View source for Proclus

{{Short description|5th-century Greek Neoplatonist philosopher}}
{{distinguish|Procles}}
{{about other people|Proclus Diadochus, the Neoplatonist philosopher|Proclus}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Proclus
| image = File:In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg
| caption = The beginning of the first Latin edition of Proclus' ''Commentary on Euclid's Elements''
| birth_date = 412
| birth_place = [[Constantinople]], [[Thracia]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]]
| death_date = 485 (aged 72–73)
| death_place = [[Athens]], [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]], Eastern Roman Empire
| other_names = "The Successor"
| era = [[Ancient philosophy]]
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Neoplatonism]]
| main_interests = [[Metaphysics]]
| notable_ideas = [[Platonism|Platonic]] [[theology]]
}}

'''Proclus Lycius''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|ɒ|k|l|ə|s|_|l|aɪ|ˈ|s|iː|ə|s}}; 8 February 412&nbsp;– 17 April 485), called '''Proclus the Successor''' ({{langx|grc|Πρόκλος ὁ Διάδοχος}}, ''Próklos ho Diádokhos''), was a [[Greek philosophy|Greek]] [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] [[Philosophy|philosopher]], one of the last major classical philosophers of [[late antiquity]]. He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism and, through later interpreters and translators, exerted an influence on [[Byzantine philosophy]], [[early Islamic philosophy]], [[scholastic philosophy]], and [[German idealism]], especially [[G. W. F. Hegel]], who called Proclus's ''Platonic Theology'' "the true turning point or transition from ancient to modern times, from ancient philosophy to Christianity."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Proclus |title=Proclus' commentary on Plato's Parmenides |last2=Plato |last3=Morrow |first3=Glenn R. |last4=Dillon |first4=John M. |last5=Proclus |last6=Proclus |date=1992 |publisher=Princeton Univ. Pr |isbn=978-0-691-02089-1 |edition=1. Princeton paperback print., with corr |location=Princeton, NJ |pages=466}}</ref>

== Biography ==
{{Neoplatonism}}
The primary source for the life of Proclus is the eulogy ''Proclus'', ''or On Happiness'' that was written for him upon his death by his successor, [[Marinus of Neapolis|Marinus]],{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=1. Life and Works}} Marinus' biography set out to prove that Proclus reached the peak of [[virtue]] and attained [[eudaimonia]].{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=1. Life and Works}} There are also a few details about the time in which he lived in the similarly structured ''Life of [[Isidore of Alexandria|Isidore]]'' written by the philosopher [[Damascius]] in the following century.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=1. Life and Works}}

According to Marinus,{{sfn|Guthrie|1925}} Proclus was born in 412 AD in [[Constantinople]] to a family of high social status from [[Lycia]], and raised in [[Xanthos|Xanthus]]. He studied [[rhetoric]], [[philosophy]] and [[mathematics]] in [[Alexandria]], with the intent of pursuing a judicial position like his father. Before completing his studies, he returned to Constantinople when his rector, his principal instructor (one Leonas), had business there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guthrie |first1=Kenneth |title=Marinus of Samaria, The Life of Proclus or Concerning Happiness (1925) pp.15–55 |date=1925 |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/marinus_01_life_of_proclus.htm}}</ref> Proclus became a successful practicing lawyer. However, the experience of the practice of law made Proclus realize that he truly preferred philosophy. He returned to Alexandria, and began determinedly studying the works of [[Aristotle]] under [[Olympiodorus the Elder]]. He also began studying mathematics during this period as well with a teacher named Heron (no relation to [[Hero of Alexandria]], who was also known as Heron). As a gifted student, he eventually became dissatisfied with the level of philosophical instruction available in [[Alexandria]], and went to [[Athens]], philosophical center of the day, in 431 to study at the Neoplatonic successor of the [[New Academy]], where he was taught by [[Plutarch of Athens]] (not to be confused with [[Plutarch of Chaeronea]]), [[Syrianus]], and [[Asclepigenia]]; he succeeded Syrianus{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} as head of the Academy in 437, and would in turn be succeeded on his death by [[Marinus of Neapolis]]. He lived in Athens as a vegetarian bachelor, prosperous and generous to his friends, until the end of his life, except for a one-year exile, to avoid pressure from Christian authorities.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=1. Life and Works}} Marinus reports that he was writing seven hundred lines each day.

