View source for List of English monarchs

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{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title       = Monarchy
| realm             = England
| coatofarms        = Coat of Arms of England (1509-1603) Variant.svg
| coatofarms_article= Coat of arms of England{{!}}Royal coat of arms
| first_monarch     = [[Alfred the Great]]
| last_monarch      = [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]
| began             = {{circa|886}} (late 9th century)
| ended             = 1 May 1707
| residence         = [[Court of St James's]]
}}

[[File:British kingdoms c 800.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A labelled map of Great Britain. Modern Britain is labelled Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex in red, Cornwall is labelled Dumnonia in grey; Wales is labelled Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed and Gwent in grey; southern Scotland is labelled Strathclyde and Dal Riata in grey; northern Scotland is labelled Fortriu in green.|Great Britain during the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Listed in red are [[The Heptarchy]], the collective name given to the seven main [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] [[petty kingdoms]] located in the southeastern two-thirds of the island that were unified to form the [[Kingdom of England]].]]

This list of kings and reigning queens of the [[Kingdom of England]] begins with [[Alfred the Great]], who initially ruled [[Wessex]], one of the [[heptarchy|seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]] which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself king of the [[Anglo-Saxons]] from about 886, and while he was not the first king to claim to rule all of the [[English people|English]], his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the [[House of Wessex]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashley |first=Mike |title=A Brief History of British Kings and Queens: British Royal History from Alfred the Great to the Present |date=2003 |publisher=Running Press}}</ref>

Arguments are made for a few different kings thought to have controlled enough Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to be deemed the first king of England. For example, [[Offa of Mercia]] and [[Egbert of Wessex]] are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions were part of a process leading to a unified England. The historian [[Simon Keynes]] states, for example, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy."<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Offa |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford |last=Keynes |first=Simon |date=1999 |author-link=Simon Keynes |editor-last=Lapidge |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Lapidge |pages=340 |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> That refers to a period in the late 8th century, when Offa achieved a dominance over many of the kingdoms of southern England, but it did not survive his death in 796.{{Sfn|Fryde|1996|page=25}}<ref name="Ref-1" >{{Cite book |last=Keynes |first=Simon |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |date=2001 |editor-last=Lapidge |editor-first=Michael |page=514 |chapter=Rulers of the English, c 450–1066}}</ref> Likewise, in 829 Egbert of Wessex conquered [[Mercia]], but he soon lost control of it.

It was not until the late 9th century that one kingdom, Wessex, had become the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was the overlord of western Mercia and used the title ''King of the Angles and Saxons'' though he never ruled eastern and northern England, which was then known as the [[Danelaw]] and had been conquered by the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]], from southern Scandinavia. Alfred's son [[Edward the Elder]] conquered the eastern Danelaw. Edward's son [[Æthelstan]] became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered [[Northumbria]] in 927. Æthelstan is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England.{{Sfn|Fryde|1996|page=25}}<ref name="Ref-1" /> The title "King of the English" or {{lang|la|Rex Anglorum}} in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in [[Æthelstan A|one of his charters]] in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until [[John, King of England|John]] was "King of the English". In 1016, [[Cnut the Great]], a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period, "King of the English" remained standard, with occasional use of "King of England" or {{lang|la|Rex Anglie}}. From John's reign onwards, all other titles were eschewed in favour of "King" or "Queen of England".

The [[Principality of Wales]] was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of England]] under the [[Statute of Rhuddlan]] in 1284, and in 1301, [[King Edward I]] invested his eldest son, the future [[King Edward II]], as [[Prince of Wales]]. Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for [[King Edward III]],{{Efn|Edward III became king at age 14.}} have borne this title.

After the death of [[Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1603, her cousin [[King James VI of Scotland]] inherited the English crown as James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in [[personal union]]. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was created until 1707, when England and Scotland [[Acts of Union 1707|united]] during the reign of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] to form the new [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], with a single [[Parliament of Great Britain|British parliament]] sitting at [[Westminster]]. That marked the end of the Kingdom of England as a sovereign state.

==House of Wessex (886–1013)==
{{For|earlier monarchs of Wessex|List of monarchs of Wessex}}
{{Main|House of Wessex}}

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pratt |first=David |title=The political thought of King Alfred the Great |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80350-2 |series=Fourth Series |volume=67 |page=106}}; {{Cite web |title=Kings and Queens of England |url=http://www.britroyals.com/rulers.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206070811/http://britroyals.com/rulers.htm |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015 |website=britroyals.com}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871–899) |url=https://www.royal.uk/alfred-great-r-871-899 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031708/https://www.royal.uk/alfred-great-r-871-899 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''Alfred the Great'''<br/>{{Small|(King of Wessex from 871)}}<br/>{{Circa|886}}<br/>–<br/>26 October 899<br/>''(13 years)''
| [[File:Alfred - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| 849<hr/>Son of [[Æthelwulf|Æthelwulf of Wessex]]<br/>and [[Osburh]]
| [[Ealhswith|Ealhswith of Gainsborough]]<br/>868<br/>5 children
| 26 October 899<br/>Aged about 50
| Son of [[Æthelwulf|Æthelwulf of Wessex]]<hr/>[[Treaty of Wedmore]]

|-
| '''[[Edward the Elder]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward 'The Elder' (r. 899–924) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-elder-r-899-924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015916/https://www.royal.uk/edward-elder-r-899-924 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>26 October 899<br/>–<br/>17 July 924<br/>''({{Age in years and days|26 October 899|17 July 924|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edward the Elder - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|874}}<hr/>Son of [[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]<br/>and [[Ealhswith]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Ecgwynn]]<br/>{{Circa|893}}<br/>2 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder)|Ælfflæd]]<br/>{{Circa|900}}<br/>8 children<hr/>{{Gray|(3)}} [[Eadgifu of Kent]]<br/>{{Circa|919}}<br/>4 children
| 17 July 924<br/>Aged about 50
| Son of [[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]

|}

===Disputed claimant===
There is some evidence that [[Ælfweard of Wessex]] may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his half-brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned. A 12th-century list of kings gives him a reign length of four weeks, though one manuscript of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' says he died only 16 days after his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title=Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence |date=1988 |publisher=Woodbridge |page=71 |author-link=Barbara Yorke}}</ref> However, the claim that he ruled is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only. One interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia.<ref name="Ref-1" />

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Ælfweard of Wessex|Ælfweard]]'''<ref name="Yorke">{{Cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title=Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence |date=1988 |publisher=Woodbridge |page=71; f. 9v |author-link=Barbara Yorke}} cited by Yorke.; {{PASE|67734|Ælfweard 4|cw=1}}</ref><br/>{{Circa|17 July 924}}<br/>–<br/>2 August 924<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Sean |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |date=2001 |editor-last=Lapidge |editor-first=Michael |page=16 |chapter=Æthelstan}}</ref><br/>''({{Age in years and days|17 July 924|2 August 924}})''
| [[File:No image.svg|100px]]
| {{Circa|901}}<ref name="EdwardKing">{{Cite book |last=Keynes |first=Simon |title=Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Higham |editor-first=N. J. |pages=50–51 |chapter=Edward the Elder |author-link=Simon Keynes |editor-last2=Hill |editor-first2=D. H.}}</ref><hr/>Son of [[Edward the Elder]]<br/>and [[Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder)|Ælfflæd]]<ref name="EdwardKing" />
| {{Em|Unmarried?}}<br/>No children
| 2 August 924<ref name="Ref-1" /><br/>Aged about 23{{Efn-lg|Ælfweard was buried at Winchester.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thacker |first=Alan |title=Edward the Elder |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Higham |editor-first=N. J. |page=253 |chapter=Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults |editor-last2=Hill |editor-first2=D. H.}}</ref>}}
| Son of [[Edward the Elder]]

|}

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Æthelstan]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aethelstan |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelstan.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317141841/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelstan.php |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=15 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Athelstan (r. 924–939) |url=https://www.royal.uk/athelstan-r924-939 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015605/https://www.royal.uk/athelstan-r924-939 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>924<br/>{{Small|King of the Anglo-Saxons (924–927)}}<br/>–<br/>{{Small|King of the English (927–939)<br/>}}27 October 939<br/>''(14–15 years)''
| [[File:Aethelstan1 of England.jpg|100px|King Athelstan from All Souls College Chapel]]
| 894<hr/>Son of [[Edward the Elder]]<br/>and [[Ecgwynn]]
| Unmarried
| 27 October 939<br/>Aged about 45
| Son of [[Edward the Elder]]

|-
| '''[[Edmund I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadmund (Edmund) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund1.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317153130/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund1.php |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edmund I (r. 939–946) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edmund-i-r-939-946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020156/https://www.royal.uk/edmund-i-r-939-946 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''Edmund the Magnificent'''<br/>27 October 939<br/>–<br/>26 May 946<br/>''({{Age in years and days|27 October 939|26 May 946|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edmund I - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|921}}<hr/>Son of Edward the Elder<br/>and [[Eadgifu of Kent]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury]]<br/>2 sons<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Æthelflæd of Damerham]]<br/>944<br/>No children
| 26 May 946<br/>[[Pucklechurch]]<br/>Killed in a brawl aged about 25
| Son of Edward the Elder

|-
| '''[[Eadred]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadred (Edred) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadred.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316194844/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadred.php |archive-date=16 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |title=King Edred |url=http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=edred |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185621/http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=edred |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=britroyals.com}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edred (r. 946–55) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edred-r-946-55 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015844/https://www.royal.uk/edred-r-946-55 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>26 May 946<br/>–<br/>23 November 955<br/>''({{Age in years and days|26 May 946|23 November 955|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Eadred - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|923}}<hr/>Son of Edward the Elder<br/>and Eadgifu of Kent
| Unmarried
| 23 November 955<br/>[[Frome]]<br/>Aged about 32
| Son of Edward the Elder

|-
| '''[[Eadwig]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadwig (Edwy) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadwig.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317081220/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadwig.php |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |title=Edwy |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05324a.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405143908/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05324a.htm |archive-date=5 April 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=newadvent.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edwy (r. 955–959) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edwy-r955-959 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701222307/https://www.royal.uk/edwy-r955-959 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''Eadwig All-Fair'''<br/>23 November 955<br/>–<br/>1 October 959<br/>''({{Age in years and days|23 November 955|1 October 959|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Eadwig - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px|Line engraving of Edwy made by an unknown engraver after an unknown artist]]
| {{Circa|940}}<hr/>Son of [[Edmund I]]<br/>and [[Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury]]
| [[Ælfgifu, wife of Eadwig|Ælfgifu]]<br/>No verified children
| 1 October 959<br/>Aged about 19
| Son of [[Edmund I]]

