View source for Enochian

{{Short description|Occult language}}
{{About|the mystical language recorded in the journals of John Dee|Dee's system of angelic magic|Enochian magic|other examples of divine or angelic languages|Divine language}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Enochian
|image = Enochian letters (1583 manuscript).png
|imagescale = 1.5
|imagecaption = John Dee’s manuscript diary for 6 May 1583, showing the 21 letters of the Enochian script
|creator = [[John Dee]]<br />[[Edward Kelley]]
|created = 1583–1584
|setting = Occult journals
|fam1 = [[Divine language]]
|script = [[Latin script]], Enochian script
|iso3 = none
|glotto=none
|ietf=i-enochian ''(deprecated)''<ref name="ietf_depr1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml |title=Language Subtag Registry|website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="ietf_depr2">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/i-enochian.txt |title=Language Subtag Registration Form for 'i-enochian'|website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''Enochian''' is an occult [[constructed language]]{{sfnp|Bowern|Lindemann|2021}}—said by its originators to have been received from angels—recorded in the private journals of [[John Dee]] and his colleague [[Edward Kelley]] in late 16th-century England.<ref>{{gutenberg|no=19553|title=The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee by John Dee|bullet=none}}.</ref> Kelley was a [[scryer]] who worked with Dee in his [[Renaissance magic|magical]] investigations. The language is integral to the practice of [[Enochian magic]].

The language found in Dee's and Kelley's journals encompasses a limited [[Text corpus|textual corpus]]. Linguist [[Donald Laycock]], an [[Australian Skeptics|Australian Skeptic]], studied the Enochian journals, and argues against any extraordinary features. The untranslated texts of the ''Liber Loagaeth'' manuscript recall the patterns of [[glossolalia]] rather than true language. Dee did not distinguish the ''Liber Loagaeth'' material from the translated language of the ''Calls'', which is more like an artificial language. This language was called '''Angelical''' by Dee and later came to be referred to as "Enochian" by subsequent writers. The [[phonology]] and [[grammar]] resemble English, though the translations are not sufficient to work out any regular [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]].{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Some Enochian words resemble words and proper names in the Bible, but most have no apparent etymology.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}}

Dee's journals also refer to this language as "'''Celestial Speech'''", "'''First Language of God-Christ'''", "'''Holy Language'''", or "'''Language of Angels'''". He also referred to it as "'''[[Adamic language|Adamical]]'''" because, according to Dee's angels, it was used by [[Adam]] in Paradise to name all things. The term "Enochian" comes from Dee's assertion that the Biblical patriarch [[Enoch]] had been the last human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language.

== History ==
[[File:John Dee Ashmolean.jpg|thumb|[[John Dee]] (pictured) recorded the Enochian corpus in his journals with the assistance of [[Edward Kelley]] as his scryer and collaborator.]]
According to Tobias Churton in his text ''The Golden Builders'',{{sfnp|Churton|2002}} the concept of an Angelic or [[antediluvian]] language was common during Dee's time. If one could speak the language of angels, it was believed one could directly interact with them.

=== Seeking contact and reported visions ===
In 1581, Dee mentioned in his personal journals that God had sent "good angels" to communicate directly with prophets. In 1582, Dee teamed up with the [[Clairvoyance|seer]] [[Edward Kelley]], although Dee had used several other seers previously.{{sfnp|Harkness|1999|p=16-17}} With Kelley's help as a [[scryer]], Dee set out to establish lasting contact with the angels. Their work resulted, among other things, in the reception of Angelical, now more commonly known as Enochian.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b}}

The reception started on March 26, 1583, when Kelley reported visions in the crystal of a 21-lettered alphabet. A few days later, Kelley started receiving what became the book ''Liber Loagaeth'' ("Book [of] Speech from God"). The book consists of 49 great letter tables, or squares made of 49 by 49 letters. (However, each table has a front and a back side, making 98 tables of 49×49 letters altogether.){{efn|This book is now in the British Library, MS Sloane 3189.}} Dee and Kelley said the angels never translated the texts in this book.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

