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[[File:Children Playing Akkad Bakkad.jpg|thumb|Children playing the [[South Asia|South Asian]] counting rhyme "Akkad Bakkad Bambe Bo"]]
{{Short description|Children's method of selecting a person}}
A '''counting-out game''' or '''counting-out rhyme''' is a simple method of 'randomly' selecting a person from a group, often used by children for the purpose of playing another game. It usually requires no materials, and is achieved with spoken words or hand gestures. The historian [[Henry Carrington Bolton]] suggested in his 1888 book ''Counting Out Rhymes of Children'' that the custom of counting out originated in the "superstitious practices of divination by lots."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bolton|first=Henry Carrington|title=Counting Out Rhymes of Children|year=1888|publisher=Elliot Stock|page=v|url=https://archive.org/details/countingoutrhyme00bolt}} {{Pre-ISBN}}.</ref>

Many such methods involve one person pointing at each participant in a circle of players while reciting a [[rhyme]]. A new person is pointed at as each word is said. The player who is selected at the conclusion of the rhyme is "it" or "out".  In an alternate version, the circle of players may each put two feet in and at the conclusion of the rhyme, that player removes one foot and the rhyme starts over with the next person. In this case, the first player that has both feet removed is "it" or "out".  In theory the result of a counting rhyme is determined entirely by the starting selection (and would result in a [[modulo operation]]), but in practice they are often accepted as [[random]] selections because the number of words has not been calculated beforehand, so the result is unknown until someone is selected.<ref>{{cite book|last=Opie|first=I & P|author-link=Iona and Peter Opie|title=Children's Games in Street and Playground|year=1970|publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press|page=28|isbn=9781782500322|quote="Fanciful as it would seem to someone who had never been a child, the normal way the young decide who is to have the unpopular part in a game is to form the players up in a line or circle, and count along the line the number of counts prescribed by the accented syllables of some little rhyme."}}</ref>

A variant of counting-out game, known as the [[Josephus problem]], represents a famous theoretical problem in [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]].

==Examples==
Several simple games can be played to select one person from a group, either as a straightforward winner, or as someone who is eliminated. [[Rock paper scissors|Rock, Paper, Scissors]], [[Odds and evens (hand game)|Odd or Even]] and Blue Shoe require no materials and are played using hand gestures, although with the former it is possible for a player to win or lose through skill rather than luck. [[Coin flipping]] and [[drawing straws]] are fair methods of randomly determining a player. [[Fizz Buzz]] is a spoken word game where if a player slips up and speaks a word out of sequence, they are eliminated.

===Common rhymes===
[[File:Une balle en or.PNG|thumb|The French rhyme {{lang|fr|Une balle en or, tu sors}}: "A ball made of gold, you're out"]]
[[File:Egwuregwu.webm|thumb|upright|Counting out game played by [[Igbo people|Igbo]] children from Nigeria]]
(These rhymes may have many local or regional variants.)
* [[Eeny, meeny, miny, moe]]
* [[10 Little Indians]]
* [[Five Little Ducks]]
* [[Ip dip]]
* [[One, Two, Three, Four, Five]]
* [[Tinker, Tailor]] (traditionally played in England)
* [[Yan Tan Tethera]]
* Inky Pinky Ponky<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/socialartlanguag00maca_0 |url-access=registration |quote=inky pinky ponky counting out. |title=The Social Art: Language and Its Uses |last=Macaulay |first=Ronald |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-19-518796-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialartlanguag00maca_0/page/189 189]}}</ref>
* [[One potato, two potato]]
*Ink-a-dink<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Abrahams|first1=Roger D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFRfAgAAQBAJ&dq=inka+dink+a+bottle+of+ink&pg=PT128|title=Counting-Out Rhymes: A Dictionary|last2=Rankin|first2=Lois|date=2013-12-18|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-71143-3|language=en}}</ref>
* {{lang|no|[[Akka bakka bonka rakka]]}}
* [[En Den Dino]]

==Cultural references==

=== Marx Brothers ===
A scene in the [[Marx Brothers]] movie ''[[Duck Soup (1933 film)|Duck Soup]]'' plays on the fact that counting-out games are not really random.  Faced with selecting someone to go on a dangerous mission, the character Chicolini ([[Chico Marx]]) chants:

:''Rrringspot, vonza, twoza, zig-zag-zav, popti, vinaga, [tin-lie, tav,] harem, scarem, merchan, tarem, teir, tore...''

only to stop as he realizes he is about to select himself.  He then says, "I did it wrong.  Wait, wait, I start here", and repeats the chant&mdash;with the same result. After that, he says, "That's no good too.  I got it!" and reduces the chant to

:''Rrringspot, buck!''

And with this version he finally manages to "randomly" select someone else.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/d/duck-soup-script-transcript-marx.html|title=Transcript of ''Duck Soup''|publisher=Script-O-Rama.com}} The bracketed "words" are not in the published script but are said in the movie; they're required for scansion and rhyme.</ref>

=== Seinfeld ===
A version of a counting game "ink-a-dink" features in the ''[[Seinfeld]]'' episode "[[The Statue (Seinfeld)|The Statue]]."<ref>{{Citation|title="Seinfeld" The Statue (TV Episode 1991) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0697787/characters/nm0000632|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref> The relevant scene includes a discussion between the characters of [[Jerry Seinfeld (character)|Jerry]] and [[George Costanza|George]] if the person who is "it" is the "winner" or the "loser": 

: JERRY: Alright, let's go. Hey, you know, you owe me one.
: GEORGE: What?
: JERRY: The Ink-a-dink.. you were ''It''.
: GEORGE: ''It''{{'}}s bad?
: JERRY: ''It''{{'}}s very bad.

==See also==
* [[Repetitive song]]
* [[Lace tells]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|children's literature|games}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110203001636/http://choosingsongs.com/ Videos of "choosing songs" a.k.a. Counting rhymes]
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A271775 Selection Rhymes at the BBC's project ''h2g2'']
*[http://mtcn.free.fr/mtcn-traditional-music-midi-counting-rhyme.php  Counting rhymes and other songs for counting in traditional music from county of Nice, France].
{{Singing games}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Counting-out rhymes| ]]
[[Category:Nursery rhymes]]