View source for David Levy (chess player)

{{Short description|Scottish chess player, writer, and entrepreneur (born 1945)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox chess player
|image = David Neil Laurence Levy.JPG
|caption = David Levy at Pamplona 2009 (WCCC – CO – ACGC)
| country = Scotland
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| title = [[International Master]] (1969)
| peakrating = 2360 (July 1971)
}}
'''David Neil Laurence Levy''' (born 14 March 1945) is an [[International Master]] of [[chess]] who plays for Scotland, and a businessman. He is noted for his involvement with [[computer chess]] and [[artificial intelligence]], and as the founder of the [[Computer Olympiad]]s and the [[Mind Sports Olympiad]]s. He has written more than 40 books on chess and computers.

== Life and career ==

Levy was born in London and went to [[Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet]]. He won the London Junior Chess Championship in 1965 and 1966.<ref name="Golombek p. 180">[[Harry Golombek]], ''Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess'', Crown Publishers, New York, p. 180. {{ISBN|0-517-53146-1}}.</ref> He won the [[Scottish Chess Championship]] in 1968. He tied for fifth place at the 1969 [[Praia da Rocha]] [[Interzonal#Zonal tournaments|Zonal]] [[tournament]], scoring over two-thirds and thereby obtaining the title of International Master.<ref name="Golombek p. 180" /> He played on Board One for the Scottish team at the 1972 [[Chess Olympiad]] in [[Skopje]], [[Yugoslavia]], scoring six wins, five draws, and seven losses (47.2%).<ref>Ray Keene and David Levy, ''Chess Olympiad 1972'', Doubleday, 1973, p. 212. {{ISBN|0-385-06925-1}}.</ref> After many years of inactivity as a tournament player, Levy returned to tournament play to play for the Scottish Senior Team.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Levy became a professional chess writer in 1971.<ref name="Golombek p. 180" /> Several of his books were co-written with English Grandmaster [[Raymond Keene]].<ref>E.g., R. D. Keene and D. N. L. Levy, ''Siegen Chess Olympiad'', CHESS Ltd., 1970; Ray Keene and David Levy, ''Chess Olympiad 1972'', Doubleday, 1973, {{ISBN|0-385-06925-1}}.</ref> Levy was married to Keene's sister [[Jacqueline Eales|Jacqueline]] for 17 years.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eales|first1=Jacqueline|title=Levy vs. Keene|url=http://www.chessbanter.com/38495-post6.html|website=Chessbanter.com|publisher=Chessbanter|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> He has functioned as literary agent for the escaped [[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train robber]], [[Ronald Biggs]] and claims to have masterminded his escape from British justice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingpinchess.net/2013/12/the-chess-player-and-the-train-robber-3/|title=Kingpin Chess Magazine » The Chess Player and the Train Robber|website=www.kingpinchess.net|date=18 December 2013 |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

In 1974, Levy together with [[Monty Newborn]] and Ben Mittman organized the first [[World Computer Chess Championship]].  In 1978, he co-founded the International Computer Chess Association.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

In the late 1970s, Levy consulted with [[Texas Instruments]] on the development of the Chess module for the [[TI-99/4A]] Home Computer Project and went on to set up Intelligent Software to produce chess software and hardware for a number of companies including [[Milton Bradley Company|Milton Bradley]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Watters|first1=Mike|title=Chess Computers - The UK Story|url=http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html|website=Chess Computer UK|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Intelligent Software would later collapse as a result of its involvement in the failed [[Enterprise (computer)|Enterprise]] home computer.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Tony|title=The story of the Elan Enterprise 128|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/10/24/elan_flan_enterprise_micro_is_30_years_old|website=The Register|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

In 1997, he funded the team that won the [[Loebner Prize]] for the program called "CONVERSE".
The prize competition rewards the program that is best able to simulate human communication. Levy entered the contest again in 2009, and won.<ref name=guardian9916>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/sep/16/sex-robots-david-levy-loebner Let's talk about sex ... with robots], ''The Guardian'', 16 September 2009</ref>

From 1986 to 1992 and from 1999 to 2018, he was the president of the International Computer Games Association.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://icga.org/?p=2672 | title=A New President &#124; Icga}}</ref>
He was Chairman of the Rules and Arbitration Committee for the [[Garry Kasparov|Kasparov]] vs. [[Junior (chess program)|Deep Junior]] chess match in New York City in 2003.

Levy once started a business called Tiger Computer Security with a computer hacker, [[Mathew Bevan]].

