View source for Publishing

{{Short description|Production and distribution of media}}
{{Redirect|Publisher}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Shelves of titles at the Aboriginal Studies Press bookshop.jpg|thumb|The [[Aboriginal Studies Press]] (ASP) bookshop at the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]]]
'''Publishing''' is the activity of making information, literature, music, software, and other content available to the public for sale or free of charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/publishing|title=Publishing {{!}} meaning |website=Cambridge English Dictionary |language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705011116/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/publishing|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of [[Printing|printed works]], such as [[book]]s, [[comic book]]s, [[newspaper]]s, and [[magazine]]s. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include [[electronic publishing|digital publishing]] such as [[E-book|e-books]], [[Magazines|digital magazines]], [[Electronic publishing|websites]], [[social media]], [[music]], and [[video game publisher|video game publishing]].

The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as [[News Corp]], [[Pearson PLC|Pearson]], [[Penguin Random House]], and [[Thomson Reuters]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/gremideditorsdecatalunya/docs/2019-global50-the-world-ranking-of-the-publishing-|title=GLOBAL 50. The world ranking of the publishing industry 2019|website=Issuu|date=28 October 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727024046/https://issuu.com/gremideditorsdecatalunya/docs/2019-global50-the-world-ranking-of-the-publishing-|url-status=dead}}</ref> to major retail brands and thousands of small independent publishers. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing, and [[Academic publishing|academic and scientific publishing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4251&plang=EN|title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2016|website=WIPO |doi=10.34667/tind.29034 |doi-access=free |language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|author1=International Publishers Association |year=2018|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615101051/https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4251&plang=EN|url-status=live}}</ref> Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society, and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy, or public interest objectives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Börjesson|first=Lisa|date=2016|title=Research outside academia? – An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing |journal=Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036|s2cid=7212603 |s2cid-access=free |doi-access=free}}</ref> This can include [[annual report]]s, [[research reports]], [[market research]], policy briefings, and [[technical report]]s. [[Self-publishing]] has become very common.

Publishing has evolved from a small, ancient form limited by law or religion to a modern, large-scale industry disseminating all types of information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publishing industry history and challenges {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/publishing |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

"'''Publisher'''" can refer to a publishing company, organization, or an individual who leads a publishing company, [[Imprint (trade name)|imprint]], [[Periodical literature|periodical]], or newspaper.

==Stages of publishing==
The publishing process covering most [[magazine]], [[Academic journal|journal]], and book publishers includes: ''(Different stages are applicable to different types of publishers)''<ref>{{cite book |title=New Oxford Style Manual |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 }}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# [[Commission (art)|Commissioning]]
# [[Writer|Writing]]
# [[Copy editing]]
# [[Graphic design|Design]]
# [[Copywriting]]
# [[Typesetting]]
# [[Proofreading]] 
# [[Proofreading|Correction cycles]]
# [[Index (publishing)|Indexing]]
# [[Proofreading|Final corrections]]
# [[Web publishing]] 
# [[Prepress]]
# [[Printing]] 
# [[Bookbinding|Post press]]
# [[Distribution (marketing)|Distribution]]
# [[Marketing]]
}}

==Types of publishers==
===Newspaper publishing===
[[Newspaper|Newspapers]] or [[Online newspaper|news websites]] are publications of current reports, [[Article (publishing)|articles]], and [[Feature story|features]] written by [[Journalist|journalists]]. They are free, sometimes with a premium edition, or paid for, either individually or through a [[Subscription business model|subscription]]. They are filled with photographs or other media and usually are subsidized with [[advertising]]. Typically, they cover [[Local news|local]], national, and international news or feature a particular industry. Some organizations charge premium fees if they have the expertise and exclusive knowledge. The news industry is meant to serve the public interest, hold people and businesses to account, and promote freedom of information and expression.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/thematic-work/media-freedom |title=Freedom of expression, media freedom and safety of journalists |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211813/https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/thematic-work/media-freedom |url-status=live }} (last checked 2023-01-19)</ref> Editors manage the tone of voice of their publication; for example, negative versus positive articles can affect the reader's perspective.<ref>Heuristics and Biases {{cite book |last1=Kahneman |first1=D. |last2=Tversky |first2=A. |date=1982 |title=Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809477 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511809477 |isbn=9780511809477 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131453/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/judgment-under-uncertainty/6F9E814794E08EC43D426E480A4B412C |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Journal publishing===
A [[Academic journal|journal]] is an academic or technical publication also available in digital and(or) print format, containing articles written by researchers, professors, and individuals with professional expertise. These publications are specific to a particular field and often push the boundaries established in these fields. They usually have [[peer review]] processes before publishing to test the validity and quality of the content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/journals/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113211439/https://royalsociety.org/journals/ |website=The Royal Society |title=Journals |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Magazine publishing===
A [[magazine]] is a periodical published at regular intervals. It features creative layouts, photography, and illustrations that cover a particular subject or interest. Magazines are available in print or digital formats and can be purchased on apps or websites like [[Readly]] or accessed free of charge on apps or websites like [[Issuu]].

