View source for Voiceless alveolar affricate

{{Short description|Class of consonantal sounds}}
A '''voiceless alveolar affricate''' is a type of [[affricate consonant]] pronounced with the [[tongue tip|tip]] or [[tongue blade|blade]] of the tongue against the [[alveolar ridge]] (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
*The [[#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡s]}} is the most common type, similar to the ''ts'' in [[English language|English]] ''cats''.
*The [[#Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate|voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[t͡θ͇]}}, using the alveolar diacritic from the [[Extended IPA]], is somewhat similar to the ''th'' in some pronunciations of [[English language|English]] ''eighth''. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence {{IPA|/tr/}} in some [[Sicily|Sicilian]] dialects of [[Standard Italian]].
*The [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡ɬ]}} is found in certain languages, such as [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], [[Mexican Spanish]], and [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]].
*The ''voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate'' {{IPA|[t͡s̺]}}, also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of {{lcons|retroflex}} affricates. One language in which it is found is [[Basque language|Basque]], where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.
This article discusses the first two. 

==Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate==
{{redirect|Voiceless dental affricate|the non-sibilant affricate|Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate}}
{{redirect-confuse|t͡s|t͡sʼ}}
{{infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
|ipa number=103 132
|ipa symbol=ts
|ipa symbol2=ʦ
|decimal1=678
|x-sampa=ts
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02A6.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The '''voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The sound is transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] with {{angbr IPA|t͡s}} or {{angbr IPA|t͜s}} (formerly with {{angbr IPA|ʦ}} or {{angbr IPA|ƾ}}). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many [[Indo-European languages]], such as [[German language|German]] (which was also part of the [[High German consonant shift]]), [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]],
[[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and most other [[Slavic languages]] such as [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]]; also, among many others, in [[Georgian language|Georgian]], in Mongolia, and Tibetan Sanskrit, in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], in [[Mandarin Chinese]], and in [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]. Some [[international auxiliary language]]s, such as [[Esperanto]], [[Ido language|Ido]] and [[Interlingua]] also include this sound.

===Features===
Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:

{{sibilant affricate}}
*The [[Stop consonant|stop]] component of this affricate is [[Laminal consonant|laminal]] [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]], which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the [[alveolar ridge]]. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
*There are at least three specific variants of the [[Fricative consonant|fricative]] component:
** [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Dentalized laminal alveolar|Dentalized laminal alveolar]] (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of {{IPA|[s]}} is very strong.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Puppel|Nawrocka-Fisiak|Krassowska|1977|p=149}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=154}}</ref>
** [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Non-retracted alveolar|Non-retracted alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the [[alveolar ridge]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''laminal''.
** [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|Retracted alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. Acoustically, it is close to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} or laminal {{IPAblink|ʂ}}.
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

=== Occurrence ===
The following sections are named after the fricative component.

==== Variable ====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[German language|German]] || Standard{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|pp=50 and 52}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''Z'''eit]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡säɪ̯t]}}|| 'time' || The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|pp=50 and 52}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Standard{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=75–76}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|gra'''z'''ia]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä]}} || 'grace' || The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal [[Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]].{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=75–76}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|}

