View source for Lexus LS

{{Short description|Full-size luxury sedan series produced by Lexus}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Lexus LS
| image = 2019 Lexus LS 500 AWD beige, front Hagerty 6.1.19.jpg
| caption = Lexus LS 500
| manufacturer = [[Toyota]]
| aka = Toyota Celsior (Japan, 1989–2006)
| production = May 1989 – present
| model_years = 1990–present
| assembly = Japan: [[Tahara, Aichi]] ([[Tahara plant]])<ref name = "75 Years of Toyota, Tahara Plant">{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/production/production/japan/general_status/tahara.html |title=Tahara Plant |publisher=Toyota Motor Corporation |year=2012 |access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>
| class = {{unbulleted list
  | [[Full-size]] [[luxury car]] ([[F-segment|F]])
  }}
| body_style = 4-door [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]]
| layout = {{unbulleted list
  | [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
  | [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, all-wheel-drive]] (since 2006)
  }}
}}

The {{nihongo|'''Lexus LS'''|レクサス・LS|Rekusasu LS|lead=yes}} is a series of [[full-size car|full-size]] [[luxury car|luxury sedan]]s that have served as the [[Core product|flagship]] model of [[Lexus]], the luxury [[division (business)|division]] of [[Toyota]], since 1989. For the first four generations, all LS models featured [[V8 engine|V8]] engines and were predominantly [[rear-wheel-drive]]. In the fourth generation, Lexus offered [[all-wheel-drive]], [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]], and long-[[wheelbase]] variants. The fifth generation changed to using a [[V6 engine]] with no V8 option, and only one length was offered.

As the first model developed by Lexus, the LS 400 debuted in January 1989 with the second generation debuting in November 1994. The LS 430 debuted in January 2000 and the LS 460/LS 460 L series in 2006. A domestic-market version of the LS 400 and LS 430, badged as {{nihongo|Toyota Celsior|トヨタ・セルシオ|Toyota Serushio|lead=yes}}, was sold in Japan until the Lexus marque was introduced there in 2006. In 2006 (for the 2007 model year), the fourth generation LS 460 debuted the first production eight-speed [[automatic transmission]] and an [[Advanced Parking Guidance System|automatic parking]] system. In 2007, V8 hybrid powertrains were introduced on the [[Lexus LS (XF40)|LS 600h/LS 600h L]] sedans.

Development of the LS began in 1983 as the [[#XF10|F1]] project, the [[code name]] for a secret flagship sedan. At the time, Toyota's two existing flagship models were the [[Toyota Crown|Crown]] and [[Toyota Century|Century]] models – both of which catered exclusively for the Japanese market and had little global appeal that could compete with international luxury brands such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Jaguar. The resulting sedan followed an extended five-year design process at a cost of over US$1 billion and premiered with a new V8 engine and numerous luxury features. The Lexus LS was intended from its inception for export markets, and the Lexus division was formed to market and service the vehicle internationally. The original LS 400 debuted to strong sales and was largely responsible for the successful launch of the Lexus marque.

Since the start of production, each generation of the Lexus LS has been manufactured in the Japanese city of [[Tahara, Aichi]]. The name "LS" stands for "Luxury Sedan",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60012621/index.html |title=1st Lexus LS (LS460) sedan |publisher=Toyota Motor Corporation |year=2012 |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref> although some Lexus importers have preferred to define it as "Luxury Saloon".<ref>{{cite web |title=LS – Luxury Saloon |url=https://www.lexus.com.au/range/ls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601003852/https://www.lexus.com.au/range/ls |archive-date=2014-06-01 |publisher=Lexus Australia}}</ref> The name "Celsior" is taken from Latin word "celsus", meaning "lofty" or "elevated".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/vehicle_lineage_chart/origin/index.html |title=Data: Origin of a car's name |publisher=Toyota |year=2012 |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

== {{anchor|XF10|UCF10|first}} First generation (XF10; 1989) ==
<!--
    Wikipedia uses internationally understood calendar years instead of US-specific model years
-->
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Lexus LS 400 UCF10 I.jpg
| caption = Lexus LS 400 (UCF10)
| model_code = XF10
| aka = Toyota Celsior (Japan)
| production = May 1989 – September 1994
| model_years = 1990–1994
| designer = {{unbulleted list
  | Kunihiro Uchida (Chief Exterior)
  | Michikazu Masu (Interior)
  | Masahiko Kawatsu (Parts)
  | Akihiro Nagaya (Parts)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/DE/JP-0732548-003/0C80168A61729808C47B4F6E720DF7E054B478A45A98C67EF9CFE04444E77A48/35/en |title=Patent 0732548-003, S |location=Japan |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
  }}
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|3968|cc|CID|0}} ''[[Toyota UZ engine#1UZ-FE|1UZ-FE]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
| powerout = {{convert|250|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}
| transmission = 4-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#A341E|A341E]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2814|mm|in|1}}
| length = {{cvt|4996|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1821|-|1829|mm|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1405|-|1415|mm|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|1705|-|1750|kg}}
}}

=== 1989–1992 ===
In August 1983, Toyota chairman [[Eiji Toyoda]] initiated the F1 project ("Flagship" and "No. 1" vehicle; alternatively called the "Circle-F" project), as a clandestine effort aimed at producing a world-class luxury sedan for international markets.<ref>[[#CITEREFDawson2004|Dawson, Chester (2004)]]. {{cite book |title=Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit |date=6 September 2004 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd., Singapore |page=4 |isbn=978-0-470-82110-7}}</ref><ref name="May43">[[#CITEREFMay2006|May, Matthew E. (2006)]]. ''The Elegant Solution: Toyota's Formula for Mastering Innovation'', Free Press, New York. p. 43. {{ISBN|0-7432-9017-8}}.</ref> The F1 development effort did not have a specific budget or time constraints, and the resulting vehicle did not use existing Toyota [[Automobile platform|platforms]] or parts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=xxi}}.</ref><ref>[[#CITEREFMahler2004|Mahler, Jonathan (2004)]]. ''The Lexus Story: The Behind the Scenes Story of the #1 Automotive Luxury Brand in America''. DK Melcher Media, New York. p. 31. {{ISBN|0-9717935-7-3}}.</ref> Instead, chief engineer Ichiro Suzuki sought to develop an all-new design, aiming to surpass rival American and European flagship sedans in specific target areas, including [[aerodynamic]]s, cabin [[silence|quietness]], overall top speed, and [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel efficiency]].<ref name="dawson45">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=45–46}}.</ref> During development, the 60 designers with 1,400 engineers in 24 teams, 2,300 technicians and over 200 support workers<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-10-10 |title=Lexus LS 400 – a history |url=http://blog.lexus.co.uk/2013/10/innovations-of-the-first-generation-lexus-ls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013163508/http://blog.lexus.co.uk/2013/10/innovations-of-the-first-generation-lexus-ls/ |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=2015-04-01 |website=Lexus UK Blog |publisher=Lexus UK}}</ref> built approximately 450 flagship prototypes and 900 engine prototypes.<ref name="dawson24">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=24, 70}}.</ref> The teams logged {{convert|2.7|e6km|e6mi |abbr=off}} of testing on locations ranging from winter Europe roadways to deserts in [[Arizona]], Australia, or Saudi Arabia, to American highways and wilderness.<ref name="dawson50">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=50–51}}.</ref><ref name="Mahler46">{{Harvnb|Mahler|2004|pp=46–48}}.</ref>

[[File:LS design sketch.JPG|thumb|left|An early Lexus LS design sketch]]

In May 1985, designers started work on the F1 project. In late 1985, designers presented the first exterior study models to F1 management, featuring a [[sports car]]-like design with a low-slung bonnet and narrow front profile.<ref name="Dawson42">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=xvii, 42–43}}.</ref> By 1986, the sedan used a [[Three-box styling|three-box]] design with an upright stance, more prominent [[Grille (car)|grille]], and a two-tone body.<ref name=Dawson42/> Extensive modeling and [[wind tunnel]] tests resulted in a low [[Automobile drag coefficient|drag coefficient]] for a conventional production vehicle of the time ([[coefficient of drag|''C''<sub>''d''</sub>]] 0.29).<ref name="MSNtimeline">[[#CITEREFLong2001|Long, Brian (2001)]]. {{cite book |title=Lexus: The Challenge to Create the Finest Automobile |date=2001-02-08 |publisher=Veloce Publishing |isbn=978-1-901295-81-8 |location=Cardiff, Wales |pages=19–20}}</ref> For the passenger cabin, the materials-selection tests evaluated 24 different kinds of wood and multiple types of leather for two years before settling on specific trim combinations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=52}}.</ref> By 1986, the Lexus marque was created to support the launch of the flagship sedan,<ref>[[#CITEREFMorganLiker2006|Morgan, James M. & Liker, Jeffrey K. (2006)]]. ''The Toyota Product Development System: Integrating People, Process and Technology''. Productive Press, New York. p. 121. {{ISBN|1-56327-282-2}}.</ref> and the vehicle became known as the Lexus LS.<ref name=dawson50/> Following eight design reviews, subsequent revisions, concept approval in February 1987,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1989/08/14/72355/index.htm |title=Here come Japan's new luxury cars |first1=Alex III |last1=Taylor |first2=William E. |last2=Sheeline |work=Forbes |location=US |date=1989-08-14 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> and over US$1 billion in development expenses, the final design for the production Lexus LS 400 (chassis code UCF10) was frozen in May 1987 with design patents filed on 20 February 1987 and 13 May 1987.<ref name=dawson24/><ref>{{Harvnb|Wakefield|1989|p=35}}.</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YfVEImFz7k |title=Lexus History |access-date=2017-12-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

[[File:1990-1992 Lexus LS 400 (UCF10R) sedan 02.jpg|thumb|left|1990–1992 Lexus LS 400 (UCF10R; Australia)]]

In January 1989, the LS 400 made its debut as a 1990 model at the [[North American International Auto Show#1989|North American International Auto Show]], in Detroit, Michigan.<ref name="Mahler 2004, p. 78">{{Harvnb|Mahler|2004|p=78}}.</ref> Production began on 15 May 1989, with the first shipments leaving Japanese ports in late June 1989. The first cars were available in August 1989, and U.S. sales officially began on 1 September 1989, followed by limited exports to Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom starting in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://global.toyota/en/detail/7818590 |title=Lexus Production Begins |publisher=Toyota |date=1989-05-15 |access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref><ref name=lexusoverview>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/lexus/ |title=Edmunds.com Lexus Overview |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |access-date=2011-02-22}}</ref> Sales in certain, lesser markets only started in late 1991, nearly three years after the car's introduction, as Lexus chose to focus on the North American and home markets. Production was limited to about 50,000 cars per year in order to maintain desired quality standards; 40,000 of these were earmarked for the United States, 8,000 for Japan, and only about 2,000 examples for the rest of the world.<ref name="TV791.36">{{cite magazine | ref = GD91 | title = Prestige Slakt | trans-title = Prestige Slaughter | language = sv | magazine = [[Teknikens Värld]] | publisher = Specialtidningsförlaget AB | location = Stockholm, Sweden | page = 36 | date = 1991-04-04 | issue = 7 | volume = 43 | first = Gunnar | last = Dackevall }}</ref>

The LS 400's new 4.0-litre ''[[Toyota UZ engine|1UZ-FE]]'' 32-valve V8 engine, capable of {{cvt|245|PS|kW hp|0}} and {{cvt|350|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque,<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Bedard | first = Patrick | date = December 1989 | title = Comparison Test: Showdown | magazine = [[Car and Driver]] | volume = 35 | issue = 6 }}</ref> was linked to a new four-speed automatic transmission with ECT-i [[electronic control unit|electronically controlled]] shifts, super-flow [[torque converter]] and rear differential.<ref name=newkid>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971153-1,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013114639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971153-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2007 |title=New Kid on the Dock |date=1990-09-17 |access-date=2007-04-29 |first=S.C. | last = Gwynne | author-link = S. C. Gwynne | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The [[chassis]] used an independent, high-mount upper arm<ref name="toyota-global.com1">{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/chassis/index.html |title=75 Years of TOYOTA {{!}} Technical Development {{!}} Chassis |publisher=Toyota |access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref> [[double-wishbone suspension]] setup<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motortrader.com.my/NUS/articles/article_740/page_m.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322220809/http://www.motortrader.com.my/NUS/articles/article_740/page_m.asp |archive-date=2008-03-22 |title=The creation of Lexus |date=2006-12-12 |work=Malaysian Motor Trader |last=Yap |first=Chips |access-date=2008-08-21}}</ref> with twin tube shock absorbers,<ref name="toyota-global.com1"/> and a passive [[air suspension]] system was optional.<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=22}}.</ref> The LS 400's 0–{{convert|100|km/h|mph}} time was 8.5&nbsp;seconds, and its top speed was {{cvt|250|km/h|mph|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/engine/lexus-ls-1990-400.html |title=Lexus LS 400 1990 – 1995 specifications |publisher=Autoevolution.com |access-date=2009-06-05 |year=2009}}</ref> Compared to its rivals, namely the [[BMW E32|BMW 735i (E32)]] and [[Mercedes-Benz W126|Mercedes-Benz 420 SE (W126)]], the LS 400 had a quieter cabin, with 58&nbsp;[[decibels|dB]] at {{cvt|100|km/h|mph}}; a higher top speed; a lower drag coefficient and [[curb weight]]; and it avoided the U.S. [[Gas Guzzler Tax]].<ref name=dawson63>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=63, 68–71}} "0–60: 7.9&nbsp;sec."</ref><ref>Comparison data: LS 400 (250&nbsp;km/h, Cd&nbsp;0.29, 1,710&nbsp;kg); 735i (220&nbsp;km/h; Cd&nbsp;0.37, 1,760&nbsp;kg; 420 SE 222&nbsp;km/h, Cd&nbsp;0.32; 1,760&nbsp;kg).</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=xxi, 64}}.</ref> In European tests, the noise level at {{cvt|200|km/h|mph|0}} was measured at 74&nbsp;dBA, equal to a BMW 735i at {{cvt|150|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref>[[#GD91|Dackevall 1991]], p. 32.</ref> At its introduction in 1989, the Celsior won the [[Car of the Year Japan]] award.<ref name="t371">{{cite web | title=Celsior | website=[[Toyota]] | url=https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60010294/index.html | access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>

