View source for Original video animation

{{Redirect|OVA|other uses|Ova (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Anime designed for release to home video}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=January 2007}}
{{Original research|date=April 2010}}}}
{{Anime and manga}}
{{Nihongo|'''Original video animation''' |オリジナル・ビデオ・アニメーション|orijinaru bideo animēshon |lead=yes}}, abbreviated as '''OVA''' and sometimes as '''OAV''' ('''original animation video'''), are [[Anime|Japanese animated]] films and [[Television special|special episodes]] of a series made specially for release in [[home video]] formats without prior showings on television or in theaters, though the first part of an OVA series may be broadcast for promotional purposes. OVA titles were originally made available on [[Video Home System |VHS]], later becoming more popular on [[LaserDisc]] and eventually [[DVD]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.g4tv.com/animeunleashed/features/50642/Anime_Glossary.html|title=Anime Glossary|last=Nakayama|first=Whitney|publisher= [[G4 (U.S. TV channel) |G4]]|date=2004-12-21 |access-date=2008-09-14|archive-date= 2007-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070519074010/http://www.g4tv.com/animeunleashed/features/50642/Anime_Glossary.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>  Starting in 2008, the term '''OAD''' ('''original animation DVD''')<ref>{{cite web |url= http://negima.kc.kodansha.co.jp/ |title= 魔法先生ネギま!～もうひとつの世界～公式HP|trans-title= Negima! Magister Negi Magi!: Another World Official HP|publisher= [[Kodansha]] |access-date=April 8, 2011 |language= ja |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430130252/http://negima.kc.kodansha.co.jp/ |archive-date= April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/gononi/ |script-title= ja:今日の5の2 初回限定版コミック ～公式サイト～ |trans-title= Kyō no Go no Ni Limited Edition Comic Official Site |publisher= [[Kodansha]]|access-date=April 8, 2011|language= ja}}</ref> began to refer to DVD releases published bundled with their source-material [[manga]].

==Format==
Like anime made for television broadcast, OVAs are divided into episodes. OVA media (tapes, [[laserdisc]]s or DVDs) usually contain just one episode each. Episode length varies from title to title: each episode may run from a few minutes to two hours or more. An OVA series can run anywhere from a single episode to dozens of episodes in length.

Many anime series first appeared as OVAs, and later grew to become television series or movies.{{Example needed|s|date=May 2025}} Producers sometimes make other OVA releases as sequels, side stories, music-video collections, or bonus episodes that continue existing as television series or films.{{Example needed|s|date=May 2025}}

The consumer base of OVSs constitutes of mainly males. [[Bandai Visual]] said in a 2004 news release (for their new OVAs aimed at women) that about 50% of the customers who had bought their anime DVDs in the past fell into the category of 25 to 40-year-old men, with only 13% of purchasers women, even with all ages included.<ref>{{cite news
|title=&#91; 女性向けアニメションDVDを連続発売 &#93; バンダイビジュアル株式会社
|url=http://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/press/2004/press040922.html
|publisher=[[Bandai Visual]]
|date=2004-09-22
|access-date=2007-01-16
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061006045102/http://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/press/2004/press040922.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-10-06}}
</ref> (However, these statistics cover Bandai Visual anime DVDs in general.) [[Nikkei Business Publications]] also said in a news-release that mainly 25 to 40-year-old adults bought anime DVDs.<ref>{{cite news
|title=日経BP社｜ニュースリリース
|url=http://corporate.nikkeibp.co.jp/information/newsrelease/newsrelease20030611_2.html
|publisher=[[Nikkei Business Publications]]
|date=2003-06-11
|access-date=2007-01-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071120175727/http://corporate.nikkeibp.co.jp/information/newsrelease/newsrelease20030611_2.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-11-20}}
</ref>

Some OVAs based on television series (and especially those based on [[manga]]) may provide [[Closure (psychology)|closure]] to the plot – closure not present in the original series.{{Example needed|s|date=May 2025}}

==History==
OVAs originated during the early 1980s. As the [[video cassette recorder|VCR]] became a commonplace in Japanese homes, the anime industry grew. Demand for anime became so massive that consumers would go to video stores to buy new animation outright. While people in the [[United States]] used the phrase "[[direct-to-video]]" as a pejorative for works that could not make it onto television or movie screens, in Japan direct-to-video became common practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animefringe.com/magazine/2005/12/special/06.php|title=Specials - Anime in Retrospect: Bubblegum Crisis|date=December 2005|website=Animefringe|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-10-16/4th-tenchi-muyo-ryo-ohki-announced-after-10-years/.94304 |title=4th Tenchi Muyo! Ryo Ohki Announced After 10 Years|date=October 16, 2015 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref>

The earliest known attempt to release an OVA was ''[[The Green Cat]]'' in 1983, although it cannot count as the first OVA: there is no evidence that the [[VHS]] tape became available immediately and the series remained incomplete. The first OVA to be billed as such was 1983's ''[[Dallos]]'', released by [[Bandai]]. Other companies were quick to pick up on the idea, and the mid-to-late 1980s saw the market flooded with OVAs. During this time, most OVA series were new, stand-alone titles.<ref name="artifice">{{cite web |author1=DustinKop |date=12 February 2016 |title=A Look at the 1980's Anime OVA Legacy |url=https://the-artifice.com/1980s-anime-ova-legacy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930073216/https://the-artifice.com/1980s-anime-ova-legacy/ |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |access-date=February 10, 2021 |website=the-artifice.com |publisher=[[The Artifice]]}}</ref>

During [[Japanese asset price bubble|Japan's economic bubble]], production companies were more than willing to spontaneously decide to make a one- or two-part OVA in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAPAN'S BUBBLE ECONOMY |url=https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/bubble.htm |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=www.sjsu.edu}}</ref> They paid money to anime studios, who would then quickly create an OVA to be released to rental shops. Judging from sales, should a longer series be deemed feasible, TV networks paid for most of the production costs of the entire series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-05 |last=Sevakis |first=Justin |title=The Anime Economy |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=March 5, 2012 |access-date=September 30, 2012}}</ref>

As the [[Lost Decades|Japanese economy worsened in the 1990s]], the creation of new OVA titles slowed down. Production of OVAs continued, but in smaller numbers. Many anime TV series ran 13 episodes rather than the traditional 26-episodes per season. Studios often designed new titles to be released to TV if they approached these lengths. In addition, the rising popularity of cable and satellite TV networks (with their typically less strict censorship) allowed the public to see direct broadcasts of many new titles.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} Therefore, many violent and risque series became regular TV series, when previously those titles would have been OVAs. During this time, most OVA content was limited to that related to existing and established titles.

In 2000 and later, a new OVA trend began. Producers released many TV series without normal broadcasts of all of the episodes—but releasing some episodes on the DVD release of the series.{{Example needed|date=May 2025}}

==See also==
{{portal|Animation|Film}}
* [[Direct-to-video]]
* [[Original net animation]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Animation industry in Japan}}

[[Category:Anime and manga terminology]]
[[Category:Anime OVAs| ]]