View source for Mainland China

{{Short description|Geopolitical area comprising a large part of China}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=geo|date=May 2022}}
<!--The infobox below is used for a geographical area similar to both the Free Area of the Republic of China and the Palestinian territories.-->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Mainland China
| native_name            = {{lang|zh-hans|中国大陆}} / {{lang|zh-hant|中國大陸}}{{efn native lang|tw|name=word1 |p=Zhōngguó Dàlù}}
| common_name            = China
| linking_name           = China
| image_flag             = 
| flag_caption           = Flag of the People's Republic of China
| image_coat             = 
| image_map              = MainlandChina.png
| map_caption            = The geopolitical term "mainland China" (the highlighted area as shown above) defined as territories under direct administration of the People's Republic of China, including islands of [[Hainan]] and [[Zhoushan]] etc.
| map_width              = 
| image_map2             = 
| map_caption2           = 
| demonym                = {{hlist |[[Chinese people|Chinese]]}}
| government_type        = <!-- {{ubl|Disputed between:|[[China|People's Republic of China]] (''[[One-China policy|de facto]]'')|[[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (''[[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|de jure]]'')}}-->
| languages              = [[Standard Chinese]]
| languages_type         = Official language
| largest_settlement_type = cities
| largest_settlement     = {{hlist |[[Shanghai]]|[[Beijing]]|[[Chongqing]]|[[Tianjin]]|[[Guangzhou]]|[[Shenzhen]]}}
| area_km2               = 9,596,961
| area_sq_mi             = 3,705,410
| percent_water          = 
| area_footnote          = 
| ethnic_groups          = ''See [[Ethnic groups in China]]''
| population_census      = 1,400,050,000
| population_census_year = 2019
| population_density_km2 = 147
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
| Gini_year              = 
| Gini_change            = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini                   = <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref               = 
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI_year               = 
| HDI_change             = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_ref                = 
| HDI_rank               = 
| currency               = {{unbulleted list |[[Renminbi]] (RMB)}}
| time_zone              = [[Time in China|China Standard Time]]
| utc_offset             = +8
| time_zone_DST          = 
| utc_offset_DST         = 
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[+86]]
| cctld                  = {{unbulleted list |[[.cn]] |{{lang|zh-hans|[[.中国]]}}| {{lang|zh-hant|[[.中國]]}}}}
| today                  = [[People's Republic of China]]
}}
{{infobox Chinese
| t = {{linktext|中國大陸}}
| s = {{linktext|中国大陆}}
| l = Continental China
| bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄨˋ
| w = Chung¹-Kuo² Ta⁴-lu⁴
| p = Zhōnggúo Dàlù
| tp = Jhonggúo Dàlù
| mps = Jūng-gúo Dà-lù
| gr = Jonggwo Dahluh
| j = zung<sup>1</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup> daai<sup>6</sup> luk<sup>6</sup>
| y = Jūnggwok Daaihluhk
| wuu = tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> du<sup>去</sup> loh<sup>入</sup>
| poj = Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k
| buc = Dṳ̆ng-guók Dâi-lṳ̆k
| t2 = {{linktext|中國|內|地}}
| s2 = {{linktext|中国|内|地}}
| l2 = Inland China
| p2 = Zhōnggúo Nèidì
| j2 = zung<sup>1</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup> noi<sup>6</sup> dei<sup>6</sup>
| y2 = Jūnggwok Noihdeih
| wuu2 = tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> ne<sup>去</sup> di<sup>去</sup>
| poj2 = Tiong-kok lōe-tē / lōe-tōe
| order = st
| altname3 = Mainland Area of the Republic of China
| t3 = 中華民國大陸地區
| s3 = 中华民国大陆地区
| p3 = Zhōnghuá Mínguó Dàlù Dìqū
| w3 = Chung-hua min-kuo ta-lu ti-ch'ü
}}

"'''Mainland China'''", also referred to as "'''the Chinese mainland'''", is a [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] term defined as the territory under direct administration of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) in the aftermath of the [[Chinese Civil War]]. In addition to the geographical mainland, the geopolitical sense of the term includes islands such as [[Hainan]], [[Chongming Island|Chongming]], and [[Zhoushan]].<ref name="Mainland Affairs Council" /> By convention, territories outside of mainland China include:
* [[Special administrative regions of China]], which are regarded as subdivisions of the country, but retain distinct administrative, judicial and economic systems from those on the mainland:<ref>{{cite web|title=中央流行疫情指揮中心1月28日宣布提升中國大陸(不含港澳)之旅遊疫情建議至第三級『警告』(Warning)，大陸委員會調升湖北省（包含武漢市）的旅遊警示燈號為「紅色」，中國大陸其他地區旅遊警示燈號為「橙色」|date=10 July 2017 |url=https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-56-5042-d9a77-1.html|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609203038/https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-56-5042-d9a77-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Hong Kong]], formerly a [[British Hong Kong|British colony]]
** [[Macau]], formerly a [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese colony]]
* [[Taiwan]], along with [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] and other minor islands, are collectively known as the [[Taiwan Area]], where has been the major territorial base of the [[government of the Republic of China]] (ROC) since 1950. Though the ROC still claims the “Mainland Area” as its constitutionally-defined territory.

