View source for Lilium lancifolium

{{Short description|Species of lily}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Lilium lancifolium 7757.jpg
|genus = Lilium 
|species = lancifolium
|authority = [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb.]]<ref name=POWO_537628-1/>
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Lilium leopoldii'' <small>Baker</small>
|''Lilium lishmannii'' <small>T.Moore</small>
|''Lilium tigrinum'' <small>Ker Gawl.</small>

}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_537628-1/>
|}}

{{For|other plants called "tiger lily"|Tiger lily (disambiguation){{!}}Tiger lily}}

'''''Lilium lancifolium''''' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of [[Lilium|lily]], native to [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and the [[Russian Far East]].<ref name=POWO_537628-1/> It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a [[garden escapee]] in North America, particularly the eastern United States including New England,<ref name=flora-of-northamerica-online/> and has made incursions into some southern states such as Georgia.<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Lilium%20lancifolium.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref>

It has the English name '''tiger lily''', but that name has been applied to other species as well. 
[[File:Lilium tigrinum 005.jpg|thumb|right|''Lilium lancifolium'', [[Batiscan, Quebec#Photos - Batiscan|Batiscan]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]]]

== Description ==
[[File:Lilium lancifolium bulbils2.jpg|thumb|Leaf axil bulbils with developing roots in late summer]]
Like other true lilies, the [[flower]]s are borne on upright stems that are {{convert|80|-|200|cm|abbr=off}} tall and bear lanceolate [[leaves]] {{convert|6|-|10|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} long and {{convert|1|-|2|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} broad. ''L. lancifolium'' produces aerial [[bulb]]lets, known as [[bulb]]ils, in the [[leaf axils]].<ref name="ohwi" /> These bulbils are uncommon in ''[[Lilium]]'' species and they produce new plants that are [[Cloning|clones]] of the original plant.<ref name="flora-of-northamerica-online" />

The flowers are odorless.<ref name="ohwi" /> Each lasts a few days and if pollinated produce capsules with many thin seeds.<ref name="flora-of-northamerica-online" />

[[Extrafloral nectaries]] on the species were first noted by Zimmerman 1932.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6|pmc=3662505 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==

=== Varieties ===
[[File:Lilium lancifolium 'Flore Pleno' (Double Tiger Lily).jpg|thumb|''Lilium lancifolium'' 'Flore Pleno' (double tiger lily)]]

The names of names considered as [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] at some time are:
{{bulleted list
|''Lilium lancifolium'' var. ''densum'' <small>W.Bull</small>
|''Lilium tigrinum'' var. ''fortunei'' <small>Standish</small>
|''Lilium tigrinum'' var. ''splendens'' <small>Van Houtte</small>
|''Lilium tigrinum'' var. ''flore-pleno'' <small>auct.</small>
|''Lilium tigrinum'' var. ''erectum'' <small>G.F.Wilson</small>
|''Lilium tigrinum'' var. ''plenescens'' <small>Waugh</small>
|''Lilium lancifolium'' var. ''flaviflorum'' <small>Makino</small>
|''Lilium lancifolium'' var. ''fortunei'' <small>(Standish) V.A.Matthews</small>
|''Lilium lancifolium'' var. ''splendens'' <small>(Van Houtte) V.A.Matthews</small> 
}}

The ''Lilium tigrinum flore pleno'', the double-flowered variety, had been exported out of Japan by [[William Bull (botanist)|William Bull]] since [[1869]].<ref>{{citation|editor-last=Moore |editor-first=Thomas  |editor-link=Thomas Moore (botanist) |editor-last2=Paul |editor-first2=William |editor-link2=William Paul (horticulturalist)|title=A Beautiful Flower and Farm and Garden |journal=The Florist and Pomologist |year=1873 |volume=1873 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6059435#page/29/mode/1up |pages=15–16}}</ref>

