View source for Amphiaraus

{{short description|Figure from Greek mythology}}
{{about|the figure in Greek mythology|the play by Sophocles|Amphiaraus (play)|the Jovian asteroid|10247 Amphiaraos}}
[[Image:Amfiaros, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|right|250px|Amphiaraus on his chariot.]]
'''Amphiaraus''' or '''Amphiaraos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|m|f|i|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|ə|s}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: Ἀμφιάραος, Ἀμφιάρεως, "very sacred"<ref>''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' s.v. Amphiaraus.</ref>) was in [[Greek mythology]] the son of [[Oicles]], a seer, and one of the leaders of the [[Seven against Thebes]]. Amphiaraus at first refused to go with [[Adrastus]] on this expedition against Thebes as he foresaw the death of everyone who joined the expedition. His wife, [[Eriphyle]], eventually compelled him to go.<ref>''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' s.v. Amphiaraus; Parada, s.v. Amphiaraus.</ref> 

== Family ==
Amphiaraus was the son of [[Oicles]].<ref>Parada, s.v. Amphiaraus; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#70 70] & [https://topostext.org/work/206#73 73]. Amphiaraus as the son of Oicles is attested as early as [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:15.222-15.264 15.243], see also [[Bacchylides]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0199.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9 9.10–24]; [[Pindar]], ''Nemean Ode'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.99.xml 9.13–17], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.113.xml 10.7–9],  ''Olympian Ode'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.105.xml 6.13–17], ''Pythian Ode'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-pythian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.343.xml 8.39–55]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.16&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 1.9.16], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.6.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 3.6.2] -[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.6.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 3]. For genealogical tables showing Amphiaraus and other of the descendants of Melampus, see Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA706 p. 706, Table 13], and Grimal, p. 525, Table I.</ref> This made Amphiaraus a great-grandson of [[Melampus]], himself a legendary seer,<ref>The descendants of Melampus included many notable seers, the most notable, after Melampus and Amphiaraus, being the [[Ancient Corinth|Corinthian]] seer [[Polyidus]];  for a discussion see Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA429 pp. 429&ndash;430].</ref> and a member of one of the most powerful dynastic families in the [[Argolid]].<ref>For a discussion of the dynastic history of the Argolid, see Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA332 pp. 332&ndash;335].</ref>  The [[mythographer]] Hyginus says that Amphiaraus's mother was [[Hypermnestra (daughter of Thestius)|Hypermnestra]], the daughter of [[Thestius]].<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#70 70]</ref> She was the sister of [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]], the queen of Sparta who was the mother of [[Helen of Troy]], [[Clytemnestra]], and the [[Dioscuri]] ([[Castor and Pollux]]).<ref>For Hypermnestra, see Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA413 p. 413].</ref> Hyginus also reports that "some authors" said that Amphiaraus was the son of [[Apollo]].<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#70 70]. As [[H. J. Rose]], ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' s.v. Amphiaraus, points out, a seer being said to have been the son of Apollo was not uncommon, see e.g. [[Aristaeus]], [[Iamus]], and [[Idmon (Argonaut)|Idmon]].</ref>

Amphiaraus married  [[Eriphyle]], the sister of his cousin [[Adrastus]] (the grandson of Melampus' brother [[Bias (son of Amythaon)|Bias]]), and by her was the father of two sons, [[Alcmaeon (mythology)|Alcmaeon]] and [[Amphilochus (brother of Alcmaeon)|Amphilochus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.13&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 1.9.13], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.6.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 3.6.2] (Eriphyle as wife) & [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.7.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 3.7.2] (father of Alcmaeon and Amphilochus). Eriphyle as Amphiaraus' wife is alluded to by [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.321-11.360 11.326–327] ("hateful Eriphyle, who took precious gold as the price of the life of her own lord"), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:15.222-15.264 15.246–247] ("Amphiaraus" [who died at Thebes] "because of a woman's gifts"). For Eriphyle as wife, see also [[Pindar]], ''Nemean'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-nemean_odes/1997/pb_LCL485.99.xml 9.16–17]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#65.6 4.65.6]. For Alcmaeon as son see also [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:6.17.6 6.17.6].</ref> From the geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], we hear of three daughters, [[Eurydice (Greek myth)|Eurydice]], [[Demonassa|Demonissa]] and [[Alcmene|Alcmena]]. He reports seeing on the Chest of [[Cypselus|Kypselos]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], a scene showing Amphiararaus' departure for the expedition against Thebes. Pausanias identifies (possible from inscriptions) other participants in the scene as: the infant Amphilochus, Eryphyle, her daughters, [[Eurydice (Greek myth)|Eurydice]] and  [[Demonassa|Demonissa]], and a naked Alcmaeon.<ref>Gantz, p. 508; Frazer, [https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr02pausgoog#page/n638/mode/2up pp. 608&ndash;610]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.17.7 5.17.7].</ref> He goes on to add that the poet [[Asius of Samos|Asius]] also has Alcmena as a daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.17.8 5.17.8] [= [[Asius of Samos|Asius]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/asius-epic_fragments/2003/pb_LCL497.257.xml?rskey=4j5OsH&result=1 fr. 4 West]]</ref> According to [[Plutarch]], [[Alexida]] was a daughter of Amphiaraus.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Quaestiones Graecae'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg084b.perseus-eng1:23 23]</ref>

