View source for Provisional government

{{short description|Emergency governmental authority created to manage a country during a political transition}}
{{forms of government}}

A '''provisional government''', also called an '''interim government''', an '''emergency government''', a '''transitional government''' or '''provisional leadership''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=interim+government%2C+provisional+government%2C+morning+government%2C+transitional+government&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cinterim%20government%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cprovisional%20government%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctransitional%20government%3B%2Cc0 |title=Google Ngram Viewer |access-date=2019-03-08 |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608115427/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=interim+government%2C+provisional+government%2C+morning+government%2C+transitional+government&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cinterim%20government%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cprovisional%20government%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctransitional%20government%3B%2Cc0 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following [[state collapse]], [[revolution]], [[civil war]], or some combination thereof.

Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as [[economic collapse]], [[civil war]], [[Debellatio|defeat in a foreign war]], [[revolution]], or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of [[democratic transition]] and [[state-building]] are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments.

Provisional governments maintain [[Power (social and political)|power]] until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an [[election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/acbgovtpol/caretaker_government|title = caretaker government|access-date = 18 December 2015|website = Credo Reference|publisher = Dictionary of politics and government|archive-date = 1 June 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203110/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/acbgovtpol/caretaker_government/0|url-status = live}}</ref> They may be involved with defining the [[legal structure]] of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to [[human rights]] and [[political freedom]]s, the structure of the [[economy]], [[Institution|government institutions]], and international alignment.<ref name="ShainLinz1992">{{Cite journal|title = The Role of Interim Governments|last1 = Shain |last2 = Linz|first1 = Yossi|first2 = Juan J.|date = January 1992|journal = Journal of Democracy|volume = 3|pages = 73–79|doi = 10.1353/jod.1992.0012|s2cid = 153562287}}</ref>

Provisional governments differ from [[caretaker government]]s, which are responsible for governing within an established [[parliamentary system]] and serve temporarily after an election, [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]] or [[cabinet crisis]], until a new government can be appointed.<ref name="ShainLinz1992" /> Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers.

In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:<ref name="ShainLinz_BetweenStates_1995_5psl">Yossi Shain, Juan J. Linz, "Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions", 1995, {{ISBN|9780521484985}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=uy2GQmasDg4C&pg=PR11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313214329/https://books.google.lt/books?hl=lt&lr=&id=uy2GQmasDg4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11|date=2018-03-13}}, p. 5</ref>

# Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it).
# Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).
# Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).
# International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).

The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of [[transitional justice]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law|last = McAuliffe|first = Padraig|date = 1 September 2010|journal = Hague Journal of the Rule of Law|doi = 10.1017/S1876404510200015| doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid = 154281455}}</ref> Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure.

The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the [[English Revolution]], such as [[Confederate Ireland]] (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The [[Continental Congress]], a convention of delegates from [[Thirteen Colonies|13 British colonies]] on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the [[United States]] in 1776, during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]], and continued in existence as the [[Congress of the Confederation]] until it was supplanted by the [[United States Congress]] in 1789.

The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to [[Talleyrand]]'s government in France in 1814. In 1843, [[American pioneer]]s in the [[Oregon Country]], in the [[Pacific Northwest]] region of North America established the [[Provisional Government of Oregon]]—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the [[Revolutions of 1848]] gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.

Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.

== Africa ==
As of 2024, seven African countries currently have provisional governments: [[Libya]], [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]. 
* {{Flagicon image|Variant flag of the GPRA (1962).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic]] (1958–1962) (guerrilla movement)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987).svg}} The [[Derg]] (1974–1987), formed during the [[Ethiopian Civil War]] following the [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|overthrow]] of emperor [[Haile Selassie]]. Ultimately absorbed into the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979).svg}} [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]] (1979–1980), a short-lived yet internationally unrecognized sovereign state formed in the waning years of the [[Rhodesian Bush War]], in contrast with the reestablished [[Southern Rhodesia]]. Ultimately dissolved in favor of granting independence to Southern Rhodesia as [[Zimbabwe]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sudan.svg}} [[Transitional Military Council (1985)|Transitional Military Council]] (1985–1986), interim government of Sudan following the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état]], dissolved following the [[1986 Sudanese parliamentary election]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg}} [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Namibia)]] (1985–1989), interim government during the end of the [[South African Border War]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mozambique.svg}} [[Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO]] (1986), interim ruling body of the [[People's Republic of Mozambique]] following the death of president [[Samora Machel]] in the [[1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash]]. Dissolved following the election of [[Joaquim Chissano]] as Machel's successor later that year.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1991–1996).svg}} [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia]] (1991–1995), established upon the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]]'s overthrow of the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] at the end of the [[Ethiopian Civil War]]. Succeeded by the [[Ethiopia|Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Somalia.svg}} [[Interim Government of Somalia]] (1991–1997), established after the collapse of the [[Somali Democratic Republic]] and the onset of the [[Somali Civil War]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Eritrea (1993–1995).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Eritrea]] (1993), established after [[Independence of Eritrea|independence]] from [[Ethiopia]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of The Gambia.svg}} [[Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council]] (1994–1996), interim ruling body of [[the Gambia]] following the [[1994 Gambian coup d'état]]. Dissolved after [[Yahya Jammeh]], the head of the ruling council, was [[1996 Gambian presidential election|elected]] and inaugurated as [[President of the Gambia|president]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Somalia.svg}} [[Transitional National Government of Somalia]] (2000–2004), established at the Somalia National Peace Conference in opposition to the [[Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council]], formed by rival political factions. Succeeded by the [[Transitional Federal Government of Somalia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006).svg}} [[Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (2003–2006), established in 2003 following the conclusion of the [[Second Congo War]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Liberia.svg}} [[National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia]] (2003–2006), [[Liberia]]'s legislative body during the country's transition from civil war to democratic rule.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Somalia.svg}} [[Transitional Federal Government of Somalia]] (2004–2012), established as the successor to the [[Transitional National Government of Somalia]] as part of an effort to end the [[Islamic Courts Union]]'s rule over the nation. Dissolved following the ratification of a new constitution which declared Somalia an [[Islamic state]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Darfur.svg}} [[Darfur Regional Government]] (2007–present), established in the [[Darfur]] region of [[Sudan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/agreement-on-regional-governance-for-sudan-s-darfur-region|title=Agreement on regional governance for Sudan's Darfur|date=23 April 2021|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref> following the [[Darfur Peace Agreement|2006 Abuja Agreement]] during the [[War in Darfur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unmis.org/english/dpa.htm|title=None|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200704/24/eng20070424_369081.html|title=People's Daily Online - Sudan forms transitional regional authority to implement Darfur peace deal<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Madagascar.svg}} [[High Transitional Authority]] (2009–2014), established following [[Marc Ravalomanana]]'s overthrow and the end of the [[Third Republic of Madagascar]] during the [[2009 Malagasy political crisis]]. Dissolved following the [[2013 Malagasy general election]], which established the [[Madagascar|Fourth Republic of Madagascar]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of MAK.svg}} [[Kabyle Provisional Government]] (2010–present), formed as a provisional government-in-exile, in opposition to the incumbent government of Algeria, with the intent of establishing an independent nation in [[Kabylia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (2011–2012), interim government of [[Egypt]] formed following the resignation of president [[Hosni Mubarak]] during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]]. Dissolved following the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|election]] and inauguration of [[Mohamed Morsi]] as president.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Libya.svg}} [[National Transitional Council|National Transitional Council of Libya]] (2011–2012), formed during the [[2011 Libyan civil war|2011 civil war]] in [[Libya]] against the [[Gaddafi]]-led government
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg}} Interim government of [[Egypt]] (2013–2014), established following the [[June 2013 Egyptian protests]] and subsequent [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Libya.svg}} [[Government of National Accord]] (2015–2021), interim ruling body of [[Libya]] formed upon the signing of the [[House of Representatives (Libya)#Skhirat agreement|Skhirat agreement]]. Ultimately merged with the rival [[Second Al-Thani Cabinet]] to form the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]] following the [[Libyan Political Dialogue Forum]]. 
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons.svg}} [[Interim Government of Ambazonia]] (2017–''[[de facto]]'' 2019), formed as a provisional government-in-exile in opposition to the government of [[Cameroon]] shortly after the onset of the [[Anglophone Crisis]]. Later [[Ambazonian leadership crisis|splintered]] into four opposing cabinets in 2019, each claiming to be the sole legitimate representative of an independent [[Ambazonia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Libya.svg}} The UN-supported [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]] in [[Libya]] (2021–present), a merger of the [[Government of National Accord]] and the rival [[Second Al-Thani Cabinet]] formed following the [[Libyan Political Dialogue Forum]] in Sirte.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sudan.svg}} [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]] (2019–2021, 2021–present), established in August 2019 after [[Protests in Sudan (2018–19)|8 month-long protests]] against President [[Omar al-Bashir|Bashir]] and a subsequent [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|military coup]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Sudan.svg}} [[Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity]] (2020-present), transitional government formed in 2020
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chad.svg}} [[Transitional Military Council (Chad)|Transitional Military Council]] (2021–2022), formed in 2021 following the [[2021 Northern Chad offensive|death]] of [[Chadian President]] [[Idriss Déby]].
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Burkina Faso.svg}} [[Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration]] in [[Burkina Faso]] (2022–present), formed on 24 January 2022, the group took over after a [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|coup]] in January. Its leader [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] suffered a [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|coup]] himself later that year. Afterwards, [[Ibrahim Traoré]] took power as the leader of the military junta and interim president of Burkina Faso.
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chad.svg}} [[National Transitional Council (Chad)|National Transitional Council]] in [[Chad]] (2022–2024), formed in 2022 to replace the [[Transitional Military Council (Chad)|Transitional Military Council]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Tigray Region.svg}} [[Interim Regional Administration of Tigray]] (2023–present), a successor to the [[Transitional Government of Tigray]] established as a provision of the [[Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement]] which ended the [[Tigray war]].<ref name="PMO_On_the_establishment">{{cite Q|Q117360193|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Niger}} [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland]] (CNSP) (2023–present)
* {{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions]] (2023–2025), established following the [[2023 Gabonese coup d'état]], dissolved following the [[2025 Gabonese presidential election]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sudan.svg}} [[Transitional government of Sudan (2025–present)|Transitional government of Sudan]] (2025–present), announced by the [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]] in February 2025 following widespread territorial gains during the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|third Sudanese civil war]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://northafricapost.com/84268-sudan-army-plans-transitional-govt-and-elections-as-it-seeks-to-recapture-khartoum.html | title=Sudan army plans transitional gov't and elections as it seeks to recapture Khartoum – the North Africa Post }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9830566073o | title=Sudan civil war: Army plans new government as it advances in capital | date=10 February 2025 }}</ref> Intended as a [[technocracy]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/08/02/2025/sudans-army-chief-plans-transitional-govt-amid-military-advances | title=Sudan's army chief plans transitional govt amid military advances | date=8 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://gazettengr.com/sudans-foreign-ministry-announces-plans-for-transitional-government/ | title=Sudan's foreign ministry announces plans for transitional government | date=10 February 2025 }}</ref> the government's stated goal is to lay groundwork for free and fair elections in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arise.tv/sudanese-army-unveils-roadmap-to-democratic-government-calls-for-global-support/ | title=Sudanese Transitional Government Announces Roadmap to Democratic Rule | date=10 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/10/sudan-army-aligned-foreign-ministry-sets-path-to-elections-amid-civil-war | title=Sudan army-aligned foreign ministry sets path to elections amid civil war }}</ref>