== Philosophy ==
{{see also|Neoplatonism}}
One challenge with determining Proclus' specific doctrines is that the Neoplatonists of his time did not consider themselves innovators; they believed themselves to be the transmitters of the correct interpretations of Plato himself.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}} Although the neoplatonic doctrines are much different from the doctrines in Plato's dialogues, it's often difficult to distinguish between different Neoplatonic thinkers and determine what is original to each one.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}} For Proclus, this is largely only possible with [[Plotinus]], the only other Neoplatonic writer for whom a significant amount of writings survive.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}}

Proclus, like Plotinus and many of the other [[Neoplatonists]], agreed on the three [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]] of Neoplatonism: The One ([[henology|hen]]), The Intellect ([[nous]]) and The Soul ([[soul|psyche]]), and wrote a commentary on the [[Enneads]], of which unfortunately only fragments survive. At other times he criticizes Plotinus' views, such as the [[uncaused cause|prime mover]].{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}} Unlike Plotinus, Proclus also did not hold that matter was evil, an idea that caused contradictions in the system of Plotinus.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}} It is difficult to determine what, if anything, is different between the doctrines of Proclus and Syrianus: for the latter, only a commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics survives, and Proclus never criticizes his teacher in any of his preserved writings.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}}

The particular characteristic of Proclus's system is his elaboration of a level of individual ones, called ''henads'', between the One which is before being and intelligible divinity.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}} The henads exist "superabundantly", also beyond being, but they stand at the head of chains of causation (''seirai'') and in some manner give to these chains their particular character.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=3}} He identifies them with the Greek gods, so one henad might be Apollo and be the cause of all things apollonian, while another might be Helios and be the cause of all ''sunny'' things. Each henad participates in every other henad, according to its character. What appears to be multiplicity is not multiplicity at all, because any henad may rightly be considered the center of the polycentric system.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} According to Proclus, philosophy is the activity which can liberate the soul from a subjection to bodily passions, remind it of its origin in Soul, Intellect, and the One, and prepare it not only to ascend to the higher levels while still in this life, but to avoid falling immediately back into a new body after death.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Because the soul's attention, while inhabiting a body, is turned so far away from its origin in the intelligible world, Proclus thinks that we need to make use of bodily reminders of our spiritual origin.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} In this he agrees with the doctrines of [[theurgy]] put forward by [[Iamblichus]]. Theurgy is possible because the powers of the gods (the ''henads'') extend through their series of causation even down to the material world.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} And by certain power-laden words, acts, and objects, the soul can be drawn back up the series, so to speak. Proclus himself was a devotee of many of the religions in Athens, considering that the power of the gods could be present in these various approaches.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== Works ==

===Commentaries on Plato===
The majority of Proclus's works are commentaries on dialogues of [[Plato]] (''Alcibiades'', ''[[Cratylus (dialogue)|Cratylus]]'', ''[[Parmenides (dialogue)|Parmenides]]'', ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'', ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'').{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In these commentaries, he presents his own philosophical system as a faithful interpretation of Plato, and in this he did not differ from other Neoplatonists, as he considered that "nothing in Plato's corpus is unintended or there by chance", that "Plato's writings were divinely inspired" (ὁ θεῖος Πλάτων ''ho theios Platon''—the divine Plato, inspired by the gods), that "the formal structure and the content of Platonic texts imitated those of the universe",<ref>{{Citation|last=Calian|first=Florin George|title="Clarifications" of Obscurity: Conditions for Proclus's Allegorical Reading of Plato's Parmenides|date=2013|url=https://memo.imareal.sbg.ac.at/wsarticle/maq-sonderband/ciarifications-of-obscurity-conditions-for-procluss-allegorical-reading-of-platos-parmenides/|work=Obscurity in medieval texts|pages=15–31}}</ref> and therefore that they spoke often of things under a veil, hiding the truth from the philosophically uninitiated. Proclus was however a close reader of Plato, and quite often makes very astute points about his Platonic sources.

