon as equivalent to [[Amun]] also),{{sfnp|Niehr|1999|p=153}} in that case he's more similar to the Egyptian Horus in that capacity (comparable to [[Baalshamin]] as well). The different interpretation could also be based on the fact that Set had been associated with Hadad by the [[Hyksos]]. Most likely originally Set referred to another deity also addressed by the title "Baal" (one of the many; an example of this would be the [[Melqart|Baal of Tyre]]) who happened to display storm-like traits especially in Egypt since they were foreign and as such duly emphasized; when instead his weather features probably weren't all that prominent in other cultures who worshipped equivalents of him, but given that the only storm-god available for identification in Semitic culture was Hadad and in Hittite ''Sutekh'' (a war-god who's been hypothesized to be an alternative name of [[Teshub]], but it remains unclear), the traits matched the characteristics of the Egyptian deity, and an association between the two was considered plausible, also given by the fact that both the [[Hittites]] and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] Hyksos were foreigners in the Egyptian land who brought their gods with them, and their main god happened to display storm-like traits and was also associated with these foreigners who came to [[Egypt]], a characteristic that would make him similar to the perception that the Egyptians had of Set. This would once again echo the mythological motif of a previous chief of the Pantheon who gets replaced by the new generation of deities represented by the younger ascendant ruler and newly appointed chief of the gods, as is the case also for the Hittite "Cycle of [[Kumarbi]]" where [[Teshub]] displaces the previously established [[King of the gods|father of the gods]] Kumarbi. In Amherst XII/15 the same identification as before is once again stated: "Baal from Zephon, Horus" (BT mn Şpn Hr).

==Hadad in Aram and ancient Israel==
{{Religious text primary|section|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Colossal statue of God Hadad, from Gerdshin near Sam'al, 775 BCE, Pergamon Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Hadad Statue|Colossal statue of Hadad]], from Gerdshin near Sam'al, 775 BCE, Pergamon Museum]]
In the second millennium BCE, the king of [[Yamhad]] or Halab (modern [[Aleppo]]), who claimed to be "beloved of Hadad", received the tribute of statue of [[Ishtar]] from the king of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], to be displayed in the temple of Hadad in Halab Citadel.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&q=Temple+of+Hadad+in+Aleppo+Citadel&pg=PA111|title= Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History|author= Trevor Bryce|page= 111|isbn= 9780199646678|date= March 2014|publisher= OUP Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8UAAAAIAAJ&q=yamhad+godse&pg=PA67|title= The Conflict Between El and Ba'al in Canaanite Religion|author= Ulf Oldenburg|page=67}}</ref> Hadad is called "the god of [[Aleppo]]" on a stele of the Assyrian king [[Shalmaneser I]].

The element ''Hadad'' appears in a number of theophoric names borne by kings of the region. Hadad son of Bedad, who defeated the Midianites in Moab, was the fourth king of Edom. [[Hadadezer]] ("Hadad-is-help") was the [[Aramean]] king defeated by [[David]]. Later Aramean kings of [[Damascus]] seem to have habitually assumed the title of Ben-Hadad (son of Hadad). One was [[Ben-Hadad I|Ben-Hadad]], the king of Aram whom the [[Kingdom of Judah|Judean]] king [[Asa of Judah|Asa]] sent to invade the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]].<ref>{{bibleverse|1Kings|15:18}}</ref> A votive basalt stele from the 9th or 8th century, BCE found in Bredsh north of Aleppo, is dedicated to [[Melqart]] and bears the name Ben-Hadad, king of Aram.<ref>National Museum, Aleppo, accession number KAI 201.</ref> The seventh of the twelve sons of Ishmael is also named Hadad.

