View source for Lewes

{{Short description|County town of East Sussex, England}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox UK place
 | official_name            = Lewes
 | country                  = England
 | region                   = South East England
 | static_image_name        = Lewes-udsigt.jpg
 | static_image_caption     = Lewes viewed from [[Lewes Castle]]
 | static_image_2_name      = Coat of arms of Lewes.svg
 | static_image_2_width     = 110
 | static_image_2_caption   = Coat of arms of Lewes
 | area_footnotes           = <ref name=ESiF>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastsussexinfigures.org.uk/webview/ |title=East Sussex in Figures |access-date=26 April 2008 |publisher=East Sussex County Council |archive-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228085807/http://www.eastsussexinfigures.org.uk/webview/welcome.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | area_total_km2           = 11.4
 | population               = 17,297
 | population_ref           = (Parish-2011)<ref name=ONS>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?wna=7&b=11125578&c=BN7+9EH&d=16&e=62&g=6421145&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1444647229596&enc=1 |title=Town population 2011 |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016114145/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?wna=7&b=11125578&c=BN7+9EH&d=16&e=62&g=6421145&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1444647229596&enc=1 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
 | population_density       = {{cvt|1420|/km2|/sqmi}}
 | os_grid_reference        = TQ420104
 | coordinates              = {{Coord|50|52|29|N|00|00|42|E|display=inline,title}}
 | post_town                = LEWES
 | postcode_area            = BN
 | postcode_district        = BN7
 | dial_code                = 01273
 | constituency_westminster = [[Lewes (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewes]]
 | london_distance          = {{cvt|71|km}} [[Boxing the compass|N]]
 | shire_district           = [[Lewes (district)|Lewes]]
 | civil_parish             = Lewes
 | shire_county             = [[East Sussex]]
 | website                  = {{URL|https://lewes-tc.gov.uk/}}
 | population_demonym       = Lewesian
}}
'''Lewes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|ɪ|s|audio=Lewes.ogg}}) is the [[county town]] of [[East Sussex]], England.{{refn|[[Chichester]] was traditionally described as the capital city of Sussex and Lewes its county town.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sussexflag.wordpress.com/aboutsussex/ |title=About Sussex |date=11 March 2015 |publisher=Sussex County Flag |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030700/https://sussexflag.wordpress.com/aboutsussex/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnQDAAAAQAAJ&q=chichester |title=A List of Some Towns of Commercial, Antiquarian, Historical or Sanitary Interest |work=A Reference Book of Modern Geography |year=1870 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123085247/https://books.google.com/books?id=mnQDAAAAQAAJ&q=chichester |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlBgAAAAcAAJ |title=Chichester, Lewes |work=Sussex; being an historical, topographical, and general description of every rape, hundred, river, town, borough, parish, village, hamlet, castle, monastery, and gentleman's seat in that county, etc |year=1834 |publisher=E. Taylor |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123085245/https://books.google.com/books?id=qlBgAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Horsham]] was occasionally described as the county town of Sussex due to the presence of the county gaol and the periodic holding of the county assizes and quarter sessions in the town. The last assizes were held there in 1830, while the gaol was closed in 1845.<ref name=VCHSussex>''General history of Horsham – The town as county centre'', Victoria County History of Sussex, Volume VI [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18350&strquery=county%20town#s2 British History Online] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220321/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18350&strquery=county%20town#s2 |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>|group=note}} The town is the administrative centre of the wider [[Lewes (district)|district of the same name]]. It lies on the [[River Ouse, Sussex|River Ouse]] at the point where the river cuts through the [[South Downs]].

A traditional market town and centre of communications, in 1264 it was the site of the [[Battle of Lewes]]. The town's landmarks include [[Lewes Castle]], [[Lewes Priory]], Bull House (the former home of [[Thomas Paine]]), [[Southover Grange]] and public gardens, and a 16th-century timber-framed [[Wealden hall house]] known as [[Anne of Cleves House]]. Other notable features of the area include the [[Glyndebourne]] festival, the [[Lewes Bonfire]] celebrations and the [[Lewes Pound]].

==Etymology==
The place-name "Lewes" is first attested in an [[Anglo-Saxon charter]] circa 961 AD, where it appears as ''Læwe''. It appears as ''Lewes'' in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086.<ref>[[Eilert Ekwall]], ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names'', p.297.</ref> The addition of the <-s> suffix seems to have been part of a broader trend of [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] scribes pluralising Anglo-Saxon place-names (a famous example being their rendering of ''Lunden'' as ''Londres'', hence the modern [[French language|French]] name for [[London]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |page=10}}</ref>

The traditional derivation of ''Læwe'', first posited by the Tudor antiquarian [[Laurence Nowell]], derives it from the [[Old English]] word ''hlæw'', meaning "hill" or "[[Tumulus|barrow]]", presumably referring to School Hill (on which the historic centre of Lewes stands) or to one of the five ancient burial mounds, all now levelled, in the vicinity of [[Church of St John sub Castro, Lewes|St John sub Castro]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |pages=8–10}}</ref><ref name=Whynne>{{cite book |last=Whynne-Hammond |first=Charles |year=2007 |title=English Place-names Explained |isbn=978-1-85306-911-6 |publisher=Countryside Books |page=229}}</ref>

However, this etymology has been challenged by the Swedish philologist Rune Forsberg on the grounds that the loss of the initial {{angbr|h}} in ''hlæw'' would be unlikely [[phonology|phonologically]] in this context. He suggested that the name ''Læwe'' instead derives from the rare Old English word ''lǣw'' ("wound, incision"), and reflects the fact that from the top of School Hill Lewes overlooks the narrow, steep-sided "gash" where the River Ouse cuts through the line of the South Downs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Forsberg |first=Rune |date=1997 |title=The Place-Name Lewes |publisher=Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 100}}</ref> This theory was endorsed in 2011 by ''A Dictionary of British Place Names''.<ref>A. D. Mills (2011), ''A Dictionary of British Place Names'', Oxford University Press.</ref>

A third possibility has been advanced by [[Richard Coates]], who has argued that ''Læwe'' derives from ''lexowia'', an Old English word meaning "hillside, slope" (of which there is no shortage in the Lewes area). This unusual word was borrowed into Old English from [[Old Welsh]], the [[Welsh language|Modern Welsh]] spelling being ''llechwedd''.
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=Richard |date=1990 |title='The name of Lewes: some problems and possibilities' |journal=The English Place-Name Society Journal |volume=23 |pages=5–15}}
{{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=Richard |date=1997 |title='The name of Lewes' |journal=Sussex Archaeological Collections |volume=135 |pages=141–2}} in {{cite journal |last=Bleach |first=John |title=A Romano-British (?) Barrow cemetery and the origins of Lewes |journal=Sussex Archaeological Collections |volume=135 |year=1997 |pages=131-142 |doi=10.5284/1085055 |doi-access=free}}
{{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=Richard |date=1998 |title='Review of Forsberg (1997)' |journal=Locus Focus |volume=2 |pages=18–20}}
</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Saxon===
The immense strategic value of the site, which is able to command traffic between the [[English Channel|Channel]] coast and the Sussex interior, was recognised as early as the [[Iron Age]], when a hill-fort was built on [[Mount Caburn]], the steep-sided hill that overlooks the Ouse (and the modern town of Lewes) from the east.

During the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period, there was an aristocratic [[Roman villa|villa]] at [[Beddingham]],<ref>Russell, M., 2006: ''Roman Sussex''. Tempus. pp. 166–169.</ref> at the foot of Mount Caburn, and there have been several finds of Roman coins and pottery sherds in Lewes itself. The Victorian historian [[Thomas Walker Horsfield]] therefore reckoned that there must have been a Roman settlement on the site, and he identified it with the otherwise unlocatable town of ''Mutuantonis''.<ref name=gazetteer>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=739550&word=NULL |title=Descriptive Gazetteer entry for Lewes |access-date=21 September 2008 |last=Wilson |first=John Marius |date=1870{{ndash}}72 |work=Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024163603/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=739550&word=NULL |url-status=live }}</ref> Another antiquarian, John Elliot, even suggested that central Lewes's distinctive network of [[Alley#Southern England|twittens]] was based on the layout of a [[castra|Roman legionary fortress]]; however modern historians are rather more cautious about the possibility of a Roman Lewes, as there is as yet no archaeological evidence for a built-up area dating back to the Roman period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |pages=3–4}}</ref>

===Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman===
The earliest phase of [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] settlement in Sussex was concentrated between the Rivers Ouse and [[Cuckmere]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Brandon |first=Peter |date=2004 |title=The South Saxons |publisher=Phillimore |pages=23–7}}</ref> and Anglo-Saxon finds begin to appear in Lewes from the sixth century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |page=6}}</ref> The town of Lewes was probably founded around this time, and it may have been one of the most important settlements in the [[Kingdom of Sussex]], along with [[Chichester]] and [[Hastings]], though the evidence for this early period is very sketchy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bassett |first=Steven |date=1989 |title=The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms |publisher=Leicester University Press}}</ref>
[[File:Coa England Family Warren of Surrey.svg|thumb|Arms of the [[Warenne family|de Warenne family]]]]

By the ninth century, the Kingdom of Sussex had been annexed to the [[Kingdom of Wessex]], and in 838 [[Ecgberht, King of Wessex]] donated the estate of Malling, on the opposite side of the Ouse from Lewes, to the [[Ceolnoth|Archbishop of Canterbury]]. As a result, the Parish of Malling became a '[[Royal Peculiar#Non-royal peculiars|peculiar]]', which means that the parish was directly subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury rather than the [[Cynered|Bishop of Chichester]] like every other parish in Sussex. Malling would retain this anomalous status until as late as 1845.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |page=13}}</ref>

Information about Lewes becomes much more plentiful from the reign of [[Alfred the Great]] onward, as it was one of the towns which he fortified as part of the network of ''[[burh]]s'' he established in response to the [[Viking Age#England|Viking raids]]. The peace and stability brought by Alfred and his successors evidently stimulated economic activity in the area, for in the late Anglo-Saxon period Lewes seems to have been a thriving boom town – during the reign of Alfred's grandson [[Æthelstan]] it was assigned two royal [[moneyer]]s, more than any other [[History of the English penny (1066-1154)|mint]] in Sussex, and according to Domesday Book it generated £26 of revenue for [[the Crown]] in 1065, almost twice the amount of any other town in the county, and comprised 127 households.<ref>{{cite web|title=Open Domesday: Lewes|url=https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ4110/lewes/|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |pages=21–5}}</ref>

After the [[Norman Conquest]], [[William the Conqueror]] rewarded his retainer [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]] by making him [[Earl of Surrey]] and granting him the [[Rape of Lewes]], a strip of land stretching along the Ouse valley from the coast to the Surrey boundary. De Warenne constructed [[Lewes Castle]] within the walls of the Saxon ''burh'', while his wife [[Gundred, Countess of Surrey|Gundred]]a founded the [[Lewes Priory|Priory of St Pancras]], a [[Cluniac]] monastic house, in about 1081.