====Commentary on Timaeus====
In his commentary on Plato's ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' Proclus explains the role the Soul as a principle has in mediating the Forms in Intellect to the body of the material world as a whole. The Soul is constructed through certain proportions, described mathematically in the ''Timaeus'', which allow it to make Body as a divided image of its own arithmetical and geometrical ideas.

===Systematic works===
In addition to his commentaries, Proclus wrote two major systematic works.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2020|loc=A}} The ''[[Elements of Theology]]'' (Στοιχείωσις θεολογική) consists of 211 propositions, each followed by a proof, beginning from the existence of the One (divine Unity) and ending with the descent of individual souls into the material world. The ''Platonic Theology'' (Περὶ τῆς κατὰ Πλάτωνα θεολογίας) is a systematization of material from Platonic dialogues, showing from them the characteristics of the divine orders, the part of the universe which is closest to the One.

We also have three essays, extant only in Latin translation: ''Ten doubts concerning providence'' (''De decem dubitationibus circa providentiam''); ''On providence and fate'' (''De providentia et fato''); ''On the existence of evils'' (''De malorum subsistentia'').{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2020|loc=A}}

=== Other works ===

====Commentary on Euclid's Elements====
Proclus, the scholiast to Euclid, knew  [[Eudemus of Rhodes]]' ''History of Geometry'' well, and gave a short sketch of the early history of geometry, which appeared to be founded on the older, lost book of Eudemus. The passage has been referred to as "the Eudemian summary," and determines some approximate dates, which otherwise might have remained unknown.{{sfn|Gow|1884}} The influential commentary on the first book of [[Euclid]]'s ''Elements'' is one of the most valuable sources we have for the history of ancient mathematics,{{sfn|Heath|1908}} and its Platonic account of the status of mathematical objects was influential.

In this work, Proclus also listed the first mathematicians associated with Plato: a mature set of mathematicians ([[Leodamas of Thasos]], [[Archytas|Archytas of Taras]], and [[Theaetetus (mathematician)|Theaetetus]]), a second set of younger mathematicians ([[Neoclides]], [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]]), and a third yet younger set ([[Amyntas of Heraclea|Amyntas]], [[Menaechmus]] and his brother [[Dinostratus]], [[Theudius of Magnesia]], [[Hermotimus of Colophon]] and [[Philip of Opus]]). Some of these mathematicians were influential in arranging the ''Elements'' that Euclid later published.

====Theology of Plato====
Proclus authored a theology of Plato, which is text concerned with the divine hierarchies and their complex ramifications.

====Others====
A commentary on the ''[[Works and Days]]'' of [[Hesiod]] (incomplete); some scholia on [[Homer]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===Lost works===
A number of his Platonic commentaries are lost. In addition to the Alcibiades, the Cratylus, the Timaeus, and the Parmenides, he also wrote commentaries on the remainder of the dialogues in the Neoplatonic curriculum.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2020|loc=B}} He also wrote a commentary on the [[Organon]], as well as prolegomena to both Plato and Aristotle.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2020|loc=B}}

== Legacy ==
Proclus exerted a great deal of influence on [[Medieval philosophy]], though largely indirectly, through the works of the commentator [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]].{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=4. Influence}} This late-5th- or early-6th-century Christian Greek author wrote under the pseudonym [[Dionysius the Areopagite]], the figure converted by St. Paul in Athens. Because of this pseudonym, his writings were taken to have almost apostolic authority. He is an original Christian writer, and in his works can be found a great number of Proclus's metaphysical principles.{{sfn|Dodds|1992}}

Another important source for the influence of Proclus on the Middle Ages is [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]]'s ''[[Consolation of Philosophy]]'', which has a number of Proclus principles and motifs.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} The central poem of Book III is a summary of Proclus's ''Commentary on the Timaeus''{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}, and Book V contains the important principle of Proclus that things are known not according to their own nature, but according to the character of the knowing subject.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=4. Influence}}

