View source for Late string quartets (Beethoven)

{{Short description|Group of compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven}}
[[File:Grosse Fuge Manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Manuscript of Beethoven's ''Große Fuge'', arranged for piano four hands]]
[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s late [[string quartet]]s are:
:*Opus 127: [[String Quartet No. 12 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 12]] in E{{music|flat}} major (1825)
:*Opus 130: [[String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 13]] in B{{music|flat}} major (1825)
:*Opus 131: [[String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 14]] in C{{music|sharp}} minor (1826)
:*Opus 132: [[String Quartet No. 15 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 15]] in A minor (1825)
:*Opus 133: ''[[Große Fuge]]'' in B{{music|flat}} major (1825; originally the finale to Op. 130; it also exists in a piano four-hands transcription, Op. 134)
:*Opus 135: [[String Quartet No. 16 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 16]] in F major (1826)

These six works are Beethoven's last major completed compositions. Extremely complex and largely misunderstood by musicians and audiences of Beethoven's day, the late quartets are now widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions of all time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classicfm.com/composers/beethoven/guides/beethovens-music-string-quartets/|title=Beethoven's String Quartets: John Suchet's guide to the music|publisher=[[Classic FM (UK)]]|access-date=September 29, 2017|quote=The five Late Quartets, written in the final years of [Beethoven's] life, transcend anything he or anyone else had ever composed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/deus-ex-musica|title=Deus Ex Musica|last=Ross|first=Alex|author-link=Alex Ross (music critic)|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=October 20, 2014|access-date=September 29, 2017|quote=...generations of listeners have hailed [his late string quartets] as a pinnacle of Western civilization...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/10/arts/recordings-beethoven-quartets-pose-the-challenge-of-greatness.html|title=Recordings; Beethoven Quartets Pose the Challenge of Greatness|last=Rockwell|first=John|author-link=John Rockwell|date=1983-07-10|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-12-02}}</ref> and have inspired many later composers.

==Overview==

Prince [[Nikolai Borisovich Galitzin|Nikolai Galitzin]] commissioned the first three quartets (12, 13 and 15) and in a letter dated 9 November 1822, offered to pay [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] "what you think proper" for them. Beethoven replied on 25 January 1823 with his price of 50 [[ducat]]s for each opus.<ref>''Life of Beethoven'' by [[Alexander Wheelock Thayer]], p. 447</ref> He composed the quartets in the sequence 12, 15, 13, 14, 16, writing 13 and 15 simultaneously.<ref>Cf. [[Beethoven House]] Bonn, [http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15243&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1510&_ug=String%20instruments&_werkid=132&_dokid=wm197&_opus=op.%20130&_mid=Works&suchparameter=&_sucheinstieg=&_seite=1 Skizzenblatt zu den Streichquartetten op. 130 und op. 132].</ref>

Beethoven wrote these last quartets in failing health. In April 1825, he was bedridden and remained ill for about a month. His recovery from the illness inspired the modal slow movement of the [[String Quartet No. 15 (Beethoven)|Fifteenth Quartet]], which Beethoven called "Holy song of thanks ({{lang|de|Heiliger Dankgesang}}) to the divinity, from one made well". He went on to complete the quartets now numbered [[String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven)|Thirteenth]], [[String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)|Fourteenth]], and [[String Quartet No. 16 (Beethoven)|Sixteenth]]. The last work Beethoven completed was the substitute final movement of the thirteenth quartet, which replaced the extremely difficult ''[[Große Fuge]]''.<ref>Cf. Beethoven House Bonn, [http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15243&template=werkseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1510&_ug=String%20instruments&_werkid=135&_mid=Works&suchparameter=&_seite=1 Fugue for 2 violins, viola and violoncello (B-flat major) op. 133].</ref>

==The "ABC" quartets==

[[Opus number|Opp.]] 132, 130 and 131 are sometimes called the "ABC" quartets because of their keys: A minor, B{{music|flat}} major, and C{{music|sharp}} minor. They are thematically linked by the four notes of the harmonic minor scale's second tetrachord. In his notes for the Quartetto Italiano's recording of all six quartets, A. David Hogarth writes:<ref>See [https://www.discogs.com/Beethoven-Quartetto-Italiano-Die-Späten-Streichquartette-Und-Grosse-Fuge-Op-133/release/5283732 Die Späten Streichquartette Und Grosse Fuge, Op. 133 ], Philips label 6707 008 .</ref>
<!-- What does this image depict?
[[File:Jno-LvB-late-string-quartets-analysis.jpg|thumb|Credits: A. David Hogarth, in [https://www.discogs.com/Beethoven-Quartetto-Italiano-Die-Späten-Streichquartette-Und-Grosse-Fuge-Op-133/release/5283732 Die späten Streichquartette und Grosse Fuge, Op. 133]]] -->