===Battle of Lewes===
{{Main article|Battle of Lewes}}

During the [[Second Barons' War]], [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] was ambushed at Lewes by a force of rebel barons led by [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]]. Henry marched out to fight de Montfort, leading to a pitched battle on the hills above the town (roughly in the area of modern Landport Bottom). The king's son [[Edward I of England|Prince Edward]], commanding the right wing of the royal army, succeeded in driving off some of the baronial forces, but he got carried away with the pursuit, which took him as far as [[Hamsey|Offham]]. In Edward's absence the remainder of the royal army was attacked by de Montfort and [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester|Gilbert de Clare]] and decisively defeated. The king's brother [[Richard of Cornwall]] was captured, and the king himself was forced to sign the [[Mise of Lewes]], a document which does not survive but was probably aimed at forcing Henry to uphold the [[Provisions of Oxford]]. Despite this uncertainty about its consequences, the battle is often seen as an important milestone in the development of English democracy.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27373398 |title=Battle of Lewes: England's first fight for democracy? |website=BBC News |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215124/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27373398 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.military-history.org/articles/simon-de-montfort-lewes-evesham-parliamentary-democracy.htm |title=Simon de Montfort, the Battles of Lewes and Evesham, and the birth of parliamentary democracy |website=Military History Matters |date=15 June 2017 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126182129/https://www.military-history.org/articles/simon-de-montfort-lewes-evesham-parliamentary-democracy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Late Mediaeval and Early Modern===
[[File:FitzAlan arms.svg|thumb|Arms of the [[Fitzalan|Fitzalan family]]]]

The [[Warenne family|de Warenne family]] died out with [[John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey|Earl John]] in 1347, whereupon lordship of the [[Rape of Lewes]] passed to his sororal nephew [[Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel]]. Fitzalan preferred to reside at [[Arundel Castle]] rather than at Lewes, and the town therefore lost the prestige and economic advantages associated with being the seat of an important magnate. This was only the beginning of a series of misfortunes that struck Lewes, for in 1348 the [[Black Death]] arrived in England and later on in the century the [[Hundred Years War]] led to a series of French and [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] raids on Sussex,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=William |first1=Hunt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ESAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gravesend+Tovar+Castilian&pg=PA6 |title=The History of England. Volume 4 |last2=Poole |first2=R. L. |last3=Oman |first3=C. |publisher=Рипол Классик |year=1906 |isbn=978-5-87804-823-1 |pages=6 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018021211/https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ESAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gravesend+Tovar+Castilian&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref> which badly disrupted trade. On one occasion in 1377 the [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior]] of [[Lewes Priory|St Pancras]], John de Charlieu, was abducted by the raiders and held to ransom. Furthermore, after the main branch of the Fitzalan family died out in 1439, the Rape of Lewes was subsequently partitioned between the three sororal nephews of the [[Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel|last earl]], namely [[John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]], [[Edward Neville, 3rd Baron Bergavenny]], and Edmund Lenthall. As a result of this dismemberment the district became even more neglected by its lords, although feudal politics was starting to become less important anyway due to the centralising reforms of the [[House of York|Yorkist]] and [[House of Tudor|Tudor]] kings.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |pages=149–159}}</ref>

The [[English Reformation]] was begun by one of these Tudor monarchs, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], and as part of this process the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|monasteries of England were dissolved]]; [[Lewes Priory]] was consequently demolished in 1538 and its property seized by the Crown. Henry's daughter [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] reversed the religious policy of England, and during the resulting [[Marian Persecutions]] of 1555–1557, Lewes was the site of the execution of seventeen [[Protestant]] [[martyr]]s, most of them actually from the [[Weald]] rather than Lewes itself, who were burned at the stake in front of the Star Inn (now the site of [[Lewes Town Hall]]). Commemoration of the martyrs is one of the main purposes of [[Lewes Bonfire]], and a stone memorial to the martyrs was unveiled on [[Cliffe Hill]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Kevin |title=Martyrs remembered in day of speeches |url=http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/nostalgia/kevin-gordon-martyrs-remembered-in-day-of-speeches-1-6154141 |work=Sussex Express |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164934/http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/nostalgia/kevin-gordon-martyrs-remembered-in-day-of-speeches-1-6154141 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lewesian politics was dominated by a strongly [[Puritans|Puritan]] faction in the reign of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], and during the [[English Civil War]] it was one of the most important [[Roundheads|Parliamentarian]] strongholds in Sussex. As such it became the target of a [[Cavalier|royalist]] attack in December 1642, but the royalist army was intercepted and defeated at the [[Battle of Muster Green]] by Parliamentarian forces commanded by [[Herbert Morley]], one of the two [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) for Lewes.<ref name="Brent 2004 297-159">{{cite book |last=Brent |first=Colin |date=2004 |title=Pre-Georgian Lewes: The Emergence of a County Town |page=297-159}}</ref>

Lewes recovered relatively quickly after the Civil War, and prospered during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It had always been one of the principal market towns of Sussex, as well as an important port, and by the end of the [[Georgian era]] it also had well-developed textiles, iron, brewing, and shipbuilding industries.
<ref name="Brent 2004 297-159"/>

===Modern===
The severe winter of 1836–7 led to a large build-up of snow on Cliffe Hill, whose sheer western face directly overlooks the town. On Tuesday 27 December 1836 this [[snow cornice]] collapsed, and the resulting [[Lewes avalanche]] was the deadliest ever recorded in Britain. The avalanche struck the cottages on Boulters Row (now part of South Street), burying fifteen people, of whom eight died. A [[public house|pub]] in South Street is named ''The Snowdrop'' in memory of the event.

In 1846, the town became a railway junction, with lines constructed from the north, south and east to two railway stations. The development of [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]] ended Lewes's period as a major port.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol7/pp7-19 |title=The borough of Lewes: Introduction and history – British History Online |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903014601/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol7/pp7-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Crimean War]], some 300 Finns who had served in the Russian army during the [[Åland War]] and been captured at [[Battle of Bomarsund|Bomarsund]] were imprisoned in the naval prison at Lewes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bomarsundssallskapet.ax/bomarsund_oolannin_sota.htm |title=Oolannin sota |publisher=Bomarsundssällskapet r.f. |language=fi |access-date=5 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724095228/http://www.bomarsundssallskapet.ax/bomarsund_oolannin_sota.htm |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lewes became a [[Municipal borough|borough]] in 1881. Lewes Town Hall opened in 1893 in premises converted from the former Star Inn and in 1913 Council Offices were added in Arts-and-Crafts style.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lewes-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Town_Hall_History_WEB_VERSION.pdf |title=The Lewes Town Hall Complex a brief history |access-date=7 February 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123085247/https://lewes-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Town_Hall_History_WEB_VERSION.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Lewes Victoria Hospital]] opened in 1909 in its current premises, as Victoria Hospital and Infirmary, having previously been on School Hill where it opened as the Lewes Dispensary and Infirmary in 1855.

In October 2000, the town suffered major [[flood]]ing during an intense period of severe weather throughout the United Kingdom. The commercial centre of the town and many residential areas were devastated. In a government report into the nationwide flooding, Lewes was officially noted the most severely affected location.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=1013 |title=The flooded railway station featured on the cover of that week's ''&#91;&#91;Private Eye (magazine){{!}}Private Eye&#93;&#93;'' with the caption "Your Rains Tonight" |access-date=28 April 2007 |archive-date=26 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234947/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=1013 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the devastation, the Lewes Flood Action group formed, to press for better flood protection measures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewes-flood-action.org.uk/ |title=Lewes Flood Action Website |publisher=Lewes-flood-action.org.uk |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004735/http://www.lewes-flood-action.org.uk/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Governance and politics==
[[File:Lewes Town Hall - geograph.org.uk - 225303.jpg|thumb|[[Lewes Town Hall]]]]
===Local government===
There are three tiers of local government covering Lewes, at [[civil parish|parish]] (town), [[non-metropolitan district|district]] and [[non-metropolitan county|county]] level: Lewes Town Council, [[Lewes District Council]] and [[East Sussex County Council]]. The town council is based at [[Lewes Town Hall]] on the High Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewes-town.co.uk/ |title=Lewes Town Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515225740/http://www.lewes-town.co.uk/ |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref> The county council has its headquarters at [[East Sussex County Hall|County Hall]] on St Anne's Crescent in the town, which is also used by Lewes District Council as its meeting place.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council minutes, 8 May 2013 |url=https://democracy.lewes-eastbourne.gov.uk/Data/Lewes%20District%20Council%20Full%20Council/201305081430/Agenda/gfY2fWN7qT4Qi2bjUNGnGb6fjje.pdf |website=Lewes District Council |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>

Lewes was an [[ancient borough]], although the structure of its early government is obscure. For much of the Middle Ages the town was run by a closed aristocratic organisation known as the "Fellowship of the Twelve", which was gradually eclipsed by a body known as the jury in the seventeenth century, presided over by a constable. The limitations of the town's administration were recognised in 1806 when separate [[improvement commissioners]] were established to pave, light and repair the streets and provide a [[Watchman (law enforcement)|watch]]. When local government in towns was reformed across the country in the 1830s, Lewes was one of the boroughs [[Unreformed boroughs in England and Wales 1835–1886|left unreformed]], and so it continued to be run by its jury and improvement commissioners. The situation was finally regularised in 1881 when the town was made a [[municipal borough]]. The town was then run by a corporate body formally called the "mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Lewes", informally known as the corporation or town council. The last constable became the first mayor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lewes Municipal Borough |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001274 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Salzman |editor1-first=L. F. |title=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7, the Rape of Lewes |date=1940 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=19–31 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol7/pp19-31#h2-0002 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>

In 1890, the town council acquired the former Star Inn at 189 High Street, parts of which date back to the fourteenth century, and the adjoining corn exchange. The buildings were converted and extended to become the town hall, including a new frontage to High Street, which was completed in 1893.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Town Hall|num=1353072 |access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> The municipal borough of Lewes was abolished in 1974 when the larger Lewes District was established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewes.gov.uk/council/3726.asp |title=Armorial Bearings (Coat of Arms) |first=Lewes District |last=Council |website=www.lewes.gov.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710054652/http://www.lewes.gov.uk/council/3726.asp |archive-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> A [[successor parish]] was created covering the area of the former borough, with the parish council taking the name Lewes Town Council.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Local Government (Successor Parishes) Order 1974|year=1974|number=569|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>

Following the 2023 election the composition of the town council was:<ref>{{cite web |title=Election results |url=https://lewes-tc.gov.uk/news/election-results-2023/ |website=Lewes Town Council |date=6 May 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2| Party
! Councillors
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}}
| align=center|12
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
| align=center|5
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}}
| align=center|1
|-
! colspan=2|Total
! align=center|18
|}
The next election is due in 2027.