In Taiwan it is also often used to refer to all territories administered by the PRC.<ref name="cons.judicial.gov.tw" /><ref>{{cite web |title=2月6日起全中國大陸(含港澳)列二級以上流行地區，居住中國大陸各省市陸人暫緩入境 |url=https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/d8IEMvgt20oaB7rIu8ygaQ?typeid=9 |language=zh-hant |website=[[Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)]] |publisher=疾病管制署 |accessdate=5 February 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331163146/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/d8IEMvgt20oaB7rIu8ygaQ?typeid=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=有關中國大陸「國家情報法(草案)」新聞參考資料 |url=https://www.mac.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=A0A73CF7630B1B26&sms=B69F3267D6C0F22D&s=F847DF7FE6299919 |website=[[Mainland Affairs Council]] |access-date=26 June 2017 |language=zh-tw |quote=中國大陸人大網於106年5月16日公布了「中華人民共和國國家情報法(草案)」}}</ref> The term is widely used in all of the above territories as well as internationally, including by many [[Overseas Chinese]] communities especially [[Malaysian Chinese]] and [[Chinese Singaporeans]], use this term to describe people from the "ancestral land".

==Background==
In 1949, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and the [[People's Liberation Army]] had largely defeated the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)'s [[National Revolutionary Army]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. This forced the Kuomintang to relocate the government and institution of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to the relative safety of [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]], an island which was [[Treaty of San Francisco#Fate of Taiwan and other Japanese overseas territories|placed under its control]] after the [[surrender of Japan]] at the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, the CCP-controlled government saw itself as the sole legitimate government of China,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Jeshurun|editor1-first=Chandran|title=China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia |date=1993 |publisher=ISEAS|location=Singapore|isbn=9813016612 |page=146}}</ref> competing with the claims of the Republic of China, whose authority is now limited to [[Free Area of the Republic of China|Taiwan and other islands]]. This resulted in a situation in which [[Two Chinas|two co-existing governments]] competed for [[China and the United Nations|international legitimacy and recognition]] as the "government of China". With the democratisation of Taiwan in the 1990s and the rise of the [[Taiwanese independence]] movement, some people began simply using the term "China" instead.<ref>{{cite web |title=為何陸生希望自己被稱內地？使用中國、內地、大陸等詞彙前，你懂背後的意識形態？ |url=https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/170510 |website=[[The Storm Media]] |date=17 May 2018 |access-date=4 January 2022 |quote=綠軍所用的正式名稱，尊重獨立國體的一種正式稱呼，這種稱呼本身也不帶有任何敵意，敵意存在與否其實代表著內戰是否結束，在稱呼上特別要小心 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124400/https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/170510 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to their status as colonies of foreign states during the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the phrase "mainland China" excludes [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=So|editor1-first=Alvin Y. |editor2-last= Lin |editor2-first= Nan |editor3-last=Poston|editor3-first=Dudley L.|title=The Chinese Triangle of mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong : comparative institutional analyses|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9780313308697}}</ref> Since the return of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty in [[Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|1997]] and [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|1999]], respectively, the two territories have retained their legal, political, and economic systems. The territories also have their distinct identities. Therefore, "mainland China" generally continues to exclude these territories, because of the "[[one country, two systems]]" policy adopted by the Chinese government towards the regions.<ref name="LegCo1">{{cite web|website=LegCo.gov.hk |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/bc/bc56/papers/bc561008cb2-2767-1-e.pdf |publisher=Legislative council HK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110091646/https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/bc/bc56/papers/bc561008cb2-2767-1-e.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2021 |title=Mainland Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Bill|date = 22 June 2007}}</ref> The term is also used in economic indicators, such as the [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]] Competitiveness Report. International news media often use "China" to refer only to the mainland of the People's Republic of China.