The LS 400 was among the first luxury sedans to feature an automatic tilt-and-telescoping [[steering wheel]] with [[Airbag|SRS airbag]], power adjustable shoulder [[seat belt]]s, and an [[electrochromism|electrochromic]] [[rear-view mirror]].<ref name=lapluxury>{{cite web |last=Pacic |first=Milo |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.automobear.com/LexusInTheLapOfLatentLuxury.html |title=Lexus (in the lap of latent luxury) |publisher=AutomoBear.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523004121/http://www.automobear.com/LexusInTheLapOfLatentLuxury.html |archive-date=2006-05-23}}</ref><ref>Woodcock, Glen. "Living Large in Lexus". ''[[Calgary Sun]]''. Retrieved 2007-04-08.</ref> The five-passenger cabin included [[Walnut|California walnut]] and leather trim, power-adjustable seats, and soft-touch controls. A back-lit [[electroluminescence|electro-luminescent]] gauge cluster featured a [[holographic]] visual effect, with indicator lights projected onto the [[dashboard|instrument panel]].<ref name=lapluxury/><ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=27}}.</ref> The memory system stored the driver's seat, side mirror, steering wheel, and seat belt positions. Available luxury options included a [[Nakamichi]] premium sound system and an integrated [[cellular telephone]] with [[hands-free]] capabilities.<ref name=newkid/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4DA1438F932A25755C0A96F948260 |title=What's new in car stereos; in the auto sound race, Detroit speeds ahead |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2009-02-19 |last=Bloom |first=Craig |date=1989-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=33}}.</ref> The LS 400 further contained some 300 technological innovations to aid smooth operation and silence,<ref name=newkid/> including [[Damping ratio|fluid-damped]] cabin fixtures,<ref name=ls430usa>{{cite web |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/60426720.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+15%2C+2000&author=James+R.+Healey&pub=USA+TODAY&edition=&startpage=10.D&desc=Made-over+Lexus+moves+spendidly+ahead |title=Made-over Lexus moves splendidly ahead |work=USA Today |access-date=2009-02-14 |last=Healey |first=James |date=2000-09-15 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827195203/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/408852119.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep%2015,%202000&author=James%20R.%20Healey&pub=USA%20TODAY&edition=&startpage=10.D&desc=Made-over%20Lexus%20moves%20spendidly%20ahead |url-status=dead }}</ref> vibration-insulating rubber mounts,<ref name=dawson71/> airflow [[aircraft fairing|fairings]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|pp=19, 26}}.</ref> and sandwich steel body panels.<ref name="dawson71">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=71}}.</ref>

[[File:1989 Toyota Celsior 01.jpg|thumb|1989 Toyota Celsior]]

In Japan, the launch of Lexus was complicated by Toyota's existing four domestic dealership networks at the time of its introduction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=192}}.</ref> The [[Toyota Crown]] and [[Toyota Century]] were exclusive to ''[[Toyota Store]]'' locations.<ref name="dawson6">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=6, 30–31, 90}}.</ref> During the LS 400's development, local dealers' requests for a [[Japanese domestic market]] version had grown,<ref name=Dawson42/> and a right-hand-drive Toyota Celsior-badged version was introduced shortly after the LS 400's U.S. debut, and introduced on 9 October 1989 and only available at ''Toyopet Store'' locations.<ref name="long41">{{Harvnb|Long|2001|pp=40–41}}.</ref> The Celsior, named after the [[Latin]] word for "supreme," was largely identical to the LS.<ref name=long41/> Models came in either basic "A," a "B" model with uprated suspension, or fully equipped "C" trim specifications.<ref name=LSpl>{{cite web |url=http://www.goo-net.com/car_info/usedcar_topics/075/04.html |title=Lexus LS 400/Celsior Guide |publisher=Proto Corporation |language=ja |access-date=2010-04-19 |last=Morohoshi |first=Youiti |year=2004 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124908/https://www.goo-net.com/ipad/magazine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Crown and the [[Toyota Crown Majesta|Crown Majesta]], which appeared later in 1991, were only available at ''[[Toyota Store]]'' locations which carried Japan-only Toyota luxury models, like the Century.<ref name=dawson6/> Ownership costs for Japanese drivers were and are expensive due to Japanese Government [[Vehicle size class#Japan|dimension regulations]] and [[Road tax#Japan|annual road tax obligations]]. Owning a Celsior in Japan is also considered extravagant due to the fact urban two-way streets are [[Speed limits in Japan|usually zoned at {{convert|40|km/h|mi/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} or less]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in Japan|url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2022.html|website=Japan-Guide.com|access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> The Celsior introduced two world firsts: high-performance twin-tube shock absorbers and an [[air suspension]] combined with an upgraded version of Toyota's semi-active Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension, called [[Piezo TEMS]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/chassis/index.html |title=75 Years of Toyota {{!}} Technical Development {{!}} Chassis |publisher=Toyota |year=2012 |access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>

Adding incentive for early U.S. sales was a base price of US$35,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|35000|1989}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars {{inflation-fn|US}}), which undercut competitors by thousands of dollars<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=19}}.</ref> and brought accusations of [[Dumping (pricing policy)|selling below cost]] from rival [[BMW]].<ref name=newkid/> Being a [[flagship]] luxury sedan in the full-size segment, the relatively low starting MSRP was actually targeted to be at $25,000 during initial stages of development. However, the [[Currency appreciation and depreciation|depreciation]] of the Yen vs. the Dollar resulted in a climb to $35,000. Lexus division general manager Dave Illingworth admitted in an interview with Automotive News that many in product planning were concerned about the price hike and the potential effect it could have on sales success. Part of the concern was due to the fact that the Lexus nameplate lacked the heritage and brand recognition of German rivals such as [[Mercedes-Benz]]. Similarly, luxury cars competing in a class slightly below that of the BMW 7-Series and Mercedes S-Class averaged in the $25000 range. However, once the LS400 was released, sales figures were very positive, as the vehicle was nearly universally praised for its high standards and levels of specification.<ref>{{cite web |last=Henry |first=Jim |date=2007-10-29 |title=A Japanese luxury brand? Doubters scoffed – but not for long |url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20071029/ANA06/710290326/a-japanese-luxury-brand-doubters-scoffed-but-not-for-long |access-date=2019-01-07 |publisher=Autonews |location=US}}</ref> 

In December 1989, shortly after the LS 400's launch, Lexus ordered a voluntary recall of the 8,000 vehicles sold so far, based upon two customer complaints over defective wiring and an overheated [[brake light]]. All vehicles were serviced within 20 days, and the incident helped establish Lexus' [[customer service]] reputation.<ref name=newkid/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/auto/article840284.ece |title=Brand defined itself by reliable quality |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=2009-02-19 |last=Cato |first=Jeremy |date=2006-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922125306/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/auto/article840284.ece |archive-date=2009-09-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060327/SUB/60322012/1003 |title=How a recall earned Lexus a top reputation |work=[[Automotive News]] |access-date=2009-02-19 |last1=Denove |first1=Chris |date=2006-03-27 |last2=Power |first2=James}}</ref> By 1990, U.S. sales of the LS 400 had surpassed those of competing [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], and [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] models.<ref name=whytoyota>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1990/11/19/74363/index.htm |title=Why Toyota keeps getting better and better and better |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=2009-02-19 |date=1990-11-19 |last=Taylor |first=Alex}}</ref> Production of the first-generation LS 400 totaled over 165,000 units.<ref name=LSspecs>{{cite web |url=http://www.lexus.com/contact/model_specifications_pricing_ls.html |title=Lexus Knowledge Center – LS Model Specifications |format=PDF |publisher=Lexus |access-date=2009-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309061805/http://www.lexus.com/contact/model_specifications_pricing_ls.html |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref> The LS 400 made ''Consumer Reports'' 2007 list of recommended vehicles that regularly last {{cvt|320,000|km}} or more, with proper maintenance.<ref>Consumer Union (2007–2010). "Make your car last 200,000 miles or more." ''[[Consumer Reports]]'', pp. 20–23.</ref>

=== 1992–1994 ===
[[File:Lexus LS 400 UCF10 II Silver Taupe.jpg|thumb|right|1992–1994 Lexus LS 400 (UCF10 II)]]

Debuting in September 1992 as a 1993 model, the refreshed LS 400 (designed through 1991) was introduced with more than 50 changes, largely in response to customer and dealer requests.<ref name=ucf10update>Jedlicka, Dan (2005-01-03). "Lexus gives U.S. another take on luxury." ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''.</ref> The vehicle received larger [[disc brake]]s, wheels, and tires, and adjustments were made to the suspension and [[power steering]] systems to improve handling.<ref name=comfortable>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=115368 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705230718/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D115368 |archive-date=2008-07-05 |title=Lexus LS 400, LS 430 and LS 460 Generations: Setting the Standard in the Most Comfortable Way Possible |access-date=2007-04-08 |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=2003-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stylistic changes included additional [[Automotive molding|body side moldings]] and a revised grille, along with a greater selection of colours.<ref name=comfortable/> For the interior, a standard passenger front airbag (making this vehicle the first Toyota-built series production car available with passenger front airbag),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html |title=Technical Development Electronics Parts |publisher=Toyota Motor Corporation |year=2012 |access-date=2015-01-15}}</ref> external temperature gauge, digital [[odometer]], [[Seat belt#Pretensioners and webclamps|seat belt pretensioners]], and [[chlorofluorocarbon]]-free refrigerant were added.<ref name=comfortable/><ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|pp=60–63}}.</ref> In 1992, the Celsior introduced the world's first [[Automotive navigation system|GPS navigation system with voice instructions]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html |title=Technical Development Electronics Parts |publisher=Toyota Motor Corporation |year=2012 |access-date=2015-01-14}}</ref> supplied by [[Aisin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aisin-aw.co.jp/en/products/information/index.html |title=Car Navigation System |publisher=Aisin |access-date=2016-03-22}}</ref> By 1994, the LS 400's U.S. base price exceeded {{USD|50,000}}, a figure that had steadily risen since the vehicle's introduction. Customer demand for the vehicle and shifts in foreign [[exchange rates]] contributed to the increase in price.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=145–147}}.</ref>

[[File:Lexus LS400 cabin.jpg|thumb|left|First-generation LS 400 cabin (UCF10 II)]]

A considerable point is that in the years after the LS400/Celsior went out of production in 1994, the car has continued to influence the entire world of manufacturing. The [[Toyota Production System]] largely infiltrated American manufacturing around the time MIT's IMVP academic group coined [[lean manufacturing]], as MBA [[John Krafcik]] used his Lexus-influenced knowledge learned to model Genesis, as Hyundai-Kia themselves used TPS to become benchmarks in modern day.<ref>{{citation |last=Roos |first=Daniel |title=The Machine that Changed the World |publisher=MIT Cambridge}}.</ref> 

Within Toyota's own development efforts, the LS400's innovative advancements spread down through the company line-up. Through leveraging sister platforms, Toyota also used the economic conditions of currency differentials to trickle down to the high standards set by the LS400. This type of reputation-setting effort was monumental and not very profitable for Toyota, but they saw it as a way to gain a sterling reputation for quality and reliability. Afterwards Toyota planners would look for ways to reduce costs in the lower models (in their next generations). For example, the MX83 [[Toyota Cressida]] was the first glimpse at the LS400 and SXV10 [[Camry]] to come following in 1992. The MX83 was a clear step up from the 2nd generation V20 Camry. Additionally, Toyota saw it as an educational experience of refinement for engineering researchers in the United States market. It was large (notably more so than V20 Camry), and was designed to be a proper mid-size American car. Toyota used the MX83 as a hollow shell to build the LS400 interior concept until that cabin was transferred to a larger, more bubble-type body shell. Extensive audio testing with Nakamichi systems was done by using LS400 prototype interiors in Cressida bodies.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YfVEImFz7k&t=191s |title=Lexus History |publisher=Toyota |location=Japan |via=YouTube |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

As the LS400 was then refined, Toyota went through extraordinary efforts to refine the standards of the MX83 even slightly further, as fit and finish became the best in the industry. This level of fit and finish trickled down to the 1992 XV10 Toyota Camry/Lexus ES300 shared platform. The 1992 Camry shocked the industry as it was only a non-luxury midsize family sedan (in base non-XLE trims, at least). However, the complex flushed window stamping and flowing one-piece roof were modeled from new processes learned by Toyota making the LS400, as were the triple sealing framed doors. To accomplish this, the doors use indented rubber gaskets to seal the door in a fashion similar to that used by Tupperware food containers. There were no other mid-size sedans built to such fit and finish standards, except the high-end German [[BMW 5-series]] and [[Mercedes-Benz E-class]] cars. This point was made by Chris Goffey during BBC's 1991 Motorfair Top Gear coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NJczSA3tr4&t=262s |title= Top Gear 91 Motorfair coverage |first=Chris |last=Goffey |date= 30 April 2020 |publisher=BBC tv |location=UK|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref>