The Clytidae (alternate spelling "Klytidiai"), a clan of seers at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], claimed to be the descendants of a [[Clytius]], who they said was the son of Amphiaraus' son Alcmaeon.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA430 p. 430]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:6.17.6 6.17.6]</ref> According to Roman legends, the founder of the town of Tibur (modern [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]]) near [[Rome]], was a son of Amphiaraus.<ref>Smith 1854, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=tibur-geo&highlight=amphiaraus s.v. Tibur]; Smith 1873, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D19%3Aentry%3Damphiaraus-bio-1 s.v. Amphiaraus]; Grimal, s.v. Amphiaraus; [[Gaius Julius Solinus]], ''Polyhistor'' [https://topostext.org/work/747#2.6 2.8&ndash;9]; [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Natural History]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL370.541.xml 16.87]. Solinus, reports that, according to [[Cato the Elder|Cato]], "Catillus the Arcadian", an officer of [[Evander of Pallantium|Evander]], was the founder of Tibur, and Solinus goes on to say that this Catillus was the son of Amphiaraus, and that, on his grandfather Oicles' orders, he migrated to Italy, had three sons Tibertus, Coras and Catillus, expelled the Sicilia from the town of Sicani, and renamed the town Tibur after his eldest son Tibertus. Pliny the Elder, says that the founder of Tivoli was Amphiaraus' son Tiburnus. See also [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/virgil-aeneid/1916/pb_LCL064.49.xml 7.670&ndash;672], [[Horace]], ''Odes'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/horace-odes/2004/pb_LCL033.61.xml 1.18.2], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/horace-odes/2004/pb_LCL033.107.xml 2.6.5].</ref>

==Mythology==
Amphiaraus was a seer, and greatly honored in his time.  Both [[Zeus]] and [[Apollo]] favored him, and Zeus gave him his oracular talent. In the generation before the [[Trojan War]], Amphiaraus was one of the heroes present at the [[Calydonian boar hunt]]<ref>Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.8.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 1.8.2]: "Atalanta was the first to shoot the boar in the back with an arrow, and Amphiaraus was the next to shoot it in the eye; but Meleager killed it by a stab in the flank...".</ref> and also counted as an [[Argonauts|Argonaut]].<ref>Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.16&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 1.9.16]</ref>

The material of the tragic war of the [[Seven against Thebes]] was taken up from several points of view by each of the three great Greek tragic poets. Eriphyle persuaded Amphiaraus to take part in the raiding venture, against his better judgment, for he knew he would die.<ref name="perseus_tufts_edu">Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.6.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=0:chapter=0&highlight=Amphiaraus 3.6.2]</ref> She had been persuaded by [[Polynices]], who offered her the [[necklace of Harmonia]], daughter of [[Aphrodite]], once part of the bride-price of [[Cadmus]], as a bribe for her advocacy.  Amphiaraus reluctantly agreed to join the doomed undertaking, but aware of his wife's corruption, asked his sons, [[Alcmaeon (mythology)|Alcmaeon]] and [[Amphilochus (brother of Alcmaeon)|Amphilochus]], to avenge his inevitable death by killing her, should he not return. He had foreseen the failure and for this reason did not agree to join first.<ref>Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=57}}</ref> On the way to the battle, Amphiaraus repeatedly warned the other warriors that the expedition would fail,<ref name="perseus_tufts_edu" /> and blamed [[Tydeus]] for starting it. For this, he would eventually prevent the dying Tydeus from being immortalized by [[Athena]], by giving him the still-living severed head of his foe [[Melanippus]], whose brains Tydeus devoured along with his last breath, revolting the goddess. (This scene, as rendered by [[Statius]], provided the model for [[Dante]]'s own seminal account of [[Ugolino della Gherardesca#Ugolino in Dante's Inferno|Ugolino]] gnawing on [[Ruggieri degli Ubaldini|Ruggieri's]] skull in Cantos XXXII and XXXIII of the [[Inferno (Dante)#Ninth Circle (Treachery)|Inferno]].) At some point, while the allies of Polyneices sat down to feast, an eagle swooped down and grabbed Amphiaraus's spear, taking it to a great height and then letting it drop on the earth. The spear was fixed in the soil, and transformed into a laurel tree.<ref name="plut">[[Plutarch]], ''[[Moralia|Parallel Lives]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_greek_roman_parallel_stories/1936/pb_LCL305.267.xml?result=1&rskey=U2dKqp 6]</ref>