Since 2010, the town has been included within the [[South Downs National Park]]. The National Park Authority has therefore taken over some functions from the local councils, notably relating to [[town planning]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members |url=https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/national-park-authority/our-people/members/ |website=South Downs National Park Authority |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

There are also a number of local political groups without council representation. The [[far-left]] group [[Lewes Maoist Action]] has operated in the town since 2013, frequently handing out leaflets at the train station and running a cake stall at weekends outside [[Lewes Castle]]. In 2020, the group claims to have infiltrated the council and Harvey's brewery, although they have never contested a local or parliamentary election.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/18632037.interview-lewes-maoists-wanting-uk-revolution/ | title=Group 'plotting to start UK-wide revolution in the name of Chairman Mao' | date=6 August 2020 }}</ref>

===Constituency===
Lewes gives its name to the [[Lewes (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewes parliamentary constituency]]. The constituency was held by the Conservatives from the 1870s until 1997, when it was won by Liberal Democrat [[Norman Baker]]. He held the seat for 18 years until defeated in 2015 by Conservative [[Maria Caulfield]], who retained her seat in the 2017 and 2019 general elections. As of July 2024, Liberal Democrat [[James MacCleary]] is the MP.

==Geography==
{{blockquote|''You can see Lewes lying like a box of toys under a great amphitheatre of chalk hills ... on the whole it is set down better than any town I have seen in England.''|[[William Morris]] (1834–1896)}}
{{wide image|Lewes wiki.jpg|850px|Panoramic view of Lewes}}

Lewes is situated on the [[Greenwich Meridian|Greenwich]] or [[Prime Meridian]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Dolan |first=Graham |title=The Greenwich Meridian |url=http://www.thegreenwichmeridian.org/tgm/location.php?i_latitude=50.873169&i_type= |access-date=17 November 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074022/http://www.thegreenwichmeridian.org/tgm/location.php?i_latitude=50.873169&i_type= |url-status=live}}</ref> in a gap in the [[South Downs]], cut through by the [[River Ouse, Sussex|River Ouse]], and near its confluence with the Winterbourne Stream. It is approximately seven miles north of [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]], and an equal distance north-east of [[Brighton and Hove|Brighton]].

The South Downs rise above the river on both banks. The High Street, and earliest settlement, occupies the west bank, climbing steeply up from the bridge taking its ancient route along the ridge; the summit on that side, {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} distant is known as Mount Harry. On the east bank there is a large [[chalk]] [[cliff]], [[Cliffe Hill]] that can be seen for many miles, part of the group of hills including [[Mount Caburn]], Malling Down (where there are a few houses in a wooded area on the hillside, in a development known as Cuilfail) and Golf Hill (home to the Lewes Golf Club). The two banks of the river are joined by Willey's Bridge (a footbridge), the Phoenix Causeway (a recent concrete road bridge, named after the old Phoenix Ironworks) and Cliffe Bridge (an 18th-century replacement of the [[mediaeval]] crossing, widened in the 1930s and now semi-pedestrianised).

The High Street runs from Eastgate to West-Out, forming the spine of the ancient town. Cliffe Hill gives its name to the one-time village of Cliffe, now part of the town. The southern part of the town, Southover, came into being as a village adjacent to the Priory, south of the Winterbourne Stream. At the north of the town's original wall boundary is the St John's or Pells area, home to several 19th-century streets and the Pells Pond. The [[Pells Pool]], built in 1860, is the oldest freshwater ''lido'' in England. The Phoenix Industrial Estate lies along the west bank of the river and contains a number of light industrial and creative industry uses, as well as car parks and a fire station. A potential regeneration project (formerly "The North Street Quarter", renamed "The Phoenix Project" by the Lewes-based eco-development company Human Nature which took on ownership of the land in December 2020) for the area would be the largest in Lewes since the South Malling residential area was developed in the 1950s and 1960s and in the South Downs since it became a National Park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://southdowns.gov.uk/planning/planning-applications/north-street-quarter-lewes/ |title='North Street Quarter Lewes'; |publisher=South Downs National Park Authority |access-date=24 March 2015 |archive-date=21 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022426/http://southdowns.gov.uk/planning/planning-applications/north-street-quarter-lewes/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Project, Lewes |url=https://humannature-places.com/phoenix-project/ |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Human Nature |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093117/https://humannature-places.com/phoenix-project/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Malling lies to the east of the river and had 18th- and 19th-century houses and two notable breweries. Road engineering and local planning policy in the 1970s cleared many older buildings here to allow the flow of traffic; the main road route east from the town now goes along Little East Street, across the Phoenix Bridge and through the Cuilfail Tunnel to join the A27.

The town boundaries were enlarged twice (from the original town walls), in 1881 and 1934. They now include the more modern housing estates of Wallands, South Malling (the west part of which is a previously separate village with a church dedicated to St Michael), Nevill, Lansdown and Cranedown on the Kingston Road.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56908 "The borough of Lewes: Introduction and history"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525235404/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56908 |date=25 May 2011 }}, ''A History of the County of Sussex'': Volume 7 (1940), pp. 7–19, Accessed: 19 May 2008</ref>

Countryside walks can be taken starting from several points in Lewes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lewes Walks |url=https://denmans3.wixsite.com/lewes-walker/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703124301/https://denmans3.wixsite.com/lewes-walker/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One can walk on [[Mount Caburn]] to the village of [[Glynde]] starting in Cliffe, traverse the [[Lewes Brooks]] (an [[RSPB]] reserve) from Southover, walk to [[Kingston near Lewes]] also from Southover, head up Landport Bottom to Mount Harry and [[Blackcap, East Sussex|Black Cap]] along the edge of the old Lewes Racecourse, or wander up along the Ouse to [[Hamsey Place]] from the Pells. The [[South Downs Way]] crosses the Ouse just south of Lewes at Southease and hikers often stop off at the town. A new route reaching the town at the [[Railway Land, Lewes|Railway Land]] – the Egrets Way – initially conceived in 2011 by the Ouse Valley Cycle Network, has been designed as a network of walking and cycling paths linking Lewes and Newhaven with the villages in between.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Egrets Way |url=https://www.egretsway.org.uk/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103163029/https://www.egretsway.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Natural sites===

Three [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] lie within the parish: [[Lewes Downs]], [[Lewes Brooks]] and [[Southerham Works Pit]]. Lewes Downs is a site of [[biological]] interest, an isolated area of the South Downs.<ref>{{cite web|title=SSSI Citation – Lewes Downs |publisher=Natural England |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002952.pdf |access-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030112238/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002952.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008}}</ref> Lewes Brooks, also of biological importance, is part of the floodplain of the [[River Ouse, Sussex|River Ouse]], providing a habitat for many invertebrates such as water beetles and snails.<ref>{{cite web|title=SSSI Citation – Lewes Brooks |publisher=Natural England |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003002.pdf |access-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030112240/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003002.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008}}</ref> Southerham Works Pit is of [[geological]] interest, a disused [[chalk]] pit displaying a wide variety of fossilised fish remains.<ref>{{cite web|title=SSSI Citation – Southerham Works Pit |publisher=Natural England |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/200061.pdf |access-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030112203/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/200061.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008}}

</ref> The Railway Land nature reserve is on the east side of the town next to the Ouse, and contains an area of woodland and marshes, which now includes the Heart of Reeds, a sculpted reed bed designed by local land artist [[Chris Drury (artist)|Chris Drury]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Heart of Reeds |website=The Railway Land Project |url=http://railwaylandproject.org/Heart%20of%20Reeds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515131810/http://www.railwaylandproject.org/Heart%20of%20Reeds |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2009 |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The Winterbourne stream, a tributary of the Ouse, flows through it. This stream flows most winters and dries up in the summer, hence its name. It continues through Lewes going through the Grange Gardens and often travelling underground. The Heart of Reeds is one of the sites in [[East Sussex]] and [[Kent]] home to the [[marsh frog]], an introduced species. It is popular with pond-dippers and walkers. A centre for the study of environmental change is due to be built at the entrance to the nature reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://railwaylandproject.org/ |title=Railway Land Project |publisher=Railwaylandproject.org |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200905/http://railwaylandproject.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 August 1864, Lewes experienced an [[earthquake]] measuring 3.1 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]].
{{Geographic location
| title     = '''Neighbouring areas'''
| Northwest = [[Ditchling]], [[Burgess Hill]]
| North     = [[Barcombe Cross]]
| Northeast = [[Ringmer]], [[Uckfield]]
| West      = [[Falmer]]
| Centre    = Lewes
| East      = [[Hailsham]]
| Southwest = [[Brighton]]
| South     = [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]], [[Peacehaven]]
| Southeast = [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]], [[Eastbourne]]
}}

===Climate===
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Cfb]]" (Marine West Coast Climate/[[Oceanic climate]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591153&cityname=Lewes%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&units= |title=Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase) |work=Weatherbase |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123085249/https://www.weatherbase.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Lewes, UK
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high F = 46
|Feb high F = 46
|Mar high F = 48
|Apr high F = 52
|May high F = 59
|Jun high F = 63
|Jul high F = 66
|Aug high F = 68
|Sep high F = 64
|Oct high F = 57
|Nov high F = 52
|Dec high F = 46
|year high F = 
|Jan low F = 41
|Feb low F = 39
|Mar low F = 43
|Apr low F = 45
|May low F = 50
|Jun low F = 54
|Jul low F = 59
|Aug low F = 59
|Sep low F = 55
|Oct low F = 50
|Nov low F = 45
|Dec low F = 41
|year low F = 
|Jan precipitation days = 12
|Feb precipitation days = 10
|Mar precipitation days = 9
|Apr precipitation days = 7
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 6
|Jul precipitation days = 8
|Aug precipitation days = 8
|Sep precipitation days = 9
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 11
|Dec precipitation days = 11
|year precipitation days = 
|source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=591153&cityname=Lewes-England |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710025455/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=591153&cityname=Lewes-England |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Weatherbase |title=Weatherbase.com |year=2013}}
Retrieved on 9 July 2013.
</ref>
|date=July 2013
}}

==Religious buildings==
{{See also|List of places of worship in Lewes District}}

===Church of England===
* St Michael's is located at the top of the High Street and like St Peter's in nearby [[Southease]] it has a round tower (with a shingled spire). Its length runs along the street rather than away from it and the cemetery is separated from the High Street by stone walls with iron railings on top. Next to it is a building which is used upstairs as a [[Sunday school]].
* Further west is St Anne's,<ref>[http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/sx/lewsa/index.htm Details of Church of St. Anne, Lewes from Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> a quiet church surrounded by its graveyard, which gives its name to the street it is on.
* [[Church of St John sub Castro, Lewes|St John sub Castro]] ([[Latin language|Latin]] for St John-under-the-Castle) is the northernmost church in the old town. The surrounding town quarter is called St John's. The church's boundaries are actually protected on one side by the Town Walls, although originally St John's was a small [[Saxon architecture|Saxon]] building. It was destroyed in the 19th century but the main door was kept and used as an east door for the large new church, built in 1839 by George Cheeseman<ref name="buildings1">''The Buildings of England: Sussex'' – [[Ian Nairn]], [[Nikolaus Pevsner]]</ref> in [[flint]] and [[brick]]. In the graveyard there is a [[Russian Memorial, Lewes|memorial to the Finnish prisoners]] kept in the old naval prison in the 19th century. St John's Church Hall is a couple of streets away in Talbot Terrace.
* In Cliffe there is St Thomas à Becket's, where the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] Community also worship.
* In Southover, St John the Baptist's is located on Southover High Street. The nave incorporates the [[hospitium]] of the [http://www.lewespriory.org.uk/ Priory of St Pancras].<ref>{{cite web |author=Stephen Bamber |url=http://www.southover.org.uk/history/history2.htm |title=Southover Church Website – Who We Were |publisher=Southover.org.uk |access-date=18 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323020511/http://www.southover.org.uk/history/history2.htm |archive-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> Neighbouring it is Church End and down the road at St James Street [[cul-de-sac]], the Church Hall. In its grounds is the Southover War Memorial, which is distinct from the main [[Lewes War Memorial]].
* St. Michael, [[South Malling]], dates from 1628.