Principles such as [[Heijunka]] boards, [[andon (manufacturing)|andon]] pull cords, and [[Gemba]] walking have become embedded in [[aerospace engineering]] production at [[Boeing]] and its subsidiaries. The [[Federal Aviation Administration]] lists the [[Toyota UZ engine#FV2400-2TC|FV2400-2TC]] (a 1UZ-FE derivative) as aviation certified. [[Intel]] modeled the "[[Internet of Things]]" on what was learned from Toyota's LS 400 quality standards.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=F5vtCRFRAK0 |title=How Toyota Changed the Way we Make Things |publisher=Bloomberg |location=US |via=YouTube |access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== {{anchor|XF20|UCF20|second}} Second generation (XF20; 1994) ==
<!--

    Wikipedia uses internationally understood calendar years instead of US specific model years

-->

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 1996 Lexus LS 400 4.0 Front.jpg
| caption = 1996 Lexus LS 400 (UCF20; pre-facelift, UK)
| model_code = XF20
| aka = Toyota Celsior (Japan)
| production = October 1994 – June 2000
| model_years = 1995–2000
| designer = {{unbulleted list
  | '''1991:'''
  | 
  | Kunihiro Uchida (Chief Exterior)
  | Makoto Oshima (Exterior)
  | '''1996 facelift:'''
  | Hiroaki Shinoda<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/DE/JP-1030129/270441D0DA91CF6C0F47373F0EDCF66A3FD510E39431F65E0E0F81AED9870FFA/35/en |title=Patent 1030129, S |location=Japan |date=1999-01-20 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
  }}
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|3968|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota UZ engine#1UZ-FE|1UZ-FE]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
| powerout = {{unbulleted list
  | {{convert|260|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (1994–1997)
  | {{convert|290|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (1997–2000)
  }}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
  | 4-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#A340E (30-40LE)|A340E]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
  | 5-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#A650E|A650E]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
  }}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2850|mm|in|1}}
| length = {{cvt|4996|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1829|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1420|-|1435|mm|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|1659|-|1764|kg}}
}}

=== 1994–1997 ===
[[File:1996 Lexus LS 400 4.0 Rear.jpg|thumb|left|1996 Lexus LS 400 (UCF20; pre-facelift, UK)]]
The second-generation Lexus LS 400 (UCF20) debuted in November 1994 (for the 1995 model year) with a longer wheelbase and similar specifications as the original model. The public unveiling of the vehicle occurred in a gala ceremony held at the [[San Francisco Opera House]] in California.<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=89}}.</ref> The sedan was equipped with an updated 4.0-litre ''1UZ-FE'' V8 engine, producing {{convert|194|kW}} and {{convert|366|Nm|ftlbf}} of torque.<ref name=improving>{{cite web |url=http://www.nctd.com/review-intro.cfm?Vehicle=1995_Lexus_LS%20400&ReviewID=2588 |title=1995 Lexus LS 400: Improving on near perfection |access-date=2006-12-01 |publisher=New Car Test Drive.com |year=2005 |quote=0–60: 7.1 sec. |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927125103/https://www.newcartestdrive.com/reviews/1995-lexus-ls-400/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Internally, over 90% of the redesigned LS 400's composition was new or redesigned,<ref name=improving/> with increased [[soundproofing|sound insulation]], a strengthened body structure, suspension updates (first LS/Celsior with [[Skyhook suspension|Skyhook adaptive computerized air suspension]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/chassis/index.html |title=A 75-Year History through Data > Automotive Business > Products, Technology > Technical Development > Chassis |publisher=Toyota |year=2012 |access-date=2015-01-05}}</ref>), and improved brakes.<ref name=improving/> The redesigned model was {{cvt|95|kg}} lighter than its predecessor and achieved slightly better [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]].<ref name=improving/> The 0–{{convert|100|km/h|mph}} time improved to 7.5&nbsp;seconds.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Lexus LS 400 1995–1997 specifications |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/engine/lexus-ls-1995-400.html |access-date=2009-06-05 |publisher=Autoevolution.com}}</ref>

Development of the second-generation LS 400 began after worldwide launch of the first generation under program code 250T.<ref name="long82">{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=82}}.</ref> Given the first-generation model's successful reception and high level of customer satisfaction with its design, replicating the original LS 400's attributes with its successor was one of chief engineer Kazuo Okamoto's primary goals (he stated that "a tradition cannot be founded if you reject the first generation").<ref name=Dawson149/> Externally, the most significant change was an increase in wheelbase length of {{cvt|36|mm}}, resulting in more interior space and an additional {{cvt|66|mm}} of rear-seat legroom.<ref name=improving/> However, as the overall length remained the same, [[boot (automobile)|boot]] capacity was slightly reduced.<ref name=improving/> The more aerodynamic body (''C''<sub>''d''</sub> 0.28) retained the general profile and contours of the original LS 400<ref name=comfortable/><ref name="Dawson149">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=149–150}}.</ref> and was the work of the [[Calty Design Research]] center in the U.S.<ref name=Dawson149/> Designers had evaluated 20 competing concepts, including several with a radically changed body,<ref name=Dawson149/> before selecting a winning entry in 1991 that included forms and contours similar to the original LS 400.<ref name=Dawson149/> Upon final approval in 1992, an evolutionary redesign was the ultimate result, with new design features consisting of sharper angles, curved body lines, and a beveled grille.<ref name=long85>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=85}}</ref> More prominent side lines provided a reference point for parking maneuvers, and forward visibility was improved.<ref name=long85/> Production development lasted from 1991 until conclusion in the second quarter of 1994. Design patents were filed at the Japan Patent Office on October 14, 1992 under registration number 732548, using a prototype.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/DE/JP-0732548-005/0C80168A61729808C47B4F6E720DF7E054B478A45A98C67EF9CFE04444E77A48/35/en |title=Patent 0732548-005, S |location=Japan |date=1996-12-09 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=long82/><ref name=Dawson149/><ref name="Lexus LS UCF20 Spied">{{cite magazine |last=Allen |first=Mike |date=September 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Import Spy Report |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |page=28}}</ref>

The redesigned LS 400 interior received upgraded features, varying from dual-zone climate controls to rear cupholders.<ref name=comfortable/> A newly patented seat cushion design, similar to the car's suspension, used lightweight internal [[coil spring]]s and [[stabilizer bar]]s to improve comfort.<ref name=improving/> One of the first in-dash [[Compact disc player#CD changer|CD changers]] was offered as an option.<ref name=improving/> Safety enhancements included enlarged [[crumple zones]], [[Seat belt|three-point seat belts]] at all positions, and a new collapsible steering column.<ref name=improving/> In Japan, the Toyota Celsior equivalents were offered in the same "A", "B", and top-spec "C" configurations as before, along with an additional selection of exterior colours.<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|pp=90–91}}.</ref> Several optional features, such as a compact disc-based [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) [[automotive navigation system|navigation system]] and reclining rear seats, were available only in Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|pp=134, 153, 184}}.</ref>

[[File:Lexus LS 400 model UCF20 cabin.jpg|thumb|left|Second-generation LS 400 cabin (UCF20)]]

At its U.S. debut, the redesigned LS 400 retained a pricing advantage over European competitors in its largest market, launching with a base price of US$51,000.<ref name=improving/> However, cost differences had narrowed following more aggressive pricing and added feature content from rival manufacturers.<ref name=Dawson149/> To promote their new flagship, Lexus launched a US$50 million advertising campaign, the most expensive marketing effort since the launch of the division.<ref name=Dawson149/> In mid-1995, sales slowed as the U.S. government threatened [[tariff]]s on Japanese luxury cars over the widening U.S.-Japan [[trade deficit]], potentially raising the price of a fully optioned LS 400 to over US$100,000.<ref name=tariff>{{cite web |url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071029/ANA03/710290340/1128/ANA03&Profile=1128 |title=Bold moves halt tariff stalemate, save Lexus brand |work=Automotive News |access-date=2009-02-02 |date=2007-10-29 |last=Treece |first=James}}</ref> Subsequent negotiations averted the sanctions by the second quarter of that year, and sales recovered in the following months.<ref name=tariff/> Ultimately, second-generation LS 400 sales were lower than the original model;<ref name=Dawson149/> production totaled approximately 114,000 units.<ref name=LSspecs/>

Production of the UCF20 ran from October 1994 to July 1997. For 1997, a limited "Coach Edition" LS 400 was produced in partnership with American leather manufacturer [[Coach Inc.]] The edition featured Coach leather seats; embroidered emblems on the exterior, floormats, and armrest; special colours and added trim; and a Coach cabin bag. Production was limited to a yearly run of 2,500 units.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rechtin |first=Mark |date=1995-03-15 |title=Once Again, Lexus Links with Coach Leather |work=Automotive News |page=24}}</ref>

=== 1997–2000 ===
[[File:1998-00 Lexus LS400.jpg|thumb|right|1998–2000 Lexus LS 400]]

Designed through early 1996, in September 1997 a revised LS 400 was introduced for the 1998 model year. Changes were a five-speed automatic transmission, increased engine output to {{cvt|216|kW}}, with variable valve timing ([[VVT-i]]), and an added {{cvt|41|Nm|ftlbf}} of torque.<ref name=comfortable/> Acceleration times and fuel economy were improved as a result.<ref name=comfortable/> The suspension and steering also received minor tweaks to improve feel and handling.<ref name=1998mt>{{cite web |last=Nagy |first=Bob |date=1997-12-01 |url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/1998-lexus-ls-400/ |title=1998 Lexus LS 400 – First Test |work=[[Motor Trend]] |access-date=2016-01-20}}</ref> Stylistically, the vehicle sported a new front fascia, side mirrors, and updated wheels;<ref name=comfortable/> a rear window [[antenna (radio)|diversity antenna]] replaced the conventional power mast.<ref name=1998mt/> The cabin received upgrades, including a [[trip computer]], [[HomeLink]], retractable rear headrests, reading lamps, and [[ultraviolet]]-tinted glass.<ref name=1998mt/>

In August 1997, the first production [[lidar|laser]] [[adaptive cruise control]] on a Toyota vehicle was introduced on the Celsior version (Japan only).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=Richard |title=A Driver's Sixth Sense |journal=IEEE Spectrum |date=October 2011 |volume=48 |series=North American |issue=10 |page=52|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2011.6027249 |s2cid=39861240 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Richard |date=29 September 2011 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/advanced-cars/longdistance-car-radar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001171904/http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/advanced-cars/longdistance-car-radar |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2011 |title=Long-Distance Car Radar |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref> It controlled speed only through throttle control and downshifting, but did not apply the brakes.<ref name="toyota-global.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html |title=75 Years of Toyota {{!}} Technical Development {{!}} Electronics Parts |publisher=Toyota |year=2012 |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> A [[CD-ROM]]-based GPS [[automotive navigation system]] became an option in the U.S. Added safety features included front [[side airbag]]s, [[vehicle stability control]] and in 2000, [[brake assist]].<ref name=comfortable/> [[High-intensity discharge headlamp|Low beam HID headlamps]] were introduced as well. The headlights were also equipped with a programmable delay feature for proximity illumination.<ref name=comfortable/> In February 2000, the limited "Platinum Series" LS 400 was introduced at the [[Chicago Auto Show]] in partnership with [[American Express]]. The edition featured most luxury options as standard, along with separate exterior colours, wheels, badging, and two years' no-fee use of an American Express [[American Express#Charge card services|Platinum Card]].<ref>Rechtin, Mark (2000-03-20). "Lexus offers Platinum perks." ''Automotive News''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lexus.com/about/news/articles/2000/2/20000209_1.html |title=Lexus And American Express Introduce Platinum Series Luxury Vehicles at the Chicago Auto Show |publisher=[[Lexus]] |date=2000-02-09 |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001195153/http://www.pressroom.lexus.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{clear}}

== {{anchor|XF30|UCF30|third}} Third generation (XF30; 2000) ==
<!--

    Wikipedia uses internationally understood calendar years instead of US specific model years

-->

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 2003 Lexus LS430 Automatic 4.3 Front.jpg
| caption = 2003 Lexus LS 430 (UCF30; pre-facelift, UK)
| model_code = XF30
| aka = Toyota Celsior (Japan)
| production = July 2000 – August 2006
| model_years = 2001–2006
| designer = {{unbulleted list
  | '''1997:'''
  | Akihiro Nagaya
  | Makoto Oshima (chief designer)
  | '''2002 facelift:'''
  | Machio Nakamura
  }}
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{cvt|4292|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota UZ engine#3UZ-FE|3UZ-FE]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
| powerout = {{convert|290|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
  | 5-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#A650E|A650E]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
  | 6-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#A761E|A761E]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
  }}
| weight = {{cvt|1810|-|1812|kg}}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2926|mm|in|1}}
| length = {{cvt|5010|-|5014|mm|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1829|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1491|mm|in|1}}
}}

=== 2000–2003 ===
[[File:2003 Lexus LS430 Automatic 4.3 Rear.jpg|thumb|left|2003 Lexus LS 430 (UCF30; pre-facelift, UK)]]