A set of related bynames include  Aramaic {{Transliteration|arc|rmn}}, Old South Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|rmn}}, Hebrew {{Transliteration|hbo|rmwn}}, and Akkadian {{Transliteration|akk|Rammānu}} ("Thunderer"), presumably originally vocalized as ''Ramān'' in Aramaic and Hebrew. The Hebrew spelling {{Transliteration|hbo|rmwn}} with Masoretic vocalization ''Rimmôn''<ref>{{bibleverse|2Kings|5:18}}</ref> is identical with the Hebrew word meaning '[[pomegranate]]' and may be an intentional misspelling and/or parody of the deity's original name.<ref>See {{cite book |last=Klein |first=Reuven Chaim |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx9xDwAAQBAJ |title=God versus Gods: Judasim in the Age of Idolatry |publisher=Mosaica Press|pages=351–354 |isbn= 978-1946351463 |ol=27322748M}}</ref>

[[File:IMJ view 20130115 202912.jpg|thumb|A stele from [[Bethsaida]] (et-Tell) depicting a Canaanite deity, possibly Hadad. On display at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.<ref>Stefan Jakob Wimmer 2011, [https://www.academia.edu/35088814/ Eine Mondgottstele aus et-Turra/Jordanien.] Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins ZDPV 127/2, 2011, 135-141 - academia.edu</ref>]]

The word ''Hadad-rimmon'' (or ''Hadar-rimmon'') in the phrase "the mourning of (or at) [[List of minor biblical places#Hadad-Rimmon|Hadad-rimmon]]",<ref>{{bibleverse|Zechariah|12:11}}</ref> has aroused much discussion. According to [[Jerome]] and the older Christian interpreters, the mourning is for something that occurred at a place called Hadad-rimmon (''[[Maximianopolis (Palestine)|Maximianopolis]]'') in the valley of [[Megiddo (place)|Megiddo]]. This event was generally held to be the death of [[Josiah]] (or, as in the [[Targum]], the death of [[Ahab]] at the hands of Hadadrimmon). But even before the discovery of the Ugaritic texts, some suspected that Hadad-rimmon might be a [[dying-and-rising god]] like [[Adonis]] or [[Tammuz (deity)|Tammuz]], perhaps even the same as Tammuz, and the allusion could then be to mournings for Hadad such as those of Adonis festivals.<ref>Hitzig on {{bibleverse|Zechariah|12:2}}, {{bibleverse|Isaiah|17:8}}; Movers, ''Phonizier'', 1.196.</ref> T. K. Cheyne pointed out that the [[Septuagint]] reads simply Rimmon, and argues that this may be a corruption of Migdon (Megiddo) and ultimately of Tammuz-Adon. He would render the verse, "In that day there shall be a great mourning in [[Jerusalem]], as the mourning of the women who weep for Tammuz-Adon" (''Adon'' means "lord").<ref>T. K. Cheyne (1903), ''[[Encyclopædia Biblica]]'' '''IV''' "Rimmon".</ref> No further evidence has come to light to resolve such speculations.

In the [[Books of Kings]], [[Jezebel]] – the wife of the Northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israelite]] King [[Ahab]] promoted the cult of Ba'al in her adopted nation. [[John Day (Old Testament scholar)|John Day]] argues that Jezebel's Baʿal was possibly [[Baʿal Shamem]] (Lord of the Heavens), a title most often applied to Hadad.{{sfnp|Day|2000|p=75}}

==Sanchuniathon==
In [[Sanchuniathon]]'s account Hadad is once called Adodos, but is mostly named Demarûs. This is a puzzling form, probably from  Ugaritic {{Transliteration|uga|dmrn}}, which appears in parallelism with Hadad,<ref name="Oldenburg">{{cite book|author=Oldenburg, Ulf|title=The conflict between El and Baʿal in Canaanite religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59|access-date=7 April 2013|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=59–|id=GGKEY:NN7C21Q6FFA}}</ref> or possibly a Greek corruption of ''Hadad Ramān''. Sanchuniathon's Hadad is son of Sky by a concubine who is then given to the god [[Dagon]] while she is pregnant by Sky. This appears to be an attempt to combine two accounts of Hadad's parentage, one of which is the Ugaritic tradition that Hadad was son of Dagon.{{sfn|Schwemer|2007|p=156}} The cognate Akkadian god Adad is also often called the son of [[An (god)|Anu]] ("Sky"). The corresponding Hittite god [[Teshub]] is likewise son of Anu (after a fashion).

