View source for E. C. George Sudarshan

{{Short description|Indian-American theoretical physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = George Sudarshan
| image             = ECG_Sudarshan.jpg
| image_size        = 245px
| caption           = E. C. G. Sudarshan at TIFR Mumbai in 2009
| birth_date        = {{nowrap|{{Birth date|df=yes|1931|09|16}}}}
| death_date        = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=y|2018|05|13|1931|09|16}}}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan September 16, 1931 - May 13, 2018|url=http://www.beckchapels.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=2104766|access-date=17 May 2018|publisher=Beck Funeral Home|date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
| death_place       = [[Austin, Texas]], United States
| birth_place       = [[Pallom]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| citizenship       =  
| alma_mater        = [[CMS College Kottayam]]<br>[[Madras Christian College]]<br>[[University of Madras]]<br>[[University of Rochester]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Robert Marshak]]
| doctoral_students = [[Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil]]<br>[[Narasimhaiengar Mukunda]]
| known_for         = [[Coherent states]]<br>[[Optical equivalence theorem]]<br>[[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]]<br>[[Lindbladian|GKSL equation]]<br>[[V-A theory]]<br>[[Tachyon]]<br>[[Quantum Zeno effect]]<br>[[Open quantum system]]<br>[[Spin–statistics theorem]]
| footnotes         = 
| field             = [[Theoretical physics]]
| work_institution  = [[University of Texas at Austin]]<br>[[Syracuse University]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Science]]<br>[[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]] <br>[[Harvard University]]<br>[[University of Rochester]] <br>[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| prizes            = {{ublist|2010&nbsp;[[Dirac Medal of the ICTP|ICTP Dirac Medal]] |2007&nbsp;[[Padma Vibhushan]] |2006&nbsp;[[Majorana Prize]] |1985&nbsp;[[TWAS Prize]] |1977&nbsp;Bose Medal |1976&nbsp;[[Padma Bhushan]] |1970&nbsp;C. V. Raman Award}}
| spouse            = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lalita Rau|1954|1990}}
* {{marriage|Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan|1990}}
}}
| children          = 3
| mother            = Achamma<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
| father            = Ipe Chandy<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
}}
'''Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan''' (also known as '''E. C. G. Sudarshan'''; 16 September 1931 &ndash; 13 May 2018)<ref name="Bhamathi2021">{{cite journal
 | last = Bhamathi
 | first = Gopalakrishnan
 | title = George Sudarshan: Perspectives and Legacy
 | journal = Quanta
 | volume = 10
 | issue = 
 | pages = 75–104
 | year = 2021
 | doi = 10.12743/quanta.v10i1.174
| s2cid = 245482293
 | doi-access = free
 | url = https://quanta.ws/ojs/index.php/quanta/article/view/174/144
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/acclaimed-scientist-ecg-sudarshan-passes-away-in-texas-physicist-1.2809679 | title=Acclaimed scientist ECG Sudarshan passes away in Texas | date=14 May 2018 | newspaper=Mathrubhumi | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> was an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]]<ref>[https://s3.cern.ch/inspire-prod-files-0/0cc0dff327a3c9470c3dba13cab58f9d Luis J. Boya, Laudatio for E. C. G. SUDARSHAN On his 75th BirthDay. Jaca, (HU), Spain, September 18, 2006, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 87 (2007) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/87/1/012001]</ref> theoretical [[physicist]] and a professor at the [[University of Texas]]. Prof.Sudarshan has been credited with numerous contributions to the field of theoretical physics, including [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation]], [[V-A theory]], [[tachyon]]s, [[quantum Zeno effect]], [[open quantum system]] and [[Lindbladian|quantum master equations]], [[spin–statistics theorem]], non-invariance groups, positive maps of density matrices, and quantum computation.