=== Book publishing ===
The global book publishing industry consists of books categorized as [[fiction]] or [[non-fiction]] and [[Book|print]], [[ebook|e-book]], or [[audiobook]]. The book market is huge, with around 1.5 billion people speaking English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |title=The Most Spoken Languages Worldwide |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123213304/https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Translation services are also available to make these texts accessible in other languages. Self-publishing makes publishing widely accessible through small print-run [[digital printing]] or online self-publishing platforms. [[E-reader]] screen technology continues to improve with increased contrast and resolution making them more comfortable to read. Each book has a registered [[ISBN]] to identify it.

===Directory publishing===
[[Web directory|Directories]] contain searchable indexed data about businesses, products, and services. They were printed in the past but are now mostly online. Directories are available as searchable lists, on a map, as a sector-specific [[Web portal|portal]], as a [[review site]] (expert or consumer), or as a [[Comparison shopping website|comparison site]]. Although some businesses may not consider themselves publishers, the way the data is displayed is published.

===Textbook publishing===
A [[textbook]] is an educational book, or e-book, that contains information on a particular subject and is used by people studying that subject.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Colins Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/textbook |title=textbook |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112112056/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/textbook |url-status=live }}</ref> The need for textbook publishing continues due to the global need for education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2021 |website=WIPO|url=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/fbf-pre-release.pdf |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112113056/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/fbf-pre-release.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/finance |title=Finance |website=UNESCO |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128174527/https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/finance |url-status=live |quote=$5 trillion spent on education worldwide }}</ref> Textbooks from major publishers are being integrated with online learning platforms for expert knowledge and access to a library of books with digital content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pearson.com/en-us/pearsonplus.html |title=Pearson+ |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011335/https://www.pearson.com/en-us/pearsonplus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[university press]] is an academic publisher run by a university. [[Oxford University Press]] is the largest in the world and specializes in research, education, and English language teaching internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/oxford-university-press |title=About Oxford University Press |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129113933/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/oxford-university-press |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Catalog publishing===
A catalog is a visual directory or list of a large range of products that allow you to browse and buy from a particular company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catalog |title=Catalog – (US Spelling) |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115125109/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catalog |url-status=live}}</ref> In print, this is usually in the format of a softback book or directory. Smaller visual catalogs can be known as brochures. With the Internet, they have evolved into searchable databases of products known under the term [[e-commerce]]. Interactive catalogs and brochures like IKEA<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publications-us-en.ikea.com/ikea_business_2023/page/1 |title=IKEA Business Brochure 2023 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121021/https://publications-us-en.ikea.com/ikea_business_2023/page/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Avon<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.avon.com/brochure |title=Avon Catalog |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121807/https://www.avon.com/brochure |url-status=live }}</ref> allow customers to browse a full range if they have not decided on their purchase. Responsive web and app design will allow further integration between interactive catalog visuals and searchable product databases.

===Web publishing===
Until recently, physical books were the primary source of recording knowledge. For accessibility and global reach, this content can be repurposed for the web. The [[British Library]], for example, holds more than 170 million items with 3 million new additions each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |title=The British Library |date=2023-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015517/https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |url-status=live}} (last checked 2023-01-12)</ref> With consent, content can be published online through e-books, audio books, [[Content management system|CMS]]-based websites, online learning platforms, videos, or mobile apps. On the Internet, writers and copy editors are known as content writers and content editors, although their roles vary from their print-based counterparts.