==Political use==
===People's Republic of China===
The Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China ({{lang-zh|中华人民共和国出境入境管理法}}) defines two terms in Chinese that are translated to "mainland":<ref>{{cite web |title=《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》（中英文）Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China |url=http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/zlbg/flfg/crjxg/t1054650.shtml |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193536/http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/zlbg/flfg/crjxg/t1054650.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Dàlù'' ({{lang-zh|t=大陸|s=大陆|labels=no}}), which means 'the continent'. 
* ''Nèidì'' ({{lang-zh|s=内地|t=內地|labels=no}}), literally 'inland' or 'inner land'. It excludes Hong Kong and Macau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao Emergency Service Information |url=https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=46F6EFDFE943D834 |website=Mainland Affairs Council (Taiwan) |date=20 September 2022 |access-date= |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103190235/https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=46F6EFDFE943D834 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the PRC, usage of the two terms is not strictly interchangeable. To emphasise the [[One-China policy]] and not give the ROC "equal footing" in [[cross-strait relations]], the term must be used in PRC's official contexts with reference to Taiwan (with the PRC referring to itself as the "mainland side" dealing with the "Taiwan side"). In fact, the PRC government mandates that journalists use “Taiwan” and “the Mainland” (Dàlù) as corresponding concepts.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Does Using the Term *Mainland China* Imply for Taiwan? |url=https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/what-does-using-the-term-mainland-china-imply-for-taiwan/ |publisher=US Taiwan Business Council |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

But in terms of Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as "the Central People's Government".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |url=https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474982986578.htm |publisher=Information Office of the State Council. The People’s Republic of China |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> In the People's Republic of China, the term {{lang|zh-hans|内地}} (Nèidì, 'inland') is often contrasted with the term {{lang|zh|境外}} ('outside the border') for things outside the mainland region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China |url=http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/wgrlh/lhqz/lhqzjjs/201401/t20140121_961580.shtml#:~:text=The%20exit%2Fentry%20administrations%20of,residence%20permits%20with%20the%20duration. |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |publisher=Legalisation of Documents |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Examples include "Administration of Foreign-funded Banks" ({{lang-zh|t=中華人民共和國外資銀行管理條例|s=中华人民共和国外资银行管理条例|labels=no}}) or the "Measures on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions" ({{lang-zh|t=外國保險機構駐華代表機構管理辦法|s=外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法|labels=no}}).<ref name="LegCo1" />

[[Hainan]] is an island, but is nevertheless commonly considered to be part of the "mainland" politically, because its government, legal and political systems do not differ from the rest of the PRC. Nonetheless, Hainanese people still refer to the geographic mainland as "the mainland" and call its residents "mainlanders".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wenwen.sogou.com/z/q192508057.htm|script-title=zh:海南人为什么喜欢叫外省人叫大陆人？|website=wenwen.sogou.com|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307194549/https://wenwen.sogou.com/z/q192508057.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2020}}

Before 1949, the Kinmen and Matsu islands, were jointly governed with the rest of Fujian Province under successive Chinese governments. The two territories are generally considered to belong to the same historical region, Fujian Province, which has been divided since 1949 as a result of the civil war. However, because they are not controlled by the PRC, they are not included as part of "mainland China."

Some platforms like [[Bilibili]] banned the use of the term "mainland China" in their website and classified the behavior in its convention as an illegal act of splitting the country and undermining the integrity of national sovereignty, which violates law. They require that the term should be replaced as "Chinese mainland", "China's mainland" and "the mainland of China".<ref>{{cite web |title=社区公约 - 违法违禁 |url=https://member.bilibili.com/platform/convention/content?index=2-1&navhide=1 |website=Bilibili |language=zh-CN |quote=规范使用与国家形象相关的特定标识、呼号、称谓、用语；例如：“中国大陆”英文翻译请统一使用“Chinese mainland”、“China's mainland”或“the mainland of China”的英文译法，杜绝使用“mainland China”或“Mainland China”的错误译法}}</ref>

===Hong Kong and Macau===
[[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] have been territories of the PRC since 1997 and 1999 respectively. However, due to the [[One Country, Two Systems]] policy, the two regions maintain a degree of autonomy, hence they are not governed as part of mainland China.

Geographically speaking, Hong Kong and Macau are both connected to mainland China in certain areas (e.g. the north of the [[New Territories]]). Additionally, the islands contained within Hong Kong (e.g. [[Hong Kong Island]]) and Macau are much closer to mainland China than Taiwan and Hainan, and are much smaller.

In Hong Kong and Macau, the terms "mainland China" and "mainlander" are frequently used for people from PRC-governed areas (i.e. not Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau). The Chinese term ''Neidi'' ({{lang-zh|t=內地|labels=no}}), meaning the ''inland'' but still translated ''mainland'' in English, is commonly applied by [[Special administrative regions of China|SAR]] governments to represent non-SAR areas of PRC, including Hainan province and coastal regions of mainland China, such as "Constitutional and Mainland Affairs" ({{lang|zh-hant|政制及內地事務局}})<ref>Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. "[http://www.cmab.gov.hk/ Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021044209/https://www.cmab.gov.hk/ |date=2021-10-21 }}." ''Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau.'' Retrieved on 10 March 2008.</ref> and Immigration Departments.<ref>[http://www.immd.gov.hk/zhtml/facts_3_0.htm Chinese version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127190454/http://www.immd.gov.hk/zhtml/facts_3_0.htm |date=27 November 2009 }}, [http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/facts_3_0.htm English version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204183751/http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/facts_3_0.htm |date=4 February 2009 }}, Statistics on Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents and Professionals ({{lang|zh-hant|輸入內地人才計劃數據資料}}), [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)]].</ref> In the [[Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement]] (as well as the [[Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement]]) the CPG also uses the Chinese characters {{lang|zh-hans|内地}} "inner land", with the note that they refer to the "customs territory of China".<ref name=CEPA>[http://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/files/main_e.pdf English Text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232402/http://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/files/main_e.pdf |date=4 June 2011 }} [http://www.locpg.gov.cn/big5/jmwl/cepa/cepaxy/200702/t20070225_1844.asp Chinese text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707035638/http://www.locpg.gov.cn/big5/jmwl/cepa/cepaxy/200702/t20070225_1844.asp |date=7 July 2011 }} <!--Update this link to the 2010 annex --></ref>