=== Receiving the ''Angelic Keys'' ===
About a year later, at the court of King [[Stephen Báthory]] in [[Kraków]], where both alchemists stayed for some time, another set of texts was reportedly received through Kelley.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} These texts comprise 48 poetic verses with English translations, which in Dee's manuscripts are called {{lang|la|Claves Angelicae}}, or ''Angelic Keys''. Dee was apparently intending to use these ''Keys'' to open the "Gates of Understanding"{{sfnp|Dee|1659|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iikdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 77]}} represented by the magic squares in ''Liber Loagaeth'':

{{Blockquote|I am therefore to instruct and inform you, according to your Doctrine delivered, which is contained in 49 Tables. In 49 voices, or callings: which are the Natural Keys to open those, not 49 but 48 (for one is not to be opened) Gates of Understanding, whereby you shall have knowledge to move every Gate...<ref>The angel Nalvage, cited in {{harvp|Dee|1992|p=77}}.</ref>|The angel Nalvage}}

{{Blockquote|But you shall understand that these 19 Calls are the Calls, or entrances into the knowledge of the mystical Tables.  Every Table containing one whole leaf, whereunto you need no other circumstances.<ref>The angel Illemese, cited in {{harvp|Dee|1992|p=199}}.</ref>|The angel Illemese}}

== Phonology and writing system ==
The language was recorded primarily in [[Latin script]]. However, individual words written in Enochian script "appear sporadically throughout the manuscripts".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}} There are 21 letters in the script; one letter appears with or without a diacritic dot. Dee mapped these letters of the "Adamical alphabet" onto 22 of the letters of the English alphabet, treating U and V as positional variants (as was common at the time) and omitting the English letters J, K, and W.{{efn|name=alphabet|Dee's table in ''Loagaeth'' (MS Sloane 3189) as reproduced in {{harvp|Magickal Review|2005}}.}} The Enochian script is written from right to left in John Dee's diary.{{sfnp|Dee|1582}} Different documents have slightly different forms of the script. The alphabet also shares many graphical similarities to a script, also attributed to the prophet Enoch, that appeared in the ''Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam'' of Johannes Pantheus,{{sfnp|Pantheus|1550|p=15v-16r}} a copy of which Dee is known to have owned.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}}

The phonology of Enochian is "thoroughly English", apart from difficult [[Consonant cluster|sequences]] such as ''bdrios'', ''excolphabmartbh'', ''longamphlg'', ''lapch'', etc.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=33, 41}} Similarly, Enochian orthography closely follows [[Early Modern English|Early Modern]] [[English orthography]], for example in having soft and hard {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}}, and in using digraphs {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|ph}}, {{angbr|sh}}, and {{angbr|th}} for the sounds {{IPA|/tʃ ~ k/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/θ/}}.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=23-24}} Laycock mapped Enochian orthography to its sound system and says, "the resulting pronunciation makes it sound much more like English than it looks at first sight".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=46}}{{efn|{{harvp|Laycock|2001|p=45}}: "As the texts dictated in Enochian consist of a series of 'Calls', or [[invocation]]s of supernatural beings, it was clearly necessary for Dee and Kelley to know how the words should be uttered; in most magical systems, a slight error in the text of a spell or invocation is regarded as potentially leading to disastrous consequences. Accordingly, Dee was in the habit of writing the pronunciation of the Enochian words alongside the text. … his intention is usually quite clear. He writes ''dg'' when he means 'soft ''g''' (as in ''gem''); and ''s'' for 'soft ''c'''; and he indicates in some places that ''ch'' is to be pronounced as ''k''. He marks the stressed vowels in most words. … In more difficult cases, he gives examples from English, thus, ''zorge'' is said to be pronounced to rhyme with 'George'. … With all of these instructions, we can get a fairly good idea of how Enochian sounded to Dee and Kelley. We have to make allowances, of course, for the fact that the two men spoke English of more than four centuries ago … Fortunately, linguists are in the possession of sufficient evidence … to establish the pronunciation of most forms of Elizabethan English with a high degree of accuracy."}} However, the difficult strings of consonants and vowels in words such as ''ooaona'', ''paombd'', ''smnad'' and ''noncf'' are the kind of pattern one gets by joining letters from a text together in an arbitrary pattern. As Laycock notes, "The reader can test this by taking, for example, every tenth letter on this page, and dividing the string of letters into words. The 'text' created will tend to look rather like Enochian."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=40-41}}