|-
| '''[[Edgar the Peaceful]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadgar (Edgar the Peacemaker) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar1.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317153047/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar1.php |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edgar (r. 959–975) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edgar-r-959-975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015628/https://www.royal.uk/edgar-r-959-975 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>1 October 959<br/>–<br/>8 July 975<br/>''({{Age in years and days|1 October 959|8 July 975|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edgar - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px|King Edgar of England]]
| {{Circa|943}}<br/>Wessex<hr/>Son of Edmund I<br/>and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Æthelflæd Eneda|Æthelflæd]]<br/>{{Circa|960}}<br/>1 son<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Ælfthryth]]<br/>{{Circa|964}}<br/>2 sons
| 8 July 975<br/>[[Winchester]]<br/>Aged 31
| Son of Edmund I

|-
| '''[[Edward the Martyr]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadweard (Edward the Martyr) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edwrd_martyr.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317092211/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edwrd_martyr.php |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward II 'The Martyr' (r. 975–978) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-ii-martyr-r-975-978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015433/https://www.royal.uk/edward-ii-martyr-r-975-978 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>8 July 975<br/>–<br/>18 March 978<br/>''({{Age in years and days|8 July 975|18 March 978|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edward the Martyr - MS Royal 14 B V.jpg|100px|St. Edward the Martyr]]
| {{Circa|962}}<hr/>Son of [[Edgar the Peaceful]]<br/>and Æthelflæd
| Unmarried
| 18 March 978<br/>[[Corfe Castle]]<br/>Murdered aged about 16
| Son of [[Edgar the Peaceful]]

|-
| ''(1st reign)''{{Efn|Æthelred was forced to go into exile in mid-1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death in 1014.<ref name="ArchontologyEthelredUnready">{{Cite web |title=Aethelred (the Unready) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelred.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315160754/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelred.php |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref>}}<br/>'''[[Æthelred the Unready]]'''{{R|ArchontologyEthelredUnready}}<ref name="royal.gov.uk">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Ethelred II 'The Unready' (r. 978–1013 and 1014–1016) |url=https://www.royal.uk/ethelred-ii-unready-r-978-1013-and-1014-1016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020131/https://www.royal.uk/ethelred-ii-unready-r-978-1013-and-1014-1016 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>18 March 978<br/>–<br/>1013<br/>''(34–35 years)''
| [[File:EthelUn.jpg|100px|Image of Æthelred with an oversize sword from the illuminated manuscript "The Chronicle of Abingdon"]]
| {{Circa|966}}<hr/>Son of Edgar the Peaceful<br/>and [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Ælfthryth]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Ælfgifu of York]]<br/>991<br/>9 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Emma of Normandy]]<br/>1002<br/>3 children
| 23 April 1016<br/>[[London]]<br/>Aged about 48
| Son of Edgar the Peaceful

|}

==House of Denmark (1013–1014)==
{{Main|House of Knýtlinga}}
England came under the control of [[Sweyn Forkbeard]], a [[List of Danish monarchs|Danish king]], after an invasion in 1013, during which [[Æthelred the Unready|Æthelred]] abandoned the throne and went into exile in [[Normandy]].
{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Sweyn Forkbeard|Sweyn]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweyn (Forkbeard) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/swen.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193752/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/swen.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=27 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref><br/>'''Sweyn Forkbeard'''<br/>Autumn/winter 1013<br/>–<br/>3 February 1014
| [[File:Sweyn Forkbeard.jpg|100px|Sweyn Forkbeard, from an architectural element in the Swansea Guildhall, Swansea, Wales]]
| 17 April 963<br/>[[History of Denmark|Denmark]]<hr/>Son of [[Harald Bluetooth]]<br/>and either [[Tove of the Obotrites|Tove]] or Gunhild
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Gunhild of Wenden]]<br/>{{Circa|990}}<br/>7 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Sigrid the Haughty]]<br/>{{Circa|1000}}<br/>1 daughter
| 3 February 1014<br/>[[Gainsborough, Lincolnshire|Gainsborough]]<br/>Aged 50
| [[Right of conquest]]<br/>{{Small|(great-grandson of a king of [[Northumbria]])}}

|}

==House of Wessex (restored, first time) (1014–1016)==
Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, [[Æthelred the Unready]] returned from [[exile]] and was again proclaimed king. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the [[Witenagemot|Witan]],<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundIronside/> despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the [[Anglo-Saxons|West Saxons]].

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| ''(2nd reign)''<br/>'''[[Æthelred the Unready]]'''{{R|ArchontologyEthelredUnready}}{{R|royal.gov.uk}}<br/>early 1014<br/>–<br/>23 April 1016
| [[File:EthelUn.jpg|100px|Image of Æthelred II with an oversize sword from the illuminated manuscript "The Chronicle of Abingdon"]]
| {{Circa|966}}<hr/>Son of [[Edgar the Peaceful]]<br/>and [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Ælfthryth]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Ælfgifu of York]]<br/>991<br/>9 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Emma of Normandy]]<br/>1002<br/>3 children
| 23 April 1016<br/>[[London]]<br/>Aged about 50
| Son of [[Edgar the Peaceful]]

|-
| '''[[Edmund Ironside]]'''<ref name="ArchontologyEdmundIronside">{{Cite web |title=Eadmund (Edmund the Ironside) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317142153/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=17 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edmund II 'Ironside' (r. Apr – Nov 1016) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edmund-ii-ironside-r-apr-nov-1016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015422/https://www.royal.uk/edmund-ii-ironside-r-apr-nov-1016 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>after 23 April 1016<br/>–<br/>30 November 1016
| [[File:Edmund Ironside - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px|Edmund Ironside]]
| {{Circa|990}}<hr/>Son of [[Æthelred the Unready|Æthelred]]<br/>and [[Ælfgifu of York]]
| [[Ealdgyth (floruit 1015–1016)|Edith of East Anglia]]<br/>2 children
| 30 November 1016<br/>[[Glastonbury]]<br/>Aged 26
| Son of [[Æthelred the Unready|Æthelred]]

|}

==House of Denmark (restored) (1016–1042)==
Following the decisive [[Battle of Assandun]] on 18 October 1016, [[Edmund Ironside|King Edmund]] signed a treaty with [[Cnut]] (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edmund II (king of England) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179341/Edmund-II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122075300/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179341/Edmund-II |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=25 March 2010 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years.
{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

| '''[[Cnut the Great|Cnut]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cnut (Canute) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/canut.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315160734/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/canut.php |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=21 March 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Canute 'The Great' (r. 1016–1035) |url=https://www.royal.uk/canute-great-r-1016-1035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020144/https://www.royal.uk/canute-great-r-1016-1035 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''Cnut the Great'''<br/>after 23 Apr 1016<br/>–<br/>12 November 1035
| [[File:Cnut the Great - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|995}}<hr/>Son of [[Sweyn Forkbeard]]<br/>and [[Sigrid the Haughty|Gunhilda of Poland]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Ælfgifu of Northampton]]<br/>2 sons<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Emma of Normandy]]<br/>1017<br/>2 children
| 12 November 1035<br/>[[Shaftesbury]]<br/>Aged about 40
| Son of [[Sweyn Forkbeard|Sweyn]]<hr/>[[Treaty of Deerhurst]]

|-
| '''[[Harold Harefoot]]'''<ref>{{Cite ODNB | id=12359 | title= Harold I }}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Harold Harefoot (r. 1035–1040) |url=https://www.royal.uk/harold-harefoot-r-1035-1040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015959/https://www.royal.uk/harold-harefoot-r-1035-1040 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref>{{R|ArchontologyHaroldHarefoot}}<br/>after 12 November 1035<br/>–<br/>17 March 1040{{Efn|Harold was only recognised as Regent until 1037, when he was recognised as king.<ref name="ArchontologyHaroldHarefoot">{{Cite web |title=Harold (Harefoot) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harold1.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193734/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harold1.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=27 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref>}}
| [[File:Harold Harefoot - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|1016}}<hr/>Son of [[Cnut the Great]]<br/>and [[Ælfgifu of Northampton]]
| {{Em|Ælfgifu?<br/>1 son?}}
| 17 March 1040<br/>[[Oxford]]<br/>Aged about 24
| Son of [[Cnut the Great]]

|-
| '''[[Harthacnut]]'''<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=12252 |title=Harthacnut}}; {{Cite web |title=Harthacnut |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harthacnut.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193744/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harthacnut.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=28 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Hardicanute (r. 1035–1042) |url=https://www.royal.uk/hardicanute-r-1035-1042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020022/https://www.royal.uk/hardicanute-r-1035-1042 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>after 17 March 1040<br/>–<br/>8 June 1042
| [[File:Harthacnut - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| 1018<hr/>Son of Cnut the Great<br/>and [[Emma of Normandy]]
| Unmarried
| 8 June 1042<br/>[[Lambeth]]<br/>Aged about 24
| Son of Cnut the Great

|}

==House of Wessex (restored, second time) (1042–1066)==
After [[Harthacnut]], there was a Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.
{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Edward the Confessor]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward III 'The Confessor' (r. 1042–1066) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-confessor-r-1042-1066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015707/https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-confessor-r-1042-1066 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>8 June 1042<br/>–<br/>5 January 1066<br/>''({{Age in years and days|8 June 1042|5 January 1066|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edward the Confessor - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|1003}}<br/>[[Islip, Oxfordshire|Islip]]<hr/>Son of [[Æthelred the Unready|Æthelred]]<br/>and [[Emma of Normandy]]
| [[Edith of Wessex]]<br/>23 January 1045<br/>No children
| 5 January 1066<br/>[[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]]<br/>Aged about 63
| Son of [[Æthelred the Unready|Æthelred]]<hr/>Step-son of [[Cnut the Great]]<hr/>Half-brother of [[Harthacnut]]

|}

==House of Godwin (1066)==
{{Main|House of Godwin}}
{{Nobility table header|extra column= Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Harold Godwinson|Harold II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Harold II (r. Jan – Oct 1066) |url=https://www.royal.uk/harold-ii-r-jan-oct-1066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015630/https://www.royal.uk/harold-ii-r-jan-oct-1066 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''Harold Godwinson'''<br/>6 January 1066<br/>–<br/>14 October 1066<br/>''({{Age in years and days|6 January 1066|14 October 1066|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Harold Godwinson - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|1022}}<hr/>Son of [[Godwin, Earl of Wessex|Godwin of Wessex]]<br/>and [[Gytha Thorkelsdóttir]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Edith the Fair|Edith Swannesha]]<br/>5 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl Ælfgar|Ealdgyth]]<br/>{{Circa|1064}}<br/>2 sons
| 14 October 1066<br/>[[Hastings]]<br/>Died in the Battle of Hastings aged 44
| Named heir by [[Edward the Confessor]]<hr/>Brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor<hr/>Elected by the [[Witenagemot]]