====Deconsecrated====
* All Saints' is next to the site of a [[Priory]] of [[Grey Friars]] ([[Franciscan]] friars) the only relic of which is an archway at the end of the church boundary wall, which is on the line of the town wall. The medieval tower survives, abutting a later brick nave by [[Amon Wilds]] (1806)<ref name="buildings1"/> and 19th-century Gothic-style chancel. This church is now deconsecrated and serves as a community arts space, managed by the Town Council.<ref>{{citation |title=All Saints Centre |access-date=3 February 2015 |url=http://www.lewes-town.co.uk/infopage.asp?infoid=615 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204120801/http://www.lewes-town.co.uk/infopage.asp?infoid=615 |archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref>

===Roman Catholic===
The [[Roman Catholic]] church is dedicated to [[Pancras of Rome|St. Pancras]] in memory of the Priory and is a red-brick building over the street from St Anne's.

=== Non-conformist ===
* [[Lewes Friends Meeting House]] (finished 1784) is a Quaker meeting house next to the former All Saints' Church (now an arts centre) on Friar's Walk.
* The [[Jireh Chapel]], off Malling Street, is a Grade I listed building,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/yourcouncil/agendasreportsminutes/countycouncil/reports/CC25Jul2000ReportOfScrutinyCommitteeForEnhancingTheEnvironment.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527132236/http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/yourcouncil/agendasreportsminutes/countycouncil/reports/CC25Jul2000ReportOfScrutinyCommitteeForEnhancingTheEnvironment.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> being a rare survivor of its type dating from 1805. It now houses the [[Lewes Free Presbyterian Church]].
* Westgate Chapel is a 16th-century building located built on the original 13th century town wall foundations and a yard at the top of the High Street (Grade 2* listed). So called because of its position at the old West Gate of the town wall, the Chapel was in use during the 17th century and became a licensed place of worship named as Westgate Meeting on 5 November 1700 and recorded as Independent. Its liberal stance allowed it to become a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] led church by 1820 (when the congregation of [[Southover General Baptist Chapel]] re-joined) It is now an Independent chapel.
* Eastgate Chapel is a very different building; a neo-Norman design of 1843 in dark flint, it originally had a pepper-pot dome but this was removed in favour of a traditional spire in case traffic vibrations below made it fall off. A modern extension has been added to the church.
* Christ Church, a modern (1953) building, serves a united congregation of [[United Reformed Church]] and [[Methodist]] worshippers.
* [[Southover General Baptist Chapel]] was built in Eastport Lane in 1741. The congregation's views moved towards Unitarianism, and in the 19th century they re-joined Westgate Chapel having earlier split from there. The building has been a house since 1972, but had various religious and secular uses before that.

==Demography==

In 2001 the service industries were by far the biggest employers in Lewes: over 60% of the population working in that sector. A little over 10% are employed in manufacturing, mostly in the smaller industrial units.

The town is a net daytime exporter of employees with a significant community working in London and Brighton whilst it draws in employees of the numerous local government and public service functions on which its local economy is strongly dependent.

An important part of the town's economy is based on tourism,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewes.gov.uk/Files/ldscs_october_2007_11.pdf |title=Lewes Town Profile |access-date=27 March 2018}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> because of the town's many historic attractions and its location.

As referenced in the governance section, the town is also where three tiers of local government have their headquarters, and the head office of [[Sussex Police]] is also in Lewes.<ref name="Non-emergency enquiries">"[https://www.sussex.police.uk/contact-us/non-emergency-enquiries Non-emergency enquiries]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20101221222945/https://sussex.police.uk/contact-us/non-emergency-enquiries Archive]) [[Sussex Police]]. Retrieved on 13 February 2011. "Sussex Police Headquarters Church Lane, Lewes East Sussex, BN7 2DZ."</ref>

==Lewes Bonfire==
<!-- This section is linked from [[#Community]] -->
[[File:Lewes Bonfire, Martyrs Crosses.jpg|thumb|right|Procession of the martyrs' crosses, as part of Lewes' [[Guy Fawkes Night|Bonfire Night]] celebrations]]
{{main|Lewes Bonfire}}
The town's most important annual event is the [[Lewes Bonfire]] celebrations on 5 November, [[Guy Fawkes Night]]. In Lewes this event not only marks the date of the uncovering of the [[Gunpowder Plot]] in 1605, but also commemorates the memory of the seventeen [[Lewes Martyrs]], Protestants [[Burned at the stake|burnt at the stake]] for their faith during the [[Marian Persecutions]]. The celebrations, which controversially involve burning an effigy of [[Pope Paul V]], who was pope during the Gunpowder Plot, are the largest and most famous [[Bonfire Night]] celebrations in the country.<ref name=Writers2009 >{{cite news |title=Tonight's the night: bonfires and fireworks |author=Times Writers |date=5 November 2009 |newspaper=Times |url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article6903456.ece |location=London |access-date=19 November 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615202346/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article6903456.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lewes Bonfire Council">{{cite web |url=http://www.lewesbonfirecouncil.org.uk/ |title=Lewes Bonfire Council |publisher=Lewes Bonfire Council |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002907/http://www.lewesbonfirecouncil.org.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Harveys Brewery (Lewes).jpg|thumb|left|[[Harveys Brewery]] in the centre of Lewes]]
The Lewes Chamber of Commerce represents the traders and businesses of the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leweschamber.org.uk/ |title=Lewes Chamber of Commerce |publisher=Leweschamber.org.uk |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913013532/http://www.leweschamber.org.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The town has been identified as unusually diversified with numerous specialist, independent retailers, counter to national trends toward 'chain' retailers and large corporate retail outlets.

Lewes Farmers' Market, one of the first in the UK, was started in the 1990s by Common Cause Co-operative Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commoncause.org.uk |title=Common Cause Cooperative |publisher=Commoncause.org.uk |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802051550/http://commoncause.org.uk/ |archive-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is a popular re-invention of Lewes as a market town. The Farmers' Market takes place in pedestrianised Cliffe High Street on the first and third Saturdays of every month, with local food producers coming to sell their wares under covered market stalls. A weekly food market in the Lewes Market Tower was established in July 2010 by Transition Town Lewes to allow traders to sell local produce. Occasionally French traders from the [[twin town]] of [[Blois]] attend, vending on Cliffe Bridge.

From 1794 beers, wines and spirits were distributed from Lewes under the ''Harveys'' name, and the town is today the site of [[Harvey & Son]]'s brewery celebrated as one of the finest ale producers in England.

In September 2008, Lewes launched its own currency, the [[Lewes Pound]], in an effort to increase trade within the town.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/sussex/7605639.stm |title=Lewes launches its own currency |work=BBC News |date=9 September 2008 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507082304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/sussex/7605639.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4744116.ece The Times: Town's pound note bucks the downturn]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> One Lewes Pound is equal to £1. Like the similar [[local currency]] in [[Totnes]], the initiative is part of the [[Transition Towns]] movement. The Lewes Pound and the [[Transition Towns]] movement have received criticism for a failure to address the needs of the wider Lewes population, especially lower socio-economic groups.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joanna |last=Simmons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/nov/01/consumeraffairs-communities |title=Lewes Pound – sparkler or damp squib? |work=The Guardian |date=1 November 2008 |access-date=1 August 2011 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213232118/http://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/nov/01/consumeraffairs-communities |url-status=live}}</ref> Such local currency initiatives have been more widely criticised in light of limited success stimulating new spending in local economies and as an unrealistic strategy to reduce carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harford |first=Tim |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2190116/ |title=The Undercover Economist on Local Currency |publisher=Slate.com |date=3 May 2008 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810093728/http://www.slate.com/id/2190116/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Lewes Pound can be exchanged for the same amount of [[pounds sterling]] in several shops in Lewes and can be spent in a wide range of local businesses. Many of the notes were sold on [[eBay]] at a higher amount. Early numbers and sequenced notes fetched very high prices from foreign collectors.

==Landmarks==

[[File:Lewes Castle towers.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lewes Castle]]]]
The town is the location of several significant historic buildings, including [[Lewes Castle]], the remains of [[Lewes Priory]], Bull House (the former home of [[Thomas Paine]]), [[Southover Grange]] and public gardens, and a 16th-century timber-framed [[Wealden hall house]] known as [[Anne of Cleves House]] because it was given to her as part of her divorce settlement from [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], though she never lived there. Anne of Cleves House and the castle are owned and maintained by the [[Sussex Archaeological Society]] (whose headquarters are in Lewes). The Round House, a secluded former [[windmill]] in Pipe Passage, was owned by the writer [[Virginia Woolf]].

The steep and cobbled Keere Street is home to many historic buildings, including a [[timber framed]] antiquarian bookshop. The gardens of the buildings on the east side of the street border the old Town Walls. The [[George IV|Prince Regent]] once drove his [[carriage]] down the street, and a sign at the bottom commemorates this event.

[[File:The Fifteenth Century Bookshop.JPG|thumb|right|The Fifteenth Century Bookshop, on the corner of High Street and Keere Street]]
The ancient street pattern survives extensively as do a high proportion of the medieval building plots and oak framed houses, albeit often masked with later facades. The 18th-century frontages are notable and include several, like Bartholomew House at the Castle Gate, that are clad in [[mathematical tile]]s which mimic fine brick construction. Numerous streets of 18th- and 19th-century cottages have survived cycles of [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]] as models of attractive town housing.