The third-generation Lexus LS 430 (UCF30) debuted at the [[North American International Auto Show#2000|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2000 as a 2001 model,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lexus raises the bar with its new LS 430|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|date=2000-02-03|page=F7}}</ref> introducing a new body design with a host of new interior and technological features. It was the first US market Lexus with [[Autonomous cruise control system|adaptive cruise control]] (called Dynamic Laser Cruise Control).<ref name="LS430ca" /><ref name="resplendency">{{cite web |url=http://www.insideline.com/lexus/ls-430/2001/full-test-2001-lexus-ls-430.html |title=Resplendency Full Test: 2001 Lexus LS 430 |publisher=Edmunds.com |last=Kim |first=Liz |date=2001-06-04 |access-date=2007-04-09}}</ref> It employed a [[lidar]] sensor and (unlike the laser ACC introduced in 1997 on the Celsior) was able to activate brakes for deceleration.<ref name="toyota-global.com" /> The sedan was equipped with a new 4.3-litre ''[[Toyota UZ engine#3UZ-FE|3UZ-FE]]'' engine generating {{cvt|216|kW}} and {{cvt|434|Nm|ftlbf}} of torque.<ref name="comfortable" /> The LS 430 was one of the first gasoline V8 vehicles to be certified as an Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV).<ref name="ToyoLand">{{cite web |url=http://www.toyoland.com/lexus/ls430.html |title=Lexus LS series: history and description |work=ToyoLand |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> The standard suspension had been completely redesigned, with a double-wishbone setup at all four wheels; a tuned suspension was offered for the first time.<ref name="comfortable" /> A new torque-activated electronic control unit made [[throttle]] adjustments based on vehicle speed, engine revolutions per minute, and pedal position.<ref name="LS430ca">{{cite web |last=Yoxon |first=Grant |date=2002-07-05 |url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/2002/07/05/test-drive-2002-lexus-ls430.htm |title=Test Drive: 2002 Lexus LS430 |work=Canadian Driver|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510093623/http://www.canadiandriver.com/2002/07/05/test-drive-2002-lexus-ls430.htm |archive-date=2009-05-10 |quote=0–60: 6.3 sec.}}</ref> The LS 430 sported a 0–{{cvt|100|km/h|mph}} acceleration time of 6.7&nbsp;seconds.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Lexus LS 430 2000–2003 specifications |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/engine/lexus-ls-2000-430.html |access-date=2009-06-05 |publisher=Autoevolution.com}}</ref> Sales began in October 2000 in the United States.<ref name="edls430" />

Heading into the planning of the LS 430, division executives concluded that the previous LS redesign had been too restrained in its approach.<ref name=Dawson149/> The LS 430 development team, led by chief engineer Yasushi Tanaka,<ref>{{Harvnb|Long|2001|pp=180–181}}.</ref> accordingly opted for a more thorough exterior, interior, and technological redevelopment. The development of the LS 430 took four years.<ref name=drive>{{cite web |url=http://theage.drive.com.au/motor-news/lexus-flagship-heads-model-blitz-20100823-13h2l.html |title=Lexus flagship heads model blitz |access-date=2010-09-03 |last=Doak |first=Alastair |date=2000-09-14 |work=[[The Age]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103622/http://theage.drive.com.au/motor-news/lexus-flagship-heads-model-blitz-20100823-13h2l.html |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref> Selected from 16 different concept designs, the resulting vehicle of December 1997—when the final design (by Akihiro Nagaya) was approved—saw the sedan's dimensions increase in terms of wheelbase and height.<ref name=LS430ca/><ref name="d176">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=176–177}}.</ref> The exterior featured a larger grille with rounded edges, [[quarter glass|quarter windows]] on the rear doors, and rounded [[trapezoid]]al headlamps. The body was also more aerodynamic than previous LS sedans (''C''<sub>''d''</sub> 0.26; 0.25 with air suspension),<ref name=edls430>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideline.com/lexus/ls-430/2001/first-drive-2001-lexus-ls-430.html |title=First Drive: 2001 Lexus LS 430 |publisher=Edmunds.com |access-date=2009-02-15 |last=Clor |first=John |date=1999-01-01}}</ref> and was the product of wind tunnel testing at facilities used for [[Shinkansen]] bullet train development.<ref name=d176/> A {{convert|76|mm|adj=on}} wheelbase stretch resulted in more interior volume and allowed the engine to be positioned further aft for better balance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theacorn.com/News/2000/1116/Motoring.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305113821/http://www.theacorn.com/News/2000/1116/Motoring.html |archive-date=2001-03-05 |title=Lexus LS 430 – The best gets better |access-date=2007-04-08 |last=Binstock |first=Michael |work=[[List of newspapers in California|The Moorpark Acorn]] |date=2000-11-16}}</ref> Boot space was increased by one-third due to repositioning of the [[fuel tank]].<ref name=comfortable/>

Compared to previous generations, the LS 430 featured a greater number of model configurations and options.<ref name="long184">{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=184}}.</ref> While sharing the same body style, variants were differentiated by chassis configuration and onboard equipment. Models with the tuned sport suspension, sold as the "Touring" package in the United States,<ref name=resplendency/> featured larger, high-speed brakes.<ref name=ls430usa/> These brakes were also standard on European market models.<ref name=ls430usa/> Fully optioned models with [[height adjustable suspension|height adjustable]] air suspension, tuned for a combination of soft ride and responsive handling, were sold in the United States as the "Ultra Luxury" edition.<ref name=resplendency/>

[[File:Lexus LS 430 Ultra Luxury cabin.jpg|thumb|left|Third-generation LS 430 cabin (UCF30)]]

The LS 430 interior featured walnut wood trim on the dashboard and upper doors, along with semi-[[aniline leather]] and [[oscillating]] air conditioning vents.<ref name=LS430ca/><ref name=edls430/> A [[liquid crystal display]] with [[touchscreen]] on the upper center console served as interface. The system was the first LS with [[speech recognition|voice controlled]] navigation and the first luxury sedan to transition to DVD-based maps.<ref name="p079">{{cite press release |title=Lexus LS430 – Redefining Automotive Perfection |url=https://media.lexus.co.uk/lexus-ls430-redefining-automotive-perfection-2/ |publisher=[[Lexus]] |location=UK |date=September 26, 2000  |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> Lexus also introduced a [[Mark Levinson Audio Systems|Mark Levinson]] premium sound system.<ref name=LS430ca/><ref name=resplendency/> In its highest trim specification, the LS 430 included [[Lexus Link]] telematics, power door and boot closers, heated and cooled front seats, and power reclining massage rear seats equipped with audio controls, power sunshade, a [[cooler]], and [[air purifier]].<ref name=comfortable/><ref name=edls430/> Several rear seat features adopted for the LS 430 had been previously available in Japanese market luxury vehicles.<ref name=long184/> Safety features added to the LS 430 included front and rear [[side curtain airbag]]s, [[park sensor]]s, [[rain sensor|rain-sensing]] [[windshield wipers]], and [[electronic brakeforce distribution]].<ref name=comfortable/> The vehicle also gained [[water repellent]] windshield and side glass.<ref name=comfortable/>

{{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250
| image1 = 2000-2003 Toyota Celsior.jpg
| caption1 = Pre-facelift Toyota Celsior
| image2 = 2003-2006 Toyota Celsior.jpg
| caption2 = Facelift Toyota Celsior
}}

At the high end, the LS 430's pricing encroached on European rivals as Lexus became increasingly able to command higher price premiums for its vehicles.<ref name="lapluxury" /> Sales for the LS 430 surpassed the previous generation, and production exceeded 140,000 units.<ref name="LSspecs" /> The LS 430 was produced until July 2006, marking the last occasion the Lexus flagship was produced in a single body style. In Japan, the equivalent Toyota Celsior was also sold from August 2000 until March 2006, when the long-awaited introduction of Lexus Japan saw the arrival of new generation Lexus models.<ref name="Lexusjp">{{cite web |url=http://wardsdealer.com/latest/lexus_progressing_japan/ |title=Lexus Slowly Progressing in Japan |last1=Schreffler |first1=Roger |last2=Chrysler |first2=Mack |date=2007-12-28 |access-date=2007-04-18 |work=Ward's Dealer Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234421/http://wardsdealer.com/latest/lexus_progressing_japan/ |archive-date=26 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In every year of production, the LS 430 was the most reliable luxury sedan in the J.D. Power and Associates [[Initial Quality Survey]] (with the early and late models of this series the best performing),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/automobiles/13DEPEND.html?ex=1313121600&en=dbd4fc55d2bc0b98&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |title=For long-term car dependability, check the initial quality |access-date=2007-04-08 |last=Jensen |first=Cheryl |work=The New York Times |date=2006-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/used/2004/lexus/ls430/100322033/reliability.html |title=LS 430 ratings at Edmunds |access-date=2007-04-08 |publisher=Edmunds.com |year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nola.com/autos/autoreviews/archive.ssf?lexusls430_06.html |title=Perfect Timing: Lexus LS 430 |work=[[The Times-Picayune]] |access-date=2009-02-22 |last=Ricks |first=Laura |year=2006}}</ref> and the highest recorded scorer in the history of J.D. Power's Vehicle Dependability Survey.<ref name=reliableplant>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2005-06-29-dependability-survey_x.htm |title=Auto dependability improves dramatically |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=2009-02-22 |last=Carty |first=Sharon |date=2005-06-29}}</ref> [[Thatcham#Thatcham ratings|Thatcham ratings]] data via the UK [[Thatcham#Thatcham ratings|Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre]] listed the theft-prevention capabilities of the LS 430 as a maximum 5 stars, with the LS 430 being the first automobile to achieve the maximum theft-deterrence rating in 2001.<ref>"Thatcham New Vehicle Security Ratings". Thatcham. 2009.<!-- http://www.thatcham.org/nvsr/index.jsp?page=200. -->Retrieved on 2009-02-19.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/tests-show-a-car-price-is-no-indication-of-security-679302.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514030134/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/tests-show-a-car-price-is-no-indication-of-security-679302.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2009 |title=Tests show a car price is no indication of security |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=2009-02-22 |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=2001-07-28}}</ref>

=== 2003–2006 ===
[[File:04-06 Lexus LS430.jpg|thumb|left|Lexus LS 430 (UCF30; facelift, US)]]

The facelifted LS 430 was revealed at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|title=Show stars for the real world Continuing our coverage of the Frankfurt Motor Show|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2003-09-20|page=6}}</ref> The first [[radar]] (instead of previous [[lidar]]) sensor on a Lexus sedan allowed the new '''Dynamic RADAR Cruise Control''' to work in any weather conditions. The [[millimetre-wave]] radar technology also enabled the first [[Pre-Collision System (PCS)]] on a Lexus sedan (with partial [[autonomous braking]] only on the Japanese market Toyota Celsior version).<ref name="toyota-global.com"/> A "low-speed tracking mode" was added in 2004.<ref name="toyota-global.com"/> The low-speed tracking mode was a second mode that would warn the driver if the car ahead stopped and provide braking; it could stop the car but then deactivated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intelligent Vehicle Source (Ivsource.net) – Low Speed ACC Finally Hits the Market |url=http://ivsource.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=83 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117210021/http://ivsource.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=83 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=2011-10-12 |publisher=Ivsource.net}}</ref>

[[File:2007 Lexus LS 430 (rear).jpg|thumb|Lexus LS 430 (UCF30; facelift, Spain)]]

The facelifted LS introduced a new six-speed automatic transmission and revised styling.<ref name=newls430>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideline.com/lexus/ls-430/2004/follow-up-test-2004-lexus-ls-430.html |title=Follow-Up Test: 2004 Lexus LS 430 |publisher=Edmunds.com |access-date=2009-02-15 |last=Kelly |first=Stennick |work=Insideline |date=2004-01-21}}</ref> The powerplant remained the same as before. Exterior changes included restyled front and rear fascias, [[light-emitting diode]] (LED) taillights, and different wheels.<ref name=newls430/> It debuted the first Lexus [[high-intensity discharge headlight]]s for the [[high beam]] ([[Bi-Xenon]]),<ref>{{cite news|title=This Lexus flexes: LS 430 upgrades put this luxury model in elite company|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Daily News]]|date=2001-08-06|first=Scott|last=Heimer|page=60}}</ref> and also the first [[Headlamp#Directional headlamps|AFS adaptive curve headlights]], which swiveled the projector headlamps in the direction of vehicle turns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lexus given a facelift for 2004|newspaper=[[Waikato Times]]|date=2003-08-29|page=MT:45}}</ref>

The interior received [[knee airbag]]s, lighted rear-seat vanity mirrors, and new trim selections, including [[Bird's eye figure|bird's eye maple]] wood.<ref name=comfortable/> New options included an updated navigation system, [[Bluetooth]] and a [[backup camera]]. A driver-programmable [[electronic key]] feature allowed the vehicle to detect the key fob in the owner's pocket and unlock the doors by touch.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/wheels/187892_road27.html |title=LS 430: Luxury or 'ultra luxury' |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2009-02-15 |date=2004-08-27 |last=Job |first=Ann}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== {{anchor|XF40|USF40|USF41|fourth}} Fourth generation (XF40; 2006) ==
<!--

    Wikipedia uses internationally understood calendar years instead of US specific model years

