View source for Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison

{{Short description|British politician (1869–1951)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Viscount Addison
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|PC|FRCS}}
| image               = Dr. Christopher Addison LOC 16027831872 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = Addison, {{circa}} 1915–1920
| order1              = [[Lord President of the Council]]
| term_start1         = 9 March 1951
| term_end1           = 26 October 1951
| monarch1            = [[George VI]]
| primeminister1      = [[Clement Attlee]]
| predecessor1        = [[Herbert Morrison]]
| successor1          = [[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|The Lord Woolton]]
| order3              = [[Paymaster General]]
| term_start3         = 2 July 1948
| term_end3           = 1 April 1949
| monarch3            = [[George VI]]
| primeminister3      = [[Clement Attlee]]
| predecessor3        = [[Hilary Marquand]]
| successor3          = [[Gordon Macdonald, 1st Baron Macdonald of Gwaenysgor|Gordon Macdonald]]
| order2              = [[Lord Privy Seal|Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal]]
| term_start2         = 7 October 1947
| term_end2           = 9 March 1951
| monarch2            = [[George VI]]
| primeminister2      = [[Clement Attlee]]
| predecessor2        = [[Philip Inman, 1st Baron Inman|The Lord Inman]]
| successor2          = [[Ernest Bevin]]
| order4              = [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]]
| term_start4         = 7 July 1947
| term_end4           = 7 October 1947
| monarch4            = [[George VI]]
| primeminister4      = [[Clement Attlee]]
| predecessor4        = ''Himself as [[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]]''
| successor4          = [[Philip Noel-Baker]]
| order5              = [[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]]
| term_start5         = 3 August 1945
| term_end5           = 7 July 1947
| monarch5            = [[George VI]]
| primeminister5      = [[Clement Attlee]]
| predecessor5        = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]]
| successor5          = ''Himself as [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]]''
| order               = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start          = 3 August 1945
| term_end            = 26 October 1951
| monarch             = [[George VI]]
| primeminister       = [[Clement Attlee]]
| predecessor         = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]]
| successor           = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| order6              = [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Minister of Agriculture]]
| monarch6            = [[George V]]
| term_start6         = 5 June 1930
| term_end6           = 24 August 1931
| primeminister6      = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor6        = [[Noel Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton|Noel Buxton]]
| successor6          = [[Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet|Sir John Gilmour]]
| order7              = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries|Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| term_start7         = 4 June 1929
| term_end7           = 5 June 1930
| monarch7            = [[George V]]
| primeminister7      = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor7        = [[George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke|George Rous]]
| successor7          = [[Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr|Herbrand Sackville]]
| order8              = [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without portfolio]]
| term_start8         = 1 April 1921
| term_end8           = 14 July 1921
| monarch8            = [[George V]]
| primeminister8      = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor8        = [[Laming Worthington-Evans]]
| successor8          = [[Anthony Eden]]
| order9              = [[Secretary of State for Health and Social Care#Minister_of_Health_(1919–1968)|Minister of Health]]
| term_start9         = 24 June 1919
| term_end9           = 1 April 1921
| monarch9            = [[George V]]
| primeminister9      = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor9        = ''office established'' <br/> ''Himself'' <small>(as President of the Local Government Board)</small>
| successor9          = [[Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett|Alfred Mond]]
| order10             = [[President of the Local Government Board]]
| term_start10        = 10 January 1919
| term_end10          = 24 June 1919
| monarch10           = [[George V]]
| primeminister10     = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor10       = [[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Auckland Geddes]]
| successor10         = ''office abolished''<br/> ''Himself'' <small>(as Minister of Health)</small>
| order11             = [[Minister of Reconstruction]]
| term_start11        = 17 July 1917
| term_end11          = 10 January 1919
| monarch11           = [[George V]]
| primeminister11     = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor11       = New office
| successor11         = [[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Auckland Geddes]]
| order12             = [[Minister of Munitions]]
| term_start12        = 10 December 1916
| term_end12          = 17 July 1917
| monarch12           = [[George V]]
| primeminister12     = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor12       = [[Edwin Montagu]]
| successor12         = [[Winston Churchill]]
| office13            = [[List of members of the House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]]<br/>[[Lords Temporal|Lord Temporal]]
| term_start13        = 22 May 1937
| term_end13          = 11 December 1951<br/>as a [[hereditary peer]]
| predecessor13       = ''[[Viscount Addison|Peerage created]]''
| successor13         = [[Christopher Addison, 2nd Viscount Addison|The 2nd Viscount Addison]]
| office14            = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for  [[Swindon (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon]]
| term_start15        = 30 May 1929
| term_end15          = 27 October 1931
| predecessor15       = [[Reginald Mitchell Banks]]
| successor15         = [[Reginald Mitchell Banks]]
| term_start14        = 25 October 1934
| term_end14          = 14 November 1935
| predecessor14       = [[Reginald Mitchell Banks]]
| successor14         = [[Wavell Wakefield, 1st Baron Wakefield of Kendal|Wavell Wakefield]]
| office16            = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for [[Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreditch]]<br/>{{small|[[Hoxton (UK Parliament constituency)|Hoxton]] (1910–1918)}}
| term_start16        = 10 January 1910
| term_end16          = 15 November 1922
| predecessor16       = [[Claude Hay (Conservative politician)|Claude Hay]]
| successor16         = [[Ernest Griffith Price]]
| birth_date          = {{birth-date|19 June 1869|}}
| birth_place         = [[Hogsthorpe]], Lincolnshire
| death_date          = {{death-date|11 December 1951|}} (aged 82)
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = British
| party               = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (after 1922)<br/>[[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] (until 1922)
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage |Isobel Gray |1902 |1934 |end=d}}
* {{marriage |Beatrice Low |1937}}
}}
| alma_mater          = [[University of London]]
}}