In the battle, Amphiaraus sought to flee from [[Periclymenus]], the "very famous"<ref>Karl Kerenyi (''The Heroes of the Greeks'', 1959, p. 300) noted that the name would also be a suitable epithet for [[Hades]].</ref> son of [[Poseidon]], who wanted to kill him, but Zeus threw his thunderbolt, and the earth opened to swallow and conceal Amphiaraus – right on the same spot the laurel had grown from his spear<ref name="plut"/> – and his chariot, before Periclymenus could stab him in the back and thereby disgrace his honor.<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Nemean Odes'' 9</ref> Thus becoming a [[chthonic|chthonic hero]], Amphiaraus was later propitiated and consulted at his sanctuary.

Alcmaeon killed his mother when Amphiaraus died. He was pursued by the [[Erinyes]] as he fled across Greece, eventually landing at the court of King [[Phegeus]], who gave him his daughter [[Alphesiboea of Psophis|Alphesiboea]] in marriage. Exhausted, Alcmaeon asked an [[oracle]] how to avoid the Erinyes and was told that he needed to stop where the sun was not shining when he killed his mother. That was the mouth of the river [[Achelous]], which had been silted up. Achelous himself, [[River god|god of that river]], promised him his daughter, [[Callirrhoe (daughter of Achelous)|Callirrhoe]] in marriage if Alcmaeon would retrieve the necklace and clothes which Eriphyle wore when she persuaded Amphiaraus to take part in the battle. Alcmaeon had given these jewels to Phegeus who, outraged, had his sons kill Alcmaeon when he discovered Alcmaeon's plan.

==Legacy==
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|[[Sisyphus]] and Amphiaraus, copy of mural in [[François Tomb]] from [[Vulci]] made in 4th century BC.]]
[[Image:Relief from Oropos Antikensammlung Berlin.jpg|thumb|Marble votive relief of a [[chariot race]], from Oropos, beginning of the 4th century BCE ([[Pergamonmuseum]], Berlin).]]

In a sanctuary at the [[Amphiareion of Oropos]], northwest of [[Attica, Greece|Attica]], Amphiaraus was worshipped with a [[Greek hero cult|hero cult]]. He was considered a healing and fortune-telling god and was associated with [[Asclepius]]. The healing and fortune-telling aspect of Amphiaraus came from his ancestry: he descended from the great seer [[Melampus]]. After making a sacrifice of a few coins, or sometimes a ram, at the temple, a petitioner slept inside<ref>See [[Incubation (ritual)]].</ref> and received a dream detailing the solution to the problem.  Games, called the Amphiaria (ἀμφιαράϊα), were celebrated in his honour there.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=amphiaraia-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amphiaraia]</ref>

[[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] tradition inherited by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] is doubtless the origin of a son for Amphiaraus named Catillus who escaped from the slaughter at Thebes and led an expedition to Italy, where he founded a colony where eventually appeared the city of [[Tibur]] (now [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]]), named after his eldest son Tiburtus.

==Philosophy==
{{Pyrrhonism sidebar}} 
In the ''Python'', the first book to describe [[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonist]] philosophy, the book's author, [[Timon of Phlius]] first meets [[Pyrrho]] on the grounds of the temple of Amphiaraus. The symbolism of this may be due to Pyrrho being a member of the Clytidae, a clan of seers in [[Ancient Elis|Elis]] who interpreted the oracles of the [[Temple of Zeus, Olympia|Temple of Zeus]] at Olympia. The founder of the clan was claimed to be Clytius, the grandson of Amphiaraus.<ref>Dee L. Clayman, ''Timon of Phlius: Pyrrhonism into Poetry'' {{ISBN|3110220806}} 2009 p51</ref>