== Americas ==
As of 2024 in the Americas, only [[Haiti]] is formally administered by a provisional government.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1777–1795).svg}} [[Second Continental Congress]] (1775–1781), interim ruling body of the [[United Colonies]] and [[United States]] immediately before and after [[United States Declaration of Independence|declaring independence]] from the [[British Empire]]. Following the ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]], the Continental Congress was absorbed into the [[Congress of the Confederation]], which subsequently became the [[United States Congress]] upon ratification of the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg}} [[Primera Junta]] (1810), interim ruling body of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] following [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros]]' resignation during the [[May Revolution]]. Succeeded by the [[Junta Grande]] after seven months in power.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg}} [[Junta Grande]] (1810–1811), successor to the [[Primera Junta]]. Aimed to facilitate the transition to a junta that represented all cities in the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]], only to meet limited recognition within its own territory. Succeeded by the [[First Triumvirate (Argentina)|First Triumvirate]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg}} [[Government Junta of Chile (1810)]], interim government of Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King [[Ferdinand VII]] of Spain by [[Napoleon]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Mexico]] (1823–1824), interim ruling body of [[Mexico]] following the dissolution of the [[First Mexican Empire]]. Succeeded by the [[First Mexican Republic]] following the ratification of the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|1824 Constitution]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Uruguay.svg}} [[Provisional governorship of José Rondeau]] (1828–1830), interim ruling body of [[Uruguay]] following the [[Preliminary Peace Convention (1828)|Preliminary Peace Convention]], in which the [[Empire of Brazil]] and the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] recognized the country's independence. Dissolved following Rondeau's resignation.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893).svg}} [[Consultation (Texas)|Texian Consultation]] (1835–1836), interim ruling body of [[Mexican Texas]] during the [[Texas Revolution]]. Ultimately collapsed due to political tensions following the [[Matamoros Expedition]].
* {{Flagicon image|Oregon Provisional Government Seal.png}} [[Provisional Government of Oregon]] (''1841''/1843–1849), interim ruling body of [[Oregon Country]] formed by settling [[American pioneer|pioneers]] in the midst of the [[Oregon boundary dispute]]. While the government was established during the [[Champoeg Meetings]] in 1841, it did not exercise rule until the adoption of the [[Organic Laws of Oregon]] and the meetings' conclusion two years later, with the organic laws specifying that the government would only administer the territory "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us."<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=J. Henry|title=Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government|url=https://archive.org/details/brownspolitical00unkngoog|publisher=Wiley B. Allen|location=Portland|year=1892|lccn=rc01000356|oclc=422191413}}</ref> While the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] resolved the boundary dispute by formally partitioning the region between the US-administered [[Oregon Territory]] and unorganized UK-administered territory (later restructured as the [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|Colony of British Columbia]]), the provisional government remained in place until the appointment of [[Joseph Lane]] as [[List of governors of Oregon|governor]].
* {{Flagicon image|Storm Bear Flag.svg}} [[Interim government of California]] (1846–1850), military government of [[California]] established during the [[Mexican–American War]]. Dissolved following the ratification of the [[California Statehood Act]], which [[Admission to the Union|admitted]] California to the Union as the 31st state.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1848–1851).svg}} [[U.S. provisional government of New Mexico]] (1846–1850), interim ruling body of [[New Mexico]] following the region's occupation by the [[United States]] during the [[Mexican–American War]]. Succeeded by the [[New Mexico Territory]] in 1850 before being [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] as the 47th state in 1912.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Confederate States (1861–1863).svg}} [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States]] (1861–1862), interim ruling body of the [[Confederate States of America]] following the member states' [[Secession in the United States|secession]] from the [[United States of America]]. Dissolved following the [[1861 Confederate States presidential election|election]] and inauguration of [[Jefferson Davis]] as [[President of the Confederate States of America]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the State of Georgia (1861, red).svg}} [[Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861]], interim ruling body of the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|State of Georgia]] during the leadup to its secession from the United States.
* {{Flagicon image|Seal of Kentucky (Confederate shadow government).svg}} [[Confederate government of Kentucky]] (1861–{{c.|1865}}), a [[Continuity of government|shadow government]] formed by pro-Confederate state legislators in [[Kentucky]]. Though it never replaced the official state government, it was recognized by and admitted to the [[Confederate States of America]]. No documentation exists regarding when the provisional government dissolved, but historians assume that it did so upon the conclusion of the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Lowell Hayes |author-link=Lowell H. Harrison |title=George W. Johnson and Richard Hawes: The Governors of Confederate Kentucky |journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society |date=Winter 1981 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=3–39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kentucky's Civil War 1861–1865|author-link=James C. Klotter|last1=Klotter|first1=James C.|last2=Harrison|first2=Lowell|author-link2=Lowell H. Harrison|last3=Ramage|first3=James|last4=Roland|first4=Charles|last5=Taylor|first5=Richard|last6=Bush|first6=Bryan S|last7=Fugate|first7=Tom|last8=Hibbs|first8=Dixie|last9=Matthews|first9=Lisa|last10=Moody|first10=Robert C.|last11=Myers|first11=Marshall|last12=Sanders|first12=Stuart|last13=McBride|first13=Stephen|editor-last=Rose|editor-first=Jerlene|year=2005|location=Clay City, Kentucky|publisher=Back Home In Kentucky, Inc.|isbn = 0-9769231-1-4}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Missouri State Guard.svg}} [[Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863]], formed as a [[constituent assembly]] to vote on whether or not to secede from the [[United States]] during the [[American Civil War]] before restructuring itself as a provisional state government following the outbreak of violence between pro-Union and pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] factions.
* {{Flagicon image|Flagoftheprovisionalgovernmentofsask.png}} [[Provisional Government of Saskatchewan]] (1885), formed by revolting [[Métis]] during the [[North-West Rebellion]]. Dissolved following Canada's victory in the [[Battle of Batoche]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} [[United States Military Government in Cuba]] (1898–1902), established after Spain ceded Cuba to the United States following the [[Spanish–American War]]. Dissolved following the ratification of the [[Platt Amendment]] and the establishment of the [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Republic of Cuba]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} [[United States Military Government of Porto Rico]] (1898–1900), established after Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following the [[Spanish–American War]]. Dissolved following the ratification of the [[Foraker Act]], which established the [[Insular Government of Porto Rico]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Cuba]] (1906–1909), a military occupation government established by the United States following the collapse of [[Tomás Estrada Palma]]'s administration. Dissolved following the election of [[José Miguel Gómez]], after which American officials deemed the country sufficiently restabilized.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Chile.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Chile]] (1932), formed by the [[Government Junta of Chile (1932)|government junta]] which overthrew president [[Juan Esteban Montero]]. Dissolved shortly after its establishment due to widespread public opposition.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Cuba (sky blue).svg}} [[Pentarchy of 1933]], interim ruling body of [[Cuba]] following the deposition of [[Gerardo Machado]]. Ousted after five days in power by the [[Directorio Estudiantil Universitario]], which appointed the [[One Hundred Days Government]] in their place.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Cuba (sky blue).svg}} [[One Hundred Days Government]] (1933–1934), interim ruling body of [[Cuba]] after the [[Pentarchy of 1933]] was ousted by the [[Directorio Estudiantil Universitario]]. Overthrown in a military coup by [[Fulgencio Batista]], who installed [[Carlos Mendieta]] as [[president of Cuba]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bolivia.svg}} [[Government Junta of Bolivia (1946–1947)]], established following the ousting of [[Gualberto Villarroel]] and the [[Revolutionary Nationalist Movement]] in the [[1946 La Paz riots]]. Dissolved following the [[1947 Bolivian general election|election]] and inauguration of [[Enrique Hertzog]] as [[President of Bolivia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Costa Rica.svg}} Founding Council (1948–1949), interim government of [[Costa Rica]] led by president [[José Figueres Ferrer]], established following the overthrow of [[Teodoro Picado Michalski]] in the [[Costa Rican Civil War]]. Dissolved after Ferrer stepped down in favor of [[Otilio Ulate Blanco]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 1990 |title=Costa Rica's Fierce Pacifist |pages=20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/opinion/costa-rica-s-fierce-pacifist.html}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of New Afrika.svg}} [[Republic of New Afrika]] (1968–present), established as a [[Black nationalism|black nationalist]] and [[Black separatism|black separatist]] provisional government in opposition to the [[federal government of the United States]], with the intent of creating an independent country in present-day [[East Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[South Carolina]], and [[North Florida]].<ref name="taifa">{{Cite book |last=Taifa |first=Nkechi |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications, Inc.]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781483346373 |editor-last=Shujaa |editor-first=Mwalimu J. |chapter=Republic of New Afrika |doi=10.4135/9781483346373 |editor-last2=Shujaa |editor-first2=Kenya J. |chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-african-cultural-heritage-in-north-america/i6214.xml}}</ref><ref name=":Li">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hongshan |title=Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231207058 |location=New York, NY |doi=10.7312/li--20704 |jstor=10.7312/li--20704}}</ref>{{Rp|page=276}} 
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Grenada.svg}} [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Government]] (1979–1983), interim ruling body of [[Grenada]] following the [[New Jewel Movement]]'s takeover of the government. Overthrown in the [[United States invasion of Grenada]], which installed the Interim Advisory Council, headed by [[Paul Scoon]], with [[Nicholas Brathwaite]] as prime minister.<ref name="z9f6WdltuE">{{YouTube|_z9f6WdltuE|Sir Paul Scoon, G-G of Grenada, at 2:36}}</ref><ref name="NYTObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/world/americas/paul-scoon-who-invited-grenada-invaders-dies-at-78.html|title=Paul Scoon, Who Invited Grenada Invaders, Dies at 78|last=Martin|first=Douglas|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 September 2013|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402120057/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/world/americas/paul-scoon-who-invited-grenada-invaders-dies-at-78.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Nicaragua.svg}} [[Junta of National Reconstruction]] (1979–1985), interim ruling body of [[Nicaragua]] after the overthrow of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] during the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]. Dissolved following the [[1984 Nicaraguan general election|election]] and inauguration of [[Daniel Ortega]] as president.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Grenada.svg}} Interim Advisory Council (1983–1984), interim ruling body of [[Grenada]] following the deposition of the [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Government]] during the [[United States invasion of Grenada|American invasion]].<ref name=z9f6WdltuE/><ref name=NYTObit/> Dissolved following the [[1984 Grenadian general election]], which resulted in the formation of a new cabinet headed by [[Herbert Blaize]] as prime minister.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Haiti.svg}} [[National Council of Government (Haiti)|National Council of Government]] (1986–1988), interim ruling body of [[Haiti]], after the departure of [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Venezuela.svg}} [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|Venezuelan transitional government]] (2019–2022), established in January 2019 by the [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] led by [[Juan Guaidó]], in dispute with the [[Government of Venezuela|incumbent government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]] led by [[Nicolás Maduro]]. The transitional government was supported and recognized by the United States, the European Union, the [[Lima Group]], and [[Responses to the Venezuelan presidential crisis#Recognition of Guaidó acting presidency|many other Western countries]], ultimately dissolving in 2022 upon declaring that it had failed to achieve its goals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armas |first=Mayela |date=2022-12-31 |title=Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-opposition-removes-interim-president-guaido-2022-12-31/ |access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Deisy |date=2022-12-30 |title=AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino |trans-title=2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government |url=https://efectococuyo.com/politica/an-de-2015-aprueba-su-extension-por-un-ano-mas-y-elimina-gobierno-interino/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=[[Efecto Cocuyo]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-30 |title=Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino |url=https://talcualdigital.com/an-2015-debate-eliminacion-del-gobierno-interino-en-segunda-discusion/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=[[Tal Cual]] |language=es |quote=Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Peru.svg}} [[Presidency of Francisco Sagasti]] (2020–2021), established on November 17, 2020, as a result of various political and economic hardships during the [[Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)|Peruvian political crisis]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], including two presidential impeachments and one presidential resignation. Political analysts in Peru characterized the administration as a "transitional government" and an "emergency government,"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gestión|first=Redacción|date=2020-11-16|title=Francisco Sagasti gana Mesa Directa y será presidente de Perú hasta el 28 de julio del 2021|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/francisco-sagasti-gana-mesa-directa-y-sera-presidente-de-peru-hasta-el-28-de-julio-de-2021-noticia/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Gestión|language=es}}</ref> which was eventually succeeded by the [[Presidency of Pedro Castillo#Bellido cabinet|Bellido cabinet]] following the inauguration of [[Pedro Castillo]] on July 28, 2021.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Haiti.svg}} [[Transitional Presidential Council]] (2024–present), established in April 2024 to exercise the powers and duties of the [[President of Haiti]] either until an elected president is inaugurated or until 7 February 2026. The council was officially sworn in as the [[head of state]] of Haiti following the resignation of acting prime minister [[Ariel Henry]] on 24 April.