Levy also wrote ''[[Love and Sex with Robots]]'', published in the United States in 2007 by [[HarperCollins]], and in paperback in 2009 by [[Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd|Duckworth]] in the UK.<ref>{{cite book| last= Levy| first= David| title= Love and Sex with Robots| publisher= [[Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd|Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd]]| date= 9 April 2009| edition=paperback| isbn= 978-0715637777 }}</ref> It is the commercial edition of his PhD thesis, which he defended successfully on 11 October 2007, at [[Maastricht University]], Netherlands. On 17 January 2008, he appeared on the late night television show ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' to promote his book. In September 2009, Levy predicted that sex robots would hit the market within a couple of years.<ref name=guardian9916/> He defended his controversial views on the potential future wide use of sex robots by the public, and also by sex offenders, in an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper in December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/13/sex-love-and-robots-the-end-of-intimacy|title=Sex, love and robots: is this the end of intimacy?|last=Wiseman|first=Eva|date=2015-12-13|website=The Guardian|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> Levy has also been working on a range of sexually erotic chatbots, which have been created by a team based in a lab in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/flirt-with-a-chatbot#/|title=Flirt with a Chatbot|website=Indiegogo|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> However his research into human-robot sexual relations has not been viewed favourably by the Malaysian authorities who ruled the 2015 Congress on Love and Sex with Robots, which was due to be co-chaired by Levy, as illegal<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hale-Stern|first1=Kaila|title=The Annual Love and Sex With Robots Conference Has Been Canceled|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-annual-love-and-sex-with-robots-conference-has-been-1738032832|website=Gizmodo|date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Future PLC|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> following the organisers' attempt to imply the Malaysian governments' endorsement by using the Tourism Malaysia logo on their website.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mustafa|first1=Mushamir|title=Authorities Shocked At Upcoming 'Love And Sex With Robots' Congress Which Carries Tourism Malaysia Logo, Threaten Action|url=http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/571741-authorities-shocked-at-upcoming-love-and-sex-with-robots-congress-which-carries-tourism-malaysia-logo-threaten-action.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002162627/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/571741-authorities-shocked-at-upcoming-love-and-sex-with-robots-congress-which-carries-tourism-malaysia-logo-threaten-action.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 October 2015|website=Malaysian Digest|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> The Congress on Love and Sex with Robots was again cancelled in 2018. Initially committee members of the International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment (ACE) objected to plans to partner the two events in Montana and [[Springer Nature]] cancelled plans to publish the proceedings due to a lack of academic papers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/12/love-sex-robots-conference-bannon-academic-research.html | title=We Need Academic Conferences About Robots, Love, and Sex | date=13 December 2018 | first=Marina | last=Adshade | publisher=Slate | access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> Further controversy then arose over the invitation of [[Steve Bannon]] to keynote at ACE leading to both events being cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/steve-bannon-sex-robot-conference-lsr-ace-2018-adrian-cheok-university-montana-a8680336.html|title = Sex robot conference cancelled over Steve Bannon keynote backlash| website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date = 14 December 2018}}</ref>

Levy was brought in to a new company called Retro Computers Ltd, by his friend Sir [[Clive Sinclair]]. This company was formed after a meeting with Sinclair and Paul Andrews who conceived the [[ZX Spectrum Vega]] games console. This was backed by members of the public on a crowd funding site raising over £150,000 in 2015, and delivered successfully to backers that same year. A second portable console, the [[ZX Spectrum Vega+]], was proposed, and crowd funded again, but two of the four founding directors (Paul Andrews and Chris Smith) left the company in April 2016 before the crowd funding finished. They left citing<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/chris-smith-and-paul-andrews-step-down-from-retro-computers/0168796|title=Chris Smith and Paul Andrews step down from Retro Computers|website=MCV |date=21 June 2016 |access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> irreconcilable differences between them and the last remaining director Levy. Levy continued with the company installing two replacement directors, Suzanne Martin and Dr. Janko Mrsic-Flogel, both long term associates of Levy. The Vega+ console was originally intended to be delivered to backers in September 2016, but as of August 2017 the device remained unreleased amid claims of "infighting and legal battles". Despite condensed accounts being filed for the company at [[Companies House]] no information has been provided to identify the status of funds.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Titcomb|first1=James|title=Plan to revive Sinclair ZX Spectrum hit by legal turmoil|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/02/25/plan-revive-iconic-sinclair-zx-spectrum-hit-legal-turmoil/|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 February 2017|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> In September 2017 the company's bank statements were released showing that by 2017 all money raised via Indiegogo had been spent by RCL with no product to show for it,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corfield |first1=Gareth |title=Indiegogo lawyer asks ZX Spectrum reboot firm: Where's the cash? |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/06/15/indiegogo_zx_spectrum_lawyer_refund_letter/ |website=The Register |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> but calls from the backers for Levy to explain why the company had previously told ''[[The Inquirer]]'' that the missing funds were "safe" and "ring-fenced" went unanswered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2478567/zx-spectrum-vega-production-is-delayed-but-rcl-hopes-for-pre-christmas-rollout|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328114956/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2478567/zx-spectrum-vega-production-is-delayed-but-rcl-hopes-for-pre-christmas-rollout|url-status=unfit|archive-date=28 March 2017|title=The Inquirer, 28th November 2016|date=2016-11-26|website=The Inquirer}}</ref> On 23 January 2019 a Petition to wind up the company was filed by Private Planet Limited, owned by Dr Mrsic-Flogel. Liquidators were appointed 4 April 2019 leaving backers empty-handed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3193686|title = RETRO COMPUTERS Ltd &#124; Petitions to Wind up (Companies) &#124; the Gazette}}</ref>