At the highest point of the old town the [[Portland stone]] and [[Coade stone]] facade of the [[Lewes Crown Court|Crown Court]] (1808–12, by [[John Johnson (architect, born 1732)|John Johnson]]), the brick Market Tower and florid [[Lewes War Memorial]] mark the historic centre, although trade has tended to concentrate on the lower land in modern times. At the lowest part of the town, by the river, [[Harvey & Son]]'s Brewery, 'The Cathedral of Lewes' is an unspoilt 19th-century tower brewery and is the only one of the town's five original major breweries still in use. Nearby [[Fitzroy House]] is a [[George Gilbert Scott]] designed building, constructed as a library in memory of Lewes MP [[Henry FitzRoy (politician)|Henry FitzRoy]] in 1862 and now a private residence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/realestate/a-rare-home-from-a-master-of-britains-gothic-revival.html |date=18 February 2016 |accessdate=6 March 2022 |first=Laura |last=Latham |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |title=A Rare Home From a Master of Britain's Gothic Revival |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306053456/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/realestate/a-rare-home-from-a-master-of-britains-gothic-revival.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The railway station is the other important monument of the industrial era.

[[File:Thomas Paines Lewes home.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bull House: [[Thomas Paine]]'s home]]
[[Southover Grange]] is a [[Listed building|grade II*listed]] Tudor manor house built in 1572 with [[Caen limestone]] taken from the ruins of [[Lewes Priory]].<ref>{{NHLE | num=1192300 | desc=SOUTHOVER GRANGE |access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> The house and its gardens were bought by Lewes District Council and opened to the public in 1945. The house is now owned by [[East Sussex County Council]], and it is currently being refurbished into a wedding venue, registry office and community facility. The east wing is leased to an art shop and the Window café (open in spring and summer). The Grange gardens are divided by the Winterbourne stream and contain formal bedding displays, a wildflower area, a knot garden and some notable trees, including a large [[Magnolia grandiflora]], a [[mulberry tree]] dating perhaps to the 17th century and a [[tulip tree]] planted by [[Queen Elizabeth II]]. The gardens are open to the public during daylight hours all year round.
[[Image:Keere Street, Lewes.JPG|thumb|right|Keere Street]]

Pelham House dates back to the 16th century and features architecture of all subsequent eras and a private landscaped garden facing the Downs. It now serves as an independent hotel. The Shelleys, also now a hotel, is likewise of some antiquity with a private garden and family associations with [[Percy Shelley]].

The centre of Lewes is notable for a consistently high calibre of regional vernacular architecture and variety of historic construction materials and techniques. A comprehensive survey of all historical plaques was conducted in 2013 by a local civic society, the Friends of Lewes.<ref>{{citation |url=https://friendsoflewes.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/lewes_plaques_and_photos_asj_150124.pdf |publisher=Friends of Lewes |title=Lewes Historical Plaque |access-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122826/https://friendsoflewes.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/lewes_plaques_and_photos_asj_150124.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A distinctive feature of the centre of Lewes is the network of alleyways or 'twittens' which run north–south on either side of the High Street and date back to Anglo-Saxon times. According to the Dictionary of the Sussex dialect and collection of provincialisms in use in the county of Sussex published in Lewes in 1875. "Twitten is a narrow path between two walls or hedges, especially on hills. For example, small passageways leading between two buildings to courtyards, streets, or open areas behind". Some twittens (e.g. Broomans Lane, Church Twitten, Green Lane, Paine's Twitten) remain flint-wall-lined pedestrian thoroughfares, others (e.g. Watergate Lane, St Andrew's Lane and renamed Station Street (formerly St Mary's Lane)) are now narrow usually one-way roads. The most notable of all Lewes' twittens is Keere Street. A weekly Sunday morning run up and down all the twittens on the south side of the High Street – the so-called Twitten Run – has operated in the town since November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://friends-of-lewes.org.uk/2012/10/30/kim-clark-lewes-street-names-and-twittens/ |title=New book by Kim Clark – the Twittens |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011516/https://friends-of-lewes.org.uk/2012/10/30/kim-clark-lewes-street-names-and-twittens/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Public sculpture==

===Historic===

With [[Eric Gill]]'s move to Ditchling, the artistic community there gave rise to other sculptors in the Lewes district such as his nephew [[John Skelton (sculptor)|John Skelton]] and [[Joseph Cribb]]. Skelton's studio in [[Streat]] has continued as an educational and artist's workshop since his death in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeltonworkshops.co.uk/ |title=Skelton Workshops |access-date=19 January 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524180947/http://skeltonworkshops.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Eric Gill]] and [[Jacob Epstein]] conceived ''a great scheme for doing some colossal figures together'' around 1910 for a modern Stonehenge on 6 acres of land at Asheham House, [[Beddingham]], south-east of Lewes. [[William Rothenstein]] agreed to buy the lease but the scheme failed.<ref>Richard Cork, ''Vorticism and Abstract Art in the First Machine Age'', Volume 1, p. 117.</ref>

[[Edward Perry Warren]] first saw Lewes House in 1889 and with his partner John Marshall they were prodigious collectors of fine antique sculpture there. [[Eric Gill]] was introduced to Warren by [[Roger Fry]] and the stone carving Ecstasy purchased, which is now in the [[Tate Gallery]] collection. [[William Rothenstein]] suggested that Warren might like to acquire [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]]'s new sculpture ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' and after several visits, in 1904 the Lewes ''Kiss'' arrived at Lewes House. In 1906 Rodin requested that Warren lend ''The Kiss'' to an important exhibition in Regent Street, London. This made it famous in Britain for the first time. ''The Kiss'' was returned to the stables at Lewes House, where it remained until 1914 until offered to Lewes Town Council. It was placed in the Town Hall, at the South End of the Assembly Room on 2 December 1914. Early in 1915, ''The Kiss'' was wrapped in canvas and marked off with a guard rail. The Town Council returned the statue, saying only that the room did 'not lend itself to such a noble piece of statuary.' On 26 February 1917, ''The Kiss'' was once more taken to the stable block where it was to remain until Warren's death in 1928. After a short period on loan to Cheltenham, ''The Kiss'' was purchased in 1953 by public subscription and is now one of the Tate's most popular attractions.

It returned on loan to Lewes in 1999 for the exhibition ''Rodin in Lewes''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hqinfo.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/jm-archive-rodin-in-lewes.html |title=The Generalist |work=hqinfo.blogspot.co.uk |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003225426/http://hqinfo.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/jm-archive-rodin-in-lewes.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Present day===
''The Helmet'' (1964), by [[Enzo Plazzotta]], stands in the grounds of Lewes Priory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk/object?id=75 |title=Object Details |work=publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224202/http://www.publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk/object?id=75 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Cuilfail Spiral'' (1983) by [[Peter Randall-Page]] sits on the roundabout at the north end of the Cuilfail Tunnel; made of 7 pieces of Portland limestone. The ''Magnus Inscription'' (c. 1200) sits in the East wall of St John Sub Castro on the Junction of Abinger Place and Lancaster Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk/object?id=246 |title=Object Details |work=publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301134037/http://publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk/object?id=246 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Janus Head'' (1997) by [[John Skelton (sculptor)|John Skelton]] and ''Lewes Group'' (2010) by [[Jon Edgar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/local/lewes-set-to-host-giant-sculpture-by-jon-edgar-1-4880608 |title=Lewes set to host giant sculpture by Jon Edgar |work=sussexexpress.co.uk |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031918/http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/local/lewes-set-to-host-giant-sculpture-by-jon-edgar-1-4880608 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> sit in Southover Grange Gardens. ''Sculpture to Thomas Paine'' by [[Marcus Cornish]] commissioned as a private donation was unveiled in July 2010 outside the new Lewes Library in Styles Field.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10507823 |title=Statue of Thomas Paine unveiled in Lewes |work=bbc.co.uk |date=5 July 2010 |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103183305/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10507823 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==

[[File:LewesStation Big.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lewes railway station]], looking east. South Downs in the distance]]
Lewes, from its inception, has been an important transport hub.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56908 |title=''British History Online'' |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |date=22 June 2003 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809072350/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56908 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its site as a bridging point was probably originally a ford: today the main routes avoid the town centre. The [[A27 road|A27 trunk road]] taking traffic along the south coast between [[Eastbourne]] and [[Southampton]] passes to the south of the town. The [[A26 road|A26]] from [[Maidstone]] to Newhaven; and the [[A275 road|A275]] (the London road) both come in from the north. The [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove]] bus company and Compass Travel serve the town. [[Lewes bus station|The bus station]] was closed for a while but reopened in late 2008.

[[Lewes railway station]] was originally the junction for six routes. The town still enjoys half-hourly fast trains from London. The two erstwhile rural rail routes to the north, linking to [[East Grinstead]] and [[Uckfield]] respectively, are both now closed, but the [[East Coastway Line]], connecting Brighton with Eastbourne and [[Hastings]], and the branch to [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]] remain.

The [[Vanguard Way]], a [[long-distance trail|long-distance footpath]] from London to Newhaven, passes through countryside east of the town. The [[South Downs Way]] also passes close to Lewes, crossing the Ouse at [[Southease]], some four miles south of the town. The [[Greenwich Meridian Trail]], a long-distance path that follows the [[Prime meridian (Greenwich)|Greenwich Meridian]] from Peacehaven in East Sussex to Sand le Mere in East Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town. A festival celebrating and encouraging walking and cycling, the Lewes Hike and Bike Festival, was created in 2012 but only ran for three years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leweshikeandbike.co.uk/ |title=Lewes Hike and Bike Festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609024101/http://www.leweshikeandbike.co.uk/ |archive-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>  The Eastbourne and Lewes Walking Festival was created in 2018 to promote walking in the local urban and rural South Downs area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eastbourneandleweswalkfest.org/ |title=Eastbourne and Lewes Walking Festival |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110153659/https://eastbourneandleweswalkfest.org/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==

===Primary schools===

There are many primary schools including:
* Morley House ([[Lewes Old Grammar School]]'s junior department)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldgrammar.e-sussex.sch.uk/junior_school.html |title=Lewes Old Grammar School :: One of Sussex's leading schools |publisher=Oldgrammar.e-sussex.sch.uk |access-date=18 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517010416/http://www.oldgrammar.e-sussex.sch.uk/junior_school.html |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref>
* St Pancras School (Permanently Closed) <ref>{{Cite web |title=St Pancras Catholic Primary School - GOV.UK |url=https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/114568 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> 
* South Malling School
* Southover School<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southoverschool.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040528070754/http://southoverschool.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2004 |title=Welcome to Southover School |publisher=Southoverschool.net |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref>
* Wallands Community Primary and Nursery School<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wallands Community Primary And Nursery School |url=https://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/education-learning/schools/find-local-schools |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=www.eastsussex.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=website |first=Wallands Community Primary and Nursery School |title=Home |url=https://wallands.greenhousecms.co.uk/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=Wallands Community Primary and Nursery School |language=en}}</ref>
* Western Road School<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/educationandlearning/schools/primary/western8452073.htm |title=Western Road Community Primary School |publisher=Eastsussex.gov.uk |date=27 March 2006 |access-date=18 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604035532/http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/educationandlearning/schools/primary/western8452073.htm |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Western Road and Southover School, despite being separate schools, are housed in linked buildings. The original Southover buildings are of red brick in the Queen Anne style, dating back to the early 20th century. The additions to it now forming the Western Road buildings date from after 1945. The two schools share a field. Pells Primary School closed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://consultation.eastsussex.gov.uk/childrens-services/closure-of-pells-church-of-england-primary-school/ |title=Closure of Pells Church of England Primary School |publisher=Eastsussex.gov.uk |date=19 August 2016 |access-date=29 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The alternative independent primary school, Lewes New School, closed in 2018.