==== Dentalized laminal alveolar ====
{{anchor|Dentalize}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Kozintseva|1995|p=6}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ց'''ան'''ց''']]}}/canc
| {{Audio-IPA|tsʰɑntsʰ.ogg|[t̻͡s̪ʰan̪t̻͡s̪ʰ]|help=no}} || 'net' || Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
|-
| colspan=2| [[Basque language|Basque]]<ref name="hualde">{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Lujanbio|Zubiri|2010|p=1}}. Although this paper discusses mainly the [[Goizueta, Navarre|Goizueta]] dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".</ref> || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|ho'''tz''']]}} || {{IPA|[o̞t̻͡s̪]}} || 'cold' || Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.<ref name="hualde"/>
|-
| colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|pp=48-49}} || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|'''ц'''ётка]]}}/cötka || {{IPA|[ˈt̻͡s̪ʲɵtka]}} || 'aunt' || Contrasting [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|'''ц'''ар]]}}/car || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪är]}} || '[[Tsar]]' || See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=109–110}}{{sfnp|Lin|2001|pp=17–25}} || {{lang|zh|[[Chinese characters|早餐]]}}{{\}}{{tlit|zh|zǎo cān}} || {{nowrap|{{IPA|[t̻͡s̪ɑʊ˨˩ t̻͡s̪ʰan˥]}}}} || 'breakfast' || Contrasts with [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] form. See [[Standard Chinese phonology]] 
|-
|[[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] || {{lang|zh|[[Chinese characters|早餐]]}}{{\}}{{tlit|yue|zou2 caan1}} || {{IPA|/t͡sou˧˥ t͡sʰaːn˥/}} || 'breakfast' || See [[Cantonese phonology]] 
|-
| colspan=2| [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Palková|1994|pp=234–235}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''c'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪o̝]}} || 'what' || See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1999|p=104}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''c'''i'''c'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̻͡s̪it̻͡s̪ɒ]}} || 'kitten' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || {{lang|ja|[[kanji|'''津'''波]]}}{{\}}tsunami || {{nowrap|{{IPA|[t̻͡s̪ɯ̟ᵝnämʲi]}}}} || 'Tsunami' || Allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} before {{IPA|/u/}}. See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[katakana|モ'''ッツァ'''レラ]]}}/mottsarera || {{nowrap|{{IPA|[mo̞t̻t̻͡s̪äɾe̞ɾä]}}}} || 'mozzarella' || May appear before other vowels in [[gairaigo|loanwords]]. See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|ژاس/cás
|{{IPA|[t͡saːs]}}
|'cough'
|
|-
| colspan=2| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=November 2013}} ||  ||  || 
|-
| colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|инвести'''ц'''ия]]}}/investitsiya || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[investit̻͡s̪əja]}} || rowspan="2" | 'price' || rowspan="2" | Only in loanwords from Russian{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}}{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} See [[Kazakh phonology]] and [[Kyrgyz phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}
|-
| colspan=2| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}} || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian orthography|'''c'''ena]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̻͡s̪en̪ä]}} || 'price' || See [[Latvian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}} || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|'''ц'''вет]]}}/cvet || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪ve̞t̪]}} || 'flower' || See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || {{lang|pa|[[Pashto alphabet|'''څـ'''ـلور]]}}/cëlor || {{IPA|[ˌt͡səˈlor]}} || 'four' || See [[Pashto phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=160}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''c'''o]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-co?.ogg|[t̻͡s̪ɔ]}} || 'what' || See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|pre'''ț''']]}} || {{IPA|[pre̞t̻͡s̪]}} || 'price' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ц'''арь]]}}/caŕ || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪ärʲ]}} || '[[Tsar]]' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ц'''иљ]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''c'''ilj]]}} / [[Arebica|'''ڄ'''یڵ]] || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪îːʎ]}} || 'target' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''c'''isár]]}} || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪isaːr]}} || 'emperor' || See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''c'''vet]]}} || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪ʋêːt̪]}}|| 'bloom' || See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tyap language|Tyap]] || {{lang|kcg|'''ts'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[t͡sa]}} || 'to begin' ||
|-
| colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. Buk |author2=J. Mačutek |author3=A. Rovenchak |year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics |volume=16 |pages=63–79 |arxiv=0802.4198}}</ref> || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ц'''ей]]}}/cej || {{IPA|[t̻͡s̪ɛj]}} || 'this one' || Contrasting [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]. See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38)}} || {{lang|hsb|'''c'''ybla}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̻͡s̪ɘblä]}} || 'onion' ||
|-
| colspan=2| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=12}} || {{example needed|date=November 2013}} ||  ||  || 
|-
|}