'''Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison''' (19 June 1869 – 11 December 1951<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/addison/addison.html|title=Catalogue of the papers of Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison (1869–1951)|author=Hannah Lowery|year=1999|publisher=Bodleian Library, Oxford University}}</ref>), was a British medical doctor and politician. A member of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] parties, he served as [[Minister of Munitions]] during the [[First World War]] and was later [[Secretary of State for Health|Minister of Health]] under [[David Lloyd George]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]] under [[Clement Attlee]].

He was a prominent anatomist and perhaps the most eminent doctor ever to enter the [[House of Commons|Commons]].<ref>Roger Cooter, "The rise and decline of the medical member: Doctors and Parliament in Edwardian and Interwar Britain." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 78#1 (2004): 59-107.</ref> He was a leader in issues of health, wartime munitions, housing  and agriculture. Although not highly visible, he played a major role in the post war governments after both world wars. Addison worked hard to promote the National Insurance scheme in 1911. Lloyd George made him the first Minister of Health when the ministry was created in 1919, and Addison oversaw an expansion of council housing after the Great War with an increase in public funding to local authority housing schemes with the [[Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919]]. He later joined the Labour Party.

==Background and education==
Addison was born in the rural parish of [[Hogsthorpe]] in Lincolnshire, the son of Robert Addison and Susan, daughter of Charles Fanthorpe.<ref name=":livesonline">{{Cite web|url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E003713b.htm|title=Addison, Sir Christopher, Viscount Addison of Stallingborough - Biographical entry - Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online|last=England|first=Royal College of Surgeons of|website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> His family had owned and run a farm for several generations and he maintained a strong interest in agriculture and rural matters throughout his life. He attended Trinity College, [[Harrogate]], from the age of thirteen. He trained in medicine at Sheffield School of Medicine and [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] in London. His education was expensive for his family, and he insisted on re-paying his parents once he had begun his career.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