==Early life==
Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan was born in [[Pallom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]. He was raised in a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian family]], but later left the religion and converted to [[Hinduism]] following his marriage.{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =I was born in an Orthodox Christian family. I was very deeply immersed in it, and so by the age of seven I had read the entire Bible from Genesis to Revelation two or three times. I was not quite satisfied with Christianity, and gradually I got more and more involved with traditional Indian ideas.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =PC: Did your training as a scientist contribute at all to your growing dissatisfaction with the church?
GS: No. It was simply that I found that the people who professed to practice were really not practicing. In other words, there was a great deal of show and not that much genuine spiritual experience. Further, a God "out there" did not fully satisfy me.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=250|quote =God is not an isolated event, something separate from the universe. God is the universe.}} He married Lalita Rau on December 20, 1954, and they have three sons, Alexander, Arvind (deceased) and Ashok.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/> George and Lalita were divorced in 1990 and he married Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan in Austin, Texas.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/>

He studied at [[CMS College Kottayam]],<ref name=Ht>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802160931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2008|title=A proud moment for CMS College: Prof. Sudarshan delights all at his alma mater |date=5 July 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> and graduated with honors from the [[Madras Christian College]] in 1951. Sudarshan obtained his [[master's degree]] at the [[University of Madras]] in 1952. He moved to [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and worked there for a brief period with Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] as well as others. Subsequently, he moved to [[University of Rochester]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] to work under Prof. [[Robert Marshak]] as a graduate student. In 1958, he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree from the University of Rochester. At this point he moved to [[Harvard University]] to join Prof. [[Julian Schwinger]] as a postdoctoral fellow.

==Career==
Dr. Sudarshan made significant contributions to several areas of physics. He was the originator (with [[Robert Marshak]]) of the V-A theory of the [[weak force]] (later propagated by [[Richard Feynman]] and [[Murray Gell-Mann]]), which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. Feynman acknowledged Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.<ref>''The beat of a different drum: The life and science of Richard Feynman'' by J. Mehra Clarendon Press Oxford (1994), p. 477, and references 29 and 40 therein</ref> He also developed a [[quantum]] representation of [[coherent light]] later known as [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]] (for which controversially Glauber was awarded the 2005 Nobel prize in Physics ignoring Sudarshan's contributions).

Sudarshan's most significant work may have been his contribution to the field of [[quantum optics]]. His theorem proves the equivalence of classical wave optics to quantum optics. The theorem makes use of the Sudarshan representation. This representation also predicts optical effects that are purely quantum, and cannot be explained classically. Sudarshan was also an advocate for the existence of [[tachyon]]s, particles that travel faster than light.<ref>''Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction'', p. 346, by [[Paul J. Nahin]]</ref> He developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of [[open quantum system]]. He, in collaboration with Baidyanath Misra, also proposed the [[quantum Zeno effect]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sudarshan | first1 = E. C. G. | last2 = Misra | first2 = B. | title = The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory | journal = Journal of Mathematical Physics | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 756–763 |year=1977 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/51139/1/211-pub.pdf| doi = 10.1063/1.523304| bibcode=1977JMP....18..756M| osti = 7342282 }}</ref>

Sudarshan and collaborators initiated the "Quantum theory of charged-particle beam optics", by working out the focusing action of a magnetic quadrupole using the [[Dirac equation]].<ref>[[Ramaswamy Jagannathan|R. Jagannathan]], [[Rajiah Simon|R. Simon]], E. C. G. Sudarshan and [[Narasimhaiengar Mukunda|N. Mukunda]],
[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90685-3 Quantum theory of magnetic electron lenses based on the Dirac equation],
''Physics Letters A'', 134, 457–464 (1989).</ref><ref>
[[Ramaswamy Jagannathan|R. Jagannathan]] and [http://inspirehep.net/author/S.A.Khan.5/ S. A. Khan],
[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1076-5670(08)70096-X Quantum theory of the optics of charged particles],
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics,
Editors: Peter W. Hawkes, B. Kazan and T. Mulvey,
(Academic Press, Logo, San Diego, 1996), Vol. 97, 257–358 (1996).</ref>

He taught at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), University of Rochester, [[Syracuse University]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Catterall |first1=Simon |last2=Hubisz |first2=Jay |last3=Balachandran |first3=Aiyalam |last4=Schechter |first4=Joe |date=5 January 2013 |title=Elementary Particle Physics at Syracuse. Final Report |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1095082 |journal=Office of Scientific and Technical Information |language=English |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |page=14 |doi=10.2172/1095082 |osti=1095082 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> and Harvard. From 1969 onwards, he was a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Austin and a senior professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He worked as the director of the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai]], India, for five years during the 1980s dividing his time between India and USA. During his tenure, he transformed it into a centre of excellence. He also met and held many discussions with philosopher [[J. Krishnamurti]]. He was felicitated on his 80th birthday, at IMSc Chennai<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudarshan Fest|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~semadm/blurb/sudarshan-fest.pdf|date=16 September 2011}}</ref> on 16 September 2011. His areas of interest included [[elementary particle physics]], [[quantum optics]], [[quantum information]], [[quantum field theory]], [[gauge field theories]], [[classical mechanics]] and foundations of physics. He was also deeply interested in [[Vedanta]], on which he lectured frequently.