==Popular culture==
* In March 1815 [[Franz Schubert]] set "Amphiaraos," a poem by [[Theodor Körner (author)|Theodor Körner]], as a [[lied]] for voice and piano, {{D.}} 166.<ref>[http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=9517 Amphiaraos] at The LiederNet Archive</ref> It was first published in the [[Franz Schubert's Works]] edition in 1894.<ref>[[Otto Erich Deutsch]]. ''[[Schubert Thematic Catalogue]]''. 1978. [https://archive.org/stream/FranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge/SchubertDeutsch-verzeichnisDv#page/n141/mode/1up p. 118]</ref> The [[New Schubert Edition]] included the song in Series IV, Volume 8.<ref>[https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/sheetmusic/product/?artNo=BA5564 Lieder, Band 8] at {{url|www.baerenreiter.com}}</ref>
* In [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', King Amphiaraus was seen in the Sorcerers' section of [[Hell]]'s Circle of Fraud where his action of foreseeing his death is mentioned.
* In [[John Lydgate|John Lydgate]]'s [[Siege of Thebes (poem)|Siege of Thebes]], Amphiorax, foreseeing the future, attempts to hide from the Greeks when they seek his advice but is given up by his wife, who in Lydgate is torn between her promise to him and her womanly duty of honesty. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://metseditions.org/read/rVYmByDh9VZmfp53fweK7TqwDgYG5qz | title=The Siege of Thebes: Tercia Pars }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Commons category|Amphiaraus}}{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|}}{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
* Apps, Arwen Elizabeth, ''Gaius Iulius Solinus and His Polyhistor'', Macquarie University  (PhD dissertation), 2011.
* [[Bacchylides]], ''Odes'', translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1991. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0064%3Abook%3DEp%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
* [[James George Frazer|Frazer, J. G.]], ''Pausanias's Description of Greece. Translated with a Commentary by J. G. Frazer.'' Vol III. Commentary on Books II-V, Macmillan, 1898. [https://archive.org/stream/pausaniassdescr02pausgoog#page/n4/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}.
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.32 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Horace]]. ''Odes and Epodes''. Edited and translated by Niall Rudd. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 33. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2004. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL033/2004/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' in ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma'', Hackett Publishing Company,  2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}.
* ''[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', second edition,  [[N. G. L. Hammond|Hammond, N.G.L.]] and [[Howard Hayes Scullard]] (editors), [[Oxford University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869117-3}}.
* Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}.
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. {{ISBN|0-674-99328-4}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
*Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio.'' ''3 vols''. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.  [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Plutarch]], ''[[Moralia]], Volume IV: Roman Questions. Greek Questions. Greek and Roman Parallel Stories. On the Fortune of the Romans. On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander. Were the Athenians More Famous in War or in Wisdom?.'' Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 305. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 1936.
* [[Plutarch]], ''Quaestiones Graecae'' in ''Moralia, Volume IV: Roman Questions. Greek Questions. Greek and Roman Parallel Stories. On the Fortune of the Romans. On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander. Were the Athenians More Famous in War or in Wisdom?''. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 305. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99336-5}}. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0215%3Asection%3Dintro Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Race, William H. (1997a), ''Pindar: Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments'', Edited and translated by William H. Race. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99534-5}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Race, William H.  (1997b), ''Pindar: Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes''. Edited and translated by William H. Race. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 56. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99564-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL056/1997/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]] (1854), ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]]'', London (1854). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0064 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Smith, William (1873), ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]''  [books 7&ndash;12], in ''Aeneid: Books 7-12. Appendix Vergiliana'', translated by H. Rushton Fairclough, revised by G. P. Goold, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 64, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99586-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL064/1918/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]], ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', edited and translated by Martin L. West, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003.  {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].

==External links==
*{{IMSLP2|work=Amphiaraos, D.166 (Schubert, Franz)|cname="Amphiaraos" (D 166) by Franz Schubert}}

{{Metamorphoses in Greco-Roman mythology}}
{{Schubert lieder}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Classical oracles]]
[[Category:Mythological Greek seers]]
[[Category:Children of Apollo]]
[[Category:Argonauts]]
[[Category:Characters in Seven against Thebes]]
[[Category:Princes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Kings of Argos]]
[[Category:Kings in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Greek mythological heroes]]
[[Category:Mythological Argives]]
[[Category:Deeds of Zeus]]
[[Category:Asclepius in mythology]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into trees in Greek mythology|Spear]]