==== Non-retracted alveolar ====

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Arabic]] || [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]]{{sfnp|Lewis, Jr.|2013|p=5}} || {{lang|ars|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ك‍'''‍لب]]}}/tsalb || {{IPA|[t͡salb]}} || 'dog' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} in other dialects
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || Some dialects<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf|title=Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323072940/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-23|page=14|lang=ast}}</ref> || {{lang|ast|o'''ts'''o}} || {{IPA|[ˈot͡so]}} || 'eight' || Corresponds to standard {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|-
|[[Lena, Asturias|Ḷḷena]], [[Mieres]], and others
| '''ḷḷ'''una
| {{IPA|[ˈt͡sunɐ]}}
| 'moon'
| Alveolar realization of [[Ḷ|che vaqueira]] instead of normal retroflex {{IPAblink|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|-
| colspan=2| [[Basque language|Basque]]<ref name="hualde"/> || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|ho'''ts''']]}} || {{IPA|[ot̻͡s̺]}} || 'sound' || The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.<ref name="hualde"/>
|-
| colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2007|p=144}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|po'''ts'''er]]}} || {{IPA|[puˈt̻͡s̺(ː)e]}} || 'maybe' || The fricative component is apical. Only restricted to morpheme boundaries, some linguistics do not consider it a phoneme (but a sequence of {{IPA|[t]}} + {{IPA|[s]}}). Long and short versions of intervocalic affricates are in free variation in Central Catalan {{IPA|[tsː]}} ~ {{IPA|[ts]}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]]{{sfnp|Jacobson|1995|p=2}} || {{lang|esu|'''c'''etaman}} || {{IPA|[t͡səˈtaman]}} || 'four' || Allophone of {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} before [[schwa]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]{{sfnp|Chung|2020|p=645}}  || {{lang|ch|'''CH'''amoru}} || {{IPA|[t͡sɑˈmoːɾu]}} || 'Chamorro' || Spelled {{lang|ch|'''Ch'''amoru}} in the orthography used in the [[Northern Mariana Islands]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ц'''а'''ц'''а]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''c'''a'''c'''a}} / {{lang|ce-Arab|'''ر̤'''ا'''ر̤'''ا}} || {{IPA|[t͡sət͡sə]}} || 'sieve' || 
|-
|colspan=2| [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Uchihara|first=Hiroto|title=Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee|date=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-873944-9|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/tone-and-accent-in-oklahoma-cherokee-9780198739449?cc=mx&lang=en&}}</ref> || {{lang|chr-Cher|[[Cherokee syllabary|ᏣᎳᎩ]]}} ''{{lang|chr-Latn|'''ts'''alagi}}'' || {{IPA|[t͡salaɡi]}} || 'Cherokee' || 
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=120}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|'''t'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̻͡s̺ʰoːˀ]}} || 'two' || The fricative component is apical.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=120}} In some accents, it is realized as {{IPA|[tʰ]}}.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=120}} Usually transcribed {{IPA|/tˢ/}} or {{IPA|/t/}}. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop {{IPAblink|t}}, which is usually transcribed {{IPA|/d̥/}} or {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] || {{lang|dar-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ц'''адеш]]}} / {{lang|dar-Latn|'''ꞩ'''adeş}} / {{lang|dar-Arab|'''ڝ'''ادەش}} || {{IPA|[t͡sadeʃ]}} || 'unity, oneness' || 
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect{{sfnp|Peters|2010|p=240}} || ''ma'''t''''' || {{IPA|[ˈmät͡s]}} || 'market' || Optional pre-pausal allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2010|p=240}} See [[Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[English language|English]] || Broad [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=322–323}} || rowspan="7" | [[English orthography|'''t'''ea]] || {{IPA|[ˈt͡səˑi̯]}} || rowspan="7" | 'tea' || rowspan=2 | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=323}}{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=172}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=172}} || rowspan=3 | {{IPA|[ˈt͡sɪˑi̯]}}
|-
| [[New York City English|New York]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} || Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=100}} || Word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=100}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Welsh English|North Wales]]{{sfnp|Penhallurick|2004|pp=108–109}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ˈt͡siː]}} || Word-initial and word-final allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop {{IPA|[tʰ]}}.{{sfnp|Penhallurick|2004|pp=108–109}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
|[[Port Talbot English|Port Talbot]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Connolly |first=John H. |title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.; [[Channel View Publications]] |year=1990 |isbn=1-85359-032-0 |pages=121–129 |language=en}}</ref><!-- A locale in South West Wales. Do not merge with North Wales.  -->
|Allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}. In free variation with {{IPA|[tʰʰ]}}.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Scouse]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=372}} || Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=372}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| General [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=194}} || ''[[English orthography|wan'''t'''ing]]'' || {{IPA|[ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ]}} || 'wanting' || Possible syllable-final allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=194}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Esperanto]]