{{Quotation|What obviously intrigued Beethoven was the wide interval of a tone and a half between notes 2 and 3 [of example A]. In different permutations, the four notes play an important role in all three quartets and each work has a distinctive motto which also appears in companion works. The opening motto of op. 132, which ultimately reappears in op. 131's finale, consists of the first four notes of the opening bars (see example B).

The subject of the "Grosse Fuge” finale of the B-flat major, op. 130 follows the same pattern with the rising sixth between notes 1 and 3 increased from minor to major (see example C).

Op. 131, the masterwork of the three, opens with a fugue and the subject's opening phrase (transposed) is as example D. (As such this motto is already predicted in the trio of op. 132's second movement.)
The key notes from which these mottoes are built finally appear thematically in their original scale form in the finale of op. 131.

Beethoven's sketchbooks prove clearly that these permutations were not coincidental. Even if they were there would be other coincidences to explain – the ABC sequence of keys, for instance, and the fact that the quartets have successively five, six, and seven movements.)

It could be argued that op. 131 is a six-movement work for the third "movement" is only 10 bars long and has the same A major key signature as its successor. Some critics, notably Vincent d'Indy, regard it simply as an introduction. But the tonality of the 10 bars is clearly B minor and if we note the tonal centres of the first four movements we get the familiar pattern of op. 132 and the "Grosse Fuge" (see example E). The keys of the remaining movements complete a cyclic progression back to C-sharp minor.}}

Beethoven's "obsession at that time with the upper four notes of the harmonic minor scale" (Hogarth) predates these works. For an early example, see the first movement of his string trio, [[String Trios, Op. 9 (Beethoven)|opus 9, no. 3]].

==Appraisal==

Beethoven's late quartets went far beyond the comprehension of musicians and audiences of his time. One musician said, "we know there is something there, but we do not know what it is." Composer [[Louis Spohr]] called them "indecipherable, uncorrected horrors".

Opinion has changed considerably from the time of their first bewildered reception: these six quartets (including the ''Große Fuge'') are widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions of all time.<ref>[[Edmund Morris (writer)|Morris, Edmund]]. ''Beethoven: The Universal Composer.'' New York: Atlas Books / HarperCollins, 2005. {{ISBN|0-06-075974-7}}</ref> The [[Frankfurt School]] philosopher [[Theodor W. Adorno]], in particular, thought highly of them,<ref>''Beethoven: The Philosophy of Music'' by [[Theodor W. Adorno]], pp. 123-162</ref> and [[Igor Stravinsky]] called the ''Große Fuge'' "an absolutely contemporary piece of music that will be contemporary forever".<ref>Miller, Lucy, ''Adams to Zemlinsky'' (2006) Concert Artists Guild, {{ISBN|1-892862-09-3}}, p. 44.</ref> Their forms and ideas inspired and continue to inspire musicians and composers, such as [[Richard Wagner]] and [[Béla Bartók]]. Wagner said that Op. 131's first movement "reveals the most melancholy sentiment expressed in music".<ref>Berger, Melvin (2001). ''Guide to Chamber Music'', p. 67, Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-41879-0}}</ref> [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s last musical wish was to hear Op. 131, which he did on 14 November 1828, five days before his death.<ref name="Winter1994">{{cite book|last=Winter|first=Robert|title=The Beethoven quartet companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzlUIuq0rPIC&pg=PA245|accessdate=4 August 2011|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20420-1|page=245}}</ref> Afterward, he remarked, "After this, what is left for us to write?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Woolfe|first=Zachary|author-link=Zachary Woolfe|title=At Mozart Festival, Dvorak and Others Shine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/arts/music/takacs-quartet-at-mostly-mozart-festival-review.html|accessdate=4 May 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 August 2011}}</ref> Beethoven also considered Op. 131 his single most perfect work.<ref name="Morris2010">{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Edmund|authorlink=Edmund Morris (writer)|title=Beethoven: The Universal Composer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EENZokHDbvIC&pg=PA213|accessdate=3 August 2011|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-075975-9|page=213}}</ref>

==Other versions==
[[Arturo Toscanini]] and [[Felix Weingartner]], among others, transcribed some of the late quartets for string orchestra.

