View source for Tulkarm

{{Short description|Palestinian city in the West Bank}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                 = Tulkarm
| translit_lang1       = Arabic
| translit_lang1_type  = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]
| translit_lang1_info  = طولكرم
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = Tulkarem (official)<br />Tul Karem (unofficial)
| translit_lang2       = Hebrew
| translit_lang2_type  = [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
| translit_lang2_info  = טולכרם
| type                 = [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|Municipality type A (City)]]
| image_skyline        = Aerial view of Tulkarm 08.jpg
| image_caption        = Tulkarm, 2020
| image_blank_emblem   = Tulkarm.png
| blank_emblem_type    = Municipal Seal of Tulkarm
| pushpin_map          = Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption  = Location of Tulkarm within [[Palestine]]
| image_map          = 
| map_caption        = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|32|18|45|N|35|1|36|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name          = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position      = 152/190
| subdivision_type   = State
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|State of Palestine}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Governorates of the State of Palestine|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Tulkarm Governorate|Tulkarm]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = Late 12th century
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| government_type    = [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|City]]
| leader_title       = Head of Municipality
| leader_name        = Riyad Awad (17 April 2022–)
| unit_pref          = dunam
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 28.8
| area_total_dunam   = 28793
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_max_m    = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total   = 64532
| population_as_of   = 2017
| population_note    = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1    = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1    = The long (place) of the vineyard.<ref name=Palmer194>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/194/mode/1up 194]</ref>
| website            = [http://www.tulkarm.org/ www.tulkarm.org]
| footnotes          = 
}}
'''Tulkarm''' or '''Tulkarem''' ({{langx|ar|طولكرم}}, ''Ṭūlkarm'') is a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] city in the [[West Bank]], the capital of the [[Tulkarm Governorate]] of the [[State of Palestine]]. The [[Israel]]i city of [[Netanya]] is to the west, and the [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] cities of [[Nablus]] and [[Jenin]] to the east. According to the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], in 2017 Tulkarm had a population of 64,532.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Tulkarm is under the administration of the [[Palestinian National Authority]].
[[File:Tulkarm 3.jpg|thumb|Al-Adawiah High School]]
[[File:Tulkarm 5.jpg|thumb|Paris Street, Tulkarm, 2007.]]

==Etymology==
The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name translates as 'length of vinyard'<ref>[[Edward William Lane]], An Arabic–English Lexicon, vols. 6–8 ed. by Stanley Lane-Poole, 8 vols. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1863–93).</ref> but is a distortion of the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] name ''Tur Karma''<ref>{{cite book |title=Carta's Official Guid to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land |date=1983 |publisher=Carta |page=446}}</ref> ('mount of the vineyard'), which was used for Tulkarm by the [[Crusaders]] and by the mediaeval [[Samaritan]] inhabitants.<ref name=Palmer194/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-02-02|title=Environmental Profile for The West Bank Volume 8|url=http://www.arij.org/pub/Tulkarm-Profile.pdf|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202183824/http://www.arij.org/pub/Tulkarm-Profile.pdf|archive-date=2007-02-02}}</ref>

==History==
[[Benjamin Mazar]] identified Tulkarm with the toponym ''Birat Seriqa'' (בירת סריקא, lit. '[[Saracen]] tower' or 'vineyard tower'), mentioned in the [[Talmud]] (b. [[Avodah Zarah|AZ]] 31a; y. AZ 5:4) as located near the Samaritan town of Burgata (בורגתא/ברקתא, perhaps from ''[[burgus]]'', 'tower'<ref>{{Cite news |last=האתר |first=מנהל |date=2017-05-28 |title=חידון יישובים - פתרונות מלאים והרחבות |url=https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2017/05/28/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA-3/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=האקדמיה ללשון העברית |language=he-IL}}</ref>), which may be modern Burj al-Atut.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maisler |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Mazar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q_oQk28R7YC |title=The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society |date=1934 |publisher=Palestine Oriental Society. |volume=XIV |language=en |chapter=DER DISTRIKT Srq IN DEN SAMARISCHEN OSTRAKA}}</ref> However, [[Félix-Marie Abel]] put Birat Seriqa closer to [[Kafr Qallil]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abel |first=Félix-Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvSiwgEACAAJ |title=Geographie De La Palestine, Par F.M. Abel |date=1967 |volume=II |pages=285 |language=fr}}</ref> and others put it near [[Qalqilya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=שחר |first1=יובל |last2=Shahar |first2=Yuval |date=2000 |title=Har Hamelekh — A New Solution to an Old Puzzle / הר המלך – לפתרונה של חידה |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23564253 |journal=Zion / ציון |volume=סה |issue=ג |pages=283 |jstor=23564253 |issn=0044-4758}}</ref> [[Isaiah Press]] and Dov Zudkevitz suggest the true site may be somewhat west of Tulkarm, at {{Interlanguage link|Tel Zureiqiya|he|תל זוריקיה}} in the [[Poleg]] basin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Isaiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Zn3R0twY9AC |title=ארץ־ישראל: אנציקלופדיה טופוגרפית־היסטורית |date=1946 |publisher=Rubin Mass |pages=71 |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=זודקביץ |first=דב |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA5RNQEACAAJ |title=ביתר ומלחמת בר כוכבא בגבולות חדרה: מקיסריה עד הרי אפרים |date=1988 |publisher=ד. זודקביץ |language=he}}</ref>