== Asia ==
* {{Flagicon image|Shekel from third year of the first Jewish-Roman war.jpg}} [[Judean provisional government]] (66–68), formed by rebelling [[Pharisees]] and [[Sadducees]] during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] with the intent of establishing a [[Halachic state]] in [[Judea]]. Dissolved following the massacre of its members during the [[Zealot Temple siege]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg}} [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)]], established in the [[Spanish East Indies]] during the [[Spanish–American War]]. Succeeded by the [[First Philippine Republic]] following the promulgation of the [[Malolos Constitution]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands]] (1898–1902), established after the United States' military victory in the [[Battle of Manila (1898)|Battle of Manila]] and formalized by the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], which officially ceded the territory from Spain. Succeeded by the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands]] following the [[Philippine–American War]] and the passage of the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of China (1889–1912).svg}} [[Tianjin Provisional Government]] (1900–1902), formed by the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] to administer territory recaptured from the [[Boxer movement]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. Dissolved after ceding control of the [[Tianjin]] area back to the [[Qing dynasty]], though the Eight-Nation Alliance maintained a military presence to ensure open access to Beijing.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)]], established after the success of the [[Wuchang Uprising|Wuchang uprising]]

=== World War I and Interbellum ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional Government of India.svg}} [[Provisional Government of India]] (1915), [[government-in-exile]] based in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Administration of Western Armenia.svg}} [[Occupation of Western Armenia|Republic of Van]] (1915), established as a puppet government of the [[Russian Empire]] in occupied [[Western Armenia]]. Dissolved in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] following the [[February Revolution]] and the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]'s withdrawal from [[World War I]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Alash_Autonomy.svg}} [[Alash Autonomy#Government|Alash Orda]] (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formed [[Alash Autonomy]] in opposition to rival [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] councils aligned with [[Vladimir Lenin]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg}} [[South West Caucasian Republic]] (1919), established in [[Kars]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] (1919), established in exile based in [[Shanghai]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] and later in [[Chongqing]], during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[Jewish National Council]] (1920–1948), established by the [[Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)|Assembly of Representatives]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]] as the main executive body of the entity's [[Yishuv|Jewish community]]. Succeeded by the [[provisional government of Israel]] after [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|declaring independence]] in 1948.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg}} [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] (1920–1923), established as an alternative government to the Allied-occupied [[Ottoman Empire]] during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mongolia (1921–1924).svg}} Provisional Government of Mongolia (1921–1924), established by the Central Committee of the [[Mongolian People's Party]] upon the organization's formation in [[Kyakhta]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasanbaljir |first=Ts. |title=Revolyutsionnye meropriyatiya narodogo pravitel'stva Mongolii v. 1921–1924 gg. |language=ru |trans-title=Revolutionary measures of the Mongolian people's government, 1921–1924 |location=Moscow |date=1960|pages=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5. China/Mongolia (1911-1946) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/chinamongolia-1911-1946/ |website=University of Central Arkansas |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> Succeeded by the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] following the ratification of [[Constitutions of the Mongolian People's Republic#1924 Constitution|the first constitution]].

=== World War II ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40)]], established by the [[Empire of Japan]] after its invasion of Eastern China
* {{Flagicon|Azad Hind}} [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] (1943–1945), commonly known as ''Azad Hind'', established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of the [[Indian National Army]]. The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles.