-->
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fourth generation
| image = Lexus LS 600h front.JPG
| model_code = XF40
| production = September 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60012621/index.html |title=75 Years of Toyota {{!}} Vehicle Lineage {{!}}Lexus LS (LS460) |publisher=Toyota |year=2012 |access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref> – October 2017
| model_years = 2007–2017
| designer = 2003, hybrid 2004: Yo Hiruta<ref name="topspeed">{{cite web |url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/lexus/2007-lexus-ls-460/ |title=2007 Lexus LS 460 |publisher=Top Speed |access-date=2012-06-22 |date=2007-03-19}}</ref>
| platform = [[Toyota N platform]]<ref name="Credit Suisse">{{cite web|last1=Akita |first1=Masahiro |last2=Shiohara |first2=Kunihiko |date=11 June 2012 |url=https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=emfromsendlink&format=PDF&document_id=977831251&extdocid=977831251_1_eng_pdf&serialid=mloPNv7E0vSpbVXspCzREiMSkukb0pOZlgZROxrMRwE%3d |title=Observations on TNGA: How will Toyota's plans to make better cars affect suppliers |format=PDF |publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617142445/https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=emfromsendlink&format=PDF&document_id=977831251&extdocid=977831251_1_eng_pdf&serialid=mloPNv7E0vSpbVXspCzREiMSkukb0pOZlgZROxrMRwE%3D |archive-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| related = [[Toyota Century (G60)]] (for LS 600h L)
| layout = {{unbulleted list
  | [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
  | [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, all-wheel-drive]]
  }}
| engine = {{unbulleted list
  | {{cvt|4608|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota UR engine#1UR-FE|1UR-FE]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
  | {{cvt|4608|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota UR engine#1UR-FSE|1UR-FSE]]'' V8
  | {{cvt|4969|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota UR engine#2UR-FSE|2UR-FSE]]'' V8 [[Hybrid engine|hybrid]] (LS 600h)
  }}
| powerout = {{unbulleted list
  | {{convert|380|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (RWD)
  | {{convert|360|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (AWD)
  | {{convert|439|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (LS 600h)
  }}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
  | 8-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#AAxx|AA80E]]'' RWD automatic
  | 8-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission#AAxx|AA80F]]'' AWD automatic
  | [[Hybrid Synergy Drive|Power-split Hybrid]] ''[[Toyota L-series (HSD) Transmission|L110f]]'' (LS 600h)
  }}
| wheelbase = {{unbulleted list
  | {{cvt|2969|mm|in|1}} (2007-2012; SWB)
  | {{cvt|3090|mm|in|1}} (2007-2012; LWB)
  | {{convert|3020|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2012-2017; SWB)
  | {{convert|3120|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2012-2017; LWB)
  }}
| length = {{unbulleted list
  | {{cvt|5029|mm|in|1}} (2007-2012; SWB)
  | {{convert|5151|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2007-2012; LWB)
  | {{cvt|5060|mm|in|1}} (2012-2017; SWB)
  | {{convert|5179|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (2012-2017; LWB)
  }}
| width = {{cvt|1875|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1466|-|1481|mm|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|1925|-|1965|kg}}
}}
{{main|Lexus LS (XF40)}}

[[File:Lexus LS 600h rear.JPG|thumb|left|LS 600h (SWB; pre-facelift)]]

Introduced at the [[North American International Auto Show#2006|January 2006 North American International Auto Show]] for the 2007 model year, the fourth-generation Lexus LS became the first Lexus model to be produced in both standard and long-wheelbase versions. Using an all-new platform,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/10/12/MTGESN4CS.DTL |title=Lexus LS 460L: Redesigned sedan reaches new levels of luxury |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=2009-02-15 |last=Voss |first=Arv |date=2007-10-12}}</ref><ref name="LSp2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/archives/419/419834.html |title="LS460", multi-link suspension on new platform |access-date=2010-04-19 |language=ja |date=2006-01-16 |work=Nikkei Business |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194244/http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/archives/419/419834.html |archive-date=2013-10-17 }}</ref> the LS 460 (USF40) uses the standard {{cvt|2970|mm}} wheelbase, while the LS 460 L (USF41) features a stretched {{cvt|3090|mm}} wheelbase. A hybrid version, LS 600h L (UVF46), was previewed at the New York International Auto Show in April 2006.<ref name="hybrid">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/apr2006/bw20060414_771632.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417123519/http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/apr2006/bw20060414_771632.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2006 |title=Lexus' New Luxury V8 Hybrid |access-date=2006-12-01 |last=Peterson |first=Thane |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=2006-04-14}}</ref> At its introduction in 2006, it won the [[Car of the Year Japan]] award for the second time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Toyota's Lexus LS460 flagship sedan wins Car of the Year Japan award|newspaper=Tribune Business News|publisher=[[McClatchy]]|date=2006-11-18|page=1}}</ref>

The new LS came equipped with a new 4.6-litre ''[[Toyota UR engine#1UR-FSE|1UR-FSE]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] producing {{cvt|283|kW}} and {{cvt|498|Nm|ftlbf}} of torque,<ref name=production>{{cite web |url=http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/090601.html |title=Lexus Comes into Its Own |access-date=2007-04-08 |last=Vasiash |first=Gary |work=Automotive Design and Production |date=2006-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230046/http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/090601.html |archive-date=2007-09-26 }}</ref> coupled to the first production eight-speed automatic transmission.<ref name=wcoty>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/01/08/lexus-ls-460-world-introduction-part-i/ |title=Lexus LS 460: World Introduction |publisher=[[Autoblog.com|Autoblog]] |access-date=2009-02-13 |last=Arellano |first=Joel |date=2006-01-08}}</ref> The development of the LS 460 and its variants, led by chief engineer Moritaka Yoshida,<ref name=ls600hprod>{{cite web |last=Vasliash |first=Gary |date=June 2007 |url=http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/060705.html |title=Feature Article – The Lexus LS 600H L: Not Just Another Production Car |work=Automotive Design and Production |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617021231/http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/060705.html |archive-date=2007-06-17}}</ref> began as Lexus was shifting its design strategy towards a more diversified product lineup,<ref name="dawson210">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=210–211}}.</ref> with new-vehicle launches largely focused on global markets.<ref name=dawson210/> Externally, the Lexus LS received the styling cues of Lexus' new design direction, called [[Lexus#L-finesse|L-finesse]].<ref name="design5">{{Harvnb|Newbury|2006|pp=162–163}}.</ref> First shown on the LF-Sh concept, the vehicle gained body forms running the length of the car, [[wheel arch]]es, [[arrow]]-shaped [[chrome plating|chrome]] trim, a lower-set grille, and [[crystal]]line adaptive headlamps.<ref name=design5/>

{{anchor|XF45|UVF45|UVF46}}

After debuting a hybrid powertrain with the 2005 LF-Sh concept, Lexus began sales of the LS 600h L (UVF46), the first production V8-powered full-hybrid vehicle,<ref name=lshp>{{cite web |last=Vasilash |first=Gary |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/060705.html |title=The Lexus LS 600H L: Not Just Another Production Car |work=Automotive Design and Production |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617021231/http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/060705.html |archive-date=2007-06-17}}</ref> in May 2007 for the 2008 model year. All-wheel drive versions of the non-hybrid LS 460 (USF45) and LS 460 L (USF46) models premiered at the [[Moscow International Automobile Salon#2008|Moscow International Automobile Salon]].<ref name=awd>{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/Lexus-LS/234507/ |title=Lexus LS460 gets 4x4 |date=2008-08-19 |work=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |last=Parrott |first=Victoria |access-date=2009-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109170456/http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/Lexus-LS/234507/ |archive-date=2009-01-09 }}</ref> Debuting in late 2009 for the 2010 model year, the revised LS 460 and LS 460 L included restyled front and rear fascias, side mirror [[turn signal]]s, and new wheel designs.<ref name=10ls>{{cite web |url=http://minkara.carview.co.jp/userid/364714/car/328082/1601807/photo.aspx |title=レクサス LS / 2010 LS460 LS600h |publisher=Carview.co.jp |language=ja |access-date=2009-08-26 |date=2009-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314030023/http://minkara.carview.co.jp/userid/364714/car/328082/1601807/photo.aspx |archive-date=2012-03-14 }}</ref> A more substantial facelift was first shown in July 2012, incorporating the new Lexus corporate fascia, comprising the "spindle" grill and consequently sees the fitment of a redesigned bonnet, reshaped front wings and headlamps, and a new bumper. The tail-lamps, boot lid, and rear bumper were also updated.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hammerton |first=Ron |date=2012-07-27 |url=http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/E116C1BE7229BA33CA257A480005FE4C |title=First look: Lexus flagship revealed |work=GoAuto |publisher=John Mellor |access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927165225/https://www.goauto.com.au/future-models/lexus/ls/first-look-lexus-flagship-revealed/2012-07-27/11878.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery widths="250" heights="140">
File:Lexus-LS600h-L forward view.jpg|2007–2009 Lexus LS 600h L hybrid (UVF46)
File:2013 Lexus LS 460 launch Cannes 01.jpg|2012–2017 Lexus LS 460 (second facelift)
File:Lexus LS 2013 launch Cannes 02 (2).jpg|2012–2017 Lexus LS 460 (second facelift)
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== {{anchor|XF50|fifth}} Fifth generation (XF50; 2017) ==
<!-- Wikipedia uses internationally understood calendar years instead of US specific model years -->
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation
| image = 2019 Lexus LS 500 AWD white, Hagerty 6.1.19.jpg
| caption = LS 500 (GVF50, pre-facelift)
| model_code = XF50
| production = December 2017 – present
| model_years = 2018–present
| designer = {{unbulleted list
  | '''2013:'''
  | Yoshio Kanesugi (exterior)<ref>{{cite journal|title=モーターファン別冊・ニューモデル速報 Vol.562 レクサスLSのすべて|journal=モーターファン|date=December 6, 2017|volume=562}}</ref>
  | Yamamoto Rei (interior)
  | Koichi Suga (chief designer)
  }}
| layout = {{unbulleted list
  | [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
  | [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, all-wheel-drive]]
  }}
| platform = TNGA: [[Toyota New Global Architecture|GA-L]]<ref name="paultan">{{cite news |url=http://paultan.org/2017/01/10/2018-lexus-ls-500-debuts-with-new-3-5-litre-biturbo-v6-10-speed-auto-pedestrian-avoidance-24-inch-hud/ |title=2018 Lexus LS 500 debuts with new 3.5 litre biturbo V6, 10-speed auto, pedestrian avoidance, 24-inch HUD |first=Mick |last=Chan |work=Paul Tan |location=Malaysia |date=2017-01-10 |access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>
| related = [[Lexus LC]]
| engine = {{unbulleted list
  | {{cvt|3444|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota Dynamic Force engine#V35A-FTS|V35A-FTS]]'' [[twin-turbo]] V6 (LS 500)
  | {{cvt|3456|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota GR engine#2GR-FKS|2GR-FKS]]''/''[[Toyota GR engine#8GR-FKS|8GR-FKS]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]] (LS 350)
  | {{cvt|3456|cc|CID|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Toyota GR engine#8GR-FXS|8GR-FXS]]'' V6 (LS 500h)
  }}
| motor = 2x {{convert|132|kW|hp PS|abbr=on|0}} ''2NM'' [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Synchronous motor|Permanent Magnet synchronous]] motors
| powerout = {{unbulleted list
  | {{convert|415|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (LS 500,V35A-FTS)
  | {{convert|318|PS|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (LS 350, ''2GR-FKS'')
  | {{cvt|315|PS|kW|0|order=flip}} (LS 350, ''8GR-FKS'')
  | {{convert|354|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} (LS 500h,8GR-FXS)
  }}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
  | 10-speed ''[[List of Aisin transmissions#Longitudinal|Aisin AWR10L65]] "Direct Shift-10A"'' automatic (LS 350 & LS 500)
  | 10-speed ''[[List of Aisin transmissions#Longitudinal|Aisin AWRHM50]] / ''[[Toyota L-series (HSD) Transmission|L310/f]]'' "Multi Stage Electronically controlled Hybrid System"'' automatic (LS 500h)
  }}
| drivetrain = [[Hybrid vehicle drivetrain#Power-split or series-parallel hybrid|Lexus Multi Stage Hybrid System]] (LS 500h)
| battery = 310.8V high-voltage [[Lithium-ion]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|3125|mm|in|1}}<ref name="paultan"/>
| length = {{cvt|5235|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1900|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1450|–|1460|mm|in|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|2030|–|2350|kg|lbs|0}}
}}