In 1892, Addison graduated from the [[University of London]] as a Bachelor of Medicine and Science with honours in forensic medicine. A year later he qualified as a Medical Doctor and two years after that he was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]]. He combined private practice with academic research, and taught anatomy at [[Sheffield Medical School|Sheffield School of Medicine]]. In 1896 he became professor of anatomy at the newly formed [[University of Sheffield|University College of Sheffield]], and edited the ''Quarterly Medical Journal'' from 1898 to 1901. In 1901, he moved to London again, teaching at [[Charing Cross Hospital]]. He published his research on anatomy and became Hunterian professor with the Royal College of Surgeons.<ref name=":livesonline"/>

Addison's principal contributions to anatomy were in his writings in three volumes of the ''[[Journal of Anatomy]]'', 1899–1901, ''"On the topographical anatomy of the abdominal viscera in man"''. Subsequently, he contributed to the three-dimensional mapping of the abdomen, which was based on numerous bodily measurements, "some 10,000 measurements made on forty bodies". He linked his measurements to an imaginary plane of section, known as "[[Transpyloric plane|Addison's transpyloric plane]]".<ref name=":livesonline"/>

==Political career==

===1907–1914===
Motivated by concern for the treatment of the poor, and that the effects of poverty on health could be fought only by governments, not by doctors, Addison entered politics. He was adopted as [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] candidate for [[Hoxton (UK Parliament constituency)|Hoxton]], [[Shoreditch]], in 1907, and was duly elected in the [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Hcommons4.htm |title=leighrayment.com House of Commons: Horncastle to Hythe |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810231410/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Hcommons4.htm |archive-date=10 August 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[David Lloyd George]], noted Addison's medical background and asked him to speak in support of the [[National Insurance Act 1911|1911 National Insurance Bill]], both in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] and with the [[British Medical Association]]. In August 1914, he was appointed [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education]], under [[Joseph Pease, 1st Baron Gainford|Jack Pease]]. His work here was largely concerned with improving the health and welfare of children, but was cut short following the outbreak of the [[world War I|First World War]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===World War===
Addison became [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Munitions]] in May 1915.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Addison introduced a degree of intervention in the free market known as "War Socialism" to prompt faster munitions production. Private enterprise in key sectors was brought under the control of government, which erected its own factories, and great care was taken to improve the welfare of the munitions workers, both male and female. Ammunition supply-lines dictated the tempo of the war, especially in the first year of fighting, so stability and productivity within this industry were of the utmost importance. The government subsidised housing estates, such as [[Vickerstown]] on [[Walney Island]] (now in [[Cumbria]]), with integral religious, social and recreational amenities, to enable pools of munitions workers and their families to move next to expanded armament factories. [[Raymond Unwin]], an influential civil servant from this time injected some of the late Victorian/utopian/Fabian philosophy of [[Garden city movement|garden suburbs]] and ideals from the cheap cottages movement launched in 1905.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

With hindsight, this may be seen as something of a prototype of the municipal housing that followed in the post-war period and the beginnings of town planning as an accepted concern of the state. Fellow idealists might well have regretted the design, layout and landscaping compromises inevitably struck in the pursuit of rapid construction to support homeland defence as an over-riding priority. Improved dimensions of kitchens, bathrooms and gardens for working-class houses might also be seen as a response to a more equal valuation of women as competent industrial workers and a political force.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The [[Minister of Munitions|Ministry of Munitions]] was a new Ministry, created and headed by [[David Lloyd George]] to rapidly improve and increase production of munitions. Working conditions were improved in the new, state-owned industry, and Addison created and implemented schemes that greatly increased the efficiency of production. He became a [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Counsellor]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29641 |date=27 June 1916 |page=6333 }}</ref> and was promoted to [[Minister of Munitions]] when Lloyd George became [[Minister of War]] in July 1916. He supported Lloyd George against the Prime Minister, [[H. H. Asquith]], at the end of 1916, and continued into the new coalition cabinet.<ref>Addison, Christopher, "Politics from Within: 1911-1918", London: Jenkins, 1924, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.218068/page/n301/mode/2up ''pgs. 267-276'']</ref>

===Postwar planning===
In July 1917, he became a [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister Without Portfolio]] with responsibility for analysing the problems that Britain would face after the war and preparing plans for reconstruction. He worked with [[Arthur Greenwood]] to develop programmes for sweeping social reforms. Perhaps Addison's greatest achievement was the establishment of a costing system which by the end of the war had saved an estimated £440&nbsp;million.