|}

===Disputed claimant (House of Wessex)===
After King Harold was killed at the [[Battle of Hastings]], the [[Witan]] elected Edgar Ætheling as king, but by then the Normans controlled the country and Edgar never ruled. He submitted to King William the Conqueror.
{{Nobility table header|extra column= Claim}}

|-
| ''(Title disputed)''<br/>'''''[[Edgar Ætheling]]'''''{{R|group=|ArchontologyEdgarAtheling|page1=|q1=||}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edgar Atheling (r. Oct – Dec 1066) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edgar-atheling-r-oct-dec-1066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020244/https://www.royal.uk/edgar-atheling-r-oct-dec-1066 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>15 October 1066<br/>–<br/>17 December 1066{{Efn|After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London.<ref name="ArchontologyEdgarAtheling">{{Cite web |title=Eadgar (the Ætheling) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193659/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar2.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=26 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref>}}<br/>''({{Age in years and days|15 October 1066|17 December 1066|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edgar the Ætheling.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|1051}}<hr/>Son of [[Edward the Exile]]<br/>and [[Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile|Agatha]]
| No known marriage
| 1125 or 1126<br/>Aged about 75
| Grandson of [[Edmund Ironside]]<hr/>Elected by the Witenagemot

|}

==House of Normandy (1066–1135)==
{{Main|House of Normandy}}
In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were [[Harold Godwinson]] (recognised as king by the [[Witenagemot]] after the death of [[Edward the Confessor]]), [[Harald Hardrada]] (King of [[Norway]] who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut) and [[William the Conqueror|Duke William II of Normandy]] (vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor). Harald Hardrada and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Harald Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the [[Norman conquest of England]].

After the [[Battle of Hastings]] on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from [[Winchester]] to [[London]]. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king [[Edgar Ætheling]], the son of [[Edward the Exile]] and grandson of Edmund Ironside. The young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in [[Westminster Abbey]], and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[William the Conqueror|William I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=William I 'The Conqueror' (r. 1066–1087) |url=https://www.royal.uk/william-i-conqueror-r-1066-1087 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015730/https://www.royal.uk/william-i-conqueror-r-1066-1087 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=34}}.</ref><br/>'''William the Conqueror'''{{Efn|Sometimes '''William the Bastard'''}}<br/>25 December 1066<br/>–<br/>9 September 1087<br/>''({{Age in years and days|25 December 1066|9 September 1087|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:William the Conqueror in the Brief Abridgement of the Chronicles of England.jpg|100px|William the Conqueror depicted at the Brief Abridgement of the Chronicles of England, by Matthew Paris.]]
| {{Circa|1028}}<br/>[[Château de Falaise|Falaise Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Robert I, Duke of Normandy|Robert the Magnificent]]<br/>and [[Herleva]]
| [[Matilda of Flanders]]<br/>[[Normandy]]<br/>1053<br/>9 children
| 9 September 1087<br/>[[Rouen]]<br/>Aged about 59{{Efn-lg|William I was buried at the [[Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen|Abbey of Saint-Étienne]] ({{Langx|fr|Abbaye aux Hommes}}) in France.}}
| Supposedly named heir in 1052 by [[Edward the Confessor]]<hr/>First cousin once removed of Edward the Confessor<hr/>[[Right of conquest]]

|-
| '''[[William II of England|William II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=William II (Known as William Rufus) (r. 1087–1100) |url=https://www.royal.uk/william-ii-known-william-rufus-r-1087-1100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020304/https://www.royal.uk/william-ii-known-william-rufus-r-1087-1100 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=35}}.</ref><br/>'''William Rufus'''<br/>26 September 1087{{Efn-lr|William II was crowned on 26 September 1087.}}<br/>–<br/>2 August 1100<br/>''({{Age in years and days|26 September 1087|2 August 1100|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:William II of England.jpg|100px|William Rufus depicted in the Stowe Manuscript]]
| {{Circa|1056}}<br/>[[Normandy]]<hr/>Son of [[William the Conqueror]]<br/>and [[Matilda of Flanders]]
| Unmarried
| 2 August 1100<br/>[[New Forest]]<br/>Shot with an arrow aged 44
| Son of [[William the Conqueror|William I]]<hr/>Granted the [[Kingdom of England]] over elder brother [[Robert Curthose]] (who remained the [[Duke of Normandy]])

|-
| '''[[Henry I of England|Henry I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Henry I 'Beauclerc' (r. 1100–1135) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-i-beauclerc-r-1100-1135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015856/https://www.royal.uk/henry-i-beauclerc-r-1100-1135 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=35}}.</ref><br/>'''Henry Beauclerc'''<br/>5 August 1100{{Efn-lr|Henry I was crowned on 5 August 1100.}}<br/>–<br/>1 December 1135<br/>''({{Age in years and days|5 August 1100|1 December 1135|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Henry1.jpg|100px|Henry I]]
| September 1068<br/>[[Selby]]<hr/>Son of William the Conqueror<br/>and Matilda of Flanders
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Matilda of Scotland]]<br/>[[Westminster Abbey]]<br/>11 November 1100<br/>2 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Adeliza of Louvain]]<br/>[[Windsor Castle]]<br/>29 January 1121<br/>No children
| 1 December 1135<br/>[[Lyons-la-Forêt|Saint-Denis-en-Lyons]]<br/>Aged 67{{Efn-lg|Henry I was buried at [[Reading Abbey]].}}
| Son of William I<hr/>Seizure of the Crown (from Robert Curthose)

|}

==House of Blois (1135–1154)==
{{Main|House of Blois}}

[[Henry I of England|Henry I]] left no legitimate male heirs, his son [[William Adelin]] having died in the ''[[White Ship]]'' disaster of 1120. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]] (Countess of Anjou by her second marriage to [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou]], as well as widow of her first husband, [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]]), as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew [[Stephen of Blois]] as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen travelled to England, and in a [[coup d'etat]] had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as [[The Anarchy]], as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare both in Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Stephen, King of England|Stephen]]'''{{Sfn|Fryde|1996|page=35}}<ref name="Stephen and Matilda">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Stephen and Matilda (r. 1135–1154) |url=https://www.royal.uk/stephen-and-matilda-r-1135-1154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015616/https://www.royal.uk/stephen-and-matilda-r-1135-1154 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''Stephen of Blois'''<br/>22 December 1135{{Efn-lr|Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135.}}<br/>–<br/>25 October 1154<br/>''({{Age in years and days|22 December 1135|25 October 1154|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Stepan Blois.jpg|100px|Stephen]]
| {{Circa|1096}}<br/>[[Blois]]<hr/>Son of [[Stephen, Count of Blois|Stephen II of Blois]]<br/>and [[Adela of Normandy]]
| [[Matilda of Boulogne]]<br/>[[Westminster]]<br/>1125<br/>6 children
| 25 October 1154<br/>[[Dover Castle]]<br/>Aged about 58
| Grandson of [[William the Conqueror|William I]]<hr/>Appointment{{\}}usurpation

|}

===Disputed claimants===

'''[[Empress Matilda|Matilda]]''' was declared [[heir presumptive]] by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the ''[[White Ship]]'', and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, [[Stephen of England|Stephen of Blois]]. During the [[The Anarchy|ensuing Anarchy]], Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141. She was the first woman to do so, but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.{{Efn|Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts, including {{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=David |title=A Struggle for Mastery |date=2003 |page=533}}; {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=W.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/henryii00warr |title=Henry II |date=1973 |publisher=Berkeley |isbn=9780520022829 |page=[https://archive.org/details/henryii00warr/page/176 176] |url-access=registration}}; and {{Cite book |last=Gillingham |first=John |title=The Angevin Empire |date=1984 |page=x}}.}}

{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''''[[Empress Matilda|Matilda]]'''''{{R|Stephen and Matilda}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matilda (the Empress) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/matilda.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193944/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/matilda.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=27 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref><br/>'''Empress Matilda'''<br/>7 April 1141<br/>–<br/>1 November 1141<br/>''({{Age in years and days|7 April 1141|1 November 1141|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Empress Mathilda.png|100px|Matilda]]
| 7 February 1102<br/>[[Manor House (Sutton Courtenay)|Sutton Courtenay Manor House]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]<br/>and [[Matilda of Scotland|Edith of Scotland]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire]]<br/>[[Mainz]]<br/>6 January 1114<br/>No children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]<br/>[[Le Mans Cathedral]]<br/>22 May 1128<br/>3 sons
| 10 September 1167<br/>[[Rouen]]<br/>Aged 65
| Daughter of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]<hr/>[[The Anarchy|Seizure of the Crown]]

|}

Count '''[[Eustace IV of Boulogne]]''' (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was [[Stephen, King of England#Argument with the church (1145–1152)|appointed co-king]] of England by his father, [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen]], on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). The [[Pope]] and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashley |first=Mike |title=The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens |date=1999 |publisher=Robinson Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-84119-096-9 |location=London |page=516}}</ref>

== House of Plantagenet (1154–1485) ==
{{Main|House of Plantagenet}}

The House of Plantagenet takes its name from [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou]], husband of Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name ''per se'' until [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York]] adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England.

=== Angevin kings of England ===
{{Main|Angevin Empire|Angevin kings of England}}
King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the [[Treaty of Wallingford]], in which Stephen recognised [[Henry II of England|Henry]], son of Matilda and her second husband [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou]], as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the [[Angevin kings of England|House of Anjou]] (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the [[House of Plantagenet]], after his [[sobriquet]]. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.

The Angevins (from the French term meaning "from Anjou") ruled over the [[Angevin Empire]] during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by [[John, King of England|King John]]. The direct, eldest male line from Henry II includes monarchs commonly grouped together as the House of Plantagenet, which was the name given to the dynasty after the loss of most of their continental possessions, while [[cadet branch]]es of this line became known as the [[House of Lancaster]] and the [[House of York]] during the [[Wars of the Roses]].