A summary of Proclus's ''Elements of Theology'' circulated under the name ''[[Liber de Causis]]'' (''Book of Causes'').{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=4. Influence}} This book is of uncertain origin, but circulated in the Arabic world as a work of Aristotle, and was translated into Latin as such.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=4. Influence}} It had great authority because of its supposed Aristotelian origin, and it was only when Proclus's ''Elements'' were translated into Latin that Thomas Aquinas realised its true origin.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=4. Influence}} Proclus's works also exercised an influence during the Renaissance through figures such as [[Nicholas of Cusa]] and [[Marsilio Ficino]]. The most significant early scholar of Proclus in the English-speaking world was [[Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]], who produced English translations of most of his works.{{sfn|Helmig|Steel|2011|loc=4. Influence}}

The crater [[Proclus (crater)|Proclus]] on the [[Moon]] is named after him.

== See also ==
* [[Allegorical interpretations of Plato]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Proclus's works in Translation===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*''Elements of Theology'':
** {{cite book |last1=Proclus |first1=approximately |title=The Elements of Theology = Diadoxos stoixeiōsis theologikē |date=1992 |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198140979 |edition=Second}}
*''Platonic Theology'': A long (six volumes in the [[Collection Budé|Budé]] edition) systematic work, using evidence from Plato's dialogues to describe the character of the various divine orders
** {{ws|[[s:The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato|''The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato'']] Thomas Taylor translation}}
*''Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades''
** {{cite book |last1=Proclus |title=Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades I |date=1971 |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9789401763271 |edition=Second}}
*''Commentary on Cratylus''
** {{cite book |title=Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Cratylus |date=2007 |location=London |isbn=9781472558190|author1=Proclus }}
*''Commentary on Plato's "Timaeus"''
** {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Thomas |title=The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato in Five Books; containing a treasury of Pythagoric and Platonic physiology. Translated from the Greek by Thomas Taylor. |date=1820 |publisher=London |url=https://archive.org/details/proclusontimaeus01procuoft}}
** {{cite book |title=Proclus: Commentary on Plato's Timaeus. Volume 1. Book 1: Proclus on the Socratic State and Atlantis. |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511482656}}
*''Commentary on Plato's "Parmenides"''
** {{cite book |last1=Proclus |title=Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Parmenides |date=1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=0691020892 |edition=1st Princeton pbk. print. with corrections, 1992}}
*''Commentary on Plato's "Republic"''
*''A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's "Elements"''
** {{cite book |last1=Proclus |title=A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements |date=1970 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=9780691020907}}
*''Elements of Physics''
*Three small works: ''Ten Problems Concerning Providence''; ''On Providence and Fate''; ''On the Existence of Evils''
**Proclus On Providence (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Steel, Carlos. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 2007. ISBN 9781472501479.
**Proclus Ten Problems Concerning Providence (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Opsomer, Jan; Steel, Carlos. London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury. 2012. ISBN 9781472501783.
**Proclus On the Existence of Evils (in English, Ancient Greek, and Latin). Translated by Opsomer, Jan; Steel, Carlos. London; New York: Bloomsbury. 2014 [2003]. ISBN 9781472501035.
*On the Eternity of the World, De Aeternitate Mundi, Proclus (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lang, Helen S.; Macro, A. D.; McGinnis, Jon. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 0520225546.
*Various ''Hymns''
**Berg, R.M. van den (2001). Mansfeld, J.; Runia, D.T; Van Winden, J. C. M. (eds.). Proclus' Hymns. Philosophia Antiqua, A Series of Studies on Ancient Philosophy (in English and Ancient Greek). Vol. 90. Translated by Berg, R.M. van den. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. ISBN 9004122362.
*''Commentary on the Chaldaean Oracles'' (fragments)
**Proclus the Successor on Poetics and the Homeric Poems (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lamberton, Robert. Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Society of Biblical Literature. 2012. ISBN 9781589837119.
* Fragments of lost works
** {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Thomas |title=The Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus |date=1825 |publisher=Printed for the author, and sold by Black, Young, and Young |url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentsthatre00taylgoog/page/n18/mode/2up |language=English}}
The ''Liber de Causis'' (Book of Causes) is not a work by Proclus, but a summary of his work the ''Elements of Theology'', likely written by an Arabic interpreter.
* {{cite book |title=Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes. Volume 2, Translations and Acculturations |date=2021 |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004440685 |last1=Calma |first1=Dragos }}
{{refend}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Proclus |volume=22 |page=418}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/RDOTEO|title=The Elements of Theology: A Revised Text with Translation, Introduction, and Commentary|last=Dodds|first=E. R.|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press UK}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gow |first1=James |title=A Short History of Greek Mathematics |date=1884 |publisher=Cambridge University press |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9d8DAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Heath|author-link=T. L. Heath|title=The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements Vol. 1|year=1908|chapter=Proclus and His Sources|page=29|quote=It is well known that the commentary of Proclus on Eucl. Book I is one of the two main sources of information as to the history of Greek geometry which we possess, the other being the ''Collection'' of Pappus}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=proclus |title=Proclus| date=2011 |last=Helmig  |first=Christoph|last2=Steel |first2=Carlos}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=proclus/supplement2 | date= 2020 |title=Bibliography: Proclus' Complete Works (extant, lost, and spurious) |last=Helmig  |first=Christoph|last2=Steel |first2=Carlos}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