;Alphabet
The Enochian letters, with their letter names and English equivalents as given by Dee, and pronunciations as reconstructed by Laycock, are as follows.{{efn|name=alphabet}} Modern pronunciation conventions vary, depending on the affiliations of the practitioner.{{efn|{{harvp|DuQuette|2019|p=197}}: "[...] by and large, we modern magicians are left to our own devices as to how to push these awkwardly constructed words out of our mouths. [...] The Golden Dawn and Crowley use a pronunciation that they felt rolled more fluidly off the tongue. This method obliged the magician to insert a natural Hebrew vowel sound after every Enochian consonant. [...] The most obvious alternative to the GD pronunciation is simply sounding out the words as they are written [...] This is what I have done, and what I recommend to students who are learning Enochian magick."}}

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Letter
! style="text-align: center;" | Letter<br />name
! style="text-align: center;" | [[English alphabet|English]]<br />equivalent
! style="text-align: center;" | Enochian phonology{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=46–47}}
! style="text-align: center;" | Golden Dawn<br />syllabic reading{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}{{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Un.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Un
| style="text-align: center;" | A
| long {{IPA blink|ɑ|ɑː}} (stressed), short {{IPA blink|a}} (unstressed)
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Pa.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Pa
| style="text-align: center;" | B
| {{IPA blink|b}}; silent after ''m'' when before another consonant or final
| {{IPA|[beɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Veh.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Veh
| style="text-align: center;" | C
| {{IPA blink|k}} before a, o, u; {{IPA blink|s}} before ''e'', ''i'' and in consonant clusters, with many exceptions;<br /> {{angbr|ch}} as {{IPA blink|k}} in most positions but {{IPA blink|tʃ}} finally.
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Gal
| style="text-align: center;" | D
| {{IPA blink|d}}
| {{IPA|[deɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Graph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Graph
| style="text-align: center;" | E
| {{IPA blink|e|eː}} (stressed), {{IPA blink|ɛ}} (unstressed)
| {{IPA|[eɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Or.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Or
| style="text-align: center;" | F
| {{IPA blink|f}}
| {{IPA|[ɛf]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ged.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ged
| style="text-align: center;" | G
| {{IPA blink|ɡ}} before ''a'', ''o'', ''u''; {{IPA blink|dʒ}} before ''e'', ''i'', finally, after ''d'', and in consonant clusters.
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Na.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Na
| style="text-align: center;" | H
| {{IPA blink|h}} except in ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩; silent after a vowel<br />(in which case the vowel is "lengthened" – that is, has the sound it would have if stressed)
| {{IPA|[heɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gon.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2 | Gon
| style="text-align: center;" | I
| {{IPA blink|j}} word-initially before a vowel; as a vowel: {{IPA blink|i|iː}} (stressed), {{IPA blink|ɪ}} (unstressed),<br />plus diphthongs ''ai'' {{IPA|[aɪ]}}, ''ei'' {{IPA|[eɪ]}}, ''oi'' {{IPA|[oɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gon (with point).svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Y
| {{IPA blink|j}}
| (same as I)
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ur.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ur
| style="text-align: center;" | L
| {{IPA blink|l}}
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Tal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Tal
| style="text-align: center;" | M
| {{IPA blink|m}}
| {{IPA|[ɛm]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Drux.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Drux
| style="text-align: center;" | N
| {{IPA blink|n}}
| {{IPA|[ɛn], [nuː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Med.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Med
| style="text-align: center;" | O
| {{IPA blink|o|oː}} (stressed), {{IPA blink|ɒ}} (unstressed)
| {{IPA|[oʊ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Mals.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Mals
| style="text-align: center;" | P
| {{IPA blink|p}} but for ⟨ph⟩, which is {{IPA blink|f}}
| {{IPA|[peɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ger.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ger
| style="text-align: center;" | Q
| {{IPA|[kw]}}; the word ''q'' is {{IPA|[kwɑː]}}
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Don.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Don
| style="text-align: center;" | R
| {{IPA blink|r}}
| {{IPA|[ɑː(r)], [rɑː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Fam.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Fam
| style="text-align: center;" | S
| {{IPA blink|s}} or {{IPA blink|z}} as would be natural in English, but for ⟨sh⟩, which is {{IPA blink|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|[ɛs]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gisg.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Gisg
| style="text-align: center;" | T
| {{IPA blink|t}} but for ⟨th⟩, which is {{IPA blink|θ}}
| {{IPA|[teɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Van.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Van
| style="text-align: center;" | U/V
| {{IPA blink|u|uː}} (stressed) or {{IPA blink|ʊ}} (unstressed); {{IPA|[juː]}} in initial position; {{IPA blink|v}} or {{IPA blink|w}} before another vowel and word-finally
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Pal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Pal
| style="text-align: center;" | X
| {{IPA|[ks]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛks]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ceph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ceph
| style="text-align: center;" | Z
| {{IPA blink|z}}, rarely {{IPA|[zɒd]}}
| {{IPA|[zɒd]}}
|}