===Secondary schools===

There are two secondary schools in the town and one nearby:
* [[Lewes Old Grammar School]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldgrammar.e-sussex.sch.uk/index.html |title=Lewes Old Grammar School :: One of Sussex's leading schools |publisher=Oldgrammar.e-sussex.sch.uk |access-date=18 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517234247/http://www.oldgrammar.e-sussex.sch.uk/index.html |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> an independent school which also has a sixth form.
* [[Priory School, Lewes|Priory School]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.priory.e-sussex.sch.uk/ |title=Priory School – Lewes |publisher=Priory.e-sussex.sch.uk |access-date=18 June 2009 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503165101/http://www.priory.e-sussex.sch.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> specialising in the arts, languages and science.
* [[Ringmer Community College|Kings Academy Ringmer]],<ref>[[Ringmer Community College and Sixth Form]] http://www.ringmeracademy.org.uk/ {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203223055/http://www.ringmeracademy.org.uk/ |date=3 December 2011 }}</ref> about three and a half miles from Lewes town centre, in a village called Ringmer, is a school for ages 11 to 16.

===Further education===

[[East Sussex College]], formerly Sussex Downs College, has one of its campuses in Lewes, and provides a range of courses including A Levels, GCSEs, [[Functional Skills]] and [[Access course]]s and vocational qualifications such as NVQs and BTECs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussexdowns.ac.uk |title=Sussex Downs College – Welcome to Sussex Downs College |work=sussexdowns.ac.uk |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107012319/http://www.sussexdowns.ac.uk/ |archive-date=7 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Classical music===
Located {{convert|4|mi|km|spell=in}} outside of Lewes is [[Glyndebourne]] opera house. Founded in 1934, the venue draws large audiences for its Summer Festival and has attracted a host of international talent throughout its history. Lewes Operatic Society (founded 1911)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewesoperatic.co.uk/ |title=Lewes Operatic Society |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124131/http://www.lewesoperatic.co.uk/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and New Sussex Opera<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsussexopera.org/index.html |title=New Sussex Opera |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204120947/http://www.newsussexopera.org/index.html |archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> are also based in the town of Lewes.

A number of other local classical music series operate in the town, including the [[Nicholas Yonge]] Society;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyslewes.org.uk/ |title=Nicolas Yonge Society |publisher=Nyslewes.org.uk |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717084543/http://nyslewes.org.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the baroque and early classical Workshop Series.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworkshopseries.co.uk/ |title=Workshop Series |publisher=Workshop Series |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220033020/http://www.theworkshopseries.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Musicians of All Saints is a Lewes-based chamber orchestra founded in 1987 who perform both new works and standard repertoire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mas-lewes.co.uk/aboutus.html/ |title=Musicians of All Saints |access-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016114145/http://www.mas-lewes.co.uk/aboutus.html/ |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> A new annual music series, the Lewes Chamber Music Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leweschambermusicfestival.com/ |title=Lewes Chamber Music Festival |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204141045/http://leweschambermusicfestival.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> was created in summer 2012. The Lewes Festival of Song was created in 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=About Lewes Festival of Song |url=https://www.lewesfestivalofsong.co.uk/about |website=Lewes Festival of Song |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182936/https://www.lewesfestivalofsong.co.uk/about |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Lewes BaroqueFest in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing Lewes Baroquefest |url=https://www.lewesbaroquefest.org/about-us |website=Lewes Baroquefest |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185308/https://www.lewesbaroquefest.org/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>  Other local music groups include the Lewes Concert Orchestra<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewesconcertorchestra.org/ |title=Lewes Concert Orchestra |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614172331/http://www.lewesconcertorchestra.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> founded in 1993; and the [[Lewes, Glynde & Beddingham Brass Band]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lgbbrass.co.uk/ |title=Lewes, Glynde and Beddingham Brass Band |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204123942/http://www.lgbbrass.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> founded in 1922.

The East Sussex Bach choir<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bachchoir.org.uk/ |title=East Sussex Bach Choir |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095053/http://bachchoir.org.uk/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is based in Lewes, as well as a number of other active amateur choirs, including Pro Musica Chamber Choir,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promusica.org.uk/ |title=Pro Musica Chamber Choir |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203100022/http://www.promusica.org.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the Everyman Ensemble,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thephoenixcantata.com/the-everyman-ensemble.html |title=Everyman Ensemble |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203093251/http://www.thephoenixcantata.com/the-everyman-ensemble.html |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the Paddock Singers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepaddocksingers.co.uk/ |title=The Paddock Singers |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223123313/http://www.thepaddocksingers.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lewes Vox<ref>{{cite web |url=https://brightonvox.wordpress.com/brightonchoirslewes-vox/ |title=Lewes Vox Community Choir |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203100852/https://brightonvox.wordpress.com/brightonchoirslewes-vox/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and East Sussex Community Choir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastsussexcommunitychoir.org/ |title=East Sussex Community Choir |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203083626/http://www.eastsussexcommunitychoir.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Orlando Gough]]'s opera ''[[The Finnish Prisoner]]'' is set in Lewes, telling the story of the Finnish [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] held in Lewes after the Crimean War.

===Museums and galleries===

The principal town museum is Barbican House Museum at [[Lewes Castle]], which hosts the Lewes Town Model<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewestownmodel.co.uk/ |title=Lewes Town Model |publisher=Lewes Town Model |access-date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007065520/http://www.lewestownmodel.co.uk/ |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> as well as four galleries of Sussex archaeology. [[Anne of Cleves House]] has various collections relating to the history of Lewes. There are several independent art galleries in the town including the Star Brewery Gallery<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Brewery Gallery » Art gallery » Exhibition space » Lewes, East Sussex |url=https://www.starbrewerygallery.com/ |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=starbrewerygallery.com |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415105738/https://www.starbrewerygallery.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in a former brewery in Market Street; the artist-run Chalk Gallery<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Chalk Gallery website |url=https://www.chalkgallerylewes.co.uk/#! |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=chalkgallerylewes.co.uk |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192151/https://www.chalkgallerylewes.co.uk/#! |url-status=live }}</ref> in North Street and occasional art exhibitions at the Town Hall. Other galleries are listed in Gallery Guide Lewes and Art Map Lewes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.staylewes.org/places-to-visit-lewes/lewes-town/ |title=Lewes Gallery Guide |website=www.staylewes.org |access-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427025138/http://www.staylewes.org/places-to-visit-lewes/lewes-town/ |archive-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=19iY2UsLNV38mCTsU6fj_0xoof9Y&ll=50.87700815398111%2C0.010904900000014095&z=15 |title=Art Map Lewes |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123085257/https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=19iY2UsLNV38mCTsU6fj_0xoof9Y&ll=50.87700815398111,0.010904900000014095&z=15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Theatre and cinema===

Lewes Little Theatre was created in 1939 and is based in dedicated premises on Lancaster Street. It puts on half a dozen or more productions each year. Supporters of the creation of the Theatre include [[John Maynard Keynes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/people/link-between-john-maynard-keynes-and-lewes-little-theatre-1-6295777 |title=Link between John Maynard Keynes and Lewes Little Theatre |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141803/https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/people/link-between-john-maynard-keynes-and-lewes-little-theatre-1-6295777 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

An independent three-screen cinema, the Lewes Depot, opened in May 2017 in a multimillion-pound redevelopment of a former Harvey's brewery depot close to Lewes station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/sherlock-star-martin-freeman-opens-lewes-depot-cinema-1-798020 |title=Sherlock Star Martin Freeman Opens Lewes Depot Cinema |date=26 May 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The architects were [[Burrell Foley Fischer]] and the work was given a Friends of Lewes award, and highly commended in the South Downs National Park design awards.<ref name="bffawards">{{cite web |url=https://bff-architects.com/awards |access-date=25 June 2020 |title=Awards — Burrell Foley Fischer LLP |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616225902/https://bff-architects.com/awards |url-status=live}}</ref> The Lewes Film Club, which also produces short movies (including the recent adaptation of [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]''), and Film at All Saints' (the Film Club in collaboration with Lewes Town Council), show films based in the All Saints' Centre, a former church.

Several scenes in the 1962 film [[Jigsaw (1962 film)|Jigsaw]], which was loosely based on the [[Hillary Waugh]] novel 'Sleep Long, My Love' and the real-life [[Brighton trunk murders]], were set and filmed in Lewes.

===Popular music and clubs===

Local dance schools and clubs include Lewes Dance Club,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lewesdanceclub.co.uk/ |title=Lewes Dance Club – dancing classes in Sussex |access-date=31 March 2010 |archive-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413015346/http://lewesdanceclub.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> East Sussex Dance and ballet groups. Starfish Youth Music<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starfishlewes.co.uk/ |title=Starfish – HOME |work=starfishlewes.co.uk |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221034159/http://starfishlewes.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> is based at Priory School and the young bands who take part regularly perform in local venues such as the Paddock and the All Saints' Centre.