=== Cold War and aftermath ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the People's Committee of Korea.svg}} [[People's Republic of Korea]] (1945–1946), a provisional government established following the [[surrender of Japan]] at the conclusion of [[World War II]], which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following the [[division of Korea]], the PRK was outlawed by the United States in favor of the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|American military government]], while the [[Soviet Union]] incorporated it into the [[Provisional People's Committee of North Korea]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Korea (1945–1948).svg}} [[United States Army Military Government in Korea]] (1945–1948), an interim government formed by the [[United States]] concurrently with the [[People's Republic of Korea]] following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated into [[South Korea]] following the [[division of Korea]] and the American ban on the People's Republic.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg}} [[Provisional People's Committee of North Korea]] (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the [[Soviet Civil Administration]] following the [[division of Korea]] and the absorption of the [[People's Republic of Korea]]. Succeeded by the [[People's Committee of North Korea]].
* {{Flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Interim Government of India]] (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created [[Constituent Assembly of India]] to administer what would become the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in the transitional period between [[British Raj|British rule]] and independence.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg}} [[People's Committee of North Korea]] (1947–1948), the successor government to the [[Provisional People's Committee of North Korea]] during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated into [[North Korea]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia]] (1948–1949), an emergency government established by [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]] in [[Sumatra]] following the [[Operation Kraai|capture]] of [[Yogyakarta]], the then-Indonesian capital, by the [[Netherlands]]. Dissolved following the [[Roem–Van Roijen Agreement]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Israel.svg}} [[Provisional government of Israel]] (1948–1949), successor to the [[Jewish National Council]], established after Israel's [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|declaration of independence]] and in place until after the [[1949 Israeli legislative election|first Knesset elections]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Vietnam.svg}} [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam]] (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during the [[First Indochina War]]. Succeeded by the [[State of Vietnam]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1930–1958, 1961–1963).svg}} Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Vietnam.svg}} [[State of Vietnam]] (1949–1955), formed as a successor to the [[Provisional Central Government of Vietnam]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. Succeeded by [[South Vietnam]] following the [[1954 Geneva Conference]], which ceded the northern half of the country to [[North Vietnam]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia]] (1958–1961), established in opposition to the [[Sukarno]] administration.<ref>Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy: The secret Eisenhower and Dulles debacle in Indonesia, p. 143</ref> Dissolved following the withdrawal of American support and the failure of its and the [[Permesta]]'s rebellion against the government.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1963–1972).svg}} [[National Council for the Revolutionary Command]] (1963), interim ruling body of [[Syria]] following the [[1963 Syrian coup d'état]].
* {{Flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam]] (1969–1976), established during the [[Vietnam War]] against the United States and Republic of Vietnam
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh]] (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to [[Calcutta]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh.svg}} [[Sayem ministry]] (1975–1978), interim government of Bangladesh following the [[assassination of Khaled Mosharraf]]. Dissolved after [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]]'s successor, [[Ziaur Rahman]], formed a provisional Council of Ministers in advance of the [[1979 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref name="sayem_ministry_advisers">{{cite web |title=১৯৭১ সাল থেকে ০৭-০১-২০১৯ গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি, উপ-রাষ্ট্রপতি, প্রধানমন্ত্রী ও মন্ত্রিপরিষদের সদস্যবৃন্দ এবং নির্দলীয় তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকারের প্রধান উপদেষ্টা ও উপদেষ্টা পরিষদের সদস্যবৃন্দের দপ্তর বন্টনসহ নামের তালিকা। |url=https://cabinet.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/cabinet.portal.gov.bd/publications/e166b4bd_012d_4abe_85fc_e72aea80d8ed/1971-07.01.2019_bn_1_182%20(1).pdf |website=মন্ত্রিপরিষদ বিভাগ |publisher=Ministry Department, Government of Bangladesh |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[Provisional Government of East Timor]] (1975–1976), established as a [[puppet state]] following the success of the [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]]. Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation as [[East Timor (province)|a province of Indonesia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg}} [[Interim Government of Iran]] (1979), a provisional government established after the [[Iranian Revolution]]. Dissolved and replaced by the [[Council of the Islamic Revolution]] following the onset of the [[Iran hostage crisis]].<ref name="Nikou">{{cite web|last=Nikou|first=Semira N.|title=Timeline of Iran's Political Events|url=http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/timeline-irans-political-events|work=United States Institution of Peace|access-date=10 August 2013}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|First Flag of I.R.Iran.svg}} [[Council of the Islamic Revolution]] (1979–1980), initially formed to manage the [[Iranian Revolution]] in its closing days before succeeding the [[Interim Government of Iran]] in the wake of the [[Iran hostage crisis]].<ref name="Nikou"/> Dissolved upon the establishment of the first [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]].
* {{Flagicon image|NCRI National Council of Resistance of Iran Lion & Sun Flag.jpg}} [[National Council of Resistance of Iran|Democratic Republic of Iran]] (1981–present), formed by the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] based in [[Paris]] and later Albania. It serves as the main Iranian government-in-exile opposing the clerical government.
* {{Flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg}} [[South Lebanon security belt administration]] (1985–2000), established to administer [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon|Israeli-occupied Lebanon]] following the dissolution of the [[State of Free Lebanon]] during the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. Dissolved following [[Hezbollah]]'s victory in the [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|South Lebanon conflict]] and the subsequent collapse of the [[South Lebanon Army]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987)|Provisional Government of the Philippines]] (1986–1987), established after the [[People Power Revolution]]. Dissolved following the [[1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite|ratification]] of the current [[Constitution of the Philippines]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} [[Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization]] (1988–present), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the [[State of Palestine]].<ref name="GiE">{{Cite book|last1=Sayigh|first1=Yezid|title=Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=9780198296430|edition=illustrated|page=624}} "The Palestinian National Council also empowered [[Palestinian Central Council|the central council]] to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the [[Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization|executive committee]] to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established."</ref><ref name="UN_ARES6719">{{UN document|docid=A-RES-67-19|type=Resolution|body=General Assembly|session=67|resolution_number=19|access-date=2013-01-07}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh.svg}} [[Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry]] (1990–1991), interim government of [[Bangladesh]] formed following the resignation of [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] during the [[1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh|1990 uprising]]. Dissolved following the [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|election]] and inauguration of [[Khaleda Zia]] as prime minister.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kuwait.svg}} [[Republic of Kuwait]] (1990), established as a puppet state by [[Ba'athist Iraq]] during the [[Gulf War]]. Subsequently annexed and divided into the [[Kuwait Governorate]] and the [[Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District]] before Iraq's withdrawal at the end of the war.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Cambodia under UNTAC.svg}} [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] (1992–1993), formed following the [[1991 Paris Peace Agreements]] to govern and stabilize Cambodia following the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]] and the [[Third Indochina War]]. Dissolved following the restoration of the [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Cambodian monarchy]] and consequent reestablishment of the [[Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg}} [[Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998)]], an opposition government formed by remnants of the [[Khmer Rouge]] following the establishment of the [[Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]] and the withdrawal of the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]]. Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death of [[Pol Pot]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} [[Palestinian National Authority]] (1994–present), the [[Public administration|administrative]] organization, established to [[government|govern]] parts of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], following the Oslo Accords.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Palestinian Authority|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/palestinian_authority/index.html|access-date=2012-11-29|archive-date=2013-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721050045/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/palestinian_authority/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong.svg}} [[Provisional Legislative Council]] (''1996''/1997–1998), interim legislature of [[Hong Kong]] in the leadup to and immediately following the [[Handover of Hong Kong|handover to China]]. While the council was formed in 1996,<ref name="Chen1997">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Albert H. Y.|author-link=Albert Chen|date=1997|title=The Provisional Legislative Council of the SAR|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/37906606.pdf|journal=Hong Kong Law Journal|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–11}}</ref>{{rp|6}} it did not exercise rule until the following January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2012978/explained-how-hong-kongs-legislative-council-has|title=Explained: how Hong Kong's Legislative Council has evolved|last=Singh|first=Harminder|publisher=South China Morning Post|date=2 September 2016|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/intro/hist_lc.htm|title=Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region – History of the Legislature|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
As of 2024 in Asia, [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], the [[State of Palestine]] (under both [[Fatah]] and [[Hamas]]), [[Syria]], and [[Yemen]] currently have provisional governments.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1992–2001).svg}} [[Afghan Interim Administration]] (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]. Succeeded by the [[Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (2002–2004).svg}} [[Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan]] (2002–2004), formed as the successor to the [[Afghan Interim Administration]]. Succeeded by the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] following the [[2004 Afghan presidential election|election]] and inauguration of the [[First Karzai cabinet]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] in Iraq (2003–2004) with the [[Iraqi Interim Governing Council]], established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (2004–2008).svg}} [[Iraqi Interim Government]] (2004–2005) and the [[Iraqi Transitional Government]] (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Thailand.svg}} [[2006 Thai interim civilian government]], established by the [[Council for National Security]] following the [[2006 Thai coup d'état]]. Dissolved following the enacting of the [[2007 constitution of Thailand]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg}} [[Syrian Interim Government]] (2013–2025), established by the [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]] during the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian Civil War]]. Ultimately absorbed into the [[Syrian caretaker government]] following the [[fall of the Assad regime]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mustafa Places Interim Government at the Disposal of the Syrian State|url=https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/mustafa-places-interim-government-at-the-disposal-of-the-syrian-state.html|website=Syrian Observer|date=2025-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="المؤقتة" تضع كوادرها تحت تصرف حكومة دمشق | date=4 February 2025 |url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/737589/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%85/?amp=1 |publisher=[[Enab Baladi]] |access-date=2025-02-04 |language=ar}}</ref>