{{notelist-lg|refs=
{{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn|According to [[Wynn Wescott]], each letter may be pronounced separately as its name in English or sometimes as the first consonant and vowel of its Hebrew name, e.g. N may be {{IPA|[ɛn]}} or {{IPA|[nu]}} (from ''[[nun]]''). However, consonants-vowel sequences may be optionally run together into single syllables. E.g. ''ta'' may be pronounced {{IPA|[teɪ ɑː]}} or {{IPA|[tɑː]}}; ''co'', {{IPA|[koʊ]}}; ''ar'', {{IPA|[ɑːr]}}; ''re'', {{IPA|[reɪ]}}.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}}}
}}

A number of fonts for the Enochian script are available. They use the [[ASCII]] range, with the letters assigned to the codepoints of their English equivalents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enochian Materials |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |publisher=The Magickal Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826140151/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |archive-date=2007-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gerald J. Schueler, Betty Jane Schueler|title=Download fonts|url=http://www.schuelers.com/enochian/fonts.htm|publisher=Schueler's Online|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=James A. Eshelman|title=Enochian Elemental Tablets|url=http://www.aumha.org/arcane/enoch.htm|publisher=AumHa|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Enochian Font |url=http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |publisher=Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183854/http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

== Grammar ==

=== Morphology ===
The grammar is for the most part without articles or prepositions.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=20}} Adjectives are quite rare.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} Aaron Leitch identifies several affixes in Enochian, including ''-o'' (indicating 'of') and ''-ax'' (which functions like ''-ing'' in English).{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=18–19}} Leitch observes that, unlike English, Enochian appears to have a [[vocative case]], citing Dee's note in the margin of the First Table of ''Loagaeth''{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=21}} – "Befes the vocative case of Befafes".{{sfnp|Dee|Peterson|2003|p=310}}

==== Compounds ====
Compounds are frequent in the Enochian corpus. Modifiers and indicators are typically compounded with the nouns and verbs modified or indicated. These compounds can occur with demonstrative pronouns and conjunctions, as well as with various forms of the verb 'to be'. The compounding of nouns with adjectives or other verbs is less common. Compounds may exhibit variant spellings of the words combined.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=15–17}}

==== Conjugation ====
Conjugation can result in spelling changes which can appear to be random or haphazard. Due to this, Aaron Leitch has expressed doubt as to whether Enochian actually has conjugations.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=17–18}} The very scant evidence of Enochian [[verb conjugation]] seems quite reminiscent of English, including the verb 'to be' which is highly irregular.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}