==Recordings==
Ensembles that have recorded the complete late Beethoven quartets include:
{{div col}}
* [[Alban Berg Quartett]], EMI (studio early 80s)
* Alban Berg Quartet, EMI (rec. live 1989)
* [[Alexander String Quartet]], Arte Nova
* Alexander String Quartet, Foghorn Classics
* [[Amadeus Quartet]], DG
* [[Artemis Quartet]], Virgin Classics
* [[Barylli Quartet]]
* [[Beethoven Quartet]], Melodiya (rec. 1951–1972)
* [[Belcea Quartet]]
* [[Borodin Quartet]], Chandos
* [[Brentano String Quartet]], Aeon (rec. 2012)
* [[Budapest String Quartet]], Bridge (rec. 1941–1960)
* [[Budapest String Quartet]], Sony (rec. 1958–1961)
* [[Busch Quartet]], various labels (rec. 1933–1941; no Große Fuge)
* [[Cleveland Quartet]], RCA Red seal (1970s)
* Cleveland Quartet, Telarc (1990s)
* Colorado Quartet, Parnassus (rec. 2004–2006)
* [[James Ehnes|Ehnes Quartet]], Onyx Classics (2020–2022)
* [[Emerson String Quartet]], DG
* [[Endellion Quartet]], Warner Classics (2005–2006)
* [[Fine Arts Quartet]], Everest/Concert-Disc (rec. 1960–1965)
* Gewandhaus-Quartett, New Classical Adventure (rec. live 1985–1998)
* [[Guarneri Quartet]], RCA Red Seal, Philips
* [[Hagen Quartet]]t, DG
* [[Hollywood String Quartet]], Testament
* [[Hungarian Quartet]], (1953 mono) EMI
* Hungarian Quartet, (1960s stereo) EMI
* [[Juilliard String Quartet]], CBS studio late 1960s
* Juilliard String Quartet, CBS (rec. live 1982)
* [[Kodály Quartet]], Naxos
* [[LaSalle Quartet]], DG (reissued on Brilliant Classics)
* Leipziger Streichquartett, MDG
* Lindsays, ASV
* Lydian String Quartet, Centaur
* [[Medici String Quartet]], Nimbus
* [[Melos Quartet]]t, DG
* [[Orford String Quartet]], Delos
* [[Orion String Quartet]], Koch Classics (2008)
* [[Penderecki String Quartet]], Marquis (2013)
* [[Petersen Quartet]]t, Capriccio
* [[Pražák Quartet]], Praga
* [[Quatuor Mosaïques]], Naïve
* [[Quartetto Italiano]], Decca
* [[Smetana Quartet]], Supraphon
* Suske Quartett, Berlin Classics
* [[Takács Quartet]], Decca (2005)
* [[Talich Quartet]], Calliope
* Taneyev Quartet, Boheme
* [[Tokyo String Quartet]], RCA Red Seal (1993)
* Tokyo String Quartet, Harmonia Mundi (2010)
* Vanbrugh Quartet, Intim Musik (1996)
* [[Vermeer Quartet]], Teldec, (rec. 1984–1989)
* [[Végh Quartet]], (1952 Les Discophiles Français) Music & Arts
* Végh Quartet, (1972 Telefunken) Naïve-Astrée
* [[Wihan Quartet]], Nimbus
* [[Yale Quartet]], Vanguard
{{div col end}}

==See also==

* [[List of compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven]]
* [[String Quartets, Op. 18 (Beethoven)|String Quartets Nos. 1–6, Op. 18]]
* [[String Quartets, Op. 59 (Beethoven)|String Quartets Nos. 7–9, Op. 59 – Rasumovsky]]
* ''[[A Late Quartet]]''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Vernon|first=David|title=Beethoven: The String Quartets|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Candle Row Press, 2023|isbn=978-1739659929|ref=none}}

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[[Category:String quartets by Ludwig van Beethoven by opus|Opus 127-130-135]]