===Ayyubid and Mamluk periods===
During the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] era, after the Muslim reconquest of Palestine under Sultan [[Saladin]] in 1187, the first families to settle in Tulkarm were from the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] clan of Zaydan.<ref name="JQ">{{cite journal|last=al-Salim |first=Farid |url=http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/47-%20Landed%20Proerty.pdf |title=Landed Property and Elite Conflict in Ottoman Tulkarm |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=47 |date=Autumn 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126131242/http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/47-%20Landed%20Proerty.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-26 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> A military group, the Zaydan were dispatched to the Wadi al-Sha'ir area, which includes Tulkarm, by Saladin to buttress the defense of the western approaches of Muslim-held Palestine from the Crusaders who dominated the coastal area.<ref name="JQ"/>

The Zaydan  politically dominated Tulkarm and the vicinity until the early 17th century. Around 1230, during the late Ayyubid period, a group of [[Arabs]] from southern Palestine immigrated to Tulkarm. They had originally migrated to Palestine from [[Arabia]] many generations prior and had become semi-nomadic farmers and grazers.<ref name="JQ"/> Among the Arab families were the Fuqaha clan, who were considered ''[[ashraf]]'' (related to the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]]) and served as the ''[[ulama]]'' (religious scholars) of the village.<ref name="JQ"/>

During the Ayyubid, and later the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era (1260&ndash;1517), the majority of Tulkarm's lands were made part of a ''[[waqf]]'' (religious trust) to support the [[:commons:category:Al-Farisiyya Madrasa|al-Farisiyya Madrasa]], an [[Islam]]ic religious school in [[Jerusalem]], located north of the [[Temple Mount|Masjid Al-Aqsa]] compound. Two-thirds of the village's farmlands were confirmed as part of this trust in 1354 by the deputy-governor of Damascus, Faris al-Din al-Baki. During Mamluk rule another wave of Arab immigrants arrived in Tulkarm from [[North Africa]] and nearby [[Nablus]]. They largely engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, supplying hides to leather merchants in the coastal villages, retaken from the Crusaders in the second half of the 13th century.<ref name="JQ"/>

===Ottoman era===
Tulkarm was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517. Afterward, Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (r. 1520–66) transferred Tulkarm's ''waqf'' to the al-Jawhariyya Madrasa ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Jawhariyya Commons]), located in the [[Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)|Muslim Quarter]], northwest of the al-Aqsa Mosque. Under this arrangement, Tulkarm's inhabitants paid a third of their harvest as a tax towards the ''waqf'', called ''qasm''. At the time of the ''waqf'''s reassignment, the population of the village was estimated at 522 (95 households) and the ''qasm'' consisted of eight [[Carat (mass)|carats]] of wheat and three carats of barley. The town's elite families administered the trust, which enabled them to reach higher social and economic status. The population increased through intermarriage with families fleeing violent [[feud]]s between the various clans of Jabal Nablus. By 1548, the population had grown  to 189 households or roughly 1,040 persons.<ref name="JQ"/>

In 1596 Tulkarm appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of [[Qaqun]], which was a part of the ''[[sanjak]]'' (district) of [[Nablus Sanjak|Nablus]]. The largest village in the ''nahiya'',<ref name="JQ"/> Tulkarm had a population of 176 Muslim households (roughly 968 persons) and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, goats, beehives and a press for olives or grapes.<ref>Hütteroth and  Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 137</ref> During this early period of Ottoman rule, there were five neighborhoods (pl. ''harat'') centered around the Shaykh Ali al-Jazri al-Mughrabi Mosque, today referred to simply as the "Old Mosque". The population was overwhelmingly [[Sunni Muslim]], and most residents were ''[[fallah|fellahin]]'' (peasants who worked the land.) The elite families during that time were the Zaydan and the [[Lajjun]]-based [[Turabay dynasty|Tarabay]], the latter belonging to the [[Bani Harith]] tribe. Because of the decentralized nature of the Ottoman state, these families and their successors in later centuries ruled the area with a high degree of autonomy. The Zaydan had particular authority over Tulkarm, being appointed as the ''mutassalim'' (tax collectors or enforcers) on behalf of the central authorities.<ref name="JQ"/>