Laycock reports that the largest number of forms are recorded for 'be' and for ''goh-'' 'say':{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}

{{columns-start|width=40em}}
::{|
!'to be'
|-
|''zir, zirdo'' || I am
|-
|''geh'' || thou art
|-
|''i'' || he/she/it is
|-
|''chiis, chis, chiso'' || they are
|-
|''as, zirop'' || was
|-
|''zirom'' || were
|-
|''trian'' || shall be
|-
|''christeos'' || let there be
|-
|''bolp'' || be thou!
|-
|''ipam'' || is not
|-
|''ipamis'' || cannot be
|}
{{column}}
{|
!'to say'
|-
|''gohus'' || I say
|-
|''gohe, goho'' || he says
|-
|''gohia'' || we say
|-
|''gohol'' || saying
|-
|''gohon'' || they have spoken
|-
|''gohulim'' || it is said
|}
{{columns-end}}

Note that ''christeos'' 'let there be' might be from 'Christ', and if so is not part of a conjugation.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}}

For negation of verbs, two constructions are attested: e.g. ''chis ge'' 'are not' (''chis'' 'they are') and ''ip uran'' 'not see' (''uran'' 'see').{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}

==== Pronouns ====
While Enochian does have personal pronouns, they are rare and used in ways that can be difficult to understand. Relative possessive pronouns do exist but are used sparingly.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}}

Attested personal pronouns (Dee's material only):{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43 and dictionary entries}}

{{columns-start|width=60em}}
::{|
| ''ol'' || I, me, my, myself
|-
| ''il, ils, yls, ylsi'' || thou, thee
|-
| ''q'' ([kwɑ]) || thy
|-
| ''tia'' || his
|-
| ''tox'' || of him, his
|-
| ''pi'' || she
|-
| ''tlb'' = ''tilb'', ''tbl'' ([tibl]) || her, of her
|-
| ''tiobl'' || in her
|-
| ''t'' ([ti]) || it
|}
{{column}}
{|
| ''zylna'' || itself
|-
| ''ge'' || we, us, our (soft 'g')
|-
| ''helech'' || in ours (?)
|-
| ''g'' = ''gi'' || you, your (soft 'g')
|-
| ''nonci'' || you (soft 'c')
|-
| ''nonca, noncf, noncp'' || to you (soft 'c')
|-
| ''amiran'' || yourselves
|-
| ''z'' ([zə]) || they
|-
| ''par'' || they, them
|}
{{columns-end}}

Demonstrative pronouns: ''oi'' 'this', ''unal'' 'these, those', ''priaz(i)'' 'those'.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=dictionary entries}}

=== Syntax ===
Word order closely follows English, except for the dearth of articles and prepositions.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Adjectives, although rare, typically precede the noun as in English.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}}

== Vocabulary and corpus ==
Laycock notes that there are about 250 different words in the [[Text corpus|corpus]] of Enochian texts, more than half of which [[Hapax legomenon|occur only once]]. A few resemble words in the Bible – mostly proper names – in both sound and meaning. For example, ''luciftias'' "brightness" resembles [[Lucifer]] "the light-bearer"; ''[[Babalon#Enochian magic|babalond]]'' "wicked, harlot" resembles [[Whore of Babylon|Babylon]].{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Leitch notes a number of root words in Enochian. He lists ''Doh'', ''I'', ''Ia'', ''Iad'',{{clarify|date=January 2022}} among others, as likely root words.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=14–15}}{{fix|text=what do they mean?}} While the ''Angelic Keys'' contain most of the known vocabulary of Enochian, dozens of further words are found throughout Dee's journals.