The Angevins formulated [[coat of arms of England|England's royal coat of arms]], which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without [[Lordship of Ireland|representation of Ireland]] for quite some time. ''[[Dieu et mon droit]]'' was first used as a [[battle cry]] by [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] in 1198 at the [[Battle of Gisors]], when he defeated the forces of [[Philip II of France]].<ref name=Pine-53/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Norris |first=Herbert |title=Medieval Costume and Fashion |date=1999 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-40486-8 |edition=illustrated, reprint |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xiqahsJPHSgC&pg=PA312 312]}}</ref> It has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by [[Edward III]].<ref name="Pine-53">{{Cite book |last=Pine |first=Leslie Gilbert |title=A Dictionary of mottoes |date=1983 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7100-9339-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dHE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53 53]}}</ref>

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Henry II of England|Henry II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Henry II 'Curtmantle' (r. 1154–1189) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-ii-curtmantle-r-1154-1189 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013038/https://www.royal.uk/henry-ii-curtmantle-r-1154-1189 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=36}}.</ref><br/>'''Henry Curtmantle'''<br/>19 December 1154{{Efn-lr|Henry II was crowned on 19 December 1154 with his queen, [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]].}}<br/>–<br/>6 July 1189<br/>''({{Age in years and days|19 December 1154|6 July 1189|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Henry II Illumination.jpg|100px|Henry II]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1154-1189).svg|75px<!--Arms-->|Royal Arms of England (1154–1189)]]
| 5 March 1133<br/>[[Le Mans]]<hr/>Son of [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey V of Anjou]]<br/>and [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]]
| [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]<br/>[[Bordeaux Cathedral]]<br/>18 May 1152<br/>8 children
| 6 July 1189<br/>[[Chinon]]<br/>Aged 56{{Efn-lg|Henry II was buried at [[Fontevraud Abbey]].}}
| Grandson of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]<hr/>[[Treaty of Wallingford]]<hr/>Great-great-great-grandson of [[Edmund Ironside]]

|-,
| colspan=99 | Henry II named his son, '''[[Henry the Young King]]''' (1155–1183), as co-ruler with him but this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings.

|-
| '''[[Richard I of England|Richard I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Richard I Coeur de Lion ('The Lionheart') (r.1189–1199) |url=https://www.royal.uk/richard-i-coeur-de-lion-lionheart-r1189-1199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020118/https://www.royal.uk/richard-i-coeur-de-lion-lionheart-r1189-1199 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=36}}.</ref><br/>'''Richard the Lionheart'''<br/>3 September 1189{{Efn-lr|Richard I was crowned on 3 September 1189.}}<br/>–<br/>6 April 1199<br/>''({{Age in years and days|3 September 1189|6 April 1199|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Richard I of England in the Brief Abridgement of the Chronicles of England.jpg|100px|Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th-century codex]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 8 September 1157<br/>[[Beaumont Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]<br/>and [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]
| [[Berengaria of Navarre]]<br/>[[Limassol]]<br/>12 May 1191<br/>No children
| 6 April 1199<br/>[[Château de Châlus-Chabrol|Châlus]]<br/>Shot by a [[crossbow bolt|quarrel](a bolt)] aged 41{{Efn-lg|Richard I was buried at [[Rouen Cathedral]]. His body currently lies at [[Fontevraud Abbey]].}}
| Son of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]<hr/>[[Primogeniture]]

|-
| '''[[John, King of England|John]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=John Lackland (r. 1199–1216) |url=https://www.royal.uk/john-lackland-r-1199-1216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015904/https://www.royal.uk/john-lackland-r-1199-1216 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=37}}.</ref><br/>'''John Lackland'''<br/>27 May 1199{{Efn-lr|John was crowned on 27 May 1199.}}<br/>–<br/>19 October 1216<br/>''({{Age in years and days|27 May 1199|19 October 1216|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:John of England (John Lackland).jpg|100px|King John]]
| 24 December 1166<br/>Beaumont Palace<hr/>Son of Henry II<br/>and Eleanor of Aquitaine
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Isabella, Countess of Gloucester|Isabel of Gloucester]]<br/>[[Marlborough Castle]]<br/>29 August 1189<br/>No children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Isabella of Angoulême]]<br/>Bordeaux Cathedral<br/>24 August 1200<br/>5 children
| 19 October 1216<br/>[[Newark-on-Trent]]<br/>Aged 49{{Efn-lg|John was buried at [[Worcester Cathedral]].}}
| Son of Henry II<hr/>Nomination<hr/>[[Proximity of blood]]

|}

====Disputed claimant (House of Capet)====

The future '''[[Louis VIII of France]]''' briefly won two-thirds of England over to his side from May 1216 to September 1217 at the conclusion of the [[First Barons' War]] against [[John, King of England|King John]]. The then-Prince Louis landed on the [[Isle of Thanet]], off the north Kent coast, on 21 May 1216, and marched more or less unopposed to London, where the streets were lined with cheering crowds. At a grand ceremony in St. Paul's Cathedral, on 2 June 1216, in the presence of numerous English clergy and nobles, the Mayor of London and Alexander II of Scotland, Prince Louis was proclaimed King Louis of England (though not crowned). In less than a month, "King Louis" controlled more than half of the country and enjoyed the support of two-thirds of the barons. However, he suffered military defeat at the hands of the English fleet. By signing the [[Treaty of Lambeth]] in September 1217, Louis gained 10,000 marks and agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England: Louis of France's Claim to the Throne of England: 1216–1217 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/king_england/01_louis_france.php |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Archontology.org}}</ref> "King Louis" remains one of the least known kings to have ruled over a substantial part of England.<ref>"[https://thecrownchronicles.co.uk/history/the-only-2-louis-in-british-history-uncrowned-king-louis-the-lion-prince-louis-of-cambridge/ The Only Two Louis in British History]". TheCrownChronicles.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</ref>

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''''[[Louis VIII of France|Louis]]'''''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanley |first=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHk8DAAAQBAJ |title=Louis: The French Prince Who Invaded England |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22164-0 |pages=1066, 1208 |language=en}}</ref><br/>'''''Louis the Lion'''''<br/>2 June 1216<br/>–<br/>20 September 1217<br/>''(1 year, 111 days)''
| [[File:Louis8.png|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 5 September 1187<br/>[[Paris]]<hr/>Son of [[Philip II of France]]<br/>and [[Isabella of Hainault]]
| [[Blanche of Castile]]<br/>[[Port-Mort]]<br/>23 May 1200<br/>13 children
| 8 November 1226<br/>[[Duchy of Montpensier|Montpensier]]<br/>Aged 39
| Offered by the Barons<hr/>Maternal grandson-in-law of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]<hr/>[[Right of conquest]]

|}

=== Main line of Plantagenets ===
It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[House of York|York]] are [[cadet branch]]es of the House of Plantagenet.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Henry III of England|Henry III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Henry III (r. 1216–1272) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-iii-r-1216-1272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174607/https://www.royal.uk/henry-iii-r-1216-1272 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=37}}.</ref><br/>'''Henry of Winchester'''<br/>28 October 1216{{Efn-lr|Henry III was crowned on 28 October 1216.}}<br/>–<br/>16 November 1272<br/>''({{Age in years and days|28 October 1216|16 November 1272|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:HenryIII.jpg|100px|Henry III]]
| rowspan=3 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 1 October 1207<br/>[[Winchester Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[John, King of England|John]]<br/>and [[Isabella of Angoulême]]
| [[Eleanor of Provence]]<br/>[[Canterbury Cathedral]]<br/>14 January 1236<br/>5 children
| 16 November 1272<br/>[[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]]<br/>Aged 65
| Son of [[John, King of England|John]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|-
| '''[[Edward I of England|Edward I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward I 'Longshanks' (r. 1272–1307) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-i-longshanks-r-1272-1307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020307/https://www.royal.uk/edward-i-longshanks-r-1272-1307 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=38}}.</ref><br/>'''Edward Longshanks'''<br/>20 November 1272{{Efn-lr|Edward I was crowned on 19 August 1274 with [[Eleanor of Castile|Queen Eleanor]].}}<br/>–<br/>7 July 1307<br/>''({{Age in years and days|20 November 1272|7 July 1307|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edward I - Westminster Abbey Sedilia.jpg|100px|Edward I of England]]
| 17 June 1239<br/>[[Palace of Westminster]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]<br/>and [[Eleanor of Provence]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Eleanor of Castile]]<br/>[[Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas]]<br/>18 October 1254<br/>16 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]]<br/>Canterbury Cathedral<br/>10 September 1299<br/>3 children
| 7 July 1307<br/>[[Burgh by Sands]]<br/>Aged 68
| Son of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|-
| '''[[Edward II of England|Edward II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward II (r. 1307–1327) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-ii-r-1307-1327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020057/https://www.royal.uk/edward-ii-r-1307-1327 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=39}}.</ref><br/>'''Edward of Caernarfon'''<br/>8 July 1307{{Efn-lr|Edward II was crowned on 25 February 1308 with [[Isabella of France|Queen Isabella]].}}<br/>–<br/>[[Parliament of 1327|Abdicated]] 20 January 1327<br/>''({{Age in years and days|8 July 1307|20 January 1327|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edward II, King of England (Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C 292, folio 105r).jpg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 25 April 1284<br/>[[Caernarfon Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]<br/>and [[Eleanor of Castile]]
| [[Isabella of France]]<br/>[[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne|Boulogne Cathedral]]<br/>24 January 1308<br/>4 children
| 21 September 1327<br/>[[Berkeley Castle]]<br/>Murdered aged 43{{Efn|The date of Edward II's death is disputed by historian [[Ian Mortimer (historian)|Ian Mortimer]], who argues that he may not have been murdered, but held imprisoned in Europe for several more years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Ian |title=The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-09-952709-1}}</ref>}}
| Son of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|-
| '''[[Edward III of England|Edward III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward III (r. 1327–1377) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-r-1327-1377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020011/https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-r-1327-1377 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=39}}.</ref><br/>'''Edward of Windsor'''<br/>25 January 1327{{Efn-lr|Edward III was crowned on 1 February 1327.}}<br/>–<br/>21 June 1377<br/>''({{Age in years and days|25 January 1327|21 June 1377|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]<br/>{{Small|Until 1340,<br/>1360–1369}}<hr/>[[File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]<br/>{{Small|1340–1360,<br/>from 1369}}
| 13 November 1312<br/>[[Windsor Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]]<br/>and [[Isabella of France]]
| [[Philippa of Hainault]]<br/>[[York Minster]]<br/>25 January 1328<br/>14 children
| 21 June 1377<br/>[[Sheen Palace]]<br/>Aged 64
| Son of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|-
| '''[[Richard II of England|Richard II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Richard II (r. 1377–1399) |url=https://www.royal.uk/richard-ii-r-1377-1399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015943/https://www.royal.uk/richard-ii-r-1377-1399 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=40}}.</ref><br/>'''Richard of Bordeaux'''<br/>22 June 1377{{Efn-lr|Richard II was crowned on 16 July 1377.}}<br/>–<br/>29 September 1399<br/>''({{Age in years and days|22 June 1377|29 September 1399|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:The Westminster Portrait of Richard II of England (1390s).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1395-1399).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 6 January 1367<br/>[[Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux]]<hr/>Son of [[Edward the Black Prince]]<br/>and [[Joan of Kent]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Anne of Bohemia]]<br/>14 January 1382<br/>Westminster Abbey<br/>No children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Isabella of Valois]]<br/>[[Citadel of Calais|Church of St. Nicholas, Calais]]<br/>4 November 1396<br/>No children
| 14 February 1400<br/>[[Pontefract Castle]]<br/>Aged 33
| Grandson of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|}

===House of Lancaster===
{{Main|House of Lancaster}}

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]]. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer]] (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, [[Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence|Lionel of Antwerp]]).