| [[Esperanto orthography|'''''c'''i'''c'''o'']]
| {{IPA|['t͡sit͡so]}}
| 'nipple'
| See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Filipino language|Filipino]] || {{lang|fil|[[Filipino alphabet|'''ts'''okolate]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡sokɔlate]}} || 'chocolate' || 
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Quebec French|Quebec]]|| '''''t'''u'' || {{IPA|[t͡sy]}} || 'you' || Allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} before {{IPA|/i, y/}}.
|-
| colspan=2| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian scripts|კა'''ც'''ი]]}}/k'atsi || {{IPA|[kʼɑt͡si]}} || 'man' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Haida language|Haida]] || ''x̱an'''ts''''' || {{IPA|[ʜʌnt͡s]}} || 'shadow' || Allophone of {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED162532 |title = ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977| year=1977 | publisher=SPHLL, c/o Mrs }}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2| [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}} || {{lang|lb|'''Z'''uch}} || {{IPA|[t͡suχ]}} || 'train' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Marathi phonology|'''च'''म'''चा''']]/tsamtsā
| {{IPA|['t͡səmt͡saː]}}
| 'spoon'
| Represented by /च/, which also represents {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}. It is not a marked difference.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| {{Lang|Ne|[[Devanāgarī| '''चा'''प]]}}/tsāp
| {{IPA|[t͡säp]}}
| 'pressure'
| Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /च/. The aspirated sound is represented by /छ/. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=3| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[European Portuguese|European]]<ref name="rio grande">{{cite web|url=http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/7992/000564044.pdf?sequence=1|title=Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS|author=Alice Telles de Paula|page=14|lang=pt}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|par'''te s'''em vida]]}} || {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈpaɾt͡sẽj ˈviðɐ]}}}} || 'lifeless part' || rowspan=2| Allophone of {{IPAslink|t̪|t}} before {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}}, or assimilation due to the deletion of {{IPA|/i ~ ɨ ~ e/}}. Increasingly used in Brazil.<ref name="camila">{{cite web|url=http://www.bibliotecadigital.ufmg.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1843/ALDR-6VTKAM/disserta__o_pdf_camila.pdf?sequence=1|title=Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte|author=Camila Tavares Leite|lang=pt|access-date=2014-12-12|archive-date=2016-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306041634/http://www.bibliotecadigital.ufmg.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1843/ALDR-6VTKAM/disserta__o_pdf_camila.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]<ref name="rio grande"/><ref name="camila"/> || ''{{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|par'''tic'''ipação]]}}'' || {{IPA|[paʁt͡sipaˈsɐ̃w̃]}} || 'participation'
|-
| Most speakers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/93952/assis_abg_me_arafcl.pdf?sequence=1|title=Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro|author=Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis|lang=pt|access-date=2014-12-12|archive-date=2014-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213031749/http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/93952/assis_abg_me_arafcl.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|shia'''ts'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[ɕiˈat͡su]}} || '[[shiatsu]]' || Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic {{IPA|[i]}}, often subsequently palatalizing {{IPA|/t/}}, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g. {{lang|pt|tsunami}} {{IPA|[tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/letronica/article/download/5546/7072|title=A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos|author=Aline Aver Vanin|lang=pt}}</ref> See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Spanish dialects and varieties|Madrid]]<ref name="unikiel">{{cite web|title=Castilian Spanish – Madrid|author=Klaus Kohler|url=http://www.ipds.uni-kiel.de/kjk/pub_exx/kk2009_4/spanish/spa_madrid.html}}</ref> || rowspan=2| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|an'''ch'''a]]}} || rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈänʲt͡sʲä]}} || rowspan=2| 'wide' || rowspan=3| Palatalized;<ref name="unikiel"/> with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} in standard Spanish. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Chilean Spanish|Chilean]]
|-
| Some [[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]] dialects || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''t'''ía]]}} || {{IPA|['t͡siä]}}|| 'aunt'
|-
|Some [[Venezuelan Spanish|Venezuelan]] dialects
|{{Lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''z'''orro]]}}
|{{IPA|[ˈ t͡so̞ro̞]}}
|'fox'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} word initially.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Jaffna Tamil dialect|Jaffna Tamil]]
| {{lang|sq|[[Tamil script|'''ச'''ந்தை]]}}/cantai
| {{IPA|[t͡sɐn̪d̪ɛi̯]}}
| 'market'
| Rare, other realizations include {{IPA|[t͡ʃ, ʃ, s]}}.<ref>{{cite book 
|first=Kamil
|last=Zvelebil
|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil
|series=Indo-Iranian Journal
|year=1965
|volume=9
|issue=2
|pages=113–138
|publisher=JSTOR
|jstor=24650188
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650188
}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|'''ౘ'''ట్టి]]}}/ĉaṭṭi
| {{IPA|[t͡sɐʈʈi]}}
| 'pot'
|
|}

==Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
|ipa symbol=tɹ̝̊
|ipa symbol2=tθ̠
|ipa symbol3=tθ͇
}}

===Features===
{{affricate}}
{{alveolar}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect]]{{sfnp|Peters|2010|p=240}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|verbègange'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[vərˈbɛːɣäŋət͡ɹ̝̊]}} || 'passer-by' || A possible realization of word-final {{IPA|/r/}} before pauses.{{sfnp|Peters|2010|p=240}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[English language|English]] || [[General American]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=177, 186–188, 192}} || rowspan=2 | ''[[English alphabet|'''tr'''ee]]'' || rowspan=2 | {{Audio-IPA|tree-pronunciation-audio-garp.ogg|[t͡ɹ̝̊ʷɪi̯]|help=no}} || rowspan=2 | 'tree' || rowspan=2 | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence {{IPA|/tr/}}; more commonly postalveolar {{IPAblink|t̠ɹ̠̊˔}}.{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=177, 186–188, 192}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=177, 186–188, 192}}
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || [[Sicily]]{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=64}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|s'''tr'''aniero]]}} || {{nowrap|{{IPA|[st͡ɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo]}}}} || 'foreign' || Apical. Regional realization of the sequence {{IPA|/tr/}}; may be a sequence {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t}}{{IPAplink|ɹ̝̊}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t}}{{IPAplink|ɹ̝}}]}} instead.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Canepari |first=Luciano |title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana |year=1992 |trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation |place=Bologna |publisher=Zanichelli |language=it |isbn=88-08-24624-8}}
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* {{cite book |last=Cruttenden |first=Alan |title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ |edition=8th |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781444183092 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gilles |first1=Peter |title=Luxembourgish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=67–74 |year=2013 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278 |last2=Trouvain |first2=Jürgen |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Grønnum |first=Nina |title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ |edition=3rd |place=Copenhagen |publisher=Akademisk Forlag |isbn=87-500-3865-6 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hualde |first1=José Ignacio |title=Goizueta Basque |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |year=2010 |url=http://prosody.beckman.illinois.edu/jihualde/objects/pubs/Hualde-Lujanbio-Zubiri.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0025100309990260 |last2=Lujanbio |first2=Oihana |last3=Zubiri |first3=Juan Joxe |doi-access=free }}
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* {{cite book |last=Kara |first=Dávid Somfai |title=Kazak |year=2002 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=9783895864704}}
* {{cite book |last=Kara |first=Dávid Somfai |title=Kyrgyz |year=2003 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=3895868434}}
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* {{cite book |last=Kozintseva |first=Natalia |title=Modern Eastern Armenian |year=1995 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=3895860352}}
*{{SOWL}}
*{{cite book |last1=Landau |first1=Ernestina |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |pages=66–69 |year=1999 |chapter=Croatian |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |last2=Lončarić |first2=Mijo |last3=Horga |first3=Damir |last4=Škarić |first4=Ivo}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Wai-Sum |title=Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |year=2003 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001208 |last2=Zee |first2=Eric |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Lewis, Jr. |first=Robert Eugene |title=Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic |year=2013 |url=http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/12235/Lewis_ku_0099M_12920_DATA_1.pdf |degree=MA |publisher=University of Kansas }}