==Controversy regarding Nobel Prize==
Sudarshan began working on quantum optics at the University of Rochester in 1960. Two years later, Glauber criticized the use of classical electromagnetic theory in explaining optical fields, which surprised Sudarshan because he believed the theory provided accurate explanations. Sudarshan subsequently wrote a paper expressing his ideas<ref name="Sudarshan1963">{{cite journal
 | last = Sudarshan
 | first = Ennackal Chandy George
 | title = Equivalence of semiclassical and quantum mechanical descriptions of statistical light beams
 | journal = Physical Review Letters
 | volume = 10
 | issue = 7
 | pages = 277–279
 | year = 1963
 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.277
| bibcode = 1963PhRvL..10..277S
 }}</ref> and sent a preprint to Glauber. Glauber informed Sudarshan of similar results and asked to be acknowledged in the latter's paper, while criticizing Sudarshan in his own paper.<ref name="Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/02/stories/2005120206181100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned |date=2 December 2005 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> "Glauber criticized Sudarshan's representation, but his own was unable to generate any of the typical quantum optics phenomena, hence he introduces what he calls a P-representation, which was Sudarshan's representation by another name", wrote a physicist. "This representation, which had at first been scorned by Glauber, later becomes known as the [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]]."<ref name="ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/ecg-sudarshan-physicist-who-proposed-faster-than-light-theory-dies-at-86/story-STfgrT2o5xC2tC7olCFS0I.html |title=ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86 |date=14 May 2018 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

Sudarshan was passed over for the Physics Nobel Prize on more than one occasion, leading to [[Nobel Prize controversies#Physics|controversy]] in 2005 when several physicists wrote to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan diagonal representation (also known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation) in quantum optics, for which [[Roy J. Glauber]] won his share of the prize.<ref>{{cite web | last = Zhou | first = Lulu | title = Scientists Question Nobel | work = The Harvard Crimson | date = 6 December 2005 | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=510342 | access-date = 22 February 2008 | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204151327/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/12/6/scientists-question-nobel-a-group-of/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Sudarshan and other physicists sent a letter to the Nobel Committee claiming that the P representation had more contributions of "Sudarshan" than "Glauber".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Epstein |first1=David |title=Nobel Doubts |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/12/07/nobel-doubts |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=December 7, 2005 |language=en}}</ref> The letter goes on to say that Glauber criticized Sudarshan's theory—before renaming it the "P representation" and incorporating it into his own work. In an unpublished letter to ''The New York Times'', Sudarshan calls the "Glauber–Sudarshan representation" a misnomer, adding that "literally all subsequent theoretic developments in the field of Quantum Optics make use of" Sudarshan's work— essentially, asserting that he had developed the breakthrough.<ref name="UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics">{{Cite web |url=https://cns.utexas.edu/news/ut-austin-mourns-passing-of-george-sudarshan-titan-of-20th-century-physics |title=UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics |date=20 December 2018 |website=cns.utexas.edu |language=en-gb |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="First Runner-up">{{Cite web |url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |title=First Runner-up |date=20 December 2018 |website=seedmagazine.com |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121806/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>

In 2007, Prof.Sudarshan told the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn't the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that this Nobel was given for work based on my research."<ref name="HT">{{cite news | last = Mehta | first = Neha | title = Physicist cries foul over Nobel miss | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 4 April 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | access-date = 22 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080320234139/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | archive-date = 20 March 2008 }}</ref> Sudarshan also commented on not being selected for the 1979 Nobel, "[[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]] built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn't the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second floor?"<ref name="HT"/>