===Advertising===
Advertising can provide income or a subsidized income for publishers. If the advertising has a [[return on investment]] (ROI), the publisher can boost income exponentially by increasing the spending. An ROI of up to £10 per £1 invested is possible, as seen in the John Lewis & Partners [[John Lewis Christmas advert|Christmas campaigns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Lewis & Partners and Waitrose & Partners launch first-ever joint Christmas TV Advert, 'Excitable Edgar' |url=https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/media/press/y2019/jl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301222551/https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/media/press/y2019/jl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |publisher=John Lewis & Partners}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com/winners/view_awards_entry.cfm?id_entry=100184 |title=John Lewis Christmas Campaigns |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216214335/https://ipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com/winners/view_awards_entry.cfm?id_entry=100184 |url-status=live}} (last checked 2023-02-16).</ref> Likewise, any cost savings that harm the customer/consumer experience can impact a brand in the long term. [[Multichannel marketing]] can be more cost-effective in creating an immersive experience that cannot be replicated with one channel. For example, when considering marketing spend, a shop with a small margin (or none at all) compared to a website is very cost-effective because it acts as a huge billboard that offers a browsing experience that enables consumers to make purchasing decisions. It gives them a feel for the brand, has a presence in the community, and creates jobs. Also, using social media publishing to advertise has a good ROI if trending, high-quality content is created that reflects positively on the brand.

===Tie-in publishing===
{{Main|Tie-in}}
Film, television, radio, and advertisements publish information to their audiences. Computer games, streaming apps, and social media publish content in various ways that can keep audiences more engaged. Marketing additional products closely related to a major film, such as ''[[Star Wars]]'', is an example of tie-in publishing. These products include but are not limited to spin-off books, graphic novels, soundtrack albums, computer games, models and toys, social media posts, and promotional publications. Examples of tie-in publishing based on books are the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' and ''[[James Bond]]'' franchises.

{{See also|Periodical publication}}

==Book publishing sub-divisions==
[[File:2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png|thumb]]<!-- [[Big Five (publishers)]] links here. Please do not change. -->
{{See also|History of books}}
{{Redirect|Book publishing company|the publisher named Book Publishing Company|The Farm (Tennessee)}}

The publishing landscape is continually evolving.  Currently there are four major types of publishers in book publishing:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Jane |date=2021-09-17 |title=The Key Book Publishing Paths: 2023–2024 |url=https://janefriedman.com/key-book-publishing-path/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Jane Friedman |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mainstream publishers ===
These companies traditionally produce hardcopy books in large print runs. They have established networks which distribute those books to bricks-and-mortar stores and libraries.  

When a mainstream publisher accepts a book for publication, they require the author to sign a contract surrendering some rights to the publisher.  In exchange, the publisher will take care of all aspects of publishing the book at the publisher's cost.  They rely entirely on sales of the book to recoup those costs and make a profit. The author receives a royalty on each sale (and sometimes an advance on royalties when the book is accepted<ref>{{Cite web |last=Louisa |date=2023-01-04 |title=how book advances work in traditional publishing |url=https://louisadeasey.com/how-book-advances-work-in-traditional-publishing/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Louisa Deasey Author |language=en-US}}</ref>).  Because of the [[financial risk]], mainstream publishers are extremely selective in what they will publish, and reject most manuscripts submitted to them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Thomas Umstattd |date=2020-09-30 |title=How to Get Published with a Traditional Publishing House |url=https://www.authormedia.com/how-to-get-published-with-a-traditional-publishing-house/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Author Media |language=en-US}}</ref>   