Addison's Hoxton constituency was abolished for the [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918 general election]], when he was elected for the new [[Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreditch]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Scommons3.htm |title=leighrayment.com House of Commons: Shankill to Southampton |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008224720/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Scommons3.htm |archive-date=8 October 2018 }}</ref>

Although Lloyd George was increasingly influenced by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] members of his coalition government, Addison's plans formed the basis of much post-war legislation. Addison became [[President of the Local Government Board]] in January 1919, with the goal of transforming it into a [[Ministry of Health (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Health]]. He became the first [[Secretary of State for Health|Minister of Health]] in June following the passing of the [[Ministry of Health Act 1919]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth & Jane |title=Portrait of a progressive : the political career of Christopher, Viscount Addison |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1980 |location=Oxford |pages=103, 104, 105}}</ref> He was responsible for a great deal of public health improvements and social legislation.<ref name=":0" />  He ensured the extension of health and hospital services: increasing the treatment provision for communicable diseases such as venereal diseases and tuberculosis; increasing provision for maternal health and infant welfare  as well as home nursing.<ref name=":0" /> He successfully introduced the [[Nurses Registration Act 1919|Nurse Registration Act 1919]], establishing for the first time a register of nurses under the auspices of the [[General Nursing Council]].<ref name=":0" />  He introduced the first [[Housing and Town Planning Act 1919|Housing and Town Planning Act]], under which the state built low-rent homes ([[council house]]s) for the working-class. Addison also reviewed and increased the provisions of the [[National Insurance]] system, and introduced programmes to improve healthcare and training. However, he presided over large increases in public spending and this raised the ire of Conservatives in the government. He was moved from the Ministry of Health in April 1921, becoming Minister Without Portfolio. Addison resigned in July 1921 when a Cabinet committee decided to halt the housing construction scheme altogether; he subsequently became a strong critic of the government.<ref>Michael Kinnear, "The Fall of Lloyd George", Macmillan, 1973, p. 11.</ref>

===1922–1937===
Addison lost his seat in the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922 general election]]. Since the end of the war, he had found himself increasingly detached from both warring factions of the Liberal Party. His belief in social reform and progressive policies brought him close to the socialism of the Labour Party, and he campaigned for Labour candidates at the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 general election]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

During this time he returned to his family farm and published a number of books, including ''The Betrayal of the Slums'', on the link between poor housing and poor health, and ''Practical Socialism''. He stood unsuccessfully as Labour's candidate in the constituency of [[Hammersmith South (UK Parliament constituency)|Hammersmith South]] for the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 general election]], before winning the [[Swindon (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon constituency]] in Wiltshire, at the [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 general election]].<ref name="leighrayment.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Scommons6.htm |title=leighrayment.com House of Commons: Sudbury to Swindon South |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818113510/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Scommons6.htm |archive-date=18 August 2018 }}</ref> [[Ramsay MacDonald]] appointed Addison as [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Agriculture]] in 1929. He served under [[Noel Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton|Noel Buxton]], and succeeded him as [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Minister of Agriculture]] in June 1930. He worked with [[Clement Attlee]], the future Leader of the Labour party with whom he formed a close relationship, and was an active member of the [[Socialist Health Association|Socialist Medical Association]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Facing economic crisis in 1931, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, [[Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden|Philip Snowden]], proposed swingeing cuts to public spending, particularly to unemployment benefit. Addison voted against these cuts in cabinet and went into Opposition when MacDonald formed a [[National Government (United Kingdom)|National Government]] with the Conservatives and Liberals. Addison lost his seat at the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931 general election]]. In 1934 he regained his Swindon seat in [[1934 Swindon by-election|a by-election]], but lost it a second time at the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 general election]].<ref name="leighrayment.com"/> During the [[Spanish Civil War]] he helped organise medical aid to Spain, as president of the Spanish Medical Aid Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aid to Spain|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/archives_online/digital/scw/aid/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> 