==Computer chess bet==
In 1968, Levy and [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) pioneer [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] were at a party hosted by [[Donald Michie]].  McCarthy invited Levy to play a game of chess which Levy won.  McCarthy responded that 'you might be able to beat me, but within 10 years there will be a computer program that can beat you.'  Levy suggested they bet on it, and Michie agreed to up the ante.  Other AI experts signed on later, with the bet total reaching £1,250.<ref name="computerhistory.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/orl-4345632d88ad1/|title = Oral History of David Levy &#124; Mastering the Game &#124; Computer History Museum}}</ref><ref>David Levy, "Man Beats Machine!", ''[[Chess Life & Review]]'', November 1978, pp. 600–03, at pp. 600–01.</ref><ref>David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, p. 1. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref>{{r|group=|douglas197812|page1=|q1=||}} In 1973, Levy wrote:<ref>David Levy, "Computer Chess—Past, Present and Future", ''Chess Life & Review'', December 1973, pp. 723–26, at 726.</ref>{{blockquote|Clearly, I shall win my ... bet in 1978, and I would still win if the period were to be extended for another ten years. Prompted by the lack of conceptual progress over more than two decades, I am tempted to speculate that a computer program will not gain the title of International Master before the turn of the century and that the idea of an electronic [[World Chess Championship|world champion]] belongs only in the pages of a science fiction book.|author=|title=|source=}}

Researchers expected that a large network of computers would cooperate against Levy, until [[Chess 3.0]], a program written by Larry Atkin, Keith Gorlen, and David Slate of [[Northwestern University]], won the first United States Computer Chess Championship in 1970.  Although Chess 4.0 in 1973 and 1974 achieved a [[United States Chess Federation]] rating higher than that of the average tournament player,{{r|douglas197812}} until 1977 no computer program was good enough to pose a serious threat to Levy.<ref name="Monroe Newborn 1980, p. 2">David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, p. 2. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref> In April 1977 he played a two-game match against Slate and Atkin's [[Chess 4.5]], which had done well in human events, including winning the 1977 Minnesota Open,<ref name="Monroe Newborn 1980, p. 2" /> and had defeated Levy in [[blitz conditions]].<ref name="jennings197801">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-01/1978_01_BYTE_03-01_The_Brains_of_Men_and_Machines#page/n107/mode/2up | title=The Second World Computer Chess Championships | work=BYTE | date=January 1978 | access-date=17 October 2013 | author=Jennings, Peter | author-link=Peter R Jennings | pages=108}}</ref> After Levy won the first game, the second was not played since Levy could not possibly lose the match.<ref>David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, pp. 2–5. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref> On 17 December, Levy played a two-game match against [[Kaissa]]; once again Levy won the first game and the match was terminated.<ref>David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, pp. 6–8. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref> In August 1978, Levy played a two-game match against MacHack; this time both games were played, Levy winning 2–0.<ref>David Levy, "Man Beats Machine!", ''[[Chess Life & Review]]'', November 1978, pp. 600–03, at pp. 601.</ref><ref>David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, pp. 8–10. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref>

The final match necessary for Levy to win the bet also was played in August and September 1978 at the [[Canadian National Exhibition]],{{r|douglas197812}} against [[Chess 4.7]], the successor to Chess 4.5. Levy won the bet, defeating 4.7 in a six-game match by a score of 4½–1½.<ref>David Levy, "Man Beats Machine!", ''[[Chess Life & Review]]'', November 1978, pp. 600–03, at pp. 601–03.</ref><ref>David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, pp. 10–30. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref> The computer scored a draw in game two after getting a completely winning position but being outplayed by Levy in the [[chess endgame|endgame]], and a win in game four—the first computer victory against a human master in a tournament—when Levy essayed the very sharp, dubious [[Latvian Gambit]].<ref>David Levy, "Man Beats Machine!", ''[[Chess Life & Review]]'', November 1978, pp. 600–03, at pp. 602–03.</ref><ref name="douglas197812">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-12/1978_12_BYTE_03-12_Life#page/n85/mode/2up | title=Chess 4.7 versus David Levy | work=BYTE | date=December 1978 | access-date=17 October 2013 | author=Douglas, J R | pages=84}}</ref> He played the gambit after playing the local street player Josef Smolij the night before the game.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Chess - Biographies - S|url=http://www.canadianchess.info/canadianchesshistory/CanadianChessBiographiesS.html#SMOLIJ|access-date=2021-10-08|website=www.canadianchess.info}}</ref>  Levy wrote, "I had proved that my 1968 assessment had been correct, but on the other hand my opponent in this match was very, very much stronger than I had thought possible when I started the bet."<ref name="Monroe Newborn 1980, p. 30">David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, p. 30. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref> He observed that, "Now nothing would surprise me (very much)."<ref>David Levy and Monroe Newborn, ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980, Preface. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.</ref>