In the mid-17th-century most members of the Zaydan family, with the exception of the children and the elderly, were killed in a massacre by Tulkarm's inhabitants during [[Friday prayer]]s.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} This was in reaction to the Zaydan having forced Tulkarm's residents to harvest and process the village's grains for taxation purposes. Consequently, political power in Tulkarm passed to the Badran clan, while the Fuqaha family took control of administering the ''"waqf"'' lands, firmly establishing them as the village's religious leaders. The Fuqaha had derived much of their authority from their classification as ''ashraf'' and their association with the Sufi [[Rifa'i]]yya ''[[zawiya (institution)|zawiya]]'' of the village. The western neighborhood was mostly emptied of Zaydan members and would serve as the main area of settlement for newcomers.<ref name="JQ"/>

Tulkarm appears on sheet 45 of [[Pierre Jacotin|Jacotin's]] map drawn up during [[Napoleon]]'s [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|invasion in 1799]], named ''Toun Karin.''<ref>Palestine Exploration Quarterly Jan-Apr 1944. "Jacotin's Map of Palestine". D.H.Kellner. p. 161.</ref><ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref>
[[File:Tulkarm Municipality 01.jpg|thumb|Tulkarm Municipality building]]
Following the adoption of the Ottoman Land Code in 1858, the ''musha'' (collective landownership) system was gradually abrogated and residents were required to register their property with the central authorities. The [[fellah]]in were wary of registering their names for fear of military conscription by the Ottoman state and instead entrusted various elite clans with the role of landlords, who were in effect absentee owners. This altered the area's social structure, with the Samara, al-Hajj Ibrahim and Hanun clans legally obtaining vast swathes of Tulkarm's lands. Leadership of the town's two main religious establishments were generally supplied by the [[Kur, Tulkarm|Kur]]-based [[Jayyusi clan]] and the al-Barqawi clan of [[Shufa, Tulkarm|Shufa]].<ref name="JQ"/> The Barqawi clan controlled the area around the town in the 19th century.<ref>Doumani, 1995, p. 54.</ref>

The 1860s French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited Tulkarm, which he described as being of "considerable" size, with about 1,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Guerin353">Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n378/mode/1up  353]-354</ref> During this time, the Ottoman authorities granted the village an agricultural plot of land called Ghabat Tulkarm in the former confines of the Forest of Arsur (Ar. Al-Ghaba) in the coastal plain, west of the village.<ref>Marom, Roy, "The Contribution of Conder's Tent Work in Palestine for the Understanding of Shifting Geographical, Social and Legal Realities in the Sharon during the Late Ottoman Period", in Gurevich D. and Kidron, A. (eds.), ''Exploring the Holy Land: 150 Years of the Palestine Exploration Fund'', Sheffield, UK, Equinox (2019), pp. 212-231</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marom |first=Roy |year=2022 |title=The Oak Forest of the Sharon (al-Ghaba) in the Ottoman Period: New Insights from Historical- Geographical Studies, Muse 5 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pc5867s |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=escholarship.org}}</ref>
[[File:البلدة القديمة في مدينة طولكرم2.jpg|thumb|Old City of Tulkarm]]
In 1882 the ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described Tulkarm as a "long straggling village, on high ground", surrounded by arable land and rock. There were several "good-sized" houses, mainly of stone in the village.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/161/mode/1up 161]-162</ref>

Tulkarm became the administrative center of a new subdistrict (''[[qada']]'') Bani Saʿb-Tulkarm in 1876,<ref>{{cite book | page  = 3 | author = Farid Al-Salim | title = Palestine and the Decline of the Ottoman Empire: Modernization and the Path to Palestinian Statehood | publisher = I. B. Tauris | year = 2015}}</ref> later becoming a municipality in 1892.<ref name="Thawab31">Thawaba, 2009, p. 31.</ref> Tulkarm was also appointed a governor, bringing the residents who numbered only a few thousand and who were mostly ''[[fellahin]]'', closer to the central government. This elevated status gave Tulkarm precedence over the nearby villages, which at that time also included [[Qalqilya]]. Tulkarm's center shifted from the Old Mosque to an empty space in the northwest as the town expanded northward with the construction of government buildings, a post office, a school and a hospital in that area.<ref>Thawaba, 2009, p. 32.</ref>

Around the turn of the 20th century, Tulkarm was one of the villages in which the Hannun family owned extensive estates. The Hannuns fostered close ties with clans in the village.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |title=The Palestinian Rural Notables' Class in Ascendancy: The Hannun Family of Tulkarm (Palestine) |url=https://www.academia.edu/118470248 |journal=Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies |date=January 2024 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=77–108|doi=10.3366/hlps.2024.0327 }}</ref>