===1937–1951===
In May 1937, Addison joined the Labour party's meagre caucus in the [[House of Lords]], being raised to the peerage as '''Baron Addison''', of [[Stallingborough]] in the County of Lincoln.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34408 |date=15 June 1937 |page=3856 }}</ref> He was Chairman of the Buckinghamshire War Agricultural Committee during the [[Second World War]], co-ordinating agricultural production and supply in that county. Attlee appointed Addison to be Labour's leader in the Lords in 1940, after [[Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell|Lord Snell]] stepped down for health reasons. Addison retained this position until his death, serving as [[Leader of the House of Lords]] following Labour's victory in the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]]. He was created '''Viscount Addison''', of Stallingborough in the County of Lincoln, in July 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37166 |date=6 July 1945 |page=3517 }}</ref>

As Leader of the House of Lords, Addison had the key responsibility of steering government legislation through the upper chamber. He formed a good relationship with the leader of the Conservative opposition in the Lords, the [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]]. Through general consultation, Addison developed new guidelines for peers, particularly with regard to declaration of interests. He was also [[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]] in Attlee's first cabinet, directing the transformation of the Dominion Affairs Office into the [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations|Office of Commonwealth Relations]] and playing an instrumental role in Labour's early anti-imperialist policies and the strengthening of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]. In 1946, he became the first Labour politician to be made a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]]. As his health began to deteriorate he withdrew from foreign affairs in 1947, subsequently holding a number of [[sinecure]] positions in combination with his leadership of the Lords, until Labour lost office in October 1951.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}  As a result of Addison's success in steering legislation through the House of Lords, the [[Attlee ministry]] issued few major reforms to the institution beyond limiting its delaying power to one year during its time in power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |date=1997 |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |location=London |pages=125 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0}}</ref>

==Family==
Lord Addison married firstly Isobel Mackinnon Gray in 1902.<ref name = "AddisonODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=30342|title=Addison, Christopher, first Viscount Addison|first = Kenneth O.|last = Morgan|author-link = Kenneth O. Morgan}}</ref> Isobel, the daughter of a wealthy Scottish businessman and shipping agent Archibald Gray, supported her husband morally and financially when he embarked upon a career in politics, and was involved in charitable causes in [[Shoreditch]] and [[Swindon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Death of Mrs. Isobel Addison – Wife of Former Cabinet Minister |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003295/19340824/126/0005 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Halifax Evening Courier |date=24 August 1934 |page=5|url-access=subscription}}</ref> They had two daughters and three sons:<ref name="burke">{{cite book |title= [[Burke's Peerage|Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood]]|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Mosley, Charles |editor-link=Charles Mosley (genealogist) |edition=107 |year= 2003 |pages=39–40 |ref=Burke |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}</ref>

*Hon. Elizabeth Kate (21 December 1902 – 8 July 1967), married in 1935 Edward Worsley Ashcroft, brother of actress Dame [[Peggy Ashcroft]] 
*[[Christopher Addison, 2nd Viscount Addison]] (1904–1976), succeeded his father in his titles 
*Hon. Isobel Gray (20 January 1907 – 5 April 1989), married in 1932 Nicholas Cheshire, son of Francis Augustus Cheshire
*Paul Fanthorpe (7 September 1909 – 11 April 1912), died in childhood
*[[Michael Addison, 3rd Viscount Addison]] (1914–1992), succeeded his brother 