In 2013, [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] (owned by [[Longman|Pearson]]) and [[Random House]] (owned by [[Bertelsmann Stiftung|Bertelsmann]]) merged, narrowing the mainstream publishing industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.<ref name="Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster">{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Alexandra |last2=Lee |first2=Edmund |date=November 25, 2020 |title=Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/books/simon-schuster-penguin-random-house.html?surface=most-popular&fellback=false&req_id=737305395&algo=bandit-all-surfaces&imp_id=517891980&action=click&module=Most%20Popular&pgtype=Homepage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116095449/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/books/simon-schuster-penguin-random-house.html?surface=most-popular&fellback=false&req_id=737305395&algo=bandit-all-surfaces&imp_id=517891980&action=click&module=Most%20Popular&pgtype=Homepage |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The merger created the largest consumer book publisher globally, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pfanner |first1=Eric |last2=Chozick |first2=Amy |date=October 29, 2012 |title=Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/business/global/random-house-and-penguin-to-be-combined.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126032442/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/business/global/random-house-and-penguin-to-be-combined.html |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, approximately 80% percent of the United States trade market for books was controlled by the "'''Big Five'''" publishing houses: [[Penguin Random House]], [[Hachette Book Group USA|Hachette]], [[HarperCollins]], [[Simon & Schuster]], and [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=August 25, 2022 |title=The planned Penguin Random House-Simon & Schuster merger has been struck down in court |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/23316541/publishing-antitrust-lawsuit-merger-department-justice-penguin-random-house-simon-schuster |access-date=September 12, 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that, if it had gone through, would have formed the largest publishing company in the world.<ref name="Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster" /> On November 2, 2021, the [[United States Department of Justice]] filed a lawsuit (U.S. v. Bertelsmann SE & CO. KGaA, et al.) to block the merger on antitrust grounds,<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=U.S. V. Bertelsmann SE & CO. KGaA, et al |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-v-bertelsmann-se-co-kgaa-et-al |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808004033/https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-v-bertelsmann-se-co-kgaa-et-al |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=August 6, 2022 |website=www.justice.gov}}{{title missing|date=September 2022}}</ref> and on October 31, 2022, the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.C. District Court]] ruled in favor of the Department of Justice, filing a permanent injunction on the merger.<ref name="Judge Blocks a Merger of Penguin Random House and Simon & Schuster">{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Alexandra |last2=Harris |first2=Elizabeth |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Judge Blocks a Merger of Penguin Random House and Simon & Schuster |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/books/penguin-random-house-simon-schuster.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122173104/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/books/penguin-random-house-simon-schuster.html |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a [[distribution (business)|distributor]] who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

Some major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g., Ballantine [[Del Rey Books|Del Rey]] LucasBooks has the exclusive rights to ''Star Wars'' in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The [[video game]] industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/[[Black Library]] ([[Warhammer Fantasy (setting)|''Warhammer'']]) and Wizards of the Coast (''[[Dragonlance]]'', ''[[Forgotten Realms]]'', etc.). The [[BBC]] has its own publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as ''[[Doctor Who]]''. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively, and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.<ref name="cave">Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed.), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, {{ISBN|0-7141-1447-2}}.</ref>

The advent of the [[Internet]] has provided an alternative mode of book distribution and most mainstream publishers also offer their books in ebook format. Preparing a book for e-book publication is the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different publishing mediums; E-book publication also eliminates some costs like the discount given to retailers (usually around 45 percent).<ref name="ireaderreview.com">{{cite web |title=Book Cost Analysis – Cost of Physical Book Publishing – Kindle Review – Kindle Phone Review, Kindle Fire HD Review |url=http://ireaderreview.com/2009/05/03/book-cost-analysis-cost-of-physical-book-publishing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155142/http://ireaderreview.com/2009/05/03/book-cost-analysis-cost-of-physical-book-publishing/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=26 March 2015 |work=Kindle Review}}</ref>

=== Small presses ===
Small publishers, also called independent or indie publishers,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Small publishers are sweeping the Booker and Nobel prizes |url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2023/11/27/small-publishers-are-sweeping-the-booker-and-nobel-prizes |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> operate on a traditional model (i.e. the author surrenders some rights in exchange for the publisher bearing all costs of publishing), but their precise terms can vary greatly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Jane |date=2018-06-25 |title=How to Evaluate Small Publishers—Plus Digital-Only Presses and Hybrids |url=https://janefriedman.com/evaluate-small-publisher/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Jane Friedman |language=en-US}}</ref>  Often, they do not pay an advance on royalties.

=== [[Hybrid publishing]] ===
A hybrid publisher shares the costs of publication (and therefore the risks) with the author.  Because of this financial risk, they are selective in what they publish.  The contract varies according to what is negotiated between author and company, but will always include the surrender of some rights to the publisher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.writersdigest.com/online-editor/what-is-hybrid-publishing-here-are-4-things-you-should-know|title=What is Hybrid Publishing? Here Are 4 Things All Writers Should Know|last=Klems|first=Brian A.|date=2016-08-11|website=Writer's Digest|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220090113/https://www.writersdigest.com/online-editor/what-is-hybrid-publishing-here-are-4-things-you-should-know|url-status=live}}</ref>  Hybrid publishing is the source of debate in the publishing industry, due to the  tendency of vanity presses to masquerade as hybrids.