===Taiwan (Republic of China)===
[[File:ROC1979-05 National Assembly Secretariat China Map.pdf|thumb|The ROC map shown as of May 1979 in the Sixth Session of the First National Assembly]]
[[File:Republic of China (Taiwan) (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Currently, the scope of the “mainland area” defined in Taiwan's law (light green)<ref name="Mainland Affairs Council"/>]]

References to the PRC and other lost continental territories as the mainland began appearing in Taiwan state documents as early as 1954.<ref name="法规ROC4">{{Cite web |title=解释字號：释字第31号 |url=http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/ |accessdate=4 November 2018 |language=zh-hant |author1=司法院 |website=司法院法學資料檢索系統判解函釋 |location=台北 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207151537/http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |chapter=Place, Identity and National Imagination in Postwar Taiwan |author=Bi-Yu Chang |chapter-url=https://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/Castles%20in%20the%20Sand.pdf |url-status=live |title=Building castles in the sand |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2015 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702152424/https://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/Castles%20in%20the%20Sand.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/221-greater-china-made-in-taiwan/ |author=Frank Jacobs| title=A Map of Greater China, Made in Taiwan |date=23 July 2010 |work=[[Big Think]] |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521151734/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/221-greater-china-made-in-taiwan/ |archive-date=21 May 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Legal definitions followed in the 1990s. The 1991 [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China]] stated that "the handling of people's rights and obligations and other affairs between the free area and the mainland can be specially stipulated by law", and used the legal term "mainland area" without defining its geographical boundaries.<ref name="法规ROC6">{{Cite web |title=中华民国宪法增修条文 |url=https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lglawc/lawsingle?00067773FB3C000000000000000000A000000002000000^04105080042200^00027002001 |accessdate=4 November 2018 |language=zh-hant |author1=立法院 |website=立法院法律系統 |location=台北}}</ref> The 1992 Regulations on the Relations between the People in Taiwan and the Mainland defined "Taiwan" as areas controlled by the ROC and "mainland" as "the territory of the Republic of China."<ref name="法规ROC5">{{Cite web |title=台湾地区与大陆地区人民关系条例 |url=https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lglawc/lglawkm?@@2039384855 |accessdate=4 November 2018 |language=zh-hant |author1=立法院 |website=立法院法律系統 |location=台北 |archive-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211115457/https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lglawc/lglawkm?@@2039384855 |url-status=live }}</ref> The related [[Cross-Strait Act]] called those under PRC jurisdiction - excluding those in Hong Kong and Macau - as "people of the mainland area", and used "[[free area of the Republic of China]]" to describe areas under ROC control.<ref name="ROC Constitution">[http://www.taiwandocuments.org/constitution04.htm Additional Articles to the Republic of China Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515000850/http://www.taiwandocuments.org/constitution04.htm |date=15 May 2017 }}, 6th Revision, 2000</ref> The issue on the mainland's territory also stated in the [[Judicial Yuan]] Interpretation No. 328 in 1993.<ref name="cons.judicial.gov.tw">{{Cite web |title=No.328 |url=https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=100&id=310509 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=cons.judicial.gov.tw |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723065449/https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=100&id=310509 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="法规ROC10">{{Cite web |title=香港澳門關係條例施行細則 |url=https://db.lawbank.com.tw/FLAW/FLAWDAT0202.aspx?lsid=FL016532&ldate=20160111 |website=法源法律网 |accessdate=16 November 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010174047/https://db.lawbank.com.tw/FLAW/FLAWDAT0202.aspx?lsid=FL016532&ldate=20160111 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Supreme Court of the Republic of China]]'s judgment #900 labeled the [[Macau|Macao Special Administrative Region]] as the "Mainland's Macau Area".<ref name="法规ROC11">{{Cite web |title=裁判字號：101年台上字第900號 |url=http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/ |accessdate=4 November 2018 |language=zh-hant |author1=司法院 |website=司法院法學資料檢索系統判解函釋 |location=台北 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207151537/http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2002 amendments to the Implementation Rules of the Regulations on People Relations between Taiwan and mainland China defined the mainland as areas claimed but not controlled by the ROC, corresponding to "areas under control of the [[Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communists]]" (within the ''[[de facto]]'' [[borders of China|borders of the People's Republic of China]]).<ref name="Mainland Affairs Council">{{cite web |title=Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs |url=https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=4F2E0C155DF44564&sms=2C46F5E37DC2E1D2&s=4597A146F5AF7D3C |website=[[Mainland Affairs Council]] |access-date=30 May 2018 |quote=Article 3: The enforcement areas of Subparagraph 2 of Article 2 of the Act shall refer to areas under control of the Chinese Communists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例施行細則 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=Q0010002 |website=法務部全國法規資料庫 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403002507/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=Q0010002 |url-status=live |quote=中共控制之地區}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=中華民國立法院法制局研究成果《外蒙古定位後續問題評析》|url=http://www.ly.gov.tw/ly/04_library/0401_orglaw/orglaw_search/orglaw_search_04.jsp?ItemNO=04020200&f91_number=821 |author=邱政宗 |date=March 1991 }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref>