In 1908,  Tulkarm became a major rail junction on the [[Hejaz Railway]] line running up from [[History of Egypt under the British|Egypt]] and southern Palestine to [[Haifa]] and [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] in the northwest, [[Jerusalem]], [[Nablus]] and [[Ramallah]] to the south, [[Lebanon]] to the north, and [[Ottoman Syria|Syria]] and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]] to the east. The [[Ottoman Army]] used Tulkarm as one of its principal bases during the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign]] in [[World War I]]. It was bombed by British planes carried by [[HMS Anne (1915)|HMS Anne]]. In 1918, it was captured by [[British Army|British forces]].<ref name="SandB">Semplici, Andrea and Boccia, Mario. [https://archive.today/20120524230052/http://www.ucodep.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=633 Tulkarm: The Bountiful Mountain]. Med Corporation. pp. 3-8.</ref>

===British Mandate era===
[[File:TulkarmRegion1940s.png|thumb|The region of Tulkarm in the 1940s.]]
The [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandatory administration]] (192–1947) in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] designated Tulkarm as the center of the [[Tulkarm Subdistrict]].<ref name="Fischbach494">Fischbach 2005, p. 494.</ref>

In 1920, a road was constructed to connect the town with [[Netanya]] on the coast. In order to cope with a significant increase in population and unorganized infrastructural development, a civil planning scheme was designed for Tulkarm and its satellite villages  in 1945. At the time Tulkarm was divided into four main sections, with the bulk of commercial activity concentrated along the north–south and east–west roads. Meanwhile, the town continued to expand past its northern fringes, which had previously been characterized by green spaces.<ref>Thawaba, 2009, p. 36.</ref>

Tulkarm became   a haven  for Palestinian Arab rebel activity during the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]] against British rule in Palestine. General Commander of the Revolt [[Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad]] hailed from Dhinnaba, today  part of Tulkarm municipality, and led many operations in the region.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mark Andrew|last1=LeVine|first2=Sonia|last2=Nimr|title=Struggle and Survival in Palestine/Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOhmuwKNMk4C&q=second+battle+of+bala|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|pages=144–149|isbn=9780520262539}}</ref>

In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of Tulkarm consisted of 8,090; of whom 7,790 were Muslims, 280 Christian and 20 "other",<ref name=1945p22/> with a land area of 1,672 [[dunam]]s (urban) and 32,610 dunams (rural), according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi45>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tulkarm/Page-077.jpg 77]</ref> Of this, 2,399 dunams were designated for citrus and bananas, 276 plantations and irrigable land, 28,256 for [[cereal]]s,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi,  1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Tulkarm/Page-128.jpg 128]</ref> while 1,492 dunams were built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Tulkarm/Page-178.jpg 178]</ref>

===Jordanian rule===
During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Tulkarm was occupied by the [[Iraqi Army]] and later [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed]] as part of the [[Jordan]]ian-held [[West Bank]]. The [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] between Israel and Jordan left roughly 30,000 dunams of Tulkarm's 32,610 dunams of land, mostly agricultural, in Israeli territory. In consequence,  many residents moved to [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]] or went abroad in search of employment.<ref>name="Fischbach494"/</ref> Straddling the armistice line, Tulkarm was cut off from nearby Arab towns.  Its principal economic and social connection was with Nablus.<ref>Thawaba, 2009, p. 38.</ref>

In 1950, the [[Tulkarm Camp]] was established by [[UNRWA]] in the city, comprising an area of {{convert|0.18|km2|2|abbr=out}}. Most of the refugees who resided in the camp came from [[Jaffa]], [[Caesarea (modern town)|Caesarea]] and [[Haifa]]. Today it is the second largest [[Palestinian refugee camp]] in the [[West Bank]].<ref>[http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=122 Tulkarm Refugee Camp]. [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency]].</ref> A period of significant municipal expansion began in Tulkarm after a new civil development scheme was authorized in 1961. As part of this plan, in 1963, the hamlet of Jarrad in the southeast and other lands in the northeast (total of 1.8 square km) were annexed to the city, while the eastern village of [[Dhinnaba]] was incorporated into the municipality in 1964, adding another {{convert|0.75|km2|2|abbr=out}} of territory. The village of [[Shuweika]] to the north and the smaller village of [[Irtah]] to the south were annexed in 1967.<ref name="Thawab37">Thawaba, 2009, p. 37.</ref>

===Contemporary period===
[[File:2018 OCHA OpT map Tulkarm.jpg|thumb|2018 [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|United Nations]] map of the area, showing the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]] arrangements.]]
Since the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Tulkarm has been under [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]].<ref name="Fischbach494" /> A [[Israeli Military Governorate|military government]] governed Tulkarm until transfer in 1982 to the [[Israeli Civil Administration]].