=== [[Vanity press]]es ===
A vanity press will publish any book.  In return, the author must cover all the costs of publication, surrender some rights to the publisher, and pay royalties on sales.  Vanity presses often engage in deceptive practices or offer costly, poor-quality services with limited recourse available to the writer. In the US, these practices have been cited by the [[Better Business Bureau]] as unfavorable reports by consumers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-publishing vs vanity publishing. Confused? |url=https://www.writersandartists.co.uk/writers/advice/255/self-publishing/considering-self-publishing/self-publishing-vs-vanity-publishing-confused |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016123116/https://www.writersandartists.co.uk/writers/advice/255/self-publishing/considering-self-publishing/self-publishing-vs-vanity-publishing-confused |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=www.writersandartists.co.uk}}</ref>  Given the bad reputation of vanity publishing, many vanity presses brand themselves as hybrid publishers. The Society of Authors (SoA) and the Writers' Guild of Great Britain (WGGB) have called for reform of the paid-for publishing sector. These unions, representing 14,800 authors, jointly published a report to expose widespread bad practices among companies that charge writers to publish their work while taking away their rights.

=== [[Self-publishing]] ===
When an author self-publishes a book, they retain all rights and assume responsibility for all stages of preparing, publishing and distributing the book. The author may hire professionals on a fee-for-service basis as needed, (e.g. an editor, cover designer, proofreader) or engage a company to provide an integrated package.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Steven |first1=Daniel |title=What is self-publishing |url=http://publishlawyer.com/publishing-faq/#Q_What_is_self-publishing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225246/http://publishlawyer.com/publishing-faq/#Q_What_is_self-publishing |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018 |website=publishlawyer.com |publisher=Daniel N. Steven, LLC}}</ref>  

==Recent developments==
[[Accessible publishing]] uses the digitization of books to mark them up into [[XML]] and produce multiple formats to sell to customers, often targeting those who experience difficulty reading. Formats include a variety of larger print sizes, specialized print formats for [[dyslexia]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://papercuts.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/making-reading-easier/ |title=Making Reading Easier – Paper Cuts Blog |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=20 May 2008 |author=Dwight Garner |access-date=22 September 2008 |archive-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825004726/http://papercuts.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/making-reading-easier/ |url-status=live }}</ref> eye tracking problems, and [[macular degeneration]], as well as [[Braille]], [[Digital accessible information system|DAISY]], [[audiobook]]s, and [[e-books]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readhowyouwant.com/Technology/overview.aspx|title=Overview of the Technology- Awards, Cost Savings|publisher=Radhowyouwant.com|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=29 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729105356/http://www.readhowyouwant.com/Technology/overview.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimize environmental impact. One example is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kanter |first=James |url=http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/reading-green-on-demand/?scp=1&sq=green%20publishing%20toby&st=cse |title=Reading Green On Demand |publisher=Green blogs, New York Times |date=2 December 2008 |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=31 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531072157/http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/reading-green-on-demand/?scp=1&sq=green%20publishing%20toby&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref>

A further development is the growth of online publishing, where no physical books are produced. The author creates an e-book and uploads it to a website, from which anyone can download and read it.

An increasing number of authors are using [[niche marketing]] online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Rinzler |title=The Magic of Niche Marketing for Authors |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/booked/2010/07/29/the-magic-of-niche-marketing-for-authors/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418170040/http://www.forbes.com/sites/booked/2010/07/29/the-magic-of-niche-marketing-for-authors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Standardization==
Refer to the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.<ref name=pub>{{cite web
  | author = International Organization for Standardization
  | title = 01.140.40: Publishing
  | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=01&ICS2=140&ICS3=40&
  | access-date = 14 July 2008
  | archive-date = 6 June 2011
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606045311/http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=01&ICS2=140&ICS3=40&
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref><ref name=itpub>{{cite web
  | author = International Organization for Standardization
  | title = 35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing
  | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=30&
  | access-date = 14 July 2008
  | archive-date = 6 June 2011
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606045331/http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=30&
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref>

==Legal issues==
{{Main|Publication}}

Publication is the distribution of copies or [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] to the [[General public|public]].<ref name="bc">{{cite web |author=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/283698#P98_14701 |title=Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works |publisher=Wipo.int |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911051959/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ucc">{{cite web|url=http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – The Universal Copyright Convention _Geneva Text—September |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125161930/http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which initially is always the author.<ref name="bc"/> In the [[Universal Copyright Convention]], "publication" is defined in Article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."<ref name="ucc"/>