Views of the term "mainland China" ({{lang|zh-TW|中國大陸}}) vary on Taiwan. During the [[Dang Guo|Dangguo era]], the KMT had previously referred to the territories under the control of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) by several different names, e.g. "(territory controlled by the) [[Communist bandit]]s", "occupied/unfree area (of China)", "Communist China" (as opposed to either "Nationalist China" or "Democratic China"), "Red China" (as opposed to "Blue China"), and "mainland China (area)".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/news/kuan0416/3/1281895827/20060101013524/ |title=台灣小學課本裡的「共匪」（管仁健／著） |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327075035/http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/news/kuan0416/3/1281895827/20060101013524 }}</ref> In modern times, many of these terms have fallen out of use. The terms "mainland China" ({{lang|zh-TW|中國大陸}}) or "the mainland" ({{lang|zh-TW|大陸}}) still remain in popular use, but some also simply use the term "China" ({{lang|zh-TW|中國}}). The former term is generally preferred by the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] led by the KMT, while the latter term is preferred by the [[Pan-Green Coalition]] led by the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP), which opposes the term "mainland" and its suggestion that Taiwan is part of China. This has caused many political debates.<ref name="Wachman">{{Cite book|title=Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization|last=Wachman|first=Alan|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1994|page=81|author-link1=Alan M. Wachman}}</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/07/23/2003538429 DPP is firm on China name issue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508152838/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/07/23/2003538429 |date=8 May 2021 }}. Taipei Times (14 July 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.</ref>

== Inland China ==
'''Inland China'''{{Efn-ur|中國内地}} or simply '''Inland{{Efn-ur|内地}}''' is a political and legal term used in the [[China|People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=存档副本 |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2012-06/30/content_2602269.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319235451/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2012-06/30/content_2602269.htm |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> It refers to the areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, excluding the regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau|Macao]].<ref name="HKc5973">{{Cite web |title=第597章 《內地判決（交互強制執行）條例》 |url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap597!zh-Hant-hk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010856/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap597%21zh-Hant-hk |archive-date=23 November 2021 |accessdate=18 March 2017 |publisher=電子版香港法例 |language=zh-hant |location=香港}}</ref> This term is often used in contexts where the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau are mentioned, and in some cases, it is synonymous with "Mainland China". Nevertheless, in Taiwan, "Mainland China" is also often used to refer to all territories administered by the People's Republic of China including Hong Kong and Macao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.328 |url=https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=100&id=310509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723065449/https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=100&id=310509 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=cons.judicial.gov.tw}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2月6日起全中國大陸(含港澳)列二級以上流行地區，居住中國大陸各省市陸人暫緩入境 |url=https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/d8IEMvgt20oaB7rIu8ygaQ?typeid=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331163146/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/d8IEMvgt20oaB7rIu8ygaQ?typeid=9 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |accessdate=5 February 2020 |website=[[Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)]] |publisher=疾病管制署 |language=zh-hant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=有關中國大陸「國家情報法(草案)」新聞參考資料 |url=https://www.mac.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=A0A73CF7630B1B26&sms=B69F3267D6C0F22D&s=F847DF7FE6299919 |access-date=26 June 2017 |website=[[Mainland Affairs Council]] |language=zh-tw |quote=中國大陸人大網於106年5月16日公布了「中華人民共和國國家情報法(草案)」}}</ref>