During the early months of the [[First Intifada]], 16 May 1989, Muhammad As'ad Fokhah, 50 years old, from Shuweika, died in [[Megiddo prison]] after a three-day hunger strike. [[Yitzhak Rabin]] reported to a Member of [[Knesset]] that Fokhah died of a [[heart attack]] caused by [[dehydration]] and that the [[Israeli Defence Force|military]] investigation found that prison staff had acted in accordance with orders.<ref>Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) ''The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories.'' [[B'Tselem]]. [https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc download] pp. 76, 82</ref>

In the wake of the 1993 [[Oslo Accords]] between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), control of Tulkarm was transferred to the [[Palestinian National Authority]] (PNA) on 10 December 1995, becoming the third Palestinian city from which Israeli forces withdrew.<ref name="Fischbach494" /> During the early years of the [[Second Intifada]], Israel temporarily reoccupied Tulkarm. Israeli military administration over Tulkarm ended in 2005, when control of the city was handed back to the PNA.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140610090028/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-106159923.html Israel to hand over control of Jericho, Tulkarm in first West Bank transfers to Palestinians]</ref> Upon assuming control of the city, the PNA instituted new weapons restrictions limiting militants to a single registered weapon that may not be loaded or carried in public.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4370813.stm Israeli troops hand over Tulkarm], bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2022.</ref>

On 19 October 2023, the IDF [[Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war|entered the city]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=9 more Palestinians killed by Israeli army in West Bank, bringing death toll to 77 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/9-more-palestinians-killed-by-israeli-army-in-west-bank-bringing-death-toll-to-77/3026271 |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021004135/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/9-more-palestinians-killed-by-israeli-army-in-west-bank-bringing-death-toll-to-77/3026271 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2024, Israeli bulldozers destroyed miles of the city, including homes, businesses and infrastructure; Israeli soldiers blocked emergency responders from assisting residents. News reports include videos of this attack, as well as assertions by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] that it is rooting out terrorism; and that it "undertakes all feasible precautions to avoid damaging essential infrastructure," while acknowledging that these "operations in the area have caused unavoidable harm to certain civilian structures."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Erika |last2=Leatherby |first2 = Lauren | last3 = Toler | first3 = Aric |title=Israeli Bulldozers Flatten Mile After Mile in the West Bank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/25/world/middleeast/west-bank-raids.html |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
The city is situated on the western edge of northern West Bank, about {{convert|15|km|mi|sp=us}} west of [[Nablus]] further southwest of [[Jenin]] and {{convert|15|km|mi|sp=us}} east of the Israeli coastal city of [[Netanya]]. It is bordered by the [[Green Line (Israel)|1948 ceasefire line]], with Israel's [[Central District (Israel)|Central]] and [[Haifa District]]s to the west, and Palestine's [[Qalqilya Governorate|Qalqilya]] and [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate]]s to the south. Its central location between a plain and a mountain has made it commercially and strategically significant and has had a great impact on its growth. In the past, Tulkarm was a caravan station and a trading center for products from the city's surrounding villages and farms, as well as a point from which armies crossed to [[Egypt]] and the [[Levant|Levant (al-Sham)]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Tulkarm is at the crossroads of three historically important arteries: A road which runs north from the [[Latrun]] area along the edge of the coastal plain to [[Mount Carmel, Israel|Mount Carmel]], [[Mount Tabor]], [[Mount Gilboa]], [[Nazareth]] and the [[Galilee]] and the [[Golan Heights]], a road which winds northward along the outer tier of hills from the [[Ajalon]] valley to the [[Jezreel Valley]], and a road that rises from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] at modern-day Netanya east to Nablus. In the past it was a junction of the coastal railroad from north of [[Haifa]] to [[Cairo]] and a branch of the narrow gauge [[Hejaz railway]] to [[Damascus]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;"
|-
! Year
! Type
! Population
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1548 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|1,040<ref name="JQ"/>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1596 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|968<ref name="JQ"/>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1860s || style="text-align:center;"|Estimate || style="text-align:center;"|1,000<ref name="Guerin353"/>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1922 || style="text-align:center;"|Census ||style="text-align:center;"|3,350<ref name=Census1922A/>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1931 || style="text-align:center;"|Census ||style="text-align:center;"|4,540<ref name="Census1931"/>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1945 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"| 8,090<ref name=1945p22>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p22.jpg 22]</ref><ref name=Hadawi77>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tulkarm/Page-077.jpg    77]</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1961 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|11,401<ref>Government of Jordan, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p13.pdf 13]</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1967 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|20,002<ref name="1967Census"/>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1997 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|39,805 (with Camp)<ref name="PCBSRefugees"/>
|- style="background:violet;"
| 2007 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|61,941<ref name="PCBS2007"/>
|- style="background:violet;"
| 2017 || style="text-align:center;"|Census || style="text-align:center;"|64,532<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" />
|}