'''Monographs'''
* {{cite book |last1=Cutino |first1=Miriam |title=Proclo – Lo stile e il sistema della teologia |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=9783111084978}}
* {{cite book |title=Post-Herulian Athens : aspects of life and culture in Athens, A.D. 267-529 |date=1994 |publisher=Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö |location=Helsinki |isbn=9519529527}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kutash |first1=Emilie |title=Ten gifts of the demiurge : Proclus' commentary on Plato's Timaeus |date=2011 |location=London |isbn=978-1-4725-1981-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rosán |first1=Laurence Jay |title=The philosophy of Proclus : the final phase of ancient thought |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Trust |location=Westbury |isbn=978-1898910442 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book |last1=Siorvanes |first1=Lucas |title=Proclus : neo-platonic philosophy and science |date=1996 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0748607684}}
* {{cite book |last1=Spanu |first1=Nicola |title=Proclus and the Chaldean oracles : a study on Proclean exegesis, with a translation and commentary of Proclus' Treatise on Chaldean philosophy |date=2021 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781000166378}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vargas |first1=Antonio Luis |title=Time's causal power: Proclus on the natural theology of time |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |isbn=9789004466678}}
* {{cite book |last1=Waithe |first1=Mary Ellen |title=A History of Women Philosophers : Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D. |date=1987 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9789400934979}}
*''KINESIS AKINETOS: A study of spiritual motion in the philosophy of Proclus'', by Stephen Gersh
*''From Iamblichus to Eriugena. An investigation of the prehistory and evolution of the Pseudo-Dionysius tradition'', by Stephen Gersh
*''The Philosophy of Proclus – the Final Phase of Ancient Thought'', by L J Rosan
*''The Logical Principles of Proclus' Stoicheiôsis Theologikê as Systematic Ground of the Cosmos'', by James Lowry

'''Collections'''
* {{cite book |title=Neoplatonism and Indian thought |date=1982 |publisher=International Society for Neoplatonic Studies |location=Norfolk |isbn=978-0-87395-546-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Laurence| last=Rosan| date= 1981|title= Neoplatonism and Indian Thought |editor-first= R. Baine |editor-last=Harris |publisher= State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0873955461|pages=45–49}}
* {{cite book |title=Interpreting Proclus : from antiquity to the renaissance |date=2014 |location=New York |isbn=9780521198493|last1=Gersh |first1=Stephen }}
* {{cite book |title=Neoplatonic philosophy : introductory readings |date=2004 |publisher=Hackett Pub. Co |location=Indianapolis |isbn=0872207072}}
* {{cite book |title=All from one : a guide to Proclus |date=2017 |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-19-964033-1 |edition=First|last1=Hoine |first1=Pieter d' |last2=Martijn |first2=Marije }}
* {{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism |date=2014 |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781315744186}}
* {{cite book |title=Brill's companion to the reception of Homer from the Hellenistic age to late antiquity |date=2022 |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004472686 |last1=Manolea |first1=Christina-Panagiota }}
* {{cite book |title=The philosophy of the commentators, 200-600 AD : a sourcebook |date=2005 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-8987-3}}
*''On Proclus and his Influence in Medieval Philosophy'', ed. by E.P. Bos and P.A. Meijer (Philosophia antiqua 53), Leiden-Köln-New York: Brill, 1992.
*''The perennial tradition of neoplatonism'', ed. by J. Cleary (Ancient and medieval philosophy, Series I, 24), Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997.