=== 2017–2020 ===
Developed under the 200B program, the fifth-generation LS made its debut at the [[North American International Auto Show#2017|January 2017 North American International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jalopnik.com/the-new-2018-lexus-ls500-gets-a-twin-turbo-v6-and-drive-1790972200 |title=The New 2018 Lexus LS500 Gets A Twin-Turbo V6 And Drives Around Pedestrians |first=Patrick |last=George |work=[[Jalopnik]] |location=US |date=2017-01-09 |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus-reimagines-global-flagship-sedan-2018-ls.htm |title=With the All-New 2018 LS, Lexus Reimagines Global Flagship Sedan |first=Jeff |last=Bracken |work=Toyota USA Newsroom |location=US |date=2017-01-09 |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152231/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus-reimagines-global-flagship-sedan-2018-ls.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> This model was previewed by the [[Lexus LF#LF-FC|LF-FC]] concept that was first shown at the 2015 Tokyo Motor Show.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/lexus-lf-fc-concept-previews-next-ls-flagship-sedan-news |title=Lexus LF-FC Concept: A Preview of the Next LS |first=Jeff |last=Sabatini |work=[[Car and Driver]] |location=US |date=2015-10-01 |access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref> It is the second Lexus model to be built on [[Toyota TNGA-L platform|GA-L]] platform, after the [[Lexus LC|LC]] grand tourer. Dubbed as ''LS 500'' (VXFA50/55), it is the first LS to be powered by a [[V6 engine]]. The 3.4-litre [[twin-turbo]] ''[[Toyota Dynamic Force engine#V35A-FTS|V35A-FTS]]'' V6 produces {{cvt|415|hp|kW|order=flip}} and {{cvt|600|Nm|lbft}} of torque. The wheelbase is {{cvt|34|mm|in|1}} longer than the previous long-wheelbase model, the LS 460L.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motor1.com/reviews/181614/2018-lexus-ls-500-first-drive/|title=2018 Lexus LS 500 First Drive: Continuing To Evolve Luxury|work=Motor1.com|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref> The height is also {{cvt|15|mm|in|1}} lower, with the bonnet and boot measuring {{cvt|30|and|40|mm|in|1}} lower, respectively.<ref name="paultan"/>
<gallery widths="250">
File:2019 Lexus LS 500 AWD white, rear Hagerty 6.1.19.jpg|LS 500 (pre-facelift)
File:コックピット.jpg|Interior
</gallery>
In a couple of Lexus firsts, the fifth-generation LS is the first Lexus sedan to feature a six-sided window design, while the flush-surface windows integrate smoothly with the pillars. In the company's efforts to reconcile two conflicting goals, sufficient headroom with a low roofline, the new LS employs an available outer-slide-type panoramic moonroof instead of the conventional, internally retracting item.<ref name="paultan" />

The fifth-generation LS also features 3D-surround [[Mark Levinson Audio Systems|Mark Levinson]] audio with in-ceiling array speakers. The next-generation, remote touch infotainment interface called [[Lexus Enform]], is said to be designed to mimic smartphone operation, with support for handwritten input. Alongside the 12.3&nbsp;inch navigation display, the fifth-generation LS can be specified with an optional 24&nbsp;inch, colour [[Head-up display|HUD]] for the driver's view.<ref name="paultan"/> The LS 500h (GVF50/55) uses the Multi Stage Hybrid System that debuted in the LC 500h.<ref name="m964">{{cite web | last=Leach | first=Brad | title=All-New Lexus LS 500h Set for Geneva Unveil | website=Drive | publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] | date=2017-02-22 | url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/all-new-lexus-ls-500h-set-for-geneva-unveil-with-multi-stage-hybrid-system/ | access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref> Like the LC 500h, it uses a lithium-ion battery<ref name="t549">{{cite web | last=Nishimoto | first=Alex | title=2018 Lexus LS 500h First Look Review | website=[[Motor Trend]] | date=2017-03-07 | url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2018-lexus-ls-500h-first-look-review/ | access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref> rather than the nickel-metal hydride battery used in the previous LS 600h.<ref name="x704">{{cite web | last=Kott | first=Douglas | title=Full Authoritative Test of the 2008 Lexus LS 600h L | website=[[Road & Track]] | date=2007-06-12 | url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/reviews/a13185/2008-lexus-ls-600h-l-1/ | access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref> [[Lexus Safety System+ 2.0]] is fitted as standard to the LS.<ref name="p230">{{cite web | title=Lexus Safety System+ | url=https://www.lexus.com/content/dam/lexus/documents/safety/Lexus-Safety-System-Plus-2_2-5.pdf | publisher=[[Lexus]] | access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>

At the 2017 Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Macau International Auto Show, Lexus unveiled the Chinese-market LS 350 (GSF50), which uses a [[naturally aspirated]] ''2GR-FKS'' V6 engine from the [[Lexus GS#L10|GS 350]], producing {{cvt|318|hp-metric|kW|order=flip}} and {{cvt|380|Nm|lbft}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paultan.org/2017/06/06/lexus-ls-350-introduced-in-china-with-3-5-litre-na-v6/ |title=Lexus LS 350 introduced in China with 3.5 litre NA V6 |first=Gerard |last=Lye |date=2017-06-06 |website=paultan.org |access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref> Hong Kong models uses an ''[[Toyota GR engine#8GR-FKS|8GR-FKS]]'' engine producing {{cvt|315|hp-metric|kW|order=flip}} and {{cvt|380|Nm|lbft}} of torque.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lexus – LS Range – LS350 |url=https://www.lexus.com.hk/Lexus-Range/LS/LS350-Executive.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025190538/https://www.lexus.com.hk/Lexus-Range/LS/LS350-Executive.aspx |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Lexus Hong Kong |publisher=Crown Motors Limited}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
The fifth-generation LS received a facelift in 2020 for the 2021 model year.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/lexus/33020537.html?padid=ag478_from_kv|title=Lexus Premieres New LS|publisher=Toyota|date=7 July 2020|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Capparella|first=Joey|date=7 July 2020|title=2021 Lexus LS Will Receive Styling and Infotainment Updates|work=Car and Driver|location=US|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a33234436/2021-lexus-ls-updates/|access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krok|first=Andrew|title=2021 Lexus LS facelift finally adds a damn touchscreen|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2021-lexus-ls-sedan-debut/|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Roadshow}}</ref> Notable improvements have been made in several areas of the vehicle. The suspension received enhancements that improves ride quality, handling and ingress/egress of the vehicle. The LS 500's 3.4-litre V6 engine has an updated piston design aimed to lower emissions and reduce [[Noise, vibration, and harshness|NVH]] when the engine is cold while the hybrid variant received several hardware and software upgrades improving the acceleration of the vehicle. The interior of the LS has been further refined with revised seats, touch points, higher-resolution rearview mirror and updated leather options. The facelifted LS uses a 12.3-inch [[Infotainment|touchscreen infotainment system]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hyatt|first=Kyle|title=Lexus LS 500 finally gets a touchscreen for 2021|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/2021-lexus-ls-500-touchscreen-update/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Roadshow}}</ref> instead of the mouse-based implementation found in prior model years. Apple CarPlay, Android Auto and Amazon Alexa integration are standard equipment. All grades of the 2021 LS are equipped with Lexus Safety System+ 2.0 as standard and received a number of updates such as Lane Change Assist and Active Steering Assist. Exterior updates include a revised front fascia, radiator intake, headlights, taillights and updated colour options.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=2021 Lexus LS First Look: The Flagship Sedan Gets Touchier|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/2021-lexus-ls-first-look-review/|first = Kelly | last = Lin | access-date=2020-11-19|website=MotorTrend}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-11 |title=2021 LEXUS LS 500, 500h ADD LAYERS OF FLAGSHIP REFINEMENT – Lexus USA Newsroom |work=Lexus USA Newsroom |url=https://pressroom.lexus.com/2021-lexus-ls-500-500h-add-layers-of-flagship-refinement/ |access-date=2020-11-23}}</ref>

In Europe, the updated LS 500h was launched a few months later and the LS 500 was dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-19|title=Lexus LS (2020) : un restylage mais plus d'essence|url=https://www.autoplus.fr/lexus/lexus-ls-2020-un-restylage-mais-plus-dessence-301982.html|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Autoplus|language=fr-FR}}</ref> An update launched on 8 April 2021 includes the Advanced Drive including [[Driver Monitoring System|driver monitor camera]] and remote software updates. It is able to [[lane centering|keep the vehicle in its lane]], maintain the distance from other vehicles, navigate a lane split, change lanes, and overtake other vehicles. It also has Advanced Park, an [[Intelligent Parking Assist System|advanced parking assistance system]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/toyota-advanced-drive-lets-mirai-and-ls-owners-talk-to-cars-share-workload-158976.html |title=Toyota "Advanced Drive" Lets Mirai and LS Owners Talk to Cars, Share Workload |first=Aurel |last=Niculescu |work=autoevolution |date=2021-04-08 |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2021-04/52514577-toyota-launches-ls-and-mirai-equipped-with-advanced-drive-that-enables-drivers-and-cars-to-drive-together-in-japan-011.htm |title=Toyota Launches LS and Mirai Equipped with Advanced Drive that Enables Drivers and Cars to Drive Together in Japan |work=Finanz Nachrichten |date=2021-04-08 |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref>

In 2025, the LS was discontinued in the UK due to poor sales and regulation/legislation issues. {{as of|2025}}, it continues to be sold in other parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexus drops LS from UK line-up after 35 years on sale |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/lexus-drops-ls-uk-line-after-35-years-sale |first= Will |last=Rimell |website=Autocar |location=UK |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="140">
File:Lexus LS 500 AWD VXFA50 FL Black (5) (cropped).jpg|LS 500 (facelift)
File:Lexus LS 500 AWD VXFA50 FL Black (3).jpg|LS 500 (facelift)
</gallery>

== Manufacturing ==
{{further|Tahara plant}}
[[File:Lexus CalSciCtr 1UZ-FE V8 exhibit.jpg|thumb|right|Lexus LS ''[[Toyota UZ engine|UZ]]'' V8 engine exhibit at the [[California Science Center]]]]

The Lexus LS has been consistently produced on dedicated Lexus assembly lines at Toyota's flagship Tahara factory,<ref>{{cite web |last=Rowley |first=Ian |date=July 2007 |url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/07/0712_makingof_lexus/index_01.htm |title=A Look Inside Toyota's Tahara Plant |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |access-date=2009-02-11 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423132404/https://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek |url-status=dead }}</ref> located in the city of Tahara, in [[Aichi Prefecture]], [[Chūbu region]], southwest of [[Nagoya]], since 1989.<ref name=production/><ref>Tierney, Christine (2004-02-22). "Robot-filled Tahara sets standard for Toyota, world". ''[[The Detroit News]]''.<!-- http://detnews.com/2004/specialreport/0402/22/a15-70498.htm.--> Retrieved on 2007-05-06.</ref> Tahara remains the sole production site, having inaugurated its new line number four specifically for assembly of the original LS 400.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=94}}.</ref>

For the Lexus LS, the Tahara plant developed new molds and enhanced assembly techniques<ref name="long25">{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=25}}.</ref><ref name=dawson92>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=92}}</ref> and instituted measures aimed at increasing the precision of the sedan's fit and finish.<ref name="Mahler 2004, p. 78"/> The 1989 LS 400 became the first production automobile to receive extensive [[laser welding]],<ref name=long25/><ref name="d90">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=90}}.</ref> allowing for seamless steel welds.<ref name=dawson92/> A large [[sheet metal]] [[Stamping (metalworking)|press]] was developed to reduce or eliminate panel gaps by stamping large sections whole instead of singly.<ref name=dawson92/> Separately installed parts, such as exterior lights, were also [[spring-loaded]] for a tighter fit.<ref name=d90/> On the LS 400, engineers reduced door panel gaps in half versus Toyota-brand vehicles, from {{cvt|7|to|4|mm}},<ref name=dawson92/> with measurements made within {{cvt|0.01|mm}};<ref name=edls430/> on the LS 430, measurement margins were increased tenfold, to {{cvt|0.001|mm}}.<ref name=edls430/><ref name=ls430production>{{cite web |last=Vasilash |first=Gary |date=April 2005 |url=http://www.autofieldguide.com/driven/0405dri21.html |title=Driven Article – 2005 Lexus LS 430 |work=Automotive Design and Production |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050724075635/http://www.autofieldguide.com/driven/0405dri21.html |archive-date=2005-07-24}}</ref> When production switched to the LS 460, the number of laser welds was doubled.<ref name=au>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressroom.com.au/press_kit_detail.asp?clientID=3&navSectionID=6&categoryID=1000&kitID=222#2235 |title=LS460 Aerodynamics |publisher=Lexus.com.au |access-date=2009-05-21 |year=2007}}</ref>

Despite Tahara's large-scale automation, Lexus LS production also involves specialized personnel who are tasked with key production points, such as testing each vehicle's V8 engine via [[dynamometer]] and [[stethoscope]] for calibration before installation.<ref name=production/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lets.kumanichi.com/motornews/keizai/keizai134.HTML |title=Tahara plant line Lexus production |publisher=Kumanichi.com |access-date=2009-05-02 |language=ja |date=2007-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510011306/http://lets.kumanichi.com/motornews/keizai/keizai134.HTML |archive-date=2009-05-10 }}</ref> With the LS 460, a [[Orange peel (effect)|hand-sanded]] paint process was introduced.<ref name=production/> The production standards used on the Lexus LS were eventually adopted by the manufacturer for other vehicles; in 2007, the assembly of [[Toyota Corolla]] economy cars used the same panel gap measurements as the LS 400 did eighteen years earlier.<ref>Treece, James. (2007-07) "Obsession rules at Lexus flagship plant." ''Automotive News''.</ref>

== Industrial significance ==
[[File:Lexus Cutaway LS 400.jpg|thumb|right|LS 400 cutaway model displaying internal construction at the [[Wroughton]] [[Classic car|Classic]]]]