According to the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] authorities, Tulkarm had a population of 3,350 (3,109 Muslims, 208 Christians, 23 Jews, eight [[Samaritans]], one [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha'i]], and one [[Druze]]).<ref name=Census1922A>Barron, 1923,  p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n8/mode/1up 6]</ref> At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Tulkarm had a population of 4,827 (4,540 Muslims, 255 Christians, 18 Jews, six Samaritans, and one Druze) with 541 in nearby suburbs (516 Muslims, 15 Jews, and 10 Christians).<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas    58]</ref>

The village statistics of 1938 list Tulkarm's population as 5,700 with 629 in nearby suburbs (including 17 Jews).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=34}}</ref> The [[Village Statistics, 1945|village statistics of 1945]] list the population as 8,090 (7,790 Muslims, 280 Christians, and 20 "other").<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1945orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1945 |pages=22}}</ref>

The populations of Tulkarm, Dhinnaba, Shuweika and Irtah steadily increased by an average of 2% annually between 1931 and 1961, with a drastic increase after the 1948 War as the area experienced an influx of Palestinian refugees. The Jews presumably left/fled during the war. Following the 1967 War, the population saw a temporary decrease as some residents fled to Jordan. In the 1967 census by the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] the population of Tulkarm city was recorded as 10,255, Tulkarm Camp as 5,020, Dhinnaba as 1,342, Irtah as 925, Shuweika as 2,332 and Khirbet Jarrad as 128, a total of 20,002.<ref name="1967Census">{{cite web|title=Households and Persons, By Residence, Sex, Age And Origin From Israel Territory and Locality|volume=1|url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS)|year=1967}}</ref> Most of the inhabitants were Muslims, although there was a community of 103 [[Palestinian Christians|Christian]]s according to the census.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Christians, By Sex and Locality (Only Localities With At Least 20 Christians) Locality|volume=1|url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS)|year=1967}}</ref>

In the first census by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) in 1997, Tulkarm had a population of 33,921 and the [[Tulkarm Camp|Tulkarm Refugee Camp]] had a population of 5,884. [[Palestinian refugee]]s made up 31.4% of the city's residents and 94% of the camp's inhabitants.<ref name="PCBSRefugees">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/tul_t6.aspx |title=Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status |access-date=2008-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207051850/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/tul_t6.aspx |archive-date=February 7, 2012 }}. 1997 Census. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS). 1999.</ref> The sex ratio for the city was 50.7% male and 49.3% female. Over half (52.2%) of the city's population was under the age of 20, 44.5% were between the ages of 20 and 64 and 4.1% were over the age of 64.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/tul_t1.aspx |title=Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years |access-date=2008-05-28 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212051300/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/tul_t1.aspx |archive-date=February 12, 2012 }}. 1997 Census. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS). 1999.</ref> In the 2007 PCBS census Tulkarm's population grew to 51,300 while the camp's increased to 10,641. The sex ratio for the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.<ref name="PCBS2007">{{cite web|title=Table 26 (Cont.): Localities in the West Bank by Selected Indicators, 2007 |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] |year=2007 |page=108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081942/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-10 }}</ref>
[[File:Church in Tulkarem.JPG|thumb|[[Church of Saint George (Tulkarm)|Church of Saint George, Tulkarm]].]]
Today the population is almost entirely Muslim. Prior to Israel's occupation of the city in 1967, there were an estimated 1,000 Christians living in Tulkarm, but roughly half of the community emigrated in the aftermath of the war, while most of the remaining Christians gradually emigrated afterward.<ref name="CMC">{{cite web|title=Two Christian families in Tulkarem|url=http://cmc-terrasanta.com/en/video/two-christian-families-in-tulkarem-9152.html|publisher=Christian Media Center - Custodia Terra Sanctae|date=2015-08-31}}</ref> There are two Christian families who continue to live in Tulkarm,<ref name="CMC"/> who are part of the same extended family.<ref name="FOX"/> There is a [[Church of Saint George (Tulkarm)|Greek Orthodox church]] in the city dedicated to [[Church of Saint George (Tulkarm)|St. George]],<ref name="CMC"/> built in the early 19th century.<ref name="FOX">[https://www.foxnews.com/story/west-bank-churches-burned-in-light-of-muslim-anger-over-papal-comments West Bank Churches Burned in Light of Muslim Anger Over Papal Comments]. ''[[FOX News]]'', Originally published by ''[[Associated Press]]''. 2006-09-18.</ref><ref>[http://electronicintifada.net/content/pchr-condemns-attacks-palestinian-churches/2788 PCHR Condemns Attacks on Palestinian Churches]. [[Palestinian Center for Human Rights]]. ''[[Electronic Intifada]]''. 2006-09-17.</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2024}} The church is active and opens for visitors.<ref name="CMC"/>