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mortimer |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Mortimer (historian) |date=2007 |title=Henry IV's date of birth and the royal Maundy |journal=[[Historical Research]] |volume=80 |issue=210 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00403.x |issn=0950-3471}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry IV (r.1399–1413) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-iv-r1399-1413 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134420/https://www.royal.uk/henry-iv-r1399-1413 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=40}}.</ref><br/>'''Henry of Bolingbroke'''<br/>30 September 1399{{Efn-lr|Henry IV was crowned on 13 October 1399.|name=|group=}}<br/>–<br/>20 March 1413<br/>''({{Age in years and days|30 September 1399|20 March 1413|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Illumination of Henry IV (cropped).jpg|100px|Henry IV]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]<br/>{{Small|until 1406}}<hr/>[[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]<br/>{{Small|from 1406}}
| <!--Please do not change birth year without discussing it on talk page. Thank you!-->{{circa}} April 1367<br/>[[Bolingbroke Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[John of Gaunt]]<br/>and [[Blanche of Lancaster]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Mary de Bohun]]<br/>[[Arundel Castle]]<br/>27 July 1380<br/>6 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joanna of Navarre]]<br/>[[Winchester Cathedral]]<br/>7 February 1403<br/>Stillborn twins
| 20 March 1413<br/>[[Westminster Abbey]]<br/>Aged 45
| Grandson{{\}}[[heir male]] of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]<hr/>[[Usurper|Usurpation]]

|-
| '''[[Henry V of England|Henry V]]'''<ref>{{Cite ODNB| last= Allmand| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Allmand| title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography| location = Oxford, England, UK | date = September 2010 | chapter = Henry V (1386–1422) | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/12952| title-link = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry V (r. 1413–1422) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-v-r-1413-1422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020240/https://www.royal.uk/henry-v-r-1413-1422 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=41}}.</ref><br/>'''Henry of Monmouth'''<br/>21 March 1413{{Efn-lr|Henry V was crowned on 9 April 1413.|name=|group=}}<br/>–<br/>31 August 1422<br/>''({{Age in years and days|21 March 1413|31 August 1422|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Henry V Miniature.jpg|100px|Henry V]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 16 September 1386<br/>[[Monmouth Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]<br/>and [[Mary de Bohun]]
| [[Catherine of Valois]]<br/>[[Troyes Cathedral]]<br/>2 June 1420<br/>1 son
| 31 August 1422<br/>[[Château de Vincennes]]<br/>Aged 35
| Son of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]<hr/>[[Primogeniture#Agnatic_primogeniture|Agnatic primogeniture]]

|-
| ''(1st reign)''<br/>'''[[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]'''<ref name="Henry VI">{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry VI (r.1422–1461 and 1470–1471) |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-vi-r1422-1461-and-1470-1471 |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015450/https://www.royal.uk/henry-vi-r1422-1461-and-1470-1471 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>{{Sfn|Fryde|1996|page=41}}<br/>1 September 1422{{Efn-lr|Henry VI was crowned on 6 November 1429.|name=|group=}}<br/>–<br/>4 March 1461<br/>''({{Age in years and days|1 September 1422|4 March 1461|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg|100px|Henry VI]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 6 December 1421<br/>[[Windsor Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]<br/>and [[Catherine of Valois]]
| [[Margaret of Anjou]]<br/>[[Titchfield Abbey]]<br/>22 April 1445<br/>1 son
| 21 May 1471<br/>[[Tower of London]]<br/>Allegedly murdered aged 49
| Son of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]<hr/>Agnatic primogeniture

|}

===House of York===
{{Main|House of York}}
The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, [[Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence|Lionel of Antwerp]], but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Edmund of Langley]], first [[Duke of York]].

The [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.
{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| ''(1st reign)''<br/>'''[[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'''<ref name="Edward IV">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Edward IV (r. 1461–1470 and 1471–1483) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-iv-r-1461-1470-and-1471-1483 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015445/https://www.royal.uk/edward-iv-r-1461-1470-and-1471-1483 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>4 March 1461{{Efn-lr|Edward IV was crowned on 28 June 1461.}}<br/>–<br/>3 October 1470<br/>''({{Age in years and days|4 March 1461|3 October 1470|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King Edward IV.jpg|100px|Edward IV]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 28 April 1442<br/>[[Rouen Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York]]<br/>and [[Cecily Neville, Duchess of York|Cecily Neville]]
| [[Elizabeth Woodville]]<br/>[[Grafton Regis]]<br/>1 May 1464<br/>10 children
| 9 April 1483<br/>[[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]]<br/>Aged 40
| Great-great-grandson{{\}}[[heir general]] of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]<hr/>[[Wars of the Roses|Seizure of the Crown]]<hr/>[[Act of Accord]]

|}

===House of Lancaster (restored)===
{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| ''([[Readeption of Henry VI|2nd reign]])''<br/>'''[[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]'''{{R|Henry VI}}<br/>3 October 1470<br/>–<br/>11 April 1471<br/>''({{Age in years and days|3 October 1470|11 April 1471|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg|100px|Henry VI]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 6 December 1421<br/>[[Windsor Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]<br/>and [[Catherine of Valois]]
| [[Margaret of Anjou]]<br/>[[Titchfield Abbey]]<br/>22 April 1445<br/>1 son
| 21 May 1471<br/>[[Tower of London]]<br/>Allegedly murdered aged 49
| Son of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]<hr/>[[Wars of the Roses|Seizure of the Crown]]

|}

===House of York (restored)===
{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| ''(2nd reign)''<br/>'''[[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'''{{R|Edward IV}}<br/>11 April 1471<br/>–<br/>9 April 1483<br/>''({{Age in years and days|11 April 1471|9 April 1483|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King Edward IV.jpg|100px|Edward IV]]
| rowspan=3 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 28 April 1442<br/>[[Rouen Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|Richard of York]]<br/>and [[Cecily Neville, Duchess of York|Cecily Neville]]
| [[Elizabeth Woodville]]<br/>[[Grafton Regis]]<br/>1 May 1464<br/>10 children
| 9 April 1483<br/>[[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]]<br/>Aged 40
| Great-great-grandson{{\}}[[heir general]] of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]<hr/>[[Wars of the Roses|Seizure of the Crown]]<hr/>[[Act of Accord]]

|-
| '''[[Edward V of England|Edward V]]'''{{R|ArchontologyEdwardV}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Edward V (Apr–Jun 1483) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-v-apr-jun-1483 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020046/https://www.royal.uk/edward-v-apr-jun-1483 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=41}}.</ref><br/>9 April 1483<br/>–<br/>25 June 1483{{Efn|Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. He was never crowned.<ref name="ArchontologyEdwardV">{{Cite web |title=Edward V |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/edward5.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193830/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/edward5.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref>}}<br/>''({{Age in years and days|9 April 1483|25 June 1483|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King-edward-v.jpg|100px|Edward V]]
| 2 November 1470<br/>Cheyneygates, [[Westminster Abbey]]<hr/>Son of [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]<br/>and [[Elizabeth Woodville]]
| Unmarried
| Disappeared mid-1483<br/>[[Tower of London]]<br/>[[Princes in the Tower|Allegedly murdered aged 12]]
| Son of [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|-
| '''[[Richard III of England|Richard III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard III |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/richard3b.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194004/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/richard3b.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Richard III (r. 1483–1485) |url=https://www.royal.uk/richard-iii-r-1483-1485 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020013/https://www.royal.uk/richard-iii-r-1483-1485 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>26 June 1483{{Efn-lr|Richard III was crowned on 6 July 1483 with [[Anne Neville|Queen Anne]].}}<br/>–<br/>22 August 1485<br/>''({{Age in years and days|26 June 1483|22 August 1485|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Richard III portrait.jpg|100px|Richard III]]
| 2 October 1452<br/>[[Fotheringhay Castle]]<hr/>Son of Richard of York<br/>and Cecily Neville
| [[Anne Neville]]<br/>[[Westminster Abbey]]<br/>12 July 1472<br/>1 son
| 22 August 1485<br/>[[Bosworth Field]]<br/>Killed in battle aged 32{{Efn-lg|The body of Richard III was [[Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England|exhumed and reburied]] in Leicester Cathedral in 2015.}}
| Great-great-grandson of Edward III<hr/>''[[Titulus Regius]]''

|}

==House of Tudor (1485–1603)==
{{Main|House of Tudor|Tudor period}}
The Tudors descended in the female line from [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset|John Beaufort]], one of the illegitimate children of [[John of Gaunt]] (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress [[Katherine Swynford]]. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a [[papal bull]] the same year.<ref name="Jones">Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, ''The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 19–20.</ref> Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397.<ref>Chris Skidmore, ''The Rise of the Tudors: The Family That Changed English History'', (St.Martin's Press, 2013), 22.</ref> A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]], also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.<ref>{{Cite DNBSupp |last=Pollard |first=Albert Frederick |wstitle=Beaufort, John (1373?-1410) |volume=1 |pages=158}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal [[House of Lancaster]].

John Beaufort's granddaughter [[Lady Margaret Beaufort]] was married to [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond|Edmund Tudor]]. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to [[Owen Tudor]]) and [[Catherine of Valois]], the widow of the Lancastrian [[Henry V of England|King Henry V]]. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.

By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] after defeating Richard III at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry VII married [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See [[House of Tudor#Royal lineage|family tree]].)