Thousands of additional, undefined words are contained in the ''Liber Loagaeth''. Laycock notes that the material in ''Liber Loagaeth'' appears to be different from the language of the 'Calls' found in the ''Angelic Keys'', which appear to have been generated from the tables and squares of the ''Loagaeth''.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} According to Laycock:

{{Blockquote|The texts in the ''Loagaeth'' show patterning "characteristically found in certain types of meaningless language (such as [[glossolalia]]), which is often produced under conditions similar to [[trance]]. In other words, Kelley may have been 'speaking in tongues'. [...] there is no evidence that these early invocations are any form of 'language' [...] at all.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=33–34}}}}

=== Dictionaries ===
There have been several compilations of Enochian words made to form Enochian dictionaries. A scholarly study is [[Donald Laycock]]'s ''The Complete Enochian Dictionary''.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001}} Also useful is Vinci's ''Gmicalzoma: An Enochian Dictionary''.{{sfnp|Vinci|1992}}

== Representation of numbers ==
The number system is inexplicable. It seems possible to identify the [[numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]s from 0 to 10:{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}}
*0 – T
*1 – L, EL, L-O, ELO, LA, LI, LIL
*2 – V, VI-I-V, VI-VI
*3 – D, R
*4 – S, ES
*5 – O
*6 – N, NORZ
*7 – Q
*8 – P
*9 – M, EM
*10 – X

However, Enochian texts contain larger numbers written in alphabetical form, and there is no discernible system behind them:{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*12 –  OS
*19 –  AF
*22 –  OP
*24 –  OL
*26 –  OX
*28 –  OB, NI
*31 –  GA
*33 –  PD
*42 –  VX
*456 –  CLA
*1000 –  MATB
{{col-break}}
*1,636 –  QUAR
*3,663 –  MIAN
*5,678 –  DAOX
*6,332 –  ERAN
*6,739 –  DARG
*7,336 –  TAXS
*7,699 –  ACAM
*8,763 –  EMOD
*9,639 –  MAPM
*9,996 –  CIAL
*69,636 –  PEOAL
{{col-end}}

As Laycock put it, "the test of any future spirit-revelation of the Enochian language will be the explanation of this numerical system."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}}

== Relation to other languages ==
Dee believed Enochian to be the [[Adamic language]] [[Universal language|universally spoken]] before the [[confusion of tongues]]. However, modern analysis shows Enochian to be an English-like [[constructed language]].{{sfnp|Bowern|Lindemann|2021}} Word order closely follows English, except for the dearth of articles and prepositions.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} The very scant evidence of Enochian [[verb conjugation]] is likewise reminiscent of English, more so than with [[Semitic languages]] such as Hebrew, which Dee said were debased versions of the Enochian language.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Religion|Constructed languages}}
* [[List of magical terms and traditions]]
* [[Renaissance magic]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Works cited===
====Primary sources====
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |first=John |last=Dee |author-link=John Dee |title=Sloane MS 3188 |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Sloane_MS_3188 |publisher=[[British Library]] |year=1582}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dee |first1=John |title=A True & Faithful Relation of what Passed for Many Yeers Between Dr. John Dee and Some Spirits |date=1659 |publisher=Antonine Publishing Company}}
* {{cite book |last=Dee |first=John |editor-first=Meric |editor-last=Casaubon |editor-link=Meric Casaubon |title=A True and Faithful Relation of What Passed for Many Years Between John Dee and Some Spirits |location=New York |publisher=Magickal Childe Publishing |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Dee |first2= Joseph H. |last2=Peterson | title = John Dee's Five Books of Mystery: Original Sourcebook of Enochian Magic: From the Collected Works Known as Mysteriorum Libri Quinque | publisher = Weiser Books | location = Boston | year = 2003 | isbn = 1578631785 }}
* {{cite book |first=Johannes |last=Pantheus |title=Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/9925345/Voarchadumia-Contra-Alchimiam-Johannes-Pantheus |year=1550 |page=15v-16r |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308052242/https://www.scribd.com/doc/9925345/Voarchadumia-Contra-Alchimiam-Johannes-Pantheus |archive-date=2016-03-08 |via=Scribd.com}}
{{refend}}