==Climate==
The climate of Tulkarm is [[Mediterranean]] and [[subtropical]] as the area surrounding it, with rainfall limited to the winter. The average temperature in the winter ranges from {{convert|8|to|16|C|F}}, while the average temperature in the summer ranges from {{convert|17|to|30|C|F}}. Tulkarm is distinguished by the moderating effect the [[sea breeze]] has on its climate because of its location in the mountains. The average temperature does not exceed {{convert|27|°C|°F|0}} in August, while February's average temperature does not fall below {{convert|13.5|°C|°F|0}}. Humidity is moderate in summer, about 40-70%, though it rises in winter to between 70 and 85%. Tulkarm receives in excess of {{convert|550|mm|in|sp=us}} of rain yearly, which is dispersed and intermittent, characteristic of the [[Mediterranean Basin]].
{{Weather box
|location = Tulkarm
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 17.0
|Feb high C = 17.5
|Mar high C = 19.6
|Apr high C = 23.9
|May high C = 24.2
|Jun high C = 28.3
|Jul high C = 29.0
|Aug high C = 30.0
|Sep high C = 27.9
|Oct high C = 26.0
|Nov high C = 23.0
|Dec high C = 19.2
|year high C = 22.76
|Jan low C = 8.9
|Feb low C = 8.7
|Mar low C = 10.5
|Apr low C = 13.6
|May low C = 17.2
|Jun low C = 20.6
|Jul low C = 23.0
|Aug low C = 23.6
|Sep low C = 20.7
|Oct low C = 18.5
|Nov low C = 14.1
|Dec low C = 10.9
|year low C = 15.54
|Jan precipitation mm = 124.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 92.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 23.6
|May precipitation mm = 2.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 2.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 2.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 1.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 28.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 77.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 135.5
|year precipitation mm = 538.3
|Jan precipitation days = 13.9
|Feb precipitation days = 11.7
|Mar precipitation days = 8.6
|Apr precipitation days = 3.6
|May precipitation days = 1.4
|Jun precipitation days = 3.2
|Jul precipitation days = 2.0
|Aug precipitation days = 0.7
|Sep precipitation days = 0.8
|Oct precipitation days = 3.9
|Nov precipitation days = 8.0
|Dec precipitation days = 11.8
|year precipitation days = 63.7
|unit precipitation days =
|source 1 = Israel Meteorological Service<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo 
 |title=Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records [Excluding February and May] written in the page) 
 |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo 
 |archive-date=2010-09-14 
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010}}

The rainy season starts in October and continues through May. Between December and February, almost 70% of annual rainfall occurs, while 20% of annual rainfall occurs in October and November. Rain in June and September is rare and comes to negligible amounts. July and August have no rain at all, except for one rainfall of {{convert|1.5|mm|in|sp=us}} on July 10, 1995, in Tulkarm city (Tulkarm Agricultural Department). The mean annual rainfall in the city of Tulkarm is {{convert|642|mm|in|sp=us}} for the period from 1952 to 1995 (Tulkarm Agricultural Department).

==Economy==
[[File:سوق الخضار والفواكه في مدينة طولكرم.jpg|thumb|Market in Tulkarm]]
Prior to the 1948 War, Tulkarm had a major agricultural sector, with grain, olives and fruits, especially watermelons, being the major crops cultivated by in the town's lands.<ref name="Fischbach494"/>

==Education==
[[File:Ptuk2.jpg|thumb|[[An-Najah National University]] (Tulkarm branch)]]
[[Palestinian Technical University - Kadoorie]] which is the sole governmental university in Palestine, was established as an agricultural college in Tulkarem during the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] by an endowment from the [[Iraqi Jews|Iraqi-born Jewish]] philanthropist [[Ellis Kadoorie|J.S. Kadoorie]] in 1930 and then became a university in 2007. Other institutions of higher learning include [[Al-Quds Open University]] and two campuses of [[An-Najah National University]].