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry VII (r. 1485–1509) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-vii-r-1485-1509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020233/https://www.royal.uk/henry-vii-r-1485-1509 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>22 August 1485{{Efn-lr|Henry VII was crowned on 30 October 1485.}}<br/>–<br/>21 April 1509<br/>''({{Age in years and days|22 August 1485|21 April 1509|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Enrique VII de Inglaterra, por un artista anónimo.jpg|100px|Henry VII, by Michel Sittow, 1505]]
| rowspan=3 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 28 January 1457<br/>[[Pembroke Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond|Edmund Tudor]]<br/>and [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby|Margaret Beaufort]]
| [[Elizabeth of York]]<br/>[[Westminster Abbey]]<br/>18 January 1486<br/>8 children
| 21 April 1509<br/>[[Richmond Palace]]<br/>Aged 52
| Great-great-great-grandson of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]<hr/>[[Right of conquest]]<hr/>Marriage to [[Elizabeth of York]]

|-
| '''[[Henry VIII]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry VIII (r.1509–1547) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-viii-r1509-1547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015507/https://www.royal.uk/henry-viii-r1509-1547 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=42}}.</ref><br/>22 April 1509{{Efn-lr|Henry VIII was [[Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine|crowned on 24 June 1509]] with [[Catherine of Aragon|Queen Catherine]].}}<br/>–<br/>28 January 1547<br/>''({{Age in years and days|22 April 1509|28 January 1547|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg|100px|Henry VIII, by Hans Holbein, {{circa|1536}}]]
| 28 June 1491<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]<br/>and [[Elizabeth of York]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Catherine of Aragon]]<br/>Church of the Observant Friars, [[Greenwich]]<br/>11 June 1509<br/>[[Mary I of England|1 daughter]]<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Anne Boleyn]]<br/>[[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]]<br/>25 January 1533{{Efn|[[Edward Hall]] and [[Raphael Holinshed]] both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne, which was conducted in [[Dover]] on 15 November 1532.}}<br/>[[Elizabeth I|1 daughter]]<hr/>{{Gray|(3)}} [[Jane Seymour]]<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall Palace]]<br/>30 May 1536<br/>[[Edward VI|1 son]]<hr/>[[Wives of Henry VIII|''3 further marriages'']]<br/>''No more children''
| 28 January 1547<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall Palace]]<br/>Aged 55
| Son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]<hr/>[[Primogeniture]]

|-
| '''[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Edward VI (r.1547–1553) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-vi-r1547-1553 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015802/https://www.royal.uk/edward-vi-r1547-1553 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>28 January 1547{{Efn-lr|Edward VI was [[Coronation of Edward VI|crowned on 20 February 1547]].}}<br/>–<br/>6 July 1553<br/>''({{Age in years and days|28 January 1547|6 July 1553|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Circle of William Scrots Edward VI of England.jpg|100px|Edward VI, by Hans Eworth]]
| 12 October 1537<br/>[[Hampton Court Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry VIII]]<br/>and [[Jane Seymour]]
| Unmarried
| 6 July 1553<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<br/>Aged 15
| Son of [[Henry VIII]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|}

===Disputed claimant===

Edward VI named '''[[Lady Jane Grey]]''' as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the [[Third Succession Act]]. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the [[Privy Council]] switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister [[Mary I of England|Mary]] queen. Jane was later executed for treason.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''''[[Lady Jane Grey|Jane]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Jane Grey: Marriage |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200449/http://britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=britannia.com}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Lady Jane Grey (r. 10–19 July 1553) |url=https://www.royal.uk/lady-jane-grey-r-10-19-july-1553 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020212/https://www.royal.uk/lady-jane-grey-r-10-19-july-1553 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''''Lady Jane Grey'''''<br/>10 July 1553<br/>–<br/>19 July 1553<br/>''({{Age in years and days|10 July 1553|19 July 1553}})''
| [[File:Streathamladyjayne.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of Grey Family.svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 1536 or 1537<br/>[[Bradgate Park]]<hr/>Daughter of the [[Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk|1st Duke of Suffolk]]<br/>and [[Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk|Frances Brandon]]
| [[Lord Guildford Dudley|Guildford Dudley]]<br/>[[Durham House, London|Durham House]]<br/>21 May 1553<br/>No children
| 12 February 1554<br/>[[Tower Green]]<br/>Executed aged about 17
| Great-granddaughter of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]<hr/>[[Devise for the Succession]]

|}

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Mary I of England|Mary I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Mary I (r.1553–1558) |url=https://www.royal.uk/mary-i-r1553-1558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020206/https://www.royal.uk/mary-i-r1553-1558 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>19 July 1553{{Efn-lr|Mary I was [[Coronation of Mary I of England|crowned on 1 October 1553]].}}<br/>–<br/>17 November 1558<br/>''({{Age in years and days|19 July 1553|17 November 1558|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Anthonis Mor 001.jpg|100px|Mary I, by Antonius Mor, 1554]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1554-1558).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 18 February 1516<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<br/>and [[Catherine of Aragon]]
| [[Philip II of Spain]]<br/>[[Winchester Cathedral]]<br/>25 July 1554<br/>No children
| 17 November 1558<br/>[[St James's Palace]]<br/>Aged 42
| Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<hr/>[[Third Succession Act]]

|-
| ''([[Jure uxoris]])''<br/>'''[[Philip II of Spain|Philip]]'''<ref name=Montrose/><br/>25 July 1554{{Efn|Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. {{Crossreference|(See [[Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain]].)}} However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness{{Spaces}}... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions", but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.}}<br/>–<br/>17 November 1558<br/>''({{Age in years and days|25 July 1554|17 November 1558|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Portrait of King Philip II of Spain (1527–1598), by Antonis Mor (Bilbao Fine Arts Museum).jpg|100px|King Philip of England]]
| 21 May 1527<br/>[[Palacio de Pimentel]]<hr/>Son of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire]]<br/>and [[Isabella of Portugal]]
| [[Mary I of England]]<br/>Winchester Cathedral<br/>25 July 1554<br/>No children<hr/>''3 other marriages<br/>7 children''
| 13 September 1598<br/>[[El Escorial]]<br/>Aged 71
| Husband of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]]<hr/>[[Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain]]

|- 
| colspan=99 align=left |

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between '''[[Philip II of Spain|Philip I of Naples]]''' (later Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Parliament]], were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness&nbsp;... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain (1554) |url=http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/H111_doc_marriageofqueenmary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720115759/http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/H111_doc_marriageofqueenmary.html |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=Document Discovery Project}}</ref> (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to [[Coregency|co-reign]] with his wife.<ref name="Montrose">{{Cite book |last=Montrose |first=Louis Adrian |title=The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation |date=2006 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>{{Efn|As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.<ref name=Montrose/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A. F. |title=The History of England{{Snd}}From the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603) |date=2007 |publisher=Read Books}}; {{Cite book |last=Groot |first=Wim de |title=The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557) |date=2005 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren}}</ref> Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the [[coat of arms of England]] was [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaled]] with Philip's to denote their joint reign.<ref>{{Cite book |title=British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800 |date=1978 |publisher=British Museum Publications Ltd. |editor-last=Marks |editor-first=Richard |editor-last2=Payne |editor-first2=Ann |editor-last3=British Museum |editor-last4=British Library}}; {{Cite book |title=The Numismatist |date=1971 |publisher=[[American Numismatic Association]]}}</ref> Acts were passed in England and in Ireland which made it [[high treason]] to deny Philip's royal authority {{Crossreference|(see [[Treason Act 1554]])}}.<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Robert Dudley |title=Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation |date=1977 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>}}

|-
| '''[[Elizabeth I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Elizabeth I (r.1558–1603) |url=https://www.royal.uk/elizabeth-i-r1558-1603 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015719/https://www.royal.uk/elizabeth-i-r1558-1603 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>17 November 1558{{Efn-lr|Elizabeth I was [[Coronation of Elizabeth I|crowned on 15 January 1559]].}}<br/>–<br/>24 March 1603<br/>''({{Age in years and days|17 November 1558|24 March 1603|duration=yes}})''<br/>{{See also|Elizabethan era}}
| [[File:Elizabeth I in coronation robes.jpg |100px|Elizabeth I, by Darnley]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 7 September 1533<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<br/>and [[Anne Boleyn]]
| Unmarried
| 24 March 1603<br/>[[Richmond Palace]]<br/>Aged 69
| Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<hr/>[[Third Succession Act]]

|}

==House of Stuart (1603–1649)==
{{Main|House of Stuart|Stuart period|Jacobean era|Caroline era}}
Elizabeth's cousin, [[King James VI of Scotland]], succeeded to the English throne as James I in the [[Union of the Crowns]]. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, [[Margaret Tudor]], the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of [[James IV of Scotland]]. In 1604, he adopted the title ''King of Great Britain''. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the [[Acts of Union 1707]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource |title=Act of Union 1707}}</ref>

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[James VI and I|James I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-26 |title=James I (r. 1603–1625) |url=https://www.royal.uk/james-i-r-1603-1625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020331/https://www.royal.uk/james-i-r-1603-1625 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>24 March 1603{{Efn-lr|James I was [[Coronation of James I and Anne|crowned on 25 July 1603]] with [[Anne of Denmark|Queen Anne]].}}<br/>–<br/>27 March 1625<br/>''({{Age in years and days|24 March 1603|27 March 1625|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:JamesIEngland.jpg|100px|James I, by Paulus van Somer]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 19 June 1566<br/>[[Edinburgh Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]
| [[Anne of Denmark]]<br/>[[Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo|Old Bishop's Palace, Oslo]]<br/>23 November 1589<br/>7 children
| 27 March 1625<br/>[[De Vere Theobalds Estate|Theobalds House]]<br/>Aged 58
| Great-great-grandson{{\}}[[heir general]] of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]

|-
| '''[[Charles I of England|Charles I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-30 |title=Charles I (r. 1625–1649) |url=https://www.royal.uk/charles-i-r-1625-1649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315121306/https://www.royal.uk/charles-i-r-1625-1649 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>27 March 1625{{Efn-lr|Charles I was crowned on 2 February 1626.}}<br/>–<br/>30 January 1649<br/>''({{Age in years and days|27 March 1625|30 January 1649|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg|100px|Charles I, by Anthony van Dyck]]
| 19 November 1600<br/>[[Dunfermline Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[James VI and I|James I]]<br/>and [[Anne of Denmark]]
| [[Henrietta Maria of France]]<br/>[[St Augustine's Abbey]]<br/>13 June 1625<br/>9 children
| 30 January 1649<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall Palace]]<br/>Executed aged 48
| Son of [[James VI and I|James I]]<hr/>[[Cognatic primogeniture]]

|}

==First Interregnum (1649–1660)==
{{Main|Commonwealth of England|Interregnum (1649–1660)}}
No monarch reigned after the 1649 [[execution of Charles I]]. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English [[head of state]], as England was ruled directly by the [[Rump Parliament]] with the [[English Council of State]] acting as executive power during a period known as the [[Commonwealth of England]].

After a [[coup d'etat]] in 1653, [[Oliver Cromwell]] forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered [[The Protectorate]] period, under Cromwell's direct control with the title [[Lord Protector]].