* {{cite book |last=Lin |first=Hua |title=A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese |year=2001 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=3-89586-642-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Lunt |first=Horace G. |title=Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language |year=1952 |place=Skopje |oclc=5137976}}
* {{cite book |last=Mangold |first=Max |title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch |year=2005 |edition=6th |place=Mannheim |publisher=Dudenverlag |isbn=978-3-411-04066-7 |author-link=Max Mangold |orig-year=First published 1962}}
* {{cite book |last=Nau |first=Nicole |title=Latvian |year=1998 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=3-89586-228-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Padluzhny |first=Ped |title=Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy |year=1989 |publisher=Навука і тэхніка |isbn=5-343-00292-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Palková |first=Zdena |title=Fonetika a fonologie češtiny |year=1994 |publisher=Karolinum |isbn=978-8070668436}}
* {{cite book |last=Penhallurick |first=Robert |title=A handbook of varieties of English |volume=1: Phonology |pages=98–112 |year=2004 |editor-last1=Schneider |editor-first1=Edgar W. |editor-last2=Burridge |editor-first2=Kate |editor-last3=Kortmann |editor-first3=Bernd |editor-last4=Mesthrie |editor-first4=Rajend |editor-last5=Upton |editor-first5=Clive |chapter=Welsh English: phonology |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017532-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Peters |first=Jörg |title=The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=239–246 |year=2010 |url=https://osf.io/rqyk9/download |doi=10.1017/S0025100310000083 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book |last1=Pretnar |first1=Tone |title=Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego |year=1980 |place=Katowice |publisher=Uniwersytet Śląski |last2=Tokarz |first2=Emil |oclc=749222348}}
*{{cite book |last1=Puppel |first1=Stanisław |title=A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners |year=1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izVHAAAAIAAJ |place=Warszawa |publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe |isbn=9788301012885 |last2=Nawrocka-Fisiak |first2=Jadwiga |last3=Krassowska |first3=Halina }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Recasens |first1=Daniel |title=An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=143–172 |year=2007 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002829 |s2cid=14275190 |last2=Espinosa |first2=Aina}}
* {{cite book |last=Rocławski |first=Bronisław |title=Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego |year=1976 |place=Gdańsk |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |oclc=4461438}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Shosted |first1=Ryan K. |title=Standard Georgian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=255–264 |year=2006 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659 |last2=Chikovani |first2=Vakhtang |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Sjoberg |first=Andrée F. |title=Uzbek Structural Grammar |volume=18 |year=1963 |series=Uralic and Altaic Series |place=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University}}
* {{cite book |last=Šewc-Schuster |first=Hinc |title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče |year=1984 |place=Budyšin |publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina |edition=2nd |oclc=1022846408}}
* {{cite book |last=Szende |first=Tamás |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |pages=104–107 |year=1999 |chapter=Hungarian |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7}}
* {{Accents of English|hide1=y}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ts}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Affricates]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]