* {{Flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Supreme Political Council|Supreme Political Council of Yemen]] (2015–present), established by the [[Houthi Movement]] after the [[2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état]], currently participating in the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]] against the governments of [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] and the [[Presidential Leadership Council]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} [[Southern Transitional Council|Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen]] (2016–present), established by the [[Southern Movement]] - a separatist group in southern Yemen - during the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg}} [[Syrian Salvation Government]] (2017–2024), established by [[Tahrir al-Sham|Hayat Tahrir al-Sham]] in the [[Idlib Governorate]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-18|title=Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45401474|access-date=2021-02-22|archive-date=2019-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727020858/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45401474|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately absorbed into the [[Syrian caretaker government]] following the [[fall of the Assad regime]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=10 December 2024|date=10 December 2024|url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/613575/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-2025|website=Independent Arabia|title=Mohammed al-Bashir officially the head of the transitional government in Syria until March 2025}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg}} [[2020 interim government of Kyrgyzstan|Interim government of Kyrgyzstan]] (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the [[2020 Kyrgyzstani protests]]
* {{flagdeco|Myanmar}} [[National Unity Government of Myanmar]] (2021–present), established in exile by the [[Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw]] in opposition to the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar coup foes tout minority-backed shadow government |url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-aung-san-suu-kyi-global-trade-myanmar-asia-efd466d20a2833fc66bbe218a16fd27f |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=16 April 2021 |location=[[Yangon]] |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318025701/https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-aung-san-suu-kyi-global-trade-myanmar-asia-efd466d20a2833fc66bbe218a16fd27f |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Myanmar}} [[Provisional Government of Myanmar]] (2021–present), established by the [[State Administration Council]] as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar shadow government condemns army ruler for taking PM role |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-shadow-government-condemns-army-ruler-taking-pm-role-2021-08-02/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403211717/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-shadow-government-condemns-army-ruler-taking-pm-role-2021-08-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Presidential Leadership Council]] (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Kolirin |first2=Lianne |title=Hopes of peace in Yemen as President hands power to new presidential council |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/middleeast/yemen-presidential-council-intl/index.html |access-date=8 April 2022 |work=[[CNN]] |date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408002649/https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/middleeast/yemen-presidential-council-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghobari |first1=Mohamed |title=Yemen president sacks deputy, delegates presidential powers to council |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemen-president-relieves-deputy-his-post-2022-04-07/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=[[Aden]] |date=7 April 2022 |quote=With this declaration a Presidential Leadership Council shall be established to complete the implementation of the tasks of the transitional period. I irreversibly delegate to the Presidential Leadership Council my full powers in accordance with the constitution and the Gulf Initiative and its executive mechanism. |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501215243/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemen-president-relieves-deputy-his-post-2022-04-07/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Israel.svg}} [[Israeli war cabinet]] (2023–2024), established following the outbreak of the [[Gaza war]]  and Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s declaration of a state of emergency. The war cabinet was later dissolved after former ministers [[Benny Gantz]] and [[Gadi Eisenkott]] left the coalition.
* {{Flagicon image|Karenni people flag.svg}} [[Karenni State Interim Executive Council]] (2023–present), formed by Karenni resistance groups during the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar civil war]] in opposition to the [[State Administration Council]].
* {{flagicon image|Hamas Emblem Flag White Variant with Colored Emblem.svg}} [[Hamas temporary committee]] (2024–present), established following the [[assassination of Ismail Haniyeh]] to facilitate communication with chairman [[Yahya Sinwar]] and maintain governance of Hamas during the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=War in the Middle East: Hamas to be led temporarily by a committee |url=https://international.la-croix.com/world/war-in-the-middle-east-hamas-to-be-led-temporarily-by-a-committee |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=La croix international |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Doha-based committee to lead Hamas amid war, in wake of Sinwar's death — report |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/doha-based-committee-to-lead-hamas-amid-war-in-wake-of-sinwars-death-report/ |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> Later transitioned to committee rule following [[Killing of Yahya Sinwar|Sinwar's own killing]], pending elections in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Hamas to be temporarily led by five-member ruling committee |url=https://thearabweekly.com/hamas-be-temporarily-led-five-member-ruling-committee |work=The Arab Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Hamas will be temporarily led by a committee, according to sources within the movement |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1432334/hamas-will-be-temporarily-led-by-a-committee-according-to-sources-within-the-movement.html |work=L'Orient Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Who will lead Hamas after killing of Yahya Sinwar? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c04p04lq27ko |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh.svg}} [[Interim government of Muhammad Yunus]] (2024–present), formed following the expulsion of prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] and consequent dissolution of the [[12th Jatiya Sangsad]] during the [[Student–People's uprising]]. The [[Interim government system of Bangladesh|interim government]] is expected to remain in office until the appointment of a new [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] following the [[next Bangladeshi general election]].<ref name="apoath">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's interim government will take oath on Thursday, says the military chief |url=https://apnews.com/article/hasina-bangladesh-opposition-khaleda-quota-fd7db94ba0a66a12f7b61de3a1bb6730 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Associated Press News |date=7 August 2024 }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg}} [[Syrian caretaker government]] (2024–2025), established following the [[fall of the Assad regime]] during the [[Syrian civil war]]. [[Syrian Salvation Government]] leader [[Ahmed al-Sharaa]] announced the transitional administration's formation on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]],<ref name="Interim1">{{Cite web |title=Syria latest: 'The future is ours,' says rebel leader after Assad flees Damascus |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy8xzxe0w7t |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Opposition forces impose curfew in Syrian capital Damascus| date=8 December 2024 |url=https://www.intellinews.com/opposition-forces-impose-curfew-in-syrian-capital-damascus-357194/?source=syrian-arab-republic |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=bne IntelliNews|language=en}}</ref> while [[National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|National Coalition]] president [[Hadi al-Bahra]] stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Syrian opposition leader says state institutions will be preserved in 18-month transition|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-opposition-leader-says-state-institutions-should-be-preserved-and-rebels-accomodated |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> Succeeded by the [[Syrian transitional government]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At protest, Tel Aviv mayor vows to shut down country if government ignores a High Court ruling |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-march-29-2025/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg}} [[Syrian transitional government]] (2025–present), established by Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa to implement the five-year transitional period dictated by the [[2025 Interim Constitution of Syria]].<ref name="CNN20250313">{{Cite news |title=Syrian leader signs constitution that puts the country under an Islamist group's rule for 5 years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/13/middleeast/syria-constitution-ap-intl/index.html |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Europe ==
* {{Flagicon image|Green harp flag of Ireland.svg}} [[Confederate Ireland]] (1642–1652), formed by Catholic aristocrats, [[landed gentry]], clergy, and military leaders after the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]]. Overthrown by the [[Commonwealth of England]] in the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1790–1794).svg}} [[National Convention]] (1792–1795), interim ruling body of the [[Kingdom of France]] and the [[French First Republic]] during the [[French Revolution]]. Succeeded by the [[French Directory]] following the [[fall of Maximilien Robespierre]] and the drafting of a new constitution.
* {{Flagicon image|Herbarz Kaspra Niesieckiego Мазовецкое.svg}} [[Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia]] (1794), interim government of the [[Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)|Masovian Voivodeship]] established during the [[Kościuszko Uprising]]. Ultimately subordinated to the [[Supreme National Council]].
* {{Flagicon image|Bataafse Republiek nationale vlag.svg}} [[Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland]] (1795–1796), interim government of the [[Batavian Republic]] following the abolition of the [[Dutch Republic]] in the [[Batavian Revolution]]. Abolished following the [[States General of the Batavian Republic]]'s replacement by the [[National Assembly of the Batavian Republic|National Assembly]].
* {{Flagicon image|Banner of the Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission.svg}} [[Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission]] (1812–1813), established by [[Napoleon]] during the [[French invasion of Russia]].<ref name="GenzelisLRT">{{cite web |last1=Genzelis |first1=Bronislovas |title="Nepriklausomybės sąsiuviniai". Lietuviškumo idėja ir 1863 metų sukilimas |url=https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kultura/12/33396/nepriklausomybes-sasiuviniai-lietuviskumo-ideja-ir-1863-metu-sukilimas |website=[[Lrt.lt]] |access-date=7 May 2021 |language=lt |date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Merged with the [[General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland]] to create the united Kingdom of Poland.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)]], interim ruling body of the [[Southern Netherlands]] following the collapse of French rule during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]]. Dissolved following the annexation of the region by the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[French Provisional Government of 1814]], interim ruling body of the [[First French Empire]] following the surrender of Paris and deposition of [[Napoleon]] during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]]. Succeeded by the [[government of the first Bourbon restoration]] following [[Louis XVIII]]'s return to the throne and the reestablishment of the [[Kingdom of France]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[First Hellenic Republic]] (1822–1832), established by anti-Ottoman rebels during the [[Greek War of Independence]]. Succeeded by the [[Kingdom of Greece]] following the assassination of [[Augustinos Kapodistrias]] and subsequent intervention by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]], [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Belgium (1830).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Belgium]] (1830–1831), established as a successor to the Revolutionary Committee following the success of the [[Belgian Revolution]]. Dissolved following the proclamation of the [[Constitution of Belgium]] and the consequent establishment of the [[Belgium|Kingdom of Belgium]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg}} [[Wellington caretaker ministry]] (1834), interim ruling body of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] following [[William IV]]'s dismissal of [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|William Lamb]]'s administration. [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] recommended [[Robert Peel]] as Lamb's successor; because Peel was in the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] at the time, Wellesley headed a caretaker administration until Peel's return to Britain.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[French Provisional Government of 1848]], interim ruling body of the [[French Second Republic]] established after the [[French Revolution of 1848]], which ended the [[July Monarchy]]. Succeeded by the [[French Executive Commission of 1848]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italy with inscription «Italia libera Dio lo vuole».svg}} [[Five Days of Milan|Provisional Government of Milan]] (1848), formed by Milanese insurgents during the [[First Italian War of Independence]]. Dissolved following the [[Austrian Empire]]'s victory in the [[Battle of Custoza (1848)|Battle of Custoza]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (January Uprising).svg}} [[Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw]] and [[National Civil Government]] (1863), interim ruling bodies of [[Congress Poland]] during the [[January Uprising]], formed as the successor to the underground [[Polish National Government (January Uprising)|Polish National Government]]. The coexisting provisional governments were both ''[[de jure]]'' ruled by [[Marian Langiewicz]], whose arrest led to their dissolution in favor of a single coalition government.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg}} [[Provisional Government (1868-1871)|Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871)]], established after the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Spanish Glorious Revolution]] pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[Government of National Defense]] (1870–1871), interim ruling body of the [[French Third Republic]] following the collapse of the [[Second French Empire]] during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Replaced by the [[Cabinet Dufaure I (France)|Cabinet Dufaure I]] following the [[1871 French legislative election]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} [[5 October 1910 revolution#The first steps of the Republic|Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1911)]], established in the aftermath of the [[5 October 1910 Revolution|Republican Revolution]] that overthrow the Portuguese monarchy.