There are seven high schools in Tulkarm, three for girls (al-Adawiah,<ref name="Suleiman"/> Jamal Abd al-Nasser,<ref name="Suleiman">{{cite book|editor1-last=Suleiman|editor1-first=Michael W.|title=Palestinian Education: A Threat to Israel's Security?|date=1989|publisher=Association of Arab-American University Graduates|pages=42–43|isbn=9780937694855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3RCAQAAIAAJ&q=Tulkarm+Jamal+Abed+Nasser}}</ref> and Al-Khawaja) and three for boys (al-Fadilia,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Srouji|first1=Fathi Sad|title=The Jordanian Food Economy: pPast, Present, and Future Prospects|date=June 1986|publisher=Cornell University|page=ii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baFOAAAAYAAJ&q=Fadilia}}</ref> Ihsan Samara, and Adnan Sefareni) and a vocational school for both genders.
[[File:Ptuk5.jpg|thumb|[[Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie]]]]
[[File:Fadhiliya School 01.jpg|thumb|Fadhiliya School]]
On September 24, 2016, the PA named a school in Tulkarem after [[Salah Khalaf]]. Tulkarem governor Issam Abu Bakr said that the school was named after “martyr Salah Khalaf in order to commemorate the memory of this great national fighter”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/pa-governor-defends-naming-school-after-black-september-chief/|title = PA governor defends naming school after Black September chief|website = [[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/219539|title = PA: Terrorism is part of our culture| date=30 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Culture==
The [[Palestinian costumes|traditional costumes]] of women from Tulkarm were plain, dark-colored gowns with or without embroidery, as most rural women were from the north of Palestine.<ref>Karmi, 2004, p. 22.</ref> Today, embroidery is the main source of income for the women of the city.<ref name="SandB"/> The most popular embroidered images are maps of historic Palestine. The Palestinian dish [[musakhan]] is popular in the city. Tulkarm shares many of its cultural features with neighboring [[Haifa]], [[Jenin]], [[Nablus]], [[Qalqilia]], and [[Jaffa]].<ref name="SandB"/>

A Tulkarm amusement park called Mega Land attracts tens of thousands of visitors on Muslim holidays.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/50434209/Israeli-Arabs-and-West-Bank-Economy The economic impact of Israeli-Arab visitors to the West Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505054552/https://www.scribd.com/doc/50434209/Israeli-Arabs-and-West-Bank-Economy |date=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Sports==
Tulkarm has 2 semi-professional soccer teams; [[Thaqafi Tulkarm]] and [[Markez Shabab Tulkarm]]. Both are in the Palestinian League Division One.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:District of Tulkarm.jpg|thumb|alt=The district of Tulkarm.|The Wikipede edits ''[[Myriapoda]]''.]] -->

==Notable people==
* [[Sanaa Alsarghali]]
* [[Abu Salma]] (1909–1980) 
* [[Akram Al-Ashqar]], film maker
* [[Ekrem Akurgal]], Turkish archaeologist born in 1911 in Tulkarm
* [[Khaled Abu Toameh]], Palestinian Israeli-Arab Muslim journalist
* [[Mar'i al-Karmi]] (1580–1624)
* [[Mahmoud Al-Karmi]] (1889–1939)
* [[Hasan Karmi]] (1905–2007)
* [[Abdul-Ghani Al-Karmi]] (1906–1974) 
* [[Hilmi Hanoun]] (1913–2001), long-term mayor of Tulkarm
* [[Zuhair Al-Karmi]] (1921–2009)
* [[Ameen Nayfeh]], film maker and writer
* [[Bassam Lotfi]] (1940-2022)
* [[Alaa Shreiteh]] (1979–2024)

== See also ==

* [[Tulkarm Brigade]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| editor = Barron, J.B.| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922| url = https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922| publisher = Government of Palestine| year = 1923}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}  
*{{cite journal|url=http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft896nb5pc&chunk.id=s2.1.3&toc.depth=1&toc.id=s1.1.6&brand=eschol|title=Rediscovering Palestine, Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900|last=Doumani|first=B.|author-link=Beshara Doumani|year=1995|publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Fischbach |first=Michael R. |editor=Philip Mattar |article=Tulkarm |title=Encyclopedia of the Palestinians |edition=Revised |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |location=New York |year=2005 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=0-8160-5764-8 |page=494}}
*{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964 | url = http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf }}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} 
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}} 
*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2 }}
*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2015-04-16|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}} 
*{{cite book | editor = Mills. E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite journal|last=Thawaba|first=Salem | title = Urban growth of a city under siege: Tulkarm, Palestine over the past century | journal = Journal of Planning History | year = 2009 | volume = 28 | pages = 27–46|doi=10.1177/1538513208327682 |s2cid=145142269 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Tulkarm_R_C__2322/index.html Welcome To Tulkarm R.C.]
*[https://www.welcometopalestine.com/destinations/tulkarem/tulkarem-city/ Tulkarem City], Welcome to Palestine
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8373  IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.11.jpg Wikimedia commons] 
* Al-Salim, Farid. [http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=387 Tulkarm Landed Property and Elite Conflict in Ottoman Tulkarm] ''[[Jerusalem Quarterly]]''.
* Official website [http://www.tulkarm.org www.tulkarm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216130437/http://www.tulkarm.org/ |date=2022-02-16 }}
* [http://www.mtulkarm.com/ www.mtulkarm.com]

{{Tulkarm Governorate}}
{{Cities in Palestinian National Authority areas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tulkarm| ]]
[[Category:Tulkarm Governorate]]
[[Category:Cities in the West Bank]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Palestine]]