It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes}}
|-
| '''[[Oliver Cromwell]]'''<br/>16 December 1653<br/>–<br/>3 September 1658<ref name="BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell">{{Cite web |title=Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658 |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210842/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=british-civil-wars.co.uk}}</ref><br/>''({{Age in years and days|16 December 1653|3 September 1658|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg|100px|Oliver Cromwell]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Arms of the Protectorate (1653–1659).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 25 April 1599<br/>[[Huntingdon]]<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell/><hr/>Son of [[Robert Cromwell]]<br/>and [[Elizabeth Steward]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oliver Cromwell – Faq 1 |url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618072613/http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs1.htm |archive-date=18 June 2010 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=olivercromwell.org}}</ref>
| [[Elizabeth Cromwell|Elizabeth Bourchier]]<br/>[[St Giles-without-Cripplegate|St Giles]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of St Giles' without Cripplegate |url=http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929223348/http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=stgilescripplegate.org.uk}}</ref><br/>22 August 1620<br/>9 children<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell/>
| 3 September 1658<br/>[[Whitehall]]<br/>Aged 59<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell/>

|-
| '''[[Richard Cromwell]]'''<br/>3 September 1658<br/>–<br/>7 May 1659<ref name="BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell">{{Cite web |title=Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1626–1712 |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012050727/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=british-civil-wars.co.uk}}</ref><br/>''({{Age in years and days|3 September 1658|7 May 1659|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Richard Cromwell (1626-1712), by Gerard Soest.jpg|100px|Richard Cromwell, {{circa|1650}}]]
| 4 October 1626<br/>Huntingdon<hr/>Son of [[Oliver Cromwell]]<br/>and [[Elizabeth Cromwell|Elizabeth Bourchier]]<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell/>
| [[Dorothy Maijor]]<br/>May 1649<br/>9 children<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell/>
| 12 July 1712<br/>[[Cheshunt]]<br/>Aged 85<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cromwell, Richard |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/commonwealth/cromwell2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193800/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/commonwealth/cromwell2.php |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref>

|}

Richard Cromwell was forcibly removed by the [[English Committee of Safety]] in May 1659. England again lacked any single head of state. After almost a year of anarchy, the monarchy was [[Restoration (England)|formally restored]] when [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] returned from France to accept the throne.

==House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)==
{{Main|Restoration (England)}}
The Monarchy was restored under the rule of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]].

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-03 |title=Charles II (r. 1660–1685) |url=https://www.royal.uk/charles-ii-r-1660-1685-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015538/https://www.royal.uk/charles-ii-r-1660-1685-0 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Cite web |title=Oliver Cromwell (1649–1658 AD) |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon49.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121152029/http://www.britannia.com//history/monarchs/mon49.html |archive-date=21 November 2008 |access-date=28 November 2008 |website=britannia.com}}</ref><br/>29 May 1660{{Efn-lr|Charles II was crowned on 23 April 1661 but had been recognised by [[Cavalier|Royalists]] in 1649.}}<br/>–<br/>6 February 1685<br/>''({{Age in years and days|29 May 1660|6 February 1685|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 29 May 1630<br/>[[St James's Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]<br/>and [[Henrietta Maria of France]]
| [[Catherine of Braganza]]<br/>[[Domus Dei|Royal Garrison Church]]<br/>21 May 1662<br/>No children
| 6 February 1685<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall Palace]]<br/>Aged 54
| Son of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]<hr/>[[Cognatic primogeniture]]<hr/>English Restoration

|-
| '''[[James II of England|James II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-26 |title=James II (r.1685–1688) |url=https://www.royal.uk/james-ii-r1685-1688 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134431/https://www.royal.uk/james-ii-r1685-1688 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>6 February 1685{{Efn-lr|James II was crowned on 23 April 1685 with [[Mary of Modena|Queen Mary]].}}<br/>–<br/>23 December 1688<br/>''([[Glorious Revolution|Overthrown]] after {{Age in years and days|6 February 1685|23 December 1688}})''
| [[File:James II by Peter Lely.jpg|100px]]
| 14 October 1633<br/>St James's Palace<hr/>Son of Charles I<br/>and Henrietta Maria of France
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Anne Hyde]]<br/>Worchester House, [[Strand, London|The Strand]]<br/>3 September 1660<br/>8 children<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Mary of Modena]]<br/>[[Dover Castle]]<br/>21 November 1673<br/>7 children
| 16 September 1701<br/>[[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]<br/>Aged 67
| Son of Charles I<hr/>Cognatic primogeniture

|}

=== Second Interregnum 1688–1689 ===

James II was ousted by Parliament less than four years after ascending to the throne, beginning the century's second interregnum. To settle the question of who should replace the deposed monarch, a [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]] elected James' daughter [[Mary II]] and her husband (also his nephew) [[William III of England|William III]] [[Coregency|co-regents]], in the [[Glorious Revolution]].

===Houses of Stuart and Orange===

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}
|-
| '''[[Mary II]]'''<ref name="William and Mary">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-30 |title=William III (r. 1689–1702) and Mary II (r. 1689–1694) |url=https://www.royal.uk/william-iii-r-1689-1702-and-mary-ii-r-1689-1694 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015656/https://www.royal.uk/william-iii-r-1689-1702-and-mary-ii-r-1689-1694 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>13 February 1689{{Efn-lr|name=William and Mary|Mary II and William III were crowned on 11 April 1689.}}<br/>–<br/>28 December 1694<br/>''({{Age in years and days|13 February 1689|28 December 1694|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Mary II - Kneller 1690.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1689-1694).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 30 April 1662<br/>St James's Palace<hr/>Daughter of [[James II of England|James II]]<br/>and [[Anne Hyde]]
| [[William III of England]]<br/>St James's Palace<br/>4 November 1677<br/>No children
| 28 December 1694<br/>Kensington Palace<br/>Aged 32
| Daughter of [[James II of England|James II]]<hr/>[[Bill of Rights 1689|Offered the Crown by Parliament]]

|-
| '''[[William III of England|William III]]'''{{R|William and Mary}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=William III |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/william3.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029230648/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/william3.php |archive-date=29 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref><br/>'''William of Orange'''<br/>13 February 1689{{Efn-lr|name=William and Mary}}<br/>–<br/>8 March 1702<br/>''({{Age in years and days|13 February 1689|8 March 1702|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King William III of England.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1694-1702).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 4 November 1650<br/>[[The Binnenhof]]<hr/>Son of [[William II of Orange]]<br/>and [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Mary, Princess Royal of England]]
| [[Mary II of England]]<br/>[[St James's Palace]]<br/>4 November 1677<br/>No children
| 8 March 1702<br/>[[Kensington Palace]]<br/>Aged 51
| Grandson of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]<hr/>[[Bill of Rights 1689|Offered the Crown by Parliament]]

|-
| '''[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-30 |title=Anne (r. 1702–1714) |url=https://www.royal.uk/anne-r-1702-1714 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020033/https://www.royal.uk/anne-r-1702-1714 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Cite web |title=Anne (England) |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/anne.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029230627/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/anne.php |archive-date=29 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=archontology.org}}</ref><br/>8 March 1702{{Efn-lr|Anne was crowned on 23 April 1702.}}<br/>–<br/>1 May 1707<br/>''({{Age in years and days|8 March 1702|1 May 1707|duration=yes}})''<br/>{{Small|(Queen of Great Britain until<br/>1 August 1714)}}<br/>''{{Small|({{Age in years and days|8 March 1702|1 August 1714|duration=yes}})}}''
| [[File:Closterman, John - Queen Anne - NPG 215.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 6 February 1665<br/>St James's Palace<hr/>Daughter of James II<br/>and Anne Hyde
| [[Prince George of Denmark|George of Denmark]]<br/>St James's Palace<br/>28 July 1683<br/>3 children
| 1 August 1714<br/>Kensington Palace<br/>Aged 49
| Daughter of James II<hr/>Cognatic primogeniture<hr/>[[Bill of Rights 1689]]

|}

While [[Jacobitism|James and his descendants]] continued to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James II's son and grandson, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] and   [[Bonnie Prince Charlie|Charles]] respectively) were barred from the throne by the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], enacted by [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], another of James's Protestant daughters.

With the [[Acts of Union 1707]], England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]; see [[List of British monarchs]].

==Acts of Union==
The [[Acts of Union 1707]] were a pair of [[Act of Parliament|Parliamentary Acts]] passed during 1706 and 1707 by the [[Parliament of England]] and the [[Parliament of Scotland]] to put into effect the [[Treaty of Union]] agreed on 22 July 1706. The acts joined the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] (previously separate [[sovereign state]]s, with separate legislatures but [[Personal union|with the same monarch]]) into the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044930/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ |archive-date=15 October 2008 |access-date=7 October 2008 |website=parliament.uk}}</ref>

England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603, when [[King James VI of Scotland]] inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]].

==Timeline==
<div style="width:100%; overflow: auto;">
{| class="wikitable"
! Timeline of English monarchs
|-
| {{#tag:timeline|

AlignBars = justify

DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:886 till:1720

ImageSize = width:1250 height:auto barincrement:12
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal

PlotArea = right:25 left:5 bottom:75 top:5
Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:1

Colors =
 id:canvas value:white
 id:we     value:oceanblue legend:House_of_Wessex
 id:de     value:rgb(0.95,0.8,0.2) legend:House_of_Knýtlinga
 id:no     value:red legend:House_of_Normandy
 id:bl     value:skyblue legend:House_of_Blois
 id:pl     value:rgb(0.95,0.18,0.18) legend:House_of_Plantagenet
 id:ca     value:rgb(0,0,0.5) legend:House_of_Capet
 id:la     value:rgb(0.95,0.36,0.36) legend:House_of_Lancaster
 id:yo     value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) legend:House_of_York
 id:tu     value:rgb(1,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Tudor
 id:ha     value:rgb(0.95,0.8,0.1) legend:House_of_Habsburg
 id:gr     value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Grey
 id:st     value:green  legend:House_of_Stuart
 id:cw     value:rgb(0.85,0.85,0.85) legend:Commonwealth
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 bar:Alfred
 bar:EdElder
 bar:Elfweard
 bar:Ethelstan
 bar:Edmund
 bar:Edred
 bar:Edwig
 bar:Edgar
 bar:EdMartyr
 bar:Ethelred
 bar:Sweyn
 bar:EdmundIronside
 bar:Cnut
 bar:HaroldHarefoot
 bar:Harthacnut
 bar:EdwardConfessor
 bar:HaroldGodwinson
 bar:EdgarAetheling
 bar:WillI
 bar:WillII
 bar:HenryI
 bar:Stephen
 bar:Matilda
 bar:Eustace
 bar:HenryII
 bar:HenryYoungKing
 bar:RichI
 bar:John
 bar:Louis
 bar:HenryIII
 bar:EdI
 bar:EdII
 bar:EdIII
 bar:RichII
 bar:HenryIV
 bar:HenryV
 bar:HenryVI
 bar:EdIV
 bar:EdV
 bar:RichIII
 bar:HenryVII
 bar:HenryVIII
 bar:EdVI
 bar:Jane
 bar:MaryI
 bar:Phil
 bar:LizI
 bar:JamesVI
 bar:CharlesI
 bar:Ollie
 bar:RichCromwell
 bar:CharlesII
 bar:JamesVII
 bar:MaryII
 bar:WillIII
 bar:Anne
 bar:Space
 bar:eon