The Lexus LS marked a successful entrant of a Japanese manufacturer into the prestige luxury arena, after the first Honda (Acura) Legend,<ref name=whytoyota/> a market that had long been dominated by established European and American brands. By 1991, with the LS 400 its top-selling model,<ref name="dawson139">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=137–141}}.</ref> Lexus had overtaken Mercedes-Benz and BMW in overall U.S. sales,<ref name="long57">{{Harvnb|Long|2001|p=57}}.</ref> and in 2000, the marque passed [[Cadillac]] as the luxury sales leader in the largest automotive market.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=7}}.</ref> Rival manufacturers responded with lower prices and added features.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=147}}.</ref> In particular, Mercedes-Benz reorganized its operations, shifting to a targeted-cost process similar to Lexus production methods,<ref name=premium>Rosengarten, Philipp. ''Premium Power: Das Geheimnis Des Erfolgs Von Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Porsche Und Audi.'' Wiley-VCH, 2005, pp. 78–80. {{ISBN|3-527-50217-3}}.</ref> and dropped competing U.S. base prices by nearly 10 percent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Power |first1=Christopher |last2=Templeman |first2=John |last3=Vlasic |first3=Bill |date=1996-08-26 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1996/b3490132.arc.htm |title=The New Mercedes |work=[[BusinessWeek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524014557/http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1996/b3490132.arc.htm |archive-date=2011-05-24}}</ref> To rival the LS 400,<ref name=ls460effect>{{cite web |last=MacKenzie |first=Angus |date=2007-04-17 |url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/2007-lexus-ls-460-4053-miles-580/ |title=2007 Lexus LS 460 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=2016-01-20}}</ref> extra features were rushed for the launch of the 1991 [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]] ([[Mercedes-Benz W140|W140]]),<ref name=premium/><ref>"Motoring" ''The Bulletin''{{which|date=January 2019}}. 1992-05. v. 5743-50, o. 49.</ref> causing [[cost overrun|budget overruns]] and costing the job of [[Daimler-Benz]]'s chief engineer, Wolfgang Peter.<ref name=ls460effect/> Approximately 5 percent of 1989 LS 400 sales went to buyers employed by rival manufacturers, including [[General Motors|GM]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Chrysler]].<ref name=dawson139/> When the LS 400 was disassembled for engineering analysis, Cadillac engineers concluded that the vehicle could not be built using existing GM methods.<ref>{{Harvnb|May|2006|p=47}}.</ref> Industry publications noted the LS 400's precise panel gaps, and the subject became a common evaluation standard in road tests.<ref name=ls460effect/> The LS 430's interior noise level was later used by rival makes as a measure of cabin quietness.<ref>Egan, Peter. (2006-05) "Side Glances: Purr, Growl, Rattle, and Hum". ''[[Road & Track]]'', p. 48.</ref>

According to industry observers, the introduction of the Lexus LS reshaped Toyota's image from that of an "[[econobox]]" manufacturer to the builder of an automotive standard bearer.<ref name="May42">{{Harvnb|May|2006|pp=42–43}}.</ref><ref name="comeback">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Ingrassia |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684804378/page/238 |title=Comeback: The Fall & Rise of the American Automobile Industry |last2=White |first2=Joseph |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-684-80437-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684804378/page/238 238] |quote=...of such high quality that it had become the gold standard of the industry. |url-access=registration}}</ref> This stood in contrast to the predictions of early detractors, including rival manufacturers who dismissed Toyota as incapable of producing a competitive luxury vehicle.<ref name=comeback/> Japanese contemporaries from the luxury divisions of [[Honda]] ([[Acura]]) and [[Nissan]] ([[Infiniti]]) had differing degrees of success.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=25}}.</ref> Honda had entered into a joint venture with Britain's [[Austin Rover Group]] in November 1981, launching Project XX with an Austin Rover–Honda XX letter of intent to replace the [[Rover SD1]] with the [[Rover 800]] and to provide a midsize, V6-powered luxury sedan for Honda, called the [[Honda Legend]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076799600000005 | doi=10.1080/00076799600000005 | title=Learning from Joint Venture: The Rover–Honda Relationship | date=1996 | last1=Pilkington | first1=Alan | journal=Business History | volume=38 | pages=90–114 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Marketed as the [[Acura Legend]] in the U.S., the sedan initially sold well, but subsequent models (renamed [[Acura RL]]) performed below sales expectations.<ref name=japaneseluxe>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/may2006/bw20060523_579325.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524235346/http://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/may2006/bw20060523_579325.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2006 |title=A Short History of Japanese Luxury Cars |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |access-date=2009-04-13 |last=Krebs |first=Michelle |date=2006-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.projo.com/projocars/content/ca_9acurarl_11-26-08_IABHKLK_v5.1e6969b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014358/http://www.projo.com/projocars/content/ca_9acurarl_11-26-08_IABHKLK_v5.1e6969b.html |archive-date=2011-06-29 |title=Acura's flagship sedan gets aggressive new look |agency=Associated Press |date=2008-11-26 |access-date=2009-04-13 |last=Job |first=Ann}}</ref> Launched by Nissan in December 1989, the V8-powered [[Infiniti Q45]] closely rivaled the LS 400 in specifications and price,<ref>{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=76}}.</ref> but was unsuccessful in sales (attributed to unconventional styling and marketing), leading to its discontinuation in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/infiniti/q45/review.html |title=Infiniti Q45 Review |publisher=Edmunds.com |access-date=2009-04-13}}</ref> The success of the Lexus LS became a test case for mainstream manufacturers targeting [[Luxury good|upscale]] segments. By investing in a separate marque, Toyota was able to avoid the stigma attached to a mass-market brand's charging premium prices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/news/column/carmudgeon/100398/article.html |title=Automotive Luxury 101 – How to Create a Luxury Nameplate |publisher=Edmunds.com |access-date=2009-04-14 |last=Brauer |first=Karl |date=2003-07-31}}</ref> The effect of the LS 400 on the automotive industry led ''[[Automobile (magazine)|Automobile]]'' magazine to add the sedan to its "24 Most Important Vehicles of the 20th Century" list in 1996.<ref>"24 Most Important Vehicles of the 20th Century." 1996-03. ''Automobile''.</ref>

{{clear}}

== Sales and production ==
In its largest market, the U.S., the Lexus LS was the top-selling flagship luxury sedan for 15 of the first 17 years following its debut.<ref name="wcoty" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Wiese |first=Dan |date=2007-03-11 |title=For well-heeled drivers who face parallel panic, Lexus LS 460 is the parking ticket |url=http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/autos/columnists.nsf/danwiese/story/FD30E9CD90032B6B8625729500768E73?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429222829/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/autos/columnists.nsf/danwiese/story/FD30E9CD90032B6B8625729500768E73?OpenDocument |archive-date=2008-04-29 |access-date=2007-04-10 |work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |publication-place=Saint Louis, Missouri}}</ref> In Japan, the next-largest market for the Lexus LS, the introduction of the 2007 LS 460 attracted 12,000 pre-orders,<ref name="Lexusjp" /> and the Lexus LS has gone on to sell successfully in its class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideline.com/lexus/redesigned-lexus-rx-unveiled-in-japan.html |title=Redesigned Lexus RX Unveiled in Japan |last=Nunn |first=Peter |work=Insideline |date=2009-01-21 |publisher=Edmunds |location=US |access-date=2009-02-22}}</ref> Following the introduction of the LS 460 and Lexus' expanded global launch in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=&fArticleId=3981800 |title=Revitalised Lexus puts luxury Toyota car brand on the map |last=Cokayne |first=Roy |date=2007-08-14 |work=Business Report |location=South Africa |access-date=2009-02-20}}</ref> sales of the Lexus flagship have increasingly come from outside the brand's traditional U.S. strongholds. By 2007, the Lexus LS ranked second globally in flagship sales, next to the Mercedes-Benz S-Class' 85,500 units, with 71,760 Lexus LS sedans sold worldwide,<ref name="LSglobal2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121555041646936817?mod=hps_us_inside_today |title=Toning Down the 'Bangle Butt,' BMW Redesigns Its 7 Series |last=Taylor |first=Edward |date=2008-07-09 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=2009-01-27}}</ref> and over half the total coming from outside the U.S. market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2009/01/05/346214.html |title=Lexus 2008 sales figures |date=2009-01-05 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-02-20}}</ref> In 2008, U.S. sales fell 42% amidst the [[late-2000s recession]], mirroring the overall decline of the luxury car market.<ref name="amplify">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aJNPURUsO0kg&refer=japan |title=Toyota's U.S. Pain Amplified by Falling Lexus Sales |last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |date=2009-04-06 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2009-04-19}}</ref>

The Lexus LS has not sold as well in Europe, where Lexus suffers from smaller brand recognition, image, and a less-developed dealership network.<ref name="dawson194">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|pp=194–195}}.</ref> In European markets, the Lexus LS has ranked behind Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, and BMW in flagship luxury car sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.auto.cz/statistiky/mercedes-benz-cesky-trh-v-roce-2008-nejprodavanejsi-luxusni-limuzinou-tridy-s.html |title=Český trh v roce 2008: Nejprodávanější luxusní limuzínou |date=2009-01-21 |publisher=Auto.cz |language=cs |access-date=2009-02-20}}</ref> Automotive analysts have suggested a possible rationale for the sales disparity, in that European buyers place less emphasis on vehicle reliability and have more [[brand loyalty]] to established domestic marques.<ref name="dawson194" /> In contrast, the Lexus LS has ranked second in sales to the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (and ahead of rivals from BMW, Audi, and Jaguar) in markets outside Europe, such as South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/140/18890.html |title=Clever marketing boosts Lexus sales |date=2007-10-16 |publisher=BizCommunity |access-date=2009-02-20}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Calendar <br />year
! colspan=2 | Sales
! rowspan=2 | Exports, <br />production<sup>‡</sup>
|-
! US
! Global
|-
|1989
|11,574<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carsalesbase.com/us-lexus-ls/ |title=Lexus LS US car sales figures |work=CarSalesBase |date=7 November 2015 |location=The Netherlands |access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|1990
|42,806<ref name="dawson145">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=145}}.</ref>
|
|41,901<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1991
|36,955<ref name=dawson145/>
|
|41,228<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1992
|32,561<ref name=dawson145/>
|
|32,472<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1993
|23,783<ref name="dawson150">{{Harvnb|Dawson|2004|p=150}}.</ref>
|
|28,187<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1994
|22,443<ref name=dawson150/>
|
|21,390<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1995
|23,657<ref>{{citation |title=Toyota Reports Million-Plus Sales for 1995 |date=1995-01-04 |publisher=Toyota Motor Corporation}}</ref>
|
|22,433<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1996
|22,237<ref>{{cite news |last=Washington |first=Frank |date=1997-02-10 |title=Lexus sport-ute arrives in 1998 |work=Automotive News}}</ref>
|
|22,810<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1997
|19,618<ref>{{cite news |title=US top 31 luxury automobile models ranked by unit sales for 1997 vs 1996 |date=1998-05-27 |work=Automotive News Market Data}}</ref>
|
|17,782<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1998
|20,790<ref name=d176 />
|
|22,730<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|1999
|16,357<ref name=d176/>
|
|17,198<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2000
|15,871<ref name=sales2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/01/03/034042.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2000–2001 |date=2002-01-03 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-01-28}}</ref>
|
|11,098<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2001
|31,110<ref name=sales2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2003/01/03/152221.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2001–2002 |date=2003-01-03 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-01-26}}</ref>
|
|31,473<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2002
|26,261<ref name=sales2002>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/01/05/175869.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2002–2003 |date=2004-01-05 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-01-26}}</ref>
|
|27,033<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2003
|23,895<ref name=sales2003>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/01/04/313808.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2003–2004 |date=2005-01-04 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-01-26}}</ref>
|
|21,461<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2004
|32,272<ref name=sales2005>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/04/205039.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2004–2005 |date=2006-01-04 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-01-27}}</ref>
|
|31,697<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2005
|26,043<ref name=sales2005/>
|
|28,902<ref name=LSspecs/>
|-
|2006
|19,546<ref name=sales2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2008/01/03/074293.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2006–2007 |date=2008-01-03 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2009-01-26}}</ref>
|34,833<ref name=LSglobal2007/>
|30,908<sup>‡</sup><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2007/databook_2007.pdf |title=Number of Vehicles Produced in Japan by Model |publisher=Toyota.jp |access-date=2010-05-15 |year=2007}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|35,226<ref name=sales2008>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/jan2009/bw20090113_852243.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120120655/http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/jan2009/bw20090113_852243.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2009 |title=Luxury Car Sales Keep Skidding |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |access-date=2009-02-22 |last=Kiley |first=David |date=2009-01-13}}</ref>
|71,760<ref name=LSglobal2007/>
|72,279<sup>‡</sup><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/24num_produced.pdf |title=Number of Vehicles Produced in Japan by Model |publisher=Toyota.jp |access-date=2010-05-15 |year=2008}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|20,255<ref name=sales2008/>
|
|31,823<sup>‡</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2009/production_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408034259/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2009/production_en.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-08 |title=Number of Vehicles Produced in Japan by Model |publisher=Toyota.jp |access-date=2010-05-15 |year=2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|11,334<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/01/05/460606.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2009 |date=2001-10-20 |publisher=Autochannel |access-date=2010-01-23}}</ref>
|
|18,369<sup>‡</sup><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207171559/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2010/production_en.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-07 |url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2010/production_en.pdf |title=Number of Vehicles Produced in Japan by Model |publisher=Toyota.jp |access-date=2010-05-15 |year=2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|12,275<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2011/01/04/513144.html |title=Lexus sales figures 2010 |publisher=Autochannel |date=2011-01-04 |access-date=2013-07-12}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2011
|9,568<ref name="2012sales">{{cite web |url=http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/december+2012+sales+chart.htm |title=December 2012 and Year-End Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2013-01-03 |access-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106065027/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/december+2012+sales+chart.htm |archive-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2012
|8,345<ref name="2012sales" />
|17,578<sup>‡</sup><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/figures/production_en.html |title=Number of Vehicles Produced in Japan by Model |publisher=Toyota Motor Company |access-date=2015-01-17 |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617033914/http://www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/figures/production_en.html |archive-date=2011-06-17 }}</ref>
|
|-
|2013
|10,727<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tms+december+2013+sales+chart.htm |title=December 2013 and Year-End Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2014-01-03 |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108131442/http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tms+december+2013+sales+chart.htm |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2014
|8,559<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tms+december+2014+sales+chart.htm |title=December 2014 and Year-End Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2015-01-05 |access-date=2015-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107012954/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tms+december+2014+sales+chart.htm |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2015
|7,165<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tms+december+2015+sales+chart.htm |title=December 2015 and Year-End Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2016-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118230002/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/tms+december+2015+sales+chart.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2016
|5,514<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota-lexus-december-2016-sales-chart.htm |title=December 2016 and Year-End Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2017-01-05 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2017
|4,094<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/december+2017+sales+chart.htm |title=December 2017 Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718014953/http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/december+2017+sales+chart.htm |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2018
|9,302<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/december+2018+sales+chart.htm |title=December 2018 Sales Chart |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2019-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204161432/https://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/december+2018+sales+chart.htm |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2019
|5,528<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://pressroom.toyota.com/toyota-motor-north-america-reports-december-2019-year-end-sales/ |title=Toyota Motor North America Reports December 2019, Year-End Sales |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2020
|3,617<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://pressroom.toyota.com/toyota-motor-north-america-reports-december-2020-year-end-sales/ |title=Toyota Motor North America Reports December 2020, Year-End Sales |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2021-01-05 |access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2021
|3,739<ref name="sales2022">{{cite press release |url=https://pressroom.lexus.com/toyota-motor-north-america-reports-year-end-2022-u-s-sales-results/ |title=Toyota Motor North America reports year-end 2022 U.S. sales results |publisher=Toyota |location=US |date=2023-01-03 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2022
|2,679<ref name="sales2022" />
|
|
|-
|2023
|2,237<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Lexus LS Sales Figures |url=https://carfigures.com/us-market-brand/lexus/ls  |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=CarFigures}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2024
|2,163<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2025-01-03 |title=Toyota Motor North America Reports 2024 U.S. Sales Results |url=https://pressroom.toyota.com/toyota-motor-north-america-reports-2024-u-s-sales-results/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Toyota |location=US}}</ref>
|
|
|}