=== World War I and Interbellum ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Albanian Provisional Government (1912-1914).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Albania]] (1912–1914), established after the [[First Balkan War]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of TRWT.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Western Thrace]] (1913), established in modern Greece in opposition to annexation by [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] during the [[Second Balkan War]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Northern Epirus]] (1914), established against annexation to [[Principality of Albania|Albania]].
* {{Flagicon image|Irish Republic Flag.svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Irish Republic]] (1916), a title adopted by the leadership of the short-lived [[Easter Rising]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Provisional Government of National Defence]] (1916), alternative government established in the city of [[Thessaloniki]] in northern Greece
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1928).svg}} [[Provisional Council of State]] (1917), interim government of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)|Kingdom of Poland]] based on the [[Act of 5th November]]. Collapsed following the resignation of [[Józef Piłsudski]] and the subsequent [[oath crisis]], resulting in the Temporary Committee of the Provisional Council of State forming to replace it.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian Provisional Government]] (1917), established as a result of the [[February Revolution]] which led to the abdication of [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bohemia.svg}} [[Czechoslovak National Council]] (1918), interim ruling body of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]] following its independence from [[Austria-Hungary]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg}} [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], (1918) established in 1918 as the [[List of states with limited recognition|unrecognized]] first incarnation of [[Yugoslavia]] and later merged with the [[Kingdom of Serbia|Kingdoms of Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] to form the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Estonia.svg}} [[Estonian Provisional Government]] (1918–1919)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Germany (3-2).svg}} [[Council of the People's Deputies]] (1918–1919), formed by the [[German Empire]]'s main socialist parties during the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|German Revolution]] before adopting a [[big tent]] policy and facilitating the transition to a republican government. Succeeded by the [[Scheidemann cabinet]], the first government of the [[Weimar Republic]], following the [[1919 German federal election]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Latvia.svg}} [[Latvian Provisional Government]] (1918–1920)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Galicia-Lodomeria (1890–1918).svg}} [[Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland]] (1918), established following [[Austria-Hungary]]'s Parliamentary motion in favor of restoring Polish independence. Dissolved following the ascension of [[Józef Piłsudski]] as head of state and the establishment of the [[Second Polish Republic]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Provisional All-Russian Government]] (1918), a short-lived anti-communist government formed during the [[Russian Civil War]]. Overthrown by the [[white movement]] in the [[Kolchak Coup]] and replaced by the [[Russian Government (1918—1919)|1918—1919 Russian government]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian Government (1918—1919)]], a military government formed by the [[white movement]] following the overthrow of the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]] in the [[Kolchak Coup]]. Dissolved during the fall of Omsk, with its members forming the [[South Russian Government]] and [[Eastern Okraina]] the following year.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian State.svg}} [[Ukrainian State|Ukrainian Provisional Government]] (1918)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional Regional Government of the Urals.svg}} [[Provisional Regional Government of the Urals]] (1918), a short-lived anti-Bolshevik state within the territory of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]. Voluntarily dissolved after two months, ceding power to the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Northern Region]] (1918–1920)
* {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1919), established as a [[Revolutionary committee (Soviet)|revolutionary committee]], under patronage from the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], with the intent of creating a [[Soviet republic]] in [[Bessarabia]]. Dissolved after [[Anton Denikin]] captured [[Odesa]], where the BSSR operated.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Mountain Republic.svg}} [[Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan]] (1919–1920), interim government of [[Dagestan]] following the collapse and exodus of the [[Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus]]. Dissolved following the Bolshevik takeover and the [[11th Army (RSFSR)|11th Army]]'s capture of the Northern Caucasus.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Central Lithuania 1920.svg}} [[Provisional Governing Commission]] (1920–1922), established as the ruling body of the [[Republic of Central Lithuania]], a puppet state of the [[Second Polish Republic]] formed during the [[Polish–Lithuanian War]]. Dissolved after the [[Legislative Sejm (Second Polish Republic)|Legislative Sejm]] voted to absorb the state into Poland.<ref>[https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19220200162 ''Dziennik Ustaw'', no. 20, position 162, 25 March 1922].</ref><ref>[https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19220260213 ''Dziennik Ustaw'', no. 26, poz. 213, 6 April 1922].</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Ireland.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)]], established by the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] between the British government and Irish revolutionaries, in order to pave the way for the establishment of the [[Irish Free State]] in the same year.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Tungus Republic.svg}} [[Tungus Republic]] (1924–1925), a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state formed within [[Okhotsky District|Okhotsky]] and the eastern [[Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Dissolved and reabsorbed into the [[Soviet Union]] following peace talks between the two.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic]] (1931), interim ruling body of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] following the deposition of King [[Alfonso XIII]]. Dissolved following the establishment of a regular government by the [[Spanish Constitution of 1931]].