=== Legal uses ===
==== Inland China ====
On 30 December 1954, the [[Supreme People's Court|Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China]] addressed a marital issue between a spouse residing in Inland and another residing in Hong Kong or Macau. The court used the term "Inland" in its official response, "Reply of the Supreme People's Court Regarding the Handling Opinions on Marital Issues with One Spouse Residing in Inland and the Other in Hong Kong or Macau." This terminology arose from a divorce case between a person from Hong Kong and another from Zhoushan.<ref name="法规C12">{{cite web |author=[[最高人民法院审判委员会]] |title=最高人民法院关于配偶一方居住内地一方居住港澳婚姻问题的处理意见的复函 |url=http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwyfg/1954/113718195401.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023133418/http://www.people.com.cn/item/flfgk/gwyfg/1954/113718195401.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018 |website=人民网法律法规库 |language=zh-CN |location=北京 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 6 December 1984, in a reply by the Supreme People's Court titled "Reply of the Supreme People's Court on the Issue of Whether Civil Cases Involving Hong Kong and Macau Compatriots Holding '[[British National (Overseas) passport|British National Overseas Passports]]' Issued by the Hong Kong British Authorities and Identity Cards Issued by the Macau Portuguese Authorities in Inland Chinese People’s Courts Should Be Treated as Foreign-Related Cases," it was pointed out that holders of such documents are considered Chinese citizens, not recognizing them as having British or Portuguese nationality; hence their civil cases in Inland Chinese courts should not be treated as foreign-related cases.<ref name="法规C22">{{cite web |author=[[最高人民法院审判委员会]] |title=最高人民法院关于港澳同胞持有"英国属土公民护照"和澳葡当局所发身份证在内地人民法院起诉、应诉的民事案件，是否作为涉外案件问题的批复 |url=http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=3026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702081948/http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=3026 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=23 October 2018 |website=法律图书馆 |language=zh-CN |url-status=live |location=北京}}</ref>

On 30 June 2012, the Eleventh National People's Congress passed Article 89 of the "Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China," which states: "Exiting refers to traveling from Inland China to other countries or regions, from Inland China to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region, or from the Mainland China to the Taiwan region".<ref name="法规C3甲3">{{cite web |title=中华人民共和国出境入境管理法 |url=http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254996/n2254998/c3912522/content.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006162933/http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254996/n2254998/c3912522/content.html |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018 |website=[[国家移民管理局]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> This law symmetrically aligns "Inland China" with the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions,<ref name="法规C3甲3"/> and in English versions, both are uniformly translated as "Chinese Mainland".<ref name="法规C3乙2">{{cite web |title=《中华人民共和国出境入境管理法》英文版 |url=http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254996/n2254998/c4221559/content.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006172908/http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254996/n2254998/c4221559/content.html |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=6 October 2018 |website=国家移民管理局 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Additionally, the term "Inland residents" is commonly used in contexts related to immigration control, tourism, and marriage, such as individual travel from Hong Kong and Macau, and [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Resident|Inland Travel Permits]] for Hong Kong and Macau residents.<ref name="2020covid2">{{cite news |author=[[国家移民管理局]] |date=3 February 2020 |title=中华人民共和国出入境管理局调整疫情防控期间内地居民往来港澳地区出入境管理政策措施 |url=http://www.locpg.gov.cn/jsdt/2020-02/03/c_1210460190.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204062630/http://www.locpg.gov.cn/jsdt/2020-02/03/c_1210460190.htm |archive-date=4 February 2020 |accessdate=20 February 2021 |quote=要求各地执行[[2019冠状病毒病中国大陆疫情|新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情]]防控期间[...]，[[春节]]假期结束后，自上班日起，全国公安机关出入境管理部门暂停受理、审批、签发内地居民赴港澳旅游签注（含团队旅游、个人旅游、深圳“[[一周一行]]”）}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2001 |title=内地居民往来港澳地区 |url=http://www.gd.xinhuanet.com/web/gdga/churujing/ga1c.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030925205421/http://www.gd.xinhuanet.com/web/gdga/churujing/ga1c.htm |archivedate=25 September 2003 |accessdate=20 February 2021 |newspaper=新华广东公安网 |publisher=[[新华社]]广东分社网络中心、[[广东省交通厅]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2020 |title=内地居民前往港澳定居办事指南 |url=http://gaj.dg.gov.cn/jzfl/crjglzd/bszn/content/post_3029247.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516034313/http://gaj.dg.gov.cn/jzfl/crjglzd/bszn/content/post_3029247.html |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |publisher=东莞市公安局}}<!---https://archive.today/FKAKR---></ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2019 |title=已开办内地居民个人赴港澳地区旅游城市 |url=https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741445/n741604/n741653/c906200/content.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516034321/https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741445/n741604/n741653/c906200/content.html |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[国家移民管理局]]}}<!---https://archive.today/SzfXx---></ref>