After Isobel's death in 1934, Addison married secondly Dorothy, daughter of Frederick Percy Low, in 1937. Lord Addison died in December 1951, aged 82, only two months after the end of his political career. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son, Christopher. Lady Addison died in September 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/addison-dorothy/addison-dorothy.html|title=Letters of Condolence to Dorothy, Viscountess Addison|publisher=Bodleian Library at Oxford University}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
Addison wrote an important paper, "On the Topographical Anatomy of the Abdominal Viscera in Man, especially the Gastro-Intestinal Canal", that was published in four parts in the ''[[Journal of Anatomy and Physiology]]'' between 1899 and 1901:
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1327936/ Part I]. July 1899, Vol. 33 (Part 4), 565.5.
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287290/ Part II]. July 1900, Vol. 34 (Part 4), 427–450.9.
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287243/ Part III]. January 1901, Vol. 35 (Part 2), 166–204.11.  
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287252/ Part IV]. April 1901, Vol. 35 (Part 3), 277–304.9.

== Commemoration ==
Addison cut the first sod for [[Bristol City Council]]'s new [[Sea Mills, Bristol|Sea Mills]] estate on 4 June 1919. An oak tree was planted by city's lady mayoress as part of the same event, it survives and is known as the Addison Tree. Over 90 streets are named after Addison across Britain, all in areas of social housing.<ref>For instance, Addison Crescent in Oxford: [https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1636/100_years_of_council_housing_in_oxford '100 years of council housing in Oxford'] (Oxford City Council, 30 November 2020)</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|escutcheon = Per chevron Vert and Or in chief a snake embowed head debruised between two garbs of the last and in base an anchor Sable.
|crest = In front of two keys in saltire wards upwards a sword point downwards Or.
|supporters = On either side a Lincolnshire red bull Proper the headstall also Proper charged with a sun in splendour Or.
|motto = Servire Est Vivere (To Serve Is To Live)<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=2019 |page=1977}}</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[People's Union for Economy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cooter, Roger. "The rise and decline of the medical member: Doctors and Parliament in Edwardian and Interwar Britain." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 78#1 (2004): 59–107.
* Honigsbaum, Frank. "Christopher Addison: a realist in pursuit of dreams." ''Clio medica'' (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 23 (1993): 229–246.  reprinted in Dorothy Porter, and Roy Porter, eds. ''Doctors, Politics and Society: Historical Essays'' (1993) pp  229–46.
* [[Morgan, Kenneth O.]], and Jane Morgan. ''Portrait of a progressive: the political career of Christopher, Viscount Addison'' (Oxford University Press, 1980).

== External links ==

{{commonscat| Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison}}  
* Internet Archive (Please sign up for access to reference and footnote details): [https://archive.org/ ''Link'']
* {{Hansard-contribs | dr-christopher-addison | the Viscount Addison }}
* [http://www.sochealth.co.uk/the-socialist-health-association/members/distinguished-members/dr-christopher-addison-1st-viscount-addison/ Materials relating to the life of Lord Addison ]
* Addison, Christopher, [https://archive.org/details/withabyssinians00jenngoog/page/n110/mode/2up ''With the Abyssinians in Somaliland''], London: Hodder, 1905
* Addison, Christopher, [https://archive.org/details/britishworkshops00addi/page/n5/mode/2up ''British Workshops and the War''], London: Unwin, 1917
* Addison, Christopher, [https://archive.org/details/betrayalofslums00addirich/page/n7/mode/2up ''The Betrayal of the Slums''], London; Jenkins, 1922
* Addison, Christopher, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.218068/page/n7/mode/2up ''Politics From Within, 1911-1918, Vol. I''], London: Jenkins, 1924
* Addison, Christopher, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217786/page/n5/mode/2up ''Politics From Within, 1911-1918, Vol. II'' ], London: Jenkins, 1924
* Addison, Christopher, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217902/page/n5/mode/2up ''Problems of a Socialist Government''], London: Gollancz, 1933
* Addison, Lord, [https://archive.org/details/policyforbritish0000addi/page/n5/mode/2up ''A Policy for British Agriculture''], London: Gollancz, 1939