Popular music gigs take place at a number of venues and pubs across the town including the Lewes Con Club, the Snowdrop Inn, the Volunteer pub, the Lewes Arms, the John Harvey Tavern, the Pelham Arms, and the Lansdown. The Elephant and Castle hosts the Saturday Folk Club. Union Music Store based in Lewes has become a centre for modern folk, country and Americana, both promoting and hosting live gigs, and recording and producing local musicians. A monthly comedy club based at the Con Club was created in 2010. A new organisation to support local music and musicians, Lewes Ripple, was created in 2018 and as well as online platforms is looking to create live concerts in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lewesripple.uk/ |title=Lewes Ripple |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133734/https://www.lewesripple.uk/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A regular local music festival, Lewes Live (previously Rock in the Bog), takes place in the summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leweslive.com/ |title=Lewes Live – Two-day music Festival in East Sussex |work=leweslive.com |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713175725/http://www.leweslive.com/ |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The town of Lewes was also the UK location for the Mumford and Sons' Gentlemen of the Road tour stopover in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/mumford--sons-announce-2013-summer-gentlemen-of-the-road-stopover-8483795.html |title=Mumford & Sons announce 2013 summer 'Gentlemen of the Road Stopover' |author=Daisy Wyatt |date=6 February 2013 |work=The Independent |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215537/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/mumford--sons-announce-2013-summer-gentlemen-of-the-road-stopover-8483795.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A large jazz festival, [[Love Supreme Festival]] was founded in 2013 at nearby [[Glynde Place]]. Other local festivals include the Brainchild Festival, based just north of Lewes in the grounds of [[Bentley Wildfowl and Motor Museum]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://brainchildfestival.co.uk/ |title=Brainchild Festival |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>

===Art, photography, and festivals===

Annual arts events include ArtWave<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artwavefestival.org/ |title=Home |website=Artwave Festival |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415173957/http://www.artwavefestival.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the children's Patina Moving on Parade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patinalewes.com/ |title=Patina – Moving on |work=patinalewes.com |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-date=6 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506141609/http://www.patinalewes.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> An annual Lewes Guitar Festival which started in 1999 has not operated since the late 2000s. The annual Charleston Festival is hosted at nearby [[Charleston Farmhouse]] near the village of [[Firle]] some 6 miles east of Lewes.

An annual festival of light – Lewes Light – was created in 2015 during the UNESCO Year of Light and has run since then as an annual art installation and environmental awareness project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leweslight.uk/ |title=Lewes Light Festival |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213135527/https://www.leweslight.uk/ |archive-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Reeves Studio, which is thought to be the oldest continuously operated photographic studio in the world, has been running from the same premises in Lewes since 1855.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/11128160/Worlds-oldest-photography-studio-opens-its-archives.html |title=World's oldest photography studio opens its archives |work=telegraph |date=29 September 2014 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201172841/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/11128160/Worlds-oldest-photography-studio-opens-its-archives.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Debate===

Lewes has been influenced by its close proximity to the [[University of Sussex]] and Brighton University in terms of significant numbers of academics and students living in the town.

The [[Headstrong Club]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.headstrongclub.org.uk/ |title=Headstrong Club}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> whose notable members include [[Thomas Paine]] was relaunched in 1987<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hqinfo.blogspot.com/2005/06/paine-in-net.html |title=The Generalist |work=hqinfo.blogspot.com |date=21 June 2005 |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708042358/http://hqinfo.blogspot.com/2005/06/paine-in-net.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and continues to operate. A branch of the popular [[Skeptics in the Pub]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lewes.skepticsinthepub.org/ |title=Skeptics in the Pub – Lewes |work=skepticsinthepub.org |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220302/http://lewes.skepticsinthepub.org/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> movement was created in 2011 in Lewes, based at the Elephant and Castle.

===Literature and history===

The Lewes Literary Society (until 2015 the Monday Literary Society)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondayliterarysociety.co.uk/ |title=Monday Literary Society |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204121015/http://www.mondayliterarysociety.co.uk/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was founded in Lewes in 1948 by authors [[Barbara Willard]] and Frances Howell, chaired by [[Leonard Woolf]] from 1954 to 1969, and currently by the poets [[John Agard]] and [[Grace Nichols]], who live in the town. The Needlewriters is a co-operative of poets and writers which hosts a quarterly evening of poetry and prose at the Needlemakers Cafe, showcasing writers from across Sussex and Kent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://needlewriters.co.uk/ |title=Needlewriters |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331133703/https://needlewriters.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The poetry imprint Frogmore Press, founded in Folkestone in 1983, moved to Lewes in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frogmorepress.co.uk/ |title=Frogmore Press |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608224941/http://www.frogmorepress.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lewes Live Literature (LLL) was founded 1995 as a promoter of art and literature events, with an autumn festival which ran 2001–2007 bringing together spoken word with performance, music, film and visual art. Since 2007, LLL has concentrated on live literature production work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leweslivelit.co.uk/?location_id=31 |title=Lewes Live Literature |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725134114/http://www.leweslivelit.co.uk/?location_id=31 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lewes History Group was founded in 2009 and supports an active programme of talks, information and research into the history of the town and surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://leweshistory.org.uk/ |title=Lewes History Group |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227011746/https://leweshistory.org.uk/ |archive-date=27 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Lewes Speakers Festival was created in the mid-2010s and brings a range of national speakers to the town each year, on a range of political, literary and historical topics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.speakersfestivals.com/lewes-speakers-festival |title=Lewes Speakers Festival |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509183730/https://www.speakersfestivals.com/lewes-speakers-festival |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Local pub culture===

Lewes is home to a number of small craft breweries, alongside the renowned [[Harvey & Son]]'s brewery in the heart of Lewes. Lewes also has a strong tradition of distinctive local pub games, including [[Toad in the hole (game)|toad in the hole]] (a local pub league<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lewestoadsleague.blogspot.co.uk/ |title=Lewes and District Toads League |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202164040/http://lewestoadsleague.blogspot.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and international competition<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-clubhouse.org/sites/lewesuk/page-6.php/ |title=International Toad Championship |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202155109/http://www.e-clubhouse.org/sites/lewesuk/page-6.php/ |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> are held in the town), Dwyle Flunking<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gannetandparrot.com/2013/08/04/dwyle-flunking-at-the-lewes-arms/ |title=Dwyle Flunking at the Lewes Arms |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202160538/http://www.gannetandparrot.com/2013/08/04/dwyle-flunking-at-the-lewes-arms/ |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (the local spelling of [[Dwile flonking]]), and the World Pea Throwing Championships.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/the-strangest-things-you-can-do-this-autumn-1793222.html?action=gallery&ino=10 |title=The Strangest Things You Can Do This Autumn – World Pea Throwing Championships |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202160118/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/the-strangest-things-you-can-do-this-autumn-1793222.html?action=gallery&ino=10 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Lewes in literature==

With a number of authors having lived in or near Lewes, it features, explicitly or disguised, in a number of books.

Possibly the earliest substantial reference in fiction is in ''[[The Wanderer (1814 novel)|The Wanderer: Or, Female Difficulties]]'', an 1814 novel by [[Frances Burney|Fanny Burney]], in which the heroine spends time in Lewes and Brighton.

[[Eve Garnett]] lived in Lewes and her ''[[The Family from One End Street]]'' series of children's stories are set in 'Otwell-on-the-Ouse'. Matthew de Abaitua's dystopian novel ''If Then'' is set in a fictionalised Lewes. There are strong parallels with Lewes in the setting of Cliffe House which appears in a story called ''Bloody Baudelaire'', by [[R. B. Russell]].

''The Collector'' by [[John Fowles]] is set near Lewes with the characters visiting the town, and the Roy Grace crime series by [[Peter James (writer)]] based in Brighton has scenes set in Sussex Police HQ based in Lewes. Graham Greene's first novel ''[[The Man Within]]'' has scenes set in Lewes at the Lewes assizes.

Three novels by [[William Nicholson (writer)]] – ''[[The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life]]'', ''All the Hopeful Lovers'' and ''Golden Hour'' – are based in Lewes and surrounding villages. ''Three Round Towers'' and ''Retribution'' by Beverley Elphick are set in and around Lewes at the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Archived copy |id={{ASIN|178306420X |country=uk}} }}</ref>

[[Julian Fane (author)|Julian Fane]] wrote a fictionalised version of his experience moving from London to Lewes in the novel ''Hope Cottage'', which is set in a fictional district of Lewes named "Eastover."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/f/julian-fane/hope-cottage.htm |title=Hope Cottage by Julian Fane |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925222608/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/f/julian-fane/hope-cottage.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> 

Other writers to have set works of fiction in Lewes include [[Andrew Soutar]], Judith Glover, and primatologist [[Alison Jolly]] who wrote a series of books for children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leweshistory.org.uk/research-resources/lewes-history-group-bibliography/lhg-bibliography-fiction-set-in-lewes |title=LHG Bibliography: Fiction set in Lewes |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830134100/https://leweshistory.org.uk/research-resources/lewes-history-group-bibliography/lhg-bibliography-fiction-set-in-lewes/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The personal diaries of Lewes-based writer [[Alice Dudeney]] who wrote popular fiction in the first half of the 20th century were published in 1998 as ''A Lewes Diary: 1916–1944'' describing her life in Lewes with [[Henry Dudeney]] before and during the interwar years.

Lewes also features in a range of works of other non-fiction, but notable examples would include ''To The River'' by [[Olivia Laing]] which follows her walk along the River Ouse and ''The Old Ways'' by [[Robert Macfarlane (writer)]] features walks on the South Downs close to Lewes.

In 2015, American writer Joseph Cannizzo Jr. published a collection of poetry about Lewes entitled ''When in Lewes'', ({{ISBN|1517222680}}) following a brief stay in the town.<ref>{{Cite book |title=When in Lewes |last=Cannizzo |first=Joseph Jr. |date=14 September 2015 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=9781517222680 |language=en}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''Sussex Express'' newspaper (formally the ''Sussex Express and County Herald'') was established in 1837 in Lewes as the ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' and merged with the Sussex County Herald in 1938.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sussex Express |url=http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-se/sussex-express/ |website=British Newspapers Online |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090020/http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-se/sussex-express/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Now headquartered in Horsham, it serves Lewes and much of East Sussex. It has four editions and includes extensive coverage of the local sports scene. It is part of the [[Johnston Press]] network of newspapers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk |title=Sussex Express |work=sussexexpress.co.uk |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127211625/http://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Viva Lewes'' was founded as a weekly web magazine in January 2006 and also as a monthly print handbook in October 2006 covering events and activities in and around the Lewes area. It ceased publication in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vivabrighton.com/ |title=Viva Magazines |work=vivalewes.com |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924082800/https://www.vivabrighton.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2018 a monthly lifestyle publication Town & County Magazine was launched, with coverage of local life, history, and culture, and celebrity interviews, across Lewes district as well as Alfriston & Ditchling.

Local television news programmes are [[BBC South East Today]] and [[ITV News Meridian]] (East).

The town's local radio stations are [[BBC Radio Sussex]], [[Heart South]], [[Seahaven FM]] and [[More Radio Mid-Sussex]].

Lewes has its own [[Restricted Service Licence|RSL]] radio station, Rocket FM,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocketfm.org.uk/ |title=Rocket FM |work=rocketfm.org.uk |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003112513/http://www.rocketfm.org.uk/ |archive-date=3 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which broadcasts via FM and the Internet for three weeks in October/November each year, covering the Bonfire period.