=== Names ===

==== Scientific names ====
Botanists for many years considered ''L. tigrinum'' (after [[Ker Gawler]]<ref>[[John Bellenden Ker Gawler|Ker Gawler, J. G.]]; [[John Bellenden|Bellenden, John ]] (1809) "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/473123#page/2/mode/1up ''Lilium tigrinum,'' Tiger-spotted Chinese lily]". ''Botanical Magazine'' '''31''': plate 1237ff.</ref>) the correct scientific name until it was determined that older name ''L. lancifolium'' (after [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]]<ref>Thunberg, Carl Peter (1794), [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760193#page/369/mode/1up ''Transactions of the Linnean Society of London''] '''2''': 333 {{in lang|la}}</ref>) refers to the same species, and the latter became the accepted name.<ref name="flora-of-northamerica-online" />{{efn|Under the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|rules of international botanical nomenclature]], the older name takes precedence.}}

==== Vernacular names ====
Its common name is [[tiger lily (disambiguation)|tiger lily]]. Although this name is ambiguous across several species, it is correctly applied to this species alone.<ref name="flora-of-northamerica-online" />

== Cat toxicity ==
A case study of the successful treatment of a cat that ingested this particular species was published in 2007.<ref>Berg, Rebecca IM, Thierry Francey, and Gilad Segev (2007) "[https://www.academia.edu/download/53121064/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03032.x20170514-22472-1g04t1l.pdf Resolution of acute kidney injury in a cat after lily (Lilium lancifolium) intoxication]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}". ''Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine'' '''21'''(4), pp. 857–859.</ref>

== Uses ==

It is cultivated and wild foraged in Asia for its edible [[bulb]]s.<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai/> The [[cultivar]] 'Splendens' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lilium lancifolium'' 'Splendens'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3386|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045528/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3386|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Taiwan, both the flower and bulbs are used as food, as are the other related species: [[Lilium brownii var. viridulum|''L. brownii'' var. ''viridulum'']], [[Lilium pumilum|''L. pumilum'']] and ''[[Lilium candidum|L. candidum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=可供食品使用原料彙整一覽表|url=https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Food/Material.aspx?nodeID=160|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-01-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140126120155/https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Food/Material.aspx?nodeID=160|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai>{{cite book|author=Dai Nihon Nōkai |author-link=:ja:大日本農会 |title=Useful Plants of Japan Described and Illustrated |publisher=Agricultural Society of Japan<!--or Dai Nihon Nōkai --> |year=1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9dBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27 |page=27}}</ref>

<ref name=flora-of-northamerica-online>"[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027720 1. Lilium lancifolium Thunberg, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 333. 1794.]", ''Flora of North America'', '''26''', p. 178. Tiger lily, lis tigré.</ref>

<ref name=ohwi>{{citation|last=Ohwi|first=Jisaburo |author-link=Jisaburo Ohwi |editor-last=Meyer |editor-first=Frederick G. |editor-link=<!--Frederick Gustav Meyer--> |editor-last2=Walker |editor-first2=Egbert H. |editor-link2=<!--Egbert Hamilton Walker--> |title=Flora of Japan |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |year=1965 |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/floraofjapaninen00oiji |page=297<!--1-1067--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423000000/https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/floraofjapaninen00oiji |archive-date=2010-04-23}} [https://archive.org/details/floraofjapaninen00oiji/page/296 Alt URL]</ref>

<ref name=POWO_537628-1>{{cite web |title=''Lilium lancifolium'' Thunb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:537628-1 |access-date=2021-03-01 }}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Shimizu |first=Moto'o |author-link=<!--清水基夫--> |title=Oni-Yuri (''Lilium lancifolium'' Thunb.)  |journal=Lily Yearbook |publisher=North American Lily Society |number=7 |year=1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXkmAQAAMAAJ |pages=55–}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Lilium lancifolium|position=left}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q266317}}

[[Category:Lilium|lancifolium]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Eastern Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Russian Far East]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]
[[Category:Plants with extrafloral nectaries]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1794]]