==== Secondary sources ====
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Claire L. |last1=Bowern |first2=Luke |last2=Lindemann |title=The Linguistics of the Voynich Manuscript |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |volume=7 |pages=285–308 |date=January 2021 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030613|s2cid=228894621 }}
* {{cite book |last=Churton |first=Tobias |title=The Golden Builders |publisher=Signal Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-9543309-0-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |author-link=Lon Milo DuQuette |year=2019 |title=Enochian Vision Magick: A Practical Guide to the Magick of Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |isbn=978-1578636846}}
* {{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Deborah |year=1999 |title=John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521622288}}
* {{cite book |first=Donald |last=Laycock |author-link=Donald Laycock |title=The Complete Enochian Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Angelic Language As Revealed to Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley |publisher=Weiser |location=Boston |year=2001 |isbn=1578632544}}
* {{cite book | last = Leitch | first = Aaron | title = The Angelical Language, Volume II: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the Tongue of Angels | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = Woodbury, MN | year = 2010b | isbn = 978-0738714912}}
* {{cite web |editor=Magickal Review |title=The Angelic or Enochian Alphabet |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php |website=The Magickal Review |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712100049/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php |archive-date=2011-07-12 }}
* {{cite book |first=Leon |last=Vinci |title=Gmicalzoma: An Enochian Dictionary |location=London |publisher=Neptune Press |orig-year=1976 |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite magazine |first=Egil |last=Asprem |title="Enochian" language: A proof of the existence of angels? |url=https://www.skepsis.no/%e2%80%9cenochian%e2%80%9d-language-a-proof-of-the-existence-of-angels/ |magazine=Skepsis |date=December 13, 2006 |access-date=2022-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last = Eco | first = Umberto | title = The Search for the Perfect Language | publisher = Fontana Press | location = London | year = 1997 | isbn = 0006863787 }}
* {{citation |last=James |first=Geoffrey |title=The Enochian Evocation of Dr. John Dee |location=Newburyport, MA |publisher=Weiser Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1578634538}}.
* {{cite magazine |last = Johnson |first = Christopher Reed |title=Enochian Magick: Chris Johnson's Path into the Angelic Mysteries |magazine=Perseus Academy |url=https://perseusarcaneacademy.com/post/enochian-magick-chris-johnsons-path-into-the-angelic-mysteries/ |date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02}}
* {{cite book | last = Leitch | first = Aaron | title = The Angelical Language, Volume I: The Complete History and Mythos of the Tongue of Angels | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = Woodbury, MN | year = 2010a | isbn = 978-0738714905 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Norrgrén |first=H. |year=2005 |title=Interpretation and the Hieroglyphic Monad: John Dee's Reading of Pantheus's Voarchadumia |journal=[[Ambix]] |volume=52 |number=3 |pages=217–245 |doi=10.1179/000269805X77781|s2cid=170087190 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sledge |first=J. J. |year=2010 |title=Between Loagaeth and Cosening: Towards an Etiology of John Dee's Spirit Diaries |journal=[[Aries (journal)|Aries]] |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1163/156798910X12584583444835}}
* {{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=P. S. |last2=Turner |first2=R. |last3=Cousins |first3=R. E. |year=1989 |title=Elizabethan Magic: The Art and the Magus |publisher=Element |isbn=978-1852300838}}
* {{cite book | last = Tyson | first = Donald | title = Enochian Magic for Beginners: The Original System of Angel Magic | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = St. Paul, MN | year = 1997 | isbn = 1567187471 }}
* {{cite book | last = Yates | first = Frances | title = The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age | publisher = Routledge |location = London | year = 1979 | author-link=Frances Yates | isbn = 0415254094 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns9zLz1x-y4 The Enochian Language - History and Analysis of the Magic Angelic Alphabet revealed to Dr John Dee] on YouTube

{{Constructed languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]
[[Category:1580s introductions]]
[[Category:Enochian magic|*]]
[[Category:Language and mysticism]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 16th century]]
[[Category:Sacred languages]]
[[Category:Languages of England]]