'''Bibliographic resources'''
*{{Cite web| title = Proclus Bibliography (covering the years 1990–2016)|  url = https://hiw.kuleuven.be/dwmc/ancientphilosophy/proclus/proclusbiblio.html}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Proclus
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9061472 Article] by [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
*{{MacTutor|id=Proclus}}
*[https://hiw.kuleuven.be/dwmc/ancientphilosophy/proclus/proclused.html Editions and Translations Proclus – Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte]
*[http://www.goddess-athena.org/Encyclopedia/Friends/Proclus/ Article] at "The Encyclopedia of Goddess Athena"
*{{ws|[[s:Sallust On the Gods and the World/The Hymns of Proclus|Five Hymns of Proclus]] Thomas Taylor translation}}
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/flwp/index.htm ''Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus''] Thomas Taylor translation.
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130702025748/http://www.masseiana.org/proclus_timaeus.htm ''Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato, in Five Books'']}} Thomas Taylor translation.
*[https://archive.org/details/ProclusTenDoubtsConcerningProvidenceAndTheNatureOfEvil ''Ten Doubts Concerning Providence and On the Existence of Evils''] Thomas Taylor translation.
*[http://www.kheper.net/topics/Neoplatonism/Proclus-lifeof.html Proclus's Life and Teachings]
*[https://archive.today/20031227180234/http://www.hiw.kuleuven.ac.be/dwmc/plato/proclus/index.htm Index page] of the Proclus section for the "[https://archive.today/20031222020526/http://www.hiw.kuleuven.ac.be/dwmc/plato/about/theproject.htm Plato Transformed]" project at the University Leuven, Belgium.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090353/http://www.lotophages.org/proclus/in_parm/ ''Commentary on Plato's Parmenides''] – (Greek text, scans of Cousin's edition)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090330162425/http://www.prometheustrust.co.uk/TTS_Catalogue/tts_catalogue.html Catalogue] of the Prometheus Trust "Thomas Taylor Series" which includes translations of many of the works of Proclus. The site has lengthy extracts of these.
*[https://wilbourhall.org/index.html#proclus Scans of editions of Proclus' ''Hypotyposis'' and his commentary on Euclid 1] at wilbourhall.org (Classical Greek and Latin)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20001210155000/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/chthonios/proclus-signs.htm ''On the Signs of Divine Possession''] – (partial translation of Proclus's work)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20001210145900/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/chthonios/proclus-sacred.htm ''On the Sacred Art''] – (translation and discussion of this surviving extract from a larger work by Proclus)
*[https://archive.today/20081123045909/http://www.lotophages.org/proclus/ ''On the Sacred Art (French introduction and Greek text) '']
*[https://www.astrologicon.org/proclus/proclus-peri-tis-kath-ellinas-ieratikis-tehnis.html ''On the Sacred Art''] – Greek text and English translation
*[https://www.astrologicon.org/proclus/proclus-ypotyposis-astronomikon-ypotheseon.html Hypotyposis Astronomicon Hypotheseon] – Greek text 
*[http://www.ellopos.com/blog/?p=56 Proclus in English and Greek, Select Online Resources]
* {{Librivox author |id=6730}}
*[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MS54 Guide to Proclus, Elementa theologica. Manuscript, 1582] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center]

{{Platonists}}
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