PlotData=
 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 width:25 shift:(0,-5)

 width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
 bar:Alfred
   from:886 till: 899 color:we text:"[[Alfred the Great]]"
 bar:EdElder
   from:899 till: 924 color:we text:"[[Edward the Elder]]"
 bar:Elfweard
   from:924 till: 924 color:we text:"[[Ælfweard of Wessex]] (disputed)"
 bar:Ethelstan
   from:924 till: 939 color:we text:"[[Æthelstan]]"
 bar:Edmund
   from:939 till: 946 color:we text:"[[Edmund I]]"
 bar:Edred
   from:946 till: 955 color:we text:"[[Eadred]]"
 bar:Edwig
   from:955 till: 959 color:we text:"[[Eadwig]]"
 bar:Edgar
   from:959 till: 975 color:we text:"[[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar]]"
 bar:EdMartyr
   from:975 till: 978 color:we text:"[[Edward the Martyr]]"
 bar:Ethelred
   from:978 till: 1013 color:we
   from:1014 till: 1016 color:we text:"[[Æthelred the Unready]]"

 bar:Sweyn
   from:1013 till: 1014 color:de text:"[[Sweyn Forkbeard]]"

 bar:EdmundIronside
   from:1016 till: 1016 color:we text:"[[Edmund Ironside]]"

 bar:Cnut
   from:1016 till: 1035 color:de text:"[[Cnut the Great]]"
 bar:HaroldHarefoot
   from:1035 till: 1040 color:de text:"[[Harold Harefoot]]"
 bar:Harthacnut
   from:1040 till: 1042 color:de text:"[[Harthacnut]]"

 bar:EdwardConfessor
   from:1042 till: 1066 color:we text:"[[Edward the Confessor]]"
 bar:HaroldGodwinson
   from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"[[Harold Godwinson]]"
 bar:EdgarAetheling
   from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"[[Edgar Ætheling]] (disputed)"

 bar:WillI
   from:1066 till: 1087 color:no text:"[[William the Conqueror|William I]]"
 bar:WillII
   from:1087 till: 1100 color:no text:"[[William II of England|William II]]"
 bar:HenryI
   from:1100 till: 1135 color:no text:"[[Henry I of England|Henry I]]"

 bar:Stephen
   from:1135 till: 1154 color:bl text:"[[Stephen, King of England|Stephen]]"

 bar:Matilda
   from:1141 till: 1141 color:no text:"[[Empress Matilda|Matilda]] (disputed)"

 bar:Eustace
   from:1152 till: 1153 color:bl text:"[[Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne|Eustace]] (junior king, disputed)"

 bar:HenryII
   from:1154 till: 1189 color:pl text:"[[Henry II of England|Henry II]]"
 bar:HenryYoungKing
   from:1170 till: 1183 color:pl text:"[[Henry the Young King]] (junior king)"
 bar:RichI
   from:1189 till: 1199 color:pl text:"[[Richard I of England|Richard I]]"
 bar:John
   from:1199 till: 1216 color:pl text:"[[John, King of England|John]]"

 bar:Louis
   from:1216 till: 1217 color:ca text:"[[Louis VIII|Louis]] (disputed)"

 bar:HenryIII
   from:1216 till: 1272 color:pl text:"[[Henry III of England|Henry III]]"
 bar:EdI
   from:1272 till: 1307 color:pl text:"[[Edward I of England|Edward I]]"
 bar:EdII
   from:1307 till: 1327 color:pl text:"[[Edward II of England|Edward II]]"
 bar:EdIII
   from:1327 till: 1377 color:pl text:"[[Edward III of England|Edward III]]"
 bar:RichII
   from:1377 till: 1399 color:pl text:"[[Richard II of England|Richard II]]"

 bar:HenryIV
   from:1399 till: 1413 color:la text:"[[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]"
 bar:HenryV
   from:1413 till: 1422 color:la text:"[[Henry V of England|Henry V]]"
 bar:HenryVI
   from:1422 till: 1461 color:la 
   from:1470 till: 1471 color:la text:"[[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]"

 bar:EdIV
   from:1461 till: 1470 color:yo
   from:1471 till: 1483 color:yo mark:(line, white) text:"[[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]"
 bar:EdV
   from:1483 till: 1483 color:yo text:"[[Edward V of England|Edward V]]"
 bar:RichIII
   from:1483 till: 1485 color:yo text:"[[Richard III of England|Richard III]]"

 bar:HenryVII
   from:1485 till: 1509 color:tu text:"[[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]"
 bar:HenryVIII
   from:1509 till: 1547 color:tu text:"[[Henry VIII]]"
 bar:EdVI
   from:1547 till: 1553 color:tu text:"[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]]"
 bar:Jane
   from:1553 till: 1553 color:gr text:"[[Lady Jane Grey|Jane Grey]] (disputed)"
 bar:MaryI
   from:1553 till: 1558 color:tu text:"[[Mary I of England|Mary I]]"
 bar:Phil
   from:1554 till: 1558 color:ha text:"[[Philip II of Spain|Philip]]"
 bar:LizI
   from:1558 till: 1603 color:tu text:"[[Elizabeth I]]"

 bar:JamesVI
   from:1603 till: 1625 color:st text:"[[James VI and I|James I]]"
 bar:CharlesI
   from:1625 till: 1649 color:st text:"[[Charles I of England|Charles I]]"

 bar:Ollie
   from:1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:"[[Oliver Cromwell]]"
 bar:RichCromwell
   from:1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:"[[Richard Cromwell]]"

 bar:CharlesII
   from:1660 till: 1685 color:st text:"[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]"
 bar:JamesVII
   from:1685 till: 1689 color:st text:"[[James II of England|James II]]"
 bar:MaryII
   from:1689 till: 1694 color:st text:"[[Mary II of England|Mary II]]"
 bar:WillIII
   from:1689 till: 1702 color:or text:"[[William III of England|William III]]"
 bar:Anne
   from:1702 till: 1707 color:st text:"[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]"

}}
|}</div>
{{Clear}}

== Titles ==
{{Main|Style of the British sovereign}}

The standard title for all monarchs from [[Æthelstan]] until the time of [[John, King of England|King John]] was {{Lang|la|Rex Anglorum}} ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:
* [[Æthelstan]]: {{Lang|la|Rex totius Britanniae}} ("King of All Britain")
* [[Edmund I|Edmund the Magnificent]]: {{Lang|la|Rex Britanniæ}} ("King of Britain") and {{Lang|la|Rex Anglorum cæterarumque gentium gobernator et rector}} ("King of the English and of other peoples governor and director")
* [[Eadred]]: {{Lang|la|Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque}} ("Reigning over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Pagans, and British")
* [[Eadwig|Eadwig the Fair]]: {{Lang|la|Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator}} ("King by the will of God, Emperor of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrians, governor of the pagans, commander of the British")
* [[Edgar the Peaceful]]: {{Lang|la|Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus}} ("King of all Albion and its neighbouring realms")
* [[Cnut the Great]]: {{Lang|la|Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector}} ("King of the English and of all the British sphere governor and ruler") and {{Lang|la|Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus}} ("Monarch of all the English of Britain")

In the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman period]] {{Lang|la|Rex Anglorum}} remained standard, with occasional use of {{Lang|la|Rex Angliae}} ("King of England"). The [[Empress Matilda]] styled herself {{Lang|la|Domina Anglorum}} ("Lady of the English").

From the time of [[John, King of England|King John]] onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of {{Lang|la|Rex}} or {{Lang|la|Regina Angliae}}.

In 1604 [[James VI and I|James I]], who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) ''King of Great Britain''. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] (who was ''Queen of Great Britain'' rather than king).{{Efn|After the [[union of the Crowns|personal union of the crowns]], James was the first to style himself ''King of Great Britain'', but the title was rejected by the [[English Parliament]] and had no basis in law. The [[Parliament of Scotland]] also opposed it.<ref>Croft, p. 67; Wilson, pp. 249–252.</ref> {{Crossreference|(See also [[Union Flag]].)}}}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Alternative successions of the English and British crown]]
* [[Bretwalda]]
* [[Demise of the Crown]]
* [[Heptarchy]]
* [[History of the English monarchy]]
* [[Succession to the British throne]], a historical overview and current rules
** {{sectionlink|Succession to the British throne|Current line of succession}}, a list of people
* [[List of English royal consorts]]
* [[Family tree of English monarchs]]
* [[Family tree of British monarchs]]
* [[List of office holders of the United Kingdom and predecessor states]]
** [[List of British monarchs]]
** [[Lists of monarchs in the British Isles]]
** [[List of Irish monarchs]]
** [[List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death]]
** [[List of monarchs of Wessex]], AD 519 to 927
** [[List of rulers of Wales]]
** [[List of Scottish monarchs]]
* [[Mnemonic verses of monarchs in England]]
* [[List of legendary kings of Britain]]
{{Div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

===Coronations===
{{Notelist-lr|30em}}

=== Burials ===
{{Notelist-lg|30em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Handbook of British Chronology |publisher=Royal Historical Society |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-56350-5 |editor-last=Fryde |editor-first=Edmund B. |editor-link=Edmund Fryde |edition=3rd}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Michael |title=In Search of the Dark Ages |title-link=In Search of the Dark Ages |publisher=[[BBC Books]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-563-52276-8 |edition=2005 Paperback |page=106 |quote=Offa maintained his supremacy until his death. And he did so by personal charisma and energy even though he was now about sixty. |author-link=Michael Wood (historian)}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Monarchs of England}}

{{Wikijunior|Kings and Queens of England}}
* {{Cite web |title=Archontology – English Kings/Queens from 871 to 1707 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england |website=archontology.org}}

{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Kingdom of England}}

[[Category:English monarchs| ]]
[[Category:English monarchy|*]]
[[Category:927 establishments]]
[[Category:Kingdom of England-related lists|Monarchs]]
[[Category:Lists of British monarchs|English]]