{{clear}}

== Awards ==
Notable examples of awards received by the Lexus LS include (2007) [[World Car of the Year]], [[International Car of the Year]], (1991) [[Canadian Car of the Year]],<ref name=Canada>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajac.ca/web/ccoty/previous_byyear.asp |title=AJAC winners by year |year=2007 |author=Automobile Journalists Association of Canada |access-date=2007-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325140743/http://www.ajac.ca/web/ccoty/previous_byyear.asp |archive-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wheels Car of the Year|''Wheels'' Car of the Year]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Gable |first=Chris |date=2006-12-04 |url=http://www.wheelsmag.com.au/wheels/site/articleIDs/C40CA2CB6C8577F1CA257285001E7302?open&template=domWheels |title=Wheels' COTY the real McCoy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113123807/http://www.wheelsmag.com.au/wheels/site/articleIDs/C40CA2CB6C8577F1CA257285001E7302 |archive-date=2008-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Top Gear (current format)|''Top Gear'']] Limousine of the Year.<ref>"Top Gear Car of the Year". ''Top Gear''. 2006-12-13.<!-- http://www.topgear.com/content/news/stories/1429/.-->Retrieved on 2007-05-15.</ref> The Lexus LS has been the highest-rated luxury car in ''Automobile Magazine'',<ref name=autocomp>{{cite web |url=http://www.automobilemag.com/features/awards/2002lexusls430/ |title=2002 Best Luxury Car Over $40,000 – Lexus LS 430 |year=2002 |access-date=2007-05-31 |work=Automobile Magazine}}</ref> ''[[Car and Driver]]'',<ref name=showdown>Bedard, Patrick. Comparison Test: Showdown ''Car and Driver'', Vol. 35, Issue 6 December 1989</ref><ref name="caranddriver.com">{{cite web |last=Bedard |first=Patrick |date=December 2003 |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/03q4/2004_audi_a8l_vs._bmw_745i_jaguar_xj8_m-b_s430_vw_phaeton-comparison_tests/2004_lexus_ls430_page_2 |title=$70,000 Luxury Sedans |access-date=2007-04-08 |work=Car and Driver}}</ref> ''Consumer Reports'',<ref name=bestcar>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/sep2005/id20050915_721163.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018173159/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/sep2005/id20050915_721163.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2005 |title=Lexus LS 430: More Luxury for Less |access-date=2007-04-08 |last=Peterson |first=Thane |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=2005-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33790663_ITM |title=Consumer Reports Ultra-Lux Face-off, October 2007 |access-date=2007-10-01 |last=Consumer Union |work=Consumer Reports}}</ref> ''Fleet World'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easier.com/8490-lexus-ls-wins-best-luxury-car-in-fleet-world-honours.html |title=Lexus LS wins Best Luxury Car in Fleet World Honours |date=2007-05-18 |access-date=2009-05-22 |publisher=Easier Motoring UK}}</ref> and ''[[MotorWeek]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpt.org/motorweek/dc2007/05.shtml |title=Motorweek 2007 Driver's Choice Awards |year=2007 |work=MotorWeek |access-date=2007-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510003214/http://www.mpt.org/motorweek/dc2007/05.shtml |archive-date=2007-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In J.D. Power's long-term Vehicle Dependability Study, the Lexus LS has been the most reliable car for fifteen consecutive years,<ref name=reliability>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-119883221/orlando-sentinel-fla-test.html |title=Test Drive: Lexus LS 430 |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |access-date=2009-02-22 |date=2004-07-29 |last=Smith |first=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2006133 |title=J.D. Power and Associates 2006 Vehicle Dependability Study |access-date=2009-04-01 |publisher=J.D. Power |date=2006-08-09 |archive-date=24 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124081814/http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2006133 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2007130 |title=J.D. Power and Associates 2007 Vehicle Dependability Study |date=2007-08-09 |access-date=2007-08-09 |publisher=[[J.D. Power and Associates]] |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805185056/https://www.jdpower.com/Cars/Award-Summaries |url-status=dead }}</ref> the most for any manufacturer,<ref name=vdsawards>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS168266+07-Aug-2008+PRN20080807 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516032246/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS168266+07-Aug-2008+PRN20080807 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2009 |title=Toyota Motor Sales Earns 11 Awards in 2008 J.D. Power and Associates Vehicle Dependability |work=Reuters |access-date=2009-04-14 |date=2008-08-07}}</ref><ref name=2009vds>{{cite web |url=http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2009043 |title=J.D. Power and Associates 2009 Vehicle Dependability Study |date=2009-03-19 |access-date=2009-04-01 |publisher=[[J.D. Power and Associates]] |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805185056/https://www.jdpower.com/Cars/Award-Summaries |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2008115 |title=J.D. Power and Associates 2008 Vehicle Dependability Study |date=2008-08-07 |access-date=2009-04-01 |publisher=[[J.D. Power and Associates]] |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805185056/https://www.jdpower.com/Cars/Award-Summaries |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''Consumer Reports'' has ranked the sedan as the most reliable vehicle tested.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/02/17/reliable-luxury-cars-cx_dl_0221feat_ls.html |title=Most-Reliable Luxury Cars 2006 |work=Forbes |access-date=2009-04-13 |last=Leinert |first=Dan |date=2006-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/buying-advice/who-makes-the-best-cars/overview/ |title=Car brands reviewed |work=Consumer Reports |access-date=2009-04-13 |last=Consumer Union |date=April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405104300/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/buying-advice/who-makes-the-best-cars/overview/ |archive-date=2009-04-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=CRreliability>{{cite web |url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/02/28/038601.html |title=Consumer Reports: 2007 New Car Reliability Predictions, Mercedes-Benz Last |work=Consumer Reports |access-date=2009-02-22 |year=2007 |last=Consumer Union}}</ref><ref name=reliablecar>
{{cite web |url=http://www.cars.com/go/crp/buyingGuides/Story.jsp?section=Luxury&story=luxReliable2006&subject=stories&referer=&year=New |title=Finding and Keeping a Reliable Luxury Car |access-date=2007-04-08 |last=Palmer |first=Beth |publisher=Cars.com |date=2006-02-11}}</ref> Safety awards include ''[[Auto Bild]]''{{'}}s 2007 Innovation Prize for the LS 460 pre-collision system,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=192479 |title="Auto 1" Awards, Auto Bild Group |access-date=2007-04-08 |work=Auto Bild |date=2007-03-07}}</ref> consecutive first place rankings in the ''[[What Car?]]'' Security Supertest,<ref>"What Car? Security Supertest 2005". ''[[What Car?]]''. 2004–12.<!-- http://www.whatcar.co.uk/news-article.aspx?NA=212739. -->Retrieved on 2007-04-29.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.testdriven.co.uk/lexus-wins-what-car-security-supertest-for-fifth-year/ |title=Lexus wins What Car? Security Supertest for fifth year |publisher=TestDriven |access-date=2009-05-21 |date=2004-12-04}}
</ref> and ''[[Kiplinger's Personal Finance|Kiplinger's]]'' "Best in Safety for Cars $40,000 and Over".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kiplinger.com/features/archives/2004/11/40over.html |title=2005 Car Buyer's Guide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041125075551/http://www.kiplinger.com/features/archives/2004/11/40over.html |archive-date=2004-11-25 |work=Kiplinger's Personal Finance |date=November 2004}}</ref> Technical honors range from [[Ward's 10 Best Engines]],<ref>"Ward's Ten Best Engines 1999" (1999-01) ''[[Ward's AutoWorld]]''.</ref><ref>"Ward's Ten Best Engines 2000" (2000–01) ''Ward's AutoWorld''</ref> to [[Edmunds.com]]'s "Best Sound System in Cars Over $30,000".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/car-reviews/top-10/top-10-sound-systems-in-cars-over-30000-for-2002.html?articleid=58886& |title=Edmunds Top 10 Sound Systems in Cars Over $30,000 |access-date=2011-02-22 |publisher=Edmunds.com |last=Memmer |first=Scott |year=2002}}</ref>

In U.S. consumer publications, Lexus' flagship model is recognized as one of the most reliable vehicles ever built, having held the top ranking in [[J.D. Power and Associates]]' U.S. [[Vehicle Dependability Survey]] for fifteen consecutive years (1994–2009), again in 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Vehicle Dependability Study Results |url=http://autos.jdpower.com/content/study-auto/V8Ois5x/2012-vehicle-dependability-study-results.htm?page=2 |publisher=J.D. Power, McGraw Hill Financial |date=2012-02-15 |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327233927/http://autos.jdpower.com/content/study-auto/V8Ois5x/2012-vehicle-dependability-study-results.htm?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> third place in 2013,<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Cars in the 2013 Vehicle Dependability Study |url=http://autos.jdpower.com/content/blog-post/1kDJ2cg/top-10-cars-in-the-2013-vehicle-dependability-study.htm |publisher=J.D. Power, McGraw Hill Financial |date=2013-03-25 |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327233928/http://autos.jdpower.com/content/blog-post/1kDJ2cg/top-10-cars-in-the-2013-vehicle-dependability-study.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and top again in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jensen |first=Cheryl |date=2014-02-12 |title=Vehicle Dependability Declines Significantly in J.D. Power Study |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/12/automobiles/vehicle-dependability-declines-significantly-in-jd-power-study.html |access-date=2014-03-26 |work=[[The New York Times]] |publication-place=New York, New York}}</ref> A 1996 Lexus LS400 owned by an automotive journalist has surpassed a million miles on what is believed to be its original engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Million-Mile Lexus|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a28991860/the-million-mile-lexus/ |publisher=Road & Track|date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=Chester |title=Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit |year=2004 |publisher=Jon Wiley & Sons |location=New Jersey |isbn=978-0-470-82110-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Brian |title=Lexus: The Challenge to Create the Finest Automobile |year=2001 |publisher=Veloce Publishing |location=Cardiff, Wales |isbn=978-1-901295-81-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |title=The Lexus Story: The Behind the Scenes Story of the #1 Automotive Luxury Brand in America |year=2004 |publisher=DK Melcher Media |location=New York |isbn=978-0-9717935-7-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=May |first1=Matthew E. |title=The Elegant Solution: Toyota's Formula for Mastering Innovation |year=2006 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-9017-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=James M. |last2=Liker |first2=Jeffrey K. |title=The Toyota Product Development System: Integrating People, Process and Technology |year=2006 |publisher=Productive Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56327-282-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Newbury |first1=Stephen |title=The Car Design Yearbook 5: The Definitive Annual Guide to All New Concept And Production Cars Worldwide |year=2006 |publisher=Merrell |isbn=978-1-85894-319-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Ron |title=LS 400: The Lexus Story |year=1989 |publisher=George Rice and Sons |oclc=033120592 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|Lexus LS|Toyota Celsior}}
* {{Official website|https://lexus.jp/international/models/ls/}}

{{Lexus cars}}
{{Lexus}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Lexus vehicles|LS]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1989]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Full-size vehicles]]
[[Category:Luxury vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Limousines]]
[[Category:First car made by manufacturer]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Flagship vehicles]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric cars]]
[[Category:Partial zero-emissions vehicles]]