==== Hong Kong ====
In 1997, the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC)]] passed the "Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Handling the Existing Laws of Hong Kong in Accordance with Article 160 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China", which required that any references in Hong Kong laws to "Mainland," "Taiwan," "Hong Kong," and "Macau" should be interpreted as referring to parts of the People's Republic of China.<ref name="法规H12">{{cite web |author=[[第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会]] |title=全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于根据《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》第一百六十条处理香港原有法律的决定 |url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/1997-02/23/content_1480143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015231537/http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/1997-02/23/content_1480143.htm |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=中国人大网 |language=zh-CN |url-status=live |location=北京}}</ref> The Hong Kong Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance stipulates that "‘China’ refers to the People's Republic of China", and "‘the People's Republic of China’ includes the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions".<ref name="法规H22">{{Cite web |author1=中华人民共和国商务部、中华人民共和国香港特别行政区财政司 |title=《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》 服务贸易协议 |url=http://tga.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_cepanew/fwmyxy/201511/20151101196067.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318155647/http://tga.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_cepanew/fwmyxy/201511/20151101196067.shtml |archive-date=18 March 2018 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |website=中华人民共和国商务部门户网站 |language=zh-cn |url-status=live |location=北京}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]] and the [[Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)|Financial Secretary of Hong Kong]] signed the "[[Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement|Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Inland and Hong Kong]]" defining "Inland" as "all the tariff territory of the People's Republic of China".<ref name="HKc5973"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=第362H章 《商品說明（製造地方）（織片成衣）令》 |url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap362h!zh-Hant-hk/s4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010907/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap362H%21zh-Hant-hk/s4 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |accessdate=18 March 2017 |publisher=電子版香港法例 |language=zh-hant |location=香港}}</ref>

After Hong Kong's return in 1997, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government began to frequently use the term "Inland" in official documents and press releases, replacing terms commonly used during the British colonial period such as "China" or "Chinese Mainland". In Hong Kong laws, "Inland" is defined as any part of China except for Hong Kong and Macau. For example, Hong Kong's Air Pollution Control (Ocean Going Vessels) (Fuel at Berth) Regulation, Cap 311AA, specifies that "Inland means any part of China, but excludes Hong Kong and Macau."<ref name="第311AA章 《空氣污染管制（遠洋船隻）（停泊期間所用燃料）規例》">{{Cite web |title=第311AA章 《空氣污染管制（遠洋船隻）（停泊期間所用燃料）規例》 |url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap311aa!zh-Hant-hk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123033353/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap311AA%21zh-Hant-hk |archive-date=23 November 2021 |accessdate=18 March 2017 |publisher=電子版香港法例 |language=zh-hant |location=香港}}</ref> [[Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link|The Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (Co-location) Ordinance, Cap 632]], defines "Inland" as "parts of China other than Hong Kong and Macau".<ref name="第311AA章 《空氣污染管制（遠洋船隻）（停泊期間所用燃料）規例》"/>

On 1 April 2006, the "Inland Affairs Liaison Office," under the Constitutional Affairs Bureau, was established, and on 1 July 2007, during the administration of Donald Tsang, it was renamed the "[[Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau|Constitutional and Inland Affairs Bureau]]".<ref name="报道H12">{{Cite web |author1=马时亨 |title=立法会：商务及经济发展局局长就「发展与內地的合作关系」的动议辩论致辞全文（只有中文） |url=https://www.cmab.gov.hk/gb/speech/speech_1569.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116112253/https://www.cmab.gov.hk/gb/speech/speech_1569.htm |archive-date=16 November 2020 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |website=政制及内地事务局 |language=zh-hans |location=香港 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Macao ====
In 1999, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) passed the "Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Handling the Existing Laws of Macau in Accordance with Article 145 of the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China." This decision required that any references in Macau's laws that mentioned Inland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, either individually or together, should be interpreted as referring to parts of the People's Republic of China.<ref name="法规M12">{{Cite web |author1=全国人民代表大会常务委员会 |title=全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于根据《中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区基本法》第一百四十五条处理澳门原有法律的决定 |url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2001-02/06/content_5004755.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192420/http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2001-02/06/content_5004755.htm |archive-date=15 October 2018 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |website=中国人大网 |language=zh-cn |url-status=live |location=北京}}</ref> Law No. 1/1999 of Macau, also known as the "Reunification Law," restated relevant parts of the decision in its Annex IV.<ref name="法规M42">{{Cite web |author1=中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区立法会 |title=澳門特別行政區 第1/1999號法律 回歸法 |url=https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei01_cn.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102044219/https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei01_cn.asp |archive-date=2 November 2020 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |website=澳门特别行政区印务局 |language=zh-cn |location=澳门 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, the Ministry of Commerce and Macau's Secretary for Economy and Finance signed the "[[Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement|Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Inland and Macau]]" which defined "Inland" as "all the tariff territory of the People's Republic of China".<ref name="法规M23">{{Cite web |author1=中华人民共和国商务部、中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区经济财政司 |title=《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》 服务贸易协议 |url=http://tga.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_cepanew/afwmyxy/201511/20151101196720.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029051412/http://tga.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_cepanew/afwmyxy/201511/20151101196720.shtml |archive-date=29 October 2017 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |website=中华人民共和国商务部门户网站 |language=zh-cn |url-status=live |location=北京}}</ref>