In Sanchuniathon's account, it is Sky who first fights against [[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]] ("Sea"). Then Sky allies himself with Hadad. Hadad takes over the conflict but is defeated, at which point unfortunately no more is said of this matter. Sanchuniathion agrees with Ugaritic tradition in making Muth, the Ugaritic Mot, whom he also calls "Death", the son of El.

==See also==
{{Portal|Mythology|Asia}}
*[[Baal]]
*[[Ancient Mesopotamian religion]]
*[[Baal Cycle]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last=Day |first= John |title= Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan |journal=Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |volume= 265 |location= Sheffield |publisher= Sheffield Academic Press |date= 2000 |isbn=9781850759867}}.
* Driver, Godfrey Rolles, and John C. L. Gibson. ''Canaanite Myths and Legends''. Edinburgh: Clark, 1978. {{ISBN|9780567023513}}.
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGjcLBYTUUgC|title=The Storm-God in the Ancient Near East|first= Alberto R. W. |last=Green |date= 2003 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |location=Winona Lake, Indiana |isbn=9781575060699 }}
* Hadad, Husni & Mja'is, Salim (1993) ''Ba'al Haddad, A Study of Ancient Religious History of Syria''
* {{cite book|last=Handy |first= Lowell K |title= Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon As Bureaucracy. |location=Winona Lake, Indiana |publisher= Eisenbrauns |date=1994 |isbn=9780931464843}}
* {{cite book|last=Rabinowitz |first= Jacob |title= The Faces of God: Canaanite Mythology As Hebrew Theology |location=Woodstock, CT |publisher= Spring Publications |date= 1998 |isbn=9780882141176}}.
* {{cite book|last=Smith |first= Mark S. |title=The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]] |date= 2002 |isbn=978-0802839725}}.
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Adad}}
* {{citation |last=Niehr |first=H. |contribution=Baal-zaphon |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA152 |editor-last=Toorn |editor-first=Karel van der |editor-link=Karel van der Toorn |editor2-last=Becking |editor2-first=Bob |editor3-last=Horst |editor3-first=Pieter Willem van der |editor3-link=Pieter Willem van der Horst |display-editors=0 |title=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, ''2nd ed.'' |location=Grand Rapids |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |date=1999 |pages=152–154 |title-link=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible }}.
* {{cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Samuel Noah |title=Studies in Literature from the Ancient Near East: Dedicated to Samuel Noah Kramer |date=1984 |publisher=American Oriental Society |isbn=978-0-940490-65-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9sNAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite journal | title = The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I
 | last = Schwemer | first = Daniel
 | journal = Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
 | year = 2007 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–168
 | url = https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7075/1/JANER7%3A2offprint.pdf
 | doi = 10.1163/156921207783876404 | issn = 1569-2116
 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Hadad}}
{{Commons category|Baal Hadad|Hadad}}
{{Commons category|Adad}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|Adad}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6999-hadad Jewish Encyclopedia]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251012/Hadad Britannica Online Encyclopedia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026224544/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/2938/baalyam.html  Online text:  ''The Epic of Ba'al (Hadad)'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026205852/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/2938/templetoc.html  Kadash Kinahu: Complete Directory]
* [http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/gods/lords/lordadad.html Gateways to Babylon: Adad/Rimon]
* [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ikur/ Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Iškur/Adad (god)]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4890/Adad Britannica Online Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/gods/explore/adad.html Mesopotamian Gods: ''Adad'' (''Ishkur'')]
* [http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stela-storm-god-adad-brandishing-thunderbolts Stela with the storm god Adad brandishing thunderbolts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524134809/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stela-storm-god-adad-brandishing-thunderbolts |date=24 May 2020 }}

{{Middle Eastern mythology}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Mesopotamian gods]]
[[Category:Levantine mythology]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Thunder gods]]
[[Category:West Semitic gods]]
[[Category:Phoenician mythology]]
[[Category:Hellenistic Asian deities]]
[[Category:Rain deities]]
[[Category:Baal]]
[[Category:Jovian deities]]
[[Category:Cattle deities]]
[[Category:Horned helmets]]
[[Category:Canaanite religion]]