==Awards==

* [[Honorary doctorate]] by [[University of Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=KU to confer honorary doctorates on Narlikar, Kris Gopalakrishnan  |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ku-to-confer-honorary-doctorates-on-narlikar-kris-gopalakrishnan/article29185917.ece |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* Kerala Sastra Puraskaram for lifetime accomplishments in science, 2013{{cn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Dirac Medal of the ICTP]], 2010
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], second highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 2007
* [[Majorana Prize]], 2006
* Presidential Citation Award from the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] at Austin, 2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Cory |date=2007-01-08 |title=Award Recipients to be Recognized at The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://news.utexas.edu/2007/01/08/award-recipients-to-be-recognized-at-the-university-of-texas-at-austin/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=UT News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The first [[TWAS Prize]] in Physics awarded by the [[World Academy of Sciences]], 1985<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/72/4/63/827429/Ennackal-Chandy-George-Sudarshan |access-date=2023-10-20 |journal=Physics Today |doi=10.1063/pt.3.4190|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan|date=2019 |last1=Balasubramanya |first1=M. K. |last2=Srinivas |first2=M. D. |volume=72 |issue=4 |page=63 |bibcode=2019PhT....72d..63B }}</ref>
* Bose Medal, 1977{{cn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Padma Bhushan]], third highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 1976<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* C. V. Raman Award, 1970{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==Books==
* 1961: (with [[Robert Marshak]]) ''Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics'', Interscience Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FN55AAAAIAAJ Google Books snippet view]
* 1968: (with [[John R. Klauder]]) ''Fundamentals of Quantum Optics'', Dover Books {{ISBN|0486450082}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=rbSfWTrKwnAC Google Books preview of 2006 edition]
* 1974: (with [[N. Mukunda]]) ''Classical Dynamics: a modern perspective'', World Scientific {{ISBN|9814730017}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ETg8DQAAQBAJ&q=editions:GcCd7QxvphgC Google Books preview of 2015 edition]
* 1998: (with [[Ian Duck]]) ''Pauli and the Spin–Statistics Theorem'', World Scientific, {{ISBN|9814497452}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7tCgAAQBAJ Google Books preview]
* 1999: (with [[Tony Rothman]]) ''Doubt and Certainty: The celebrated academy debates on science, mysticism, and reality'', Basic Books {{ISBN|0738201693}}
* 2004: (with Giampiero Esposito and Giuseppe Marmo) ''From Classical to Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to the Formalism, Foundations and Applications'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|1139450549}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=STGH8fuDhe0C Google Books preview]
* 2014: (with Giampiero Esposito, Giuseppe Marmo, and Gennaro Miele) ''Advanced Concepts in Quantum Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|9781107076044}}

==See also==

*[[Padma Bhushan#List of awardees|Winners of Padma Bhushan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|
refs=<ref name="Clayton-2002">{{cite book
 | first = Philip
 | last = Clayton
 |editor-last1         = Richardson
 |editor-first1        = W. Mark
 |editor-last2         = Russell
 |editor-first2        = Robert John
 |editor-last3         = Clayton
 |editor-first3        = Philip
 |editor-last4         = Wegter-McNelly
 |editor-first4        = Kirk
 | chapter = George Sudarshan
 | title = Science and the Spiritual Quest: New Essays by Leading Scientists
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London
 | year = 2002
 | isbn = 9780415257664
 | url = https://www.routledge.com/9780415257671
 | doi = 
}}</ref>
<ref name="utphysicshistory">{{cite web
 | title = Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (September 16, 1931 – May 13, 2018)
 | publisher = University of Texas
 | location = Austin, Texas
 | year = 2021
 | access-date = 24 December 2021
 | url = https://utphysicshistory.net/GeorgeSudrshan.html
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713003459/http://www.keral.com/celebrities/georgesudarshan/georgespeaks.htm A LOOK-BACK AT FOUR DECADES OF RESEARCH By ECG SUDARSHAN]
*[http://quest.ph.utexas.edu/symposium/index.html ''Seven Science Quests Symposium'', The University of Texas at Austin, 2006]
*[http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~gsudama Home page with vita and publications]
*[https://arxiv.org/find/quant-ph/1/au:+Sudarshan_E/0/1/0/all/0/1 Publications on ArXiv]
*[http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~gsudama/publications.htm Collected works]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051022114132/http://www.keral.com/celebrities/georgesudarshan/Index.htm ECG Sudarshan on Keral.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205446/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202002610200.htm Sudarshan's letter to Nobel Committee]
*[http://www.here-now4u.de/eng/perspectives_and_perceptions__.htm Lecture- ''Perspectives And Perceptions: Causality And Unpredictability'']
*{{MathGenealogy|id=33262|title=George Sudarshan}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–1979}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan, George}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian particle physicists]]
[[Category:Pantheists]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Syracuse University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:CMS College Kottayam alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian former Christians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]