==Privishing==
'''Privishing''' (''priv''ate publ''ishing'', but not to be confused with [[self-publishing]]) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising, or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0711-05.htm |title=Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw' |last=Winkler |first=David |date=11 July 2002 |publisher=CommonDreams.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804080018/http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0711-05.htm |archive-date=4 August 2007 }}</ref> The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed." Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute a [[breach of contract]], [[censorship]],<ref>{{cite journal
 |title        = Making censorship backfire
 |journal      = [[Counterpoise]]
 |volume       = 7
 |date         = July 2003
 |url          = http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/03counterpoise.html
 |author       = Sue Curry Jansen
 |author2      = Brian Martin
 |author2-link = Brian Martin (social scientist)
 |access-date  = 28 May 2010
 |archive-date = 19 June 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619085756/http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/03counterpoise.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

== History ==

[[File:The Caxton Celebration - William Caxton showing specimens of his printing to King Edward IV and his Queen.jpg|300px|thumb|Printer working an early [[Gutenberg letter press|Gutenberg letterpress]] from the 15th century (1877 engraving)]]

Publishing became possible with the [[history of writing|invention of writing]] and became more practical upon the [[History of printing|introduction of printing]]. Before printing, distributed works were copied manually by [[scribe]]s. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the [[History of books|development of books]].

The Chinese inventor [[Bi Sheng]] made a [[movable type]] of earthenware {{Circa|1045}}, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant [[Ch'oe Yun-ŭi]], who lived during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234–1250 AD.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newman |first1=Sophia |title=So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It |url=https://lithub.com/so-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press/ |date=19 June 2019 |publisher=Literary Hub |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221130418/https://lithub.com/so-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
 
In what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, [[Johannes Gutenberg]] developed movable type in Europe around 1450, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and [[hand mould]]. The invention of the [[printing press]] gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as [[incunable]]s or ''incunabula''. "A man born in 1453, the year of the [[fall of Constantinople]], could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] founded his city in A.D. 330."<ref>[[Michael Clapham (industrialist)|Clapham, Michael]], "Printing" in ''A History of Technology'', Vol 2. ''From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution'', eds,. Charles Singer ''et al.'' (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from [[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein]], ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'' (Cambridge University, 1980).</ref>

The [[History of newspaper publishing|history of modern newspaper publishing]] started in Germany in 1609, with the publication [[Magazine#History|of magazines]] following in 1663.

Historians describe the last third of the eighteenth century of the German book trade as the ''Sturm und Drang'' period, German for "storm and stress."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raven |first=James |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780198702986 |publication-date=September 1, 2020 |pages=223}}</ref> 

Missionaries brought printing presses to [[sub-Saharan Africa]] in the mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/|title=African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer|last=Gazemba|first=Stanley|date=2019-12-13|website=The Elephant|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211031818/https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically, publishing has been handled by [[#Types of publishers|publishers]], although some authors self-published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline|title=Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline|first=Jamie|last=FitzGerald|date=2013-11-01|website=Poets & Writers|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727023412/https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[History of the World Wide Web|establishment of the World Wide Web]] in 1989 soon propelled the [[website]] into a dominant publishing medium. [[history of wikis|Wikis]] and [[history of blogging|blogs]] soon developed, followed by [[online book]]s, [[Online newspaper#History|online newspapers]], and [[online magazine]]s. This also facilitated the [[technological convergence]] of commercial and self-published content and the convergence of publishing and production into [[Online producer|online production]] through the development of [[multimedia]] content.

A U.S.-based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that straight, able-bodied, white females overwhelmingly represent the publishing industry in the US.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2016-01-27|title=Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female|access-date=2020-11-09|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023642/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Salon (website)|''Salon'']] described the situation as a "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-01-26|title=White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world|first=Paula Young|last=Lee|url=https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Salon|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110825/https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no significant statistical change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2020-01-30|title=US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129005358/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation|url-status=live}}</ref> Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, the least amount of diversity was in higher-level editorial positions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Italie|first=Hillel|date=2020-02-11|title=Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort|url=https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0|access-date=2020-11-10|website=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110094247/https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{See also|List of women printers and publishers before 1800}}
{{See also|History of printing in East Asia}}