Operating since 2012 Radio Lewes is a web based podcasting CIC.  Membership based it was created by the Oyster Project Charity (holders of Queen's Award for Voluntary Service)  [https://www.radiolewes.org.uk Radio Lewes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011143820/http://radiolewes.org.uk/ |date=11 October 2018 }}

In November 2012, [[EE (telecommunications)|EE]] launched a series of advertisements promoting its 4G mobile service. All of the adverts, which featured actor [[Kevin Bacon]], were filmed in Lewes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9854808.hollywoods-kevin-bacon-in-lewes/ |title=Hollywood's Kevin Bacon in Lewes |work=theargus.co.uk |date=3 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830142108/https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/9854808.hollywoods-kevin-bacon-in-lewes/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sport==
In 1694, accounts of [[Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet|Sir John Pelham]] record 2s 6d paid for a wager concerning a [[cricket]] match at Lewes, one of the sport's earliest references.<ref>McCann T. (2004),''Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century'', p. xli. Sussex Record Society.</ref>

[[Lewes Priory Cricket Club]] is based at the Stanley Turner Ground, Kingston Road. The club were Sussex League champions in 1986 and 1990 and Division 2 winners in 1999, 2006 and 2008. The club has active senior, junior and social sections.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lewespriory.play-cricket.com/home|title=Lewes Priory CC|access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

[[Lewes Rugby Football Club]], founded in 1930, runs several rugby teams at various competitive levels, including the senior men's sides, the women's, girls' and junior teams. Lewes RFC's home turf is the Stanley Turner Ground, Kingston Road.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lewesrugby.com/|title=Lewes RFC|access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

The local [[association football|football]] team is [[Lewes FC]]. The club was founded in 1885 and play at [[the Dripping Pan]]. In July 2017, the club became the first in the world to introduce equal pay to the men's and women's teams.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45454977 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |title=Lewes FC: The football club with same budget for men's & women's teams |first=Emily |last=Croydon |date=8 September 2018 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910220131/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45454977 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Lewes FC Women's team were appointed to the second tier of the Women's Super League in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/29/womens-league-revamp-winners-and-losers |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=From Manchester United to Lewes, newcomers benefit from WSL revamp |first=Suzanne |last=Wrack |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529153524/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/29/womens-league-revamp-winners-and-losers |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lewes Hockey Club is a [[field hockey]] club based at Southdown Sports Club on Cockshut Road. It was founded in 1903 and is one of the oldest hockey clubs in Sussex, with teams competing in the [[Southern Counties Hockey Association|South East Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leweshc.com|title=Lewes Hockey Club|access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/lewes-hc|title=England Hockey - Lewes Hockey Club |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

Lewes Tennis/Hockey Club (Southdown Sports Club) has 16 tennis courts, four squash courts, two netball courts and a floodlit astro/hockey pitch. Lewes Bowls Club situated behind the Mount on Mountfield Road was founded in 1922. It is affiliated to Bowls England and members play in the Meridian League and the Brighton League, as well as in informal games for pleasure. Between April and September members play on a flat lawn green with six rinks and inside the clubhouse on short mat for the winter season. Lewes Golf Club is set on downland above Cliffe Hill on the east-side of Lewes, where the sport has been played since 1896.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lewesgolfclub.co.uk/course/ |title=Lewes Golf Club |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142040/http://www.lewesgolfclub.co.uk/course/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The town is also home to Lewes Bridge View which has adult teams competing in the [[Mid Sussex Football League]] and [[Lewes and District Sunday League]]. In 2016 Lewes Bridge View Juniors joined in partnership with Lewes FC to form Lewes FC Juniors – running Under 8s to Under 16s, with boys and girls teams.

Lewes Athletic Club caters for junior and senior athletes. The club trains at the all-weather 400m track at the end of Mountfield Road, and other locations in the area. Lewes Swimming Club was reconstituted in 1975 by Commonwealth gold medal-winning swimmer [[Christine Gosden|Christine Parfect (née Gosden)]] and others. The club has 300+ members and organises swimming sessions at Lewes, Ringmer, Newlands School, Newhaven and Seaford Head pools during term-time. Lewes Wanderers [[Cycling club|Cycling Club]] was reconstituted in 1950. The club organises regular [[time trials]] throughout the summer.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
The Moyleman, an off-road marathon event over the hills around Lewes, starting and finishing in the town, was created in 2014 and first run in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://runbrighton.wordpress.com/stories-and-interviews/the-moyleman-featuring-the-late-chris-moyle/ |title=The Moyleman featuring the late Chris Moyle |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074021/https://runbrighton.wordpress.com/stories-and-interviews/the-moyleman-featuring-the-late-chris-moyle/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Lewes racecourse|Lewes Racecourse]], located immediately to the west of the town on the slopes of the Downs, operated for 200 years until it closed in 1964. Racehorse training continued at Lewes until 2020 when the area's last trainer, Suzy Smith, moved her base from Lewes to [[Angmering]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bone |first1=Steve |title=Trainer's move across Sussex means end of a racing era in Lewes |url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/sport/other-sport/trainers-move-across-sussex-means-end-of-a-racing-era-in-lewes-2904612B |publisher=Sussex World |access-date=6 March 2023 |date=9 July 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  Race days are held at nearby [[Plumpton Racecourse]].

There are a number of Service Clubs in Lewes, including Lewes Lions Club which is a member of [[Lions Clubs International]]. The club runs various events including the Christmas Concert in December each year with the LGB Brass and the annual 'International 'Toad-in-the-Hole' Competition' and holds street collections to raise funds so as to assist people and organisations in and around Lewes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-clubhouse.org/sites/lewesuk/page-6.phpl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150310100738/http://www.e-clubhouse.org/sites/lewesuk/page-6.phpl |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2015 |title=Lewes Lions Club}}</ref> Since the 1960s, the Lewes Rotary Club has hosted its distinctive annual skittles tournament in the gardens of [[Southover Grange]] in June each year.<ref>https://www.lewes-rotary.org/skittles{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Lewes, East Sussex}}
Among the many notable former residents of Lewes is [[Thomas Paine]] (1737–1809), who was employed as an [[HM Customs and Excise|excise officer]] in the town for a time from 1768 to 1774 when he emigrated to the American colonies. The Paine association sits at the centre of a radical tradition that is represented today by writers working in the town.{{Citation needed|reason=who?|date=April 2009}}

The sciences and natural enquiry are represented by [[Gideon Mantell]] who is credited with the first discovery and identification of fossilised dinosaur ([[iguanodon]]) teeth. Lewes doctor [[Richard Russell (doctor)|Richard Russell]] popularised the resort of [[Brighton]]. [[Thomas Frewen (physician)|Thomas Frewen]], who practised in Lewes, was one of the earliest doctors to adopt the practice of [[inoculation]] against smallpox.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frewen, Thomas, 1704-1791 (physician) {{!}} ArchiveSearch |url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/agents/people/7827 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>

Lewes is the birthplace of 16th-century madrigalist [[Nicholas Yonge]]. In the 1960s it was home to [[Charlie Watts]] of the [[Rolling Stones]], as it is now to other musicians, including [[Herbie Flowers]], [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]] and [[Tim Rice-Oxley]] from [[Keane (band)|Keane]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

[[Daisy Ashford]] lived from 1889 to 1896 at Southdown House, 44 St Anne's Crescent, where she wrote ''[[The Young Visiters]]''. [[Edward Perry Warren]], an eccentric American collector, lived in Lewes House. In 1919 [[Virginia Woolf]] briefly owned – but never lived in – the Round House, a windmill in Pipe Passage, before moving to her final home, [[Monk's House]] in [[Rodmell]]. Diarist [[John Evelyn]] spent his boyhood at Southover Grange.

[[John Maynard Smith]] (1920–2004), evolutionary biologist and population geneticist, died in Lewes.

==Crime==
The town is the police and judicial centre for all of [[Sussex]] and is home to [[Sussex Police]], [[East Sussex Fire & Rescue Service]], [[Lewes Crown Court]] and [[HMP Lewes]].

The fact that Lewes has a [[Lewes Crown Court|Crown Court]], and a [[Lewes (HM Prison)|prison]], is reflected by the fact that many notorious people have been connected with the town. During the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] in Ireland several prominent figures involved in it were in Lewes Prison, including [[Éamon de Valera]] (1882–1975); [[Thomas Ashe]] (1885–1917); [[Frank Lawless]] (1871–1922); and [[Harry Boland]] (1887–1922). Others have included [[George Witton]] (1874–1942) involved in shooting prisoners during the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]].

Lewes [[Assize Court|assizes]] saw many important trials. In 1949 [[serial killer]] [[John George Haigh]] was sentenced to death. In 1956 suspected serial killer [[John Bodkin Adams]] had his committal hearing in Lewes before being sent to the [[Old Bailey]], London for trial. He was subsequently tried and convicted in Lewes in 1957 for [[fraud]], lying on [[cremation]] forms and obstructing a police search. An early case was that of [[Percy Lefroy Mapleton]] (1860–1881) hanged for murder and the subject of the first composite picture on a [[wanted poster]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"|
|+ '''Crime rates in Lewes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findaproperty.com/crimefacts.aspx?edid=00&salerent=1&areaid=0876 |title=Property to rent in Lewes – Flats & houses to rent in Lewes – Zoopla |work=findaproperty.com |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217063900/http://www.findaproperty.com/crimefacts.aspx?edid=00&salerent=1&areaid=0876 |url-status=live}}</ref> (per 1000 population) 2005–2006'''
! || Locally || Nationally
|-
| Robbery || style="text-align:center;"|0.17 || style="text-align:center;"|1.85
|-
| Theft of a motor vehicle || style="text-align:center;"|1.67 || style="text-align:center;"|4.04
|-
| Theft from a motor vehicle || style="text-align:center;"|4.59 || style="text-align:center;"|9.56
|-
| Sexual offences || style="text-align:center;"|0.83 || style="text-align:center;"|1.17
|-
| Violence against a person || style="text-align:center;"|16.75 || style="text-align:center;"|19.97
|-
| Burglary || style="text-align:center;"|2.99 || style="text-align:center;"| 5.67
|}

==Twin towns==
* [[Waldshut-Tiengen]], Germany
* [[Blois]], France
Lewes has been [[sister city|twinned]] with Waldshut-Tiengen since 1974 and with Blois since 1963, although informal links between these two towns began in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lewes Twinning Association |url=http://lewestwinning.weebly.com/history.html |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163515/http://lewestwinning.weebly.com/history.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|East Sussex}}
* [[Lewes Speed Trials]]
* The [[Mise of Lewes]], a peace treaty from 1264
* ''[[The Song of Lewes]]'', a Latin poem about the [[Battle of Lewes]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lewes}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Lewes}}
* [http://www.lewes.co.uk Lewes]
* [http://www.lewes.gov.uk Lewes District Council]

{{Lewes district}}
{{East Sussex1}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lewes| ]]
[[Category:Towns in East Sussex]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Market towns in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in East Sussex]]