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{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Claude Hay (Conservative politician)|Claude Hay]] }}
{{s-ttl
 | title = Member of Parliament for [[Hoxton (UK Parliament constituency)|Hoxton]]
 | years = [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910]] – [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]
}}
{{s-non | reason = Constituency abolished }}

{{s-new | constituency}}
{{s-ttl
 | title = Member of Parliament for [[Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreditch]]
 | years = [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]–[[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ernest Griffith Price]] }}

{{succession box
 | title  = Member of Parliament for [[Swindon (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon]]
 | years  = [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929]]–[[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]
 | before = [[Reginald Mitchell Banks]]
 | after  = [[Reginald Mitchell Banks]]
}}
{{succession box
 | title  = Member of Parliament for [[Swindon (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon]]
 | years  = [[1934 Swindon by-election|1934]]–[[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935]]
 | before = [[Reginald Mitchell Banks]]
 | after  = [[Wavell Wakefield, 1st Baron Wakefield of Kendal|Wavell Wakefield]]
}}

{{s-off}}
{{succession box  | title  = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education]]  | years  = 1914–1915 | before = [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]]  | after  = [[Herbert Lewis (politician)|Herbert Lewis]]}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl
  | title  = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Munitions]]
  | years  = 1915–1916
}}
{{s-aft  | after  = [[Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham|Arthur Lee]] }}
{{succession box | title=[[Minister of Munitions]] | before=[[Edwin Montagu]] | after=[[Winston Churchill]] | years=1916–1917}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl
  | title  = [[Minister of Reconstruction]]
  | years  = 1917–1919
}}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Auckland Geddes]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes|Auckland Geddes]] }}
{{s-ttl
 | title=[[President of the Local Government Board]]
 | years=1919
}}
{{s-non|reason=Office abolished}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl
 | title=[[Secretary of State for Health|Minister of Health]]
 | years=1919–1921
}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett|Sir Alfred Mond]]}}
|-
{{s-vac}}
{{s-ttl
  | title  = [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]]
  | years  = 1921
}}
{{s-vac}}
{{succession box  | title  = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries|Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry <br>of Agriculture and Fisheries]]  | years  = 1929–1930 | before = [[George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke|The Earl of Stradbroke]]  | after  = [[Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr|The Earl De La Warr]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Minister of Agriculture]] | before=[[Noel Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton|Noel Buxton]] | after=[[Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet|Sir John Gilmour]] | years=1930–1931}}
{{succession box | title=[[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]] | before=[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] | after=[[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker]] | years=1945–1947}}
{{succession box | title=[[Leader of the House of Lords]] | before=[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] | after=[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]] | years=1945–1951}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord Privy Seal]] | before=[[Philip Inman, 1st Baron Inman|The Lord Inman]] | after=[[Ernest Bevin]] | years=1947–1951}}
{{succession box | title=[[Paymaster General]] | before=[[Hilary Marquand]] | after=[[Gordon Macdonald, 1st Baron Macdonald of Gwaenysgor|The Lord Macdonald of Gwaenysgor]] | years=1948–1949}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord President of the Council]] | before=[[Herbert Morrison]] | after=[[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|The Lord Woolton]] | years=1951}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box|title=Chairman of the [[Fabian Society|New Fabian Research Bureau]]|years=1934–1937|before=[[Clement Attlee]]|after=[[G. D. H. Cole]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell|The Lord Snell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords]]|years=1940–1951}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt|The Earl Jowitt]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | rows=2| creation }}
{{s-ttl
 | title = [[Viscount Addison]]
 | years = 1945–1951
}}
{{s-aft | rows=2| after=[[Christopher Addison, 2nd Viscount Addison|Christopher Addison]] }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Addison]]|years=1937–1951|lords=1937–1951}}
{{s-end}}

{{UK Labour Party}}
{{Leaders of the Opposition UK}}
{{Secretary of State for Health}}
{{Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs}}
{{Minister of Munitions}}
{{Paymaster General}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Addison, Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount}}

[[Category:1869 births]]
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[[Category:Viscounts Addison|1]]
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