== Statistics ==
According to the report ''The Global Publishing Industry in 2022'', published by the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]], there is data available for 24 countries about the number of publications done in educational and trade sector:<ref name=ompi2023>{{Cite book |url=https://tind.wipo.int/record/48714 |title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2022 |date=2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=978-92-805-3574-7 |editor-last=World Intellectual Property Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |doi=10.34667/tind.48714|pages=7 and 10}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Total number of titles published by sector, 2022<ref name=ompi2023 />
! Country !! Total !! Trade !! Educational
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}{{efn|name=fn1|2021 data.}} || 12,157 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}}{{efn|name=fn2|print format only.}} || 8,586 || 3,938 || 4,648
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}{{efn|name=f3|French-speaking region.}} || 10,559 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}} || 146,575 || 85,555 || 61,020
|-
| {{flag|Colombia}} || 15,411 || 9,433 || 5,978
|-
| {{flag|Cuba}}{{efn|name=fn1}} || 1,554 || 1,431 || 123
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}} || 13,413 || 6,896 || 6,517
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}{{efn|name=fn1}} || 11,859 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Ecuador}} || 6,600 || 5,246 || 1,354
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}} || 5,534 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Finland}} || 12,390 || 9,004 || 3,386
|-
| {{flag|France}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 111,503 || 83,116 || 28,387
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 71,524 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Greece}} || 13,218 || 8,043 || 5,175
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}{{efn|name=fn4|trade sector only.}}  || 16,045 || 16,045 || -
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}{{efn|name=fn4}}  || 1,046 || 1,046 || -
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}} || 2,162 || 1,815 || 347
|-
| {{flag|Italy}} || 121,127 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 68,429 || 66,885 || 1,544
|-
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}{{efn|name=fn1}}{{efn|name=fn2}}  || 1,003 || 800 || 203
|-
| {{flag|Lebanon}} || 2,500 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Malta}} || 571 || 428 || 143
|-
| {{flag|Mexico}}{{efn|name=fn1}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 18,589 || 7,973 || 10,616
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}} || 2,475 || 621 || 1,854
|-
| {{flag|Norway}} || 66,212 || 52,036 || 14,176
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 5,792 || 1,519 || 4,273
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}} || 21,115 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 81,615 || 45,151 || 36,464
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}}{{efn|name=fn1}}{{efn|name=fn2}}{{efn|name=fn4}}  || 64,657 || 64,657 || -
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} || 83,091 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}{{efn|name=fn4}}  || 7,475 || 7,475 || -
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}{{efn|name=fn1}} || 16,031 || 13,805 || 2,226
|-
| {{flag|Togo}}{{efn|name=fn1}} || 78 || 61 || 17
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 206,674 || 115,413 || 91,261
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 153,000 || - || -
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}}{{efn|name=fn1}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || 16,786 || 10,213 || 6,573
|-
| colspan=4 | Notes: {{notelist}}
|}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
'''General'''
* [[Accessible publishing]]
* [[Book series]]
* [[Concentration of media ownership]]
* [[Edition (book)|Editions]]
* [[Global spread of the printing press]]
* [[Lists of publishing companies]]
* [[List of book distributors]]
* [[Mass media]]
* [[Media proprietor]]
* [[Open access publishing]]
* [[Open publishing]]
* [[Paperback]]
* [[Publication]]
* [[Self-publishing]]
* [[Serials, periodicals and journals]]
* [[Small press]]
* [[Zines]]
'''Publishing on specific contexts'''
* [[Academic publishing]]
* [[Books published per country per year]]
* [[List of best-selling books]]
* [[Document management system]]
* [[Scientific literature]]
'''Publishing tools'''
* [[Desktop publishing]]
* [[Electronic publishing]]
* [[Mobile publishing]]
* [[Web template system|Web publishing tools]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Publications==
* Amory, H., & Hall, D. D. (2005). ''Bibliography and the book trades : studies in the print culture of early New England''. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Patten, E., McElligott, J. (Eds). (2014). ''The perils of print culture: book, print and publishing history in theory and practice''. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Johns, Adrian. (1998). ''The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making.'' University of Chicago Press.

== External links ==
{{sister project links |d=Q3972943 |s=Portal:Book industries and trade |c=category:Publishing |wikt=publishing |n=no |species=no |m=no |mw=no |b=no |v=Open publishing}}
{{stack |{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Publishing}}}}
* [http://www.internationalpublishers.org/ International Publishers' organisation]

{{Book publishing process}}
{{Academic publishing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Publishing| ]]
[[Category:Mass media industry]]