After the handover in 1999, the Macau Special Administrative Region government began to use the term "Inland" extensively in official documents and press releases, replacing the terms commonly used during the Portuguese administration. In Macau's laws and international treaties where the term "international" is involved, this generally excludes Inland China and Hong Kong. For example, in the "Air Services Agreement between the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland," it is stipulated that "locations in Inland China and Hong Kong shall not be used as intermediate or beyond points."<ref name="法规M32">{{Cite web |author1=大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府、中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区政府 |title=中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區政府與大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國政府航班協定 |url=https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2004/07/aviso03_cn.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192625/https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2004/07/aviso03_cn.asp |archive-date=15 October 2018 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |website=澳门特别行政区印务局 |language=zh-cn |url-status=live |location=澳门}}</ref>

=== Usage in entertainment industry ===
In order to differentiate from the entertainment industries of Europe, America, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong, the entertainment industry in Inland China is often referred to as the "Inland entertainment industry" or simply "Inland entertainment." Artists who have developed their careers within the People's Republic of China are also referred to as "Inland artists".<ref>{{cite web |author1=崔迪 |title=媒介之变｜内地娱乐圈：技术时代的追星体验_思想市场_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_10432802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125161015/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_10432802 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=25 November 2023 |publisher=澎湃新闻 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other terms==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Other geography-related terms which are used to avoid mentioning the political status of the PRC and ROC.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Simplified<br />Chinese
! style="width:10%;"| Traditional<br />Chinese
! style="width:10%;"| Pinyin
! style="width:10%;"| Jyutping
! style="width:10%;"| Hokkien POJ
! style="width:60%;"| Description
|-
|{{lang|zh-hans|海峡两岸}}||{{lang|zh-hant|海峽兩岸}}||{{lang|zh-Latn|Hǎixiá liǎng'àn}}||Hoi<sup>2</sup> haap<sup>6</sup> loeng<sup>5</sup> ngon<sup>6</sup>||Hái-kiap lióng-gān||The physical shores on both sides of the straits, may be translated as "two shores".
|-
|{{lang|zh-hans|两岸关系}}||{{lang|zh-hant|兩岸關係}}||{{lang|zh-Latn|liǎng'àn guānxì}}||loeng<sup>5</sup> ngon<sup>6</sup> gwaan<sup>1</sup> hai<sup>6</sup>||lióng-gān koan-hē||Reference to the Taiwan Strait ([[cross-Strait relations]], literally "relations between the two sides/shores [of the [[Strait of Taiwan]]]").
|-
|{{lang|zh-hans|两岸三地}}||{{lang|zh-hant|兩岸三地}}||{{lang|zh-Latn|liǎng'àn sāndì}}||loeng<sup>5</sup> ngon<sup>6</sup> saam<sup>1</sup> dei<sup>6</sup>||lióng-gān sam-tè||An extension of this is the phrase "two shores, three places", with "three places" meaning mainland China, Taiwan, and either Hong Kong or Macau.
|-
|{{lang|zh-hans|两岸四地}}||{{lang|zh-hant|兩岸四地}}||{{lang|zh-Latn|liǎng'àn sìdì}}||loeng<sup>5</sup> ngon<sup>6</sup> sei<sup>3</sup> dei<sup>6</sup>||lióng-gān sù-tè||When referring to either Hong Kong or Macau, or "two shores, four places" when referring to both Hong Kong and Macau.
|}

==See also==
{{portal|China}}
*[[China]]
*[[Mainland Chinese|Mainlander]]
* [[Greater China]]
* [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China]]
* [[China proper]]
* [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Free area of the Republic of China]]
* [[Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War)|Free China]]
* [[Politics of China]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ur}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Library resources box}}
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/World-Competitiveness-Yearbook-2008-Results.cfm IMD]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519003106/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/World-Competitiveness-Yearbook-2008-Results.cfm |date=19 May 2008 }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf |title = The World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2011 |author = www.imd.org |publisher = IMD INTERNATIONAL |access-date = 15 May 2008 |archive-date = 14 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614035901/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf |url-status = live }}
{{refend}}{{Clear}}

{{Cross-Strait relations}}
{{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}}
{{East Asian topics}}
{{Politics of China navbox}}
{{Taiwan topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Territorial disputes of China]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Metropolitan or continental parts of states|China]]
[[Category:Geography of China]]
[[Category:Geopolitical terminology]]
[[Category:Politics of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Politics of China]]
[[Category:Taiwan Strait]]