=== World War II ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[Vichy France]] (1940–1944), established as a puppet government of [[Nazi Germany]] following the [[Battle of France]] and [[Armistice of 22 June 1940]]. Dissolved following the [[liberation of France]] and the installation of the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Lithuania.svg}} [[Lithuanian underground government|Provisional Government of Lithuania]] (1941), established when Lithuanians overthrew the [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet occupation]] during the [[June Uprising in Lithuania|June Uprising]]. It functioned briefly until [[Nazi Germany]] annexed the country.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Provisional National Government of Hungary]] (1944–1945) (''Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány'')<ref name="OrangeFilesPNG">{{cite web|title=The Provisional National Government (1945)|url=https://theorangefiles.hu/the-provisional-national-government-1945/|access-date=20 March 2017|website=The Orange Files: Notes on Illiberal Democracy in Hungary|date=3 December 2015|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925231005/https://theorangefiles.hu/the-provisional-national-government-1945/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] (1945)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} [[French Committee of National Liberation]] (''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', CFLN) (1943–1944), set up in [[Algiers]], then a part of [[metropolitan France]].
* {{Flagicon|Provisional Government of the French Republic}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF) (1944–1946), government of the provisional Republic following the [[liberation of France]] and consequent dissolution of [[Vichy France|the Vichy government]] until the establishment of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} [[Italian partisan republics]] (1944), formed by various segments of the [[Italian resistance movement]] in opposition to the [[Italian Social Republic]]. Each of them were reconquered by the [[Wehrmacht]] within weeks of their establishment.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946).svg}} [[Democratic Government of Albania]] (1944–1946), formed by the [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)|National Liberation Movement]] following the successful expulsion of the [[German occupation of Albania|German occupation]]. Succeeded by the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|People's Republic of Albania]] after interim prime minister [[Enver Hoxha]]'s expulsion of king [[Zog I]] and the [[Democratic Front of Albania]]'s dominance of the [[1945 Albanian parliamentary election]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1927–1980).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland]] (1944–1945), established by the [[State National Council]] with the intention of creating a Soviet-aligned communist Poland, contrary to the western-aligned [[Polish government-in-exile]] (which it did not recognize). Succeeded by the [[Provisional Government of National Unity]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} [[Flensburg Government]] (1945), established following the suicides of [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Joseph Goebbels]] during the closing days of the [[Third Reich]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1927–1980).svg}} [[Provisional Government of National Unity]] (1945–1947), established as the successor to the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland]]. Dissolved following the establishment of the [[Polish People's Republic]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Interim National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Interim National Assembly]] (1945–1946), provisional ruling body of the [[Third Czechoslovak Republic]]. Succeeded by the [[Constituent National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Constituent National Assembly]] following the [[1946 Czechoslovak parliamentary election|1946 election]].

Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as [[Liberation of Europe|occupied nations were liberated]] from [[occupied Europe|Nazi occupation]] by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].

=== Cold War ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Army of Greece (red star).svg}} [[Provisional Democratic Government]] (1947–1950), formed by the [[Communist Party of Greece]] during the [[Greek Civil War]] as the successor to the World War II-era [[Political Committee of National Liberation]]. Withdrew from their territories in northern Greece after their defeat during [[Operation Pyrsos]] in 1949 and continued as a [[government-in-exile]] before dissolving fourteen months later.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg}} [[Northern Cyprus|Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cm.gov.nc.tr/GecmisYonetim | title=Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Cumhuriyet Meclisi | access-date=2019-11-17 | archive-date=2019-11-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117104351/http://www.cm.gov.nc.tr/GecmisYonetim | url-status=live }}</ref> (1967–1971), formed by [[Turkish Cypriots]] in the wake of the [[Greek junta#Coup d'état of 21 April|1967 Greek coup d'état]] and subsequent worsening of [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]]. Dissolved four years after its establishment, but succeeded by the [[Turkish Federated State of Cyprus]] following the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} [[National Salvation Junta]] and [[Portuguese transition to democracy|six provisional governments]] that followed after the [[Carnation Revolution]] and until the [[I Constitutional Government of Portugal|first democratically elected government]] under the new [[Portuguese Constitution|Constitution]] was sworn in (25 April 1974–23 July 1976)

=== Collapse of the USSR and aftermath ===
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} Government of National Understanding, established in [[Czechoslovakia]] after the [[Velvet Revolution]] of 1989.
* {{Flagicon image|Romania flag 1989 revolution.svg}} [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]] (1989–1990), established in [[Romania]] after the fall and execution of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] and [[Romanian Revolution|the end]] of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] in 1989. Later restructured into a [[big tent]] political party following the establishment of a post-communist successor government in 1990, winning the [[1990 Romanian general election|general election]] that year before breaking up into the [[Democratic National Salvation Front]] and the [[Democratic Party (Romania)|Democratic Party]] in 1992.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Estonia.svg}} [[Estonian restoration of Independence|Estonian Interim Government]] (1990–1992)
* {{flagdeco|USSR}} [[State Committee on the State of Emergency]] (1991), formed by the leaders of the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt]]. Dissolved after the coup's failure, with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] being reinstated as the Soviet head of state.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg}} [[Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine|Ukraine]]'s transitional government (1991–1996) formed after the [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum]], which dissolved the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and formalized Ukraine's independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. Officially declared the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR after [[Mykola Plaviuk]], president of the [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|government in exile]], ceded his powers to [[Leonid Kravchuk]], the winner of the [[1991 Ukrainian presidential election]]. Ultimately succeeded by the current [[Government of Ukraine|government]] following a parliamentary motion to adopt [[Constitution of Ukraine|a new constitution]], ending the post-Soviet transition.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Nations.svg}} [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] (1999–''[[de facto]]'' 2008), formed to stabilize Kosovo in the aftermath of the [[Kosovo War]]. Never formally dissolved, but ''[[de facto]]'' replaced by the [[Kosovo|Republic of Kosovo]] after [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|unilaterally declaring independence]] in 2008.

=== 21st century ===
As of 2024 in Europe, only [[Belarus]], [[South Ossetia]], and territories of [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]] occupied by each other during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] have provisional governments. The former two were established by the opposition in parallel with the [[Government of South Ossetia|government of the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania]] and the [[Government of Belarus|government of the Republic of Belarus]], while the latter two exist as a occupation governments in opposition to the [[government of Russia]] and the [[government of Ukraine]], respectively.
* {{Flagicon image|Kosovo pisg ca.png}} [[Provisional Institutions of Self-Government]] (2002–''[[de facto]]'' 2008), established by the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] to facilitate local governance. Like the UN administration, the provisional institutions were never formally dissolved, but were ''[[de facto]]'' replaced by the [[Kosovo|Republic of Kosovo]] following the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Ossetia.svg}} [[Administration of South Ossetia]] (2007–present), appointed by the government of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] as [[South Ossetia]]'s official ruling body in opposition to secessionist movements in the region. After being driven out of the country during the [[Russo-Georgian War]] in 2008, it has operated as a government in exile in opposition to the current, Russian-backed government.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg}} [[Coordination Council (Belarus)|Belarusian Coordination Council]] (2020–present) and the [[United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus]] (2022–present), established in the aftermath of the [[2020 Belarusian presidential election]] and during subsequent [[2020–2021 Belarusian protests|protests]]. The transitional government is supported and recognized by [[Lithuania]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian temporary administrative agencies in occupied Ukraine]] (2022–present), a series of puppet governments installed in the [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine]] during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg}} [[Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast|Military commandant's office for the Kursk region]] (2024–present), provisional administration established to administer parts of [[Kursk Oblast]] controlled by Ukraine.

== Oceania ==
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hawaii.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]] (1893–1894), established in 1893 after the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] and renamed to the [[Republic of Hawaii]] in 1894.
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} [[Naval Government of Guam]] (1898–1950), established by the United States following its [[Capture of Guam|capture]] during the [[Spanish–American War]]. Dissolved following the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]], which established [[Guam]] as an [[Territories of the United States|unincorporated organized territory]].
* {{Flagicon image|Australian Federation Flag.svg}} [[Caretaker government of Australia#The 1901 caretaker government|1901 caretaker government of Australia]], established pending the [[1901 Australian federal election|first election]] to the newly established [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]].

== International ==
* {{Flagicon image|International Flag of Planet Earth.svg}} [[Provisional World Parliament|Provisional World Government]] (1977–present), established by the [[Second World Constituent Assembly]] after the adoption of a world constitution, [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscellaneous Organizations G,H, & I - UNARMS |url=https://search.archives.un.org/s-1096-0345-03-00008 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=search.archives.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Global Strategies & Solutions : Preparing earth constitution |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World Problems |publisher=Union of International Associations |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |access-date=2023-07-15 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207030018/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |via=uia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisional World Parliament {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100012539 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=uia.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Government}}
* [[Caretaker government]]
* [[Government in exile]]
* [[Military junta]]
* [[Interregnum]]
* [[Martial law]]
* [[List of territories governed by the United Nations]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:Provisional governments| ]]