To further stimulate the growth of computer chess, Levy suggested to ''[[Omni (magazine)|Omni magazine]]'' that he would offer $1,000 to the first program to beat him if they added $4,000 to this, for a total of $5,000.<ref name="computerhistory.org"/><ref name="Monroe Newborn 1980, p. 30" /> In 1989, the authors of the [[Deep Thought (chess computer)|Deep Thought]] program won the prize when their program beat Levy.

In 1996, ''[[Popular Science]]'' asked Levy about [[Garry Kasparov]]'s impending match against [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]]. Levy confidently stated that "...Kasparov can take the match 6 to 0 if he wants to. 'I'm positive, I'd stake my life on it.{{' "}}<ref name="confidence">{{Citation | last = Antonoff | first = Michael | title = Curtains for Kasparov? | magazine = Popular Science | pages = 42–46 |date=March 1996}}</ref> After [[Deep Blue – Kasparov, 1996, Game 1|losing the first game]], Kasparov [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|won the match]] by a score of 4–2. The following year, he [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|lost their historic rematch]] 2½–3½.

==Rybka controversy==
On 28 June 2011, David Levy and the International Computer Games Association (ICGA) concluded their investigation and determined that [[Vasik Rajlich]] in programming [[Rybka]] had [[Plagiarism|plagiarised]] two other chess software programs: [[Crafty]] and [[Fruit (chess engine)|Fruit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/investigation/Rybka_disqualified_and_banned_by_ICGA.rar|title=ICGA Investigation Documents|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170326/https://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/investigation/Rybka_disqualified_and_banned_by_ICGA.rar|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Levy and the ICGA, Vasik Rajlich failed to comply with the ICGA rule that each computer chess program must be the [[Originality|original work]] of the entering developer and that those "whose code is derived from or including game-playing code written by others must name all other authors, or the source of such code, in their submission details".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=cheating-computer-disqualified-from-chess-tournament-2011-06-30|title=Hürriyet Daily News|website=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/rybka-disqualified-and-banned-from-world-computer-chess-championships/|title=Rybka disqualified and banned from World Computer Chess Championships - ChessVibes|website=www.chessvibes.com|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302233915/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/rybka-disqualified-and-banned-from-world-computer-chess-championships/|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/30/computer-chess-champ-stripped-of-its-four-titles/?page=all#pagebreak|title=Computer chess champ stripped of its four titles|website=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.techworld.com/personal-tech/3288984/worlds-best-chess-program-loses-titles-in-plagiarism-row/|title=World's best chess program loses titles in plagiarism row|first=John E|last=Dunn|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014222144/http://news.techworld.com/personal-tech/3288984/worlds-best-chess-program-loses-titles-in-plagiarism-row/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/88610-rybka-the-worlds-best-chess-engine-outlawed-and-disqualified|title=Rybka, the world's best chess engine, outlawed and disqualified - ExtremeTech|date=29 June 2011|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

In response to the suspension, Vasik Rajlich was interviewed by Rybka fan Nelson Hernandez, in which he responded to the ICGA's allegations in a statement and answered questions about the controversy and his opinions on it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQshTNJ4pSM|title="Another Conversation with Vasik Rajlich" By Nelson Hernandez (on Rybka chess)|last=katzenpapa|date=12 July 2011|access-date=30 March 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In January 2012, [[ChessBase]].com published an article by Dr. Søren Riis. Riis, a computer science professor at [[Queen Mary University of London]], was critical of Levy's and the ICGA's decision, the investigation, the methods on which the investigation was based, and the panel members themselves.<ref name="Riis">{{cite web | url=http://www.chessbase.com/news/2011/riis01.pdf | title=A Gross Miscarriage of Justice in Computer Chess | publisher=ChessBase.com | date=5 January 2012 | access-date=5 January 2012 | author=Riis, Søren | pages=31}}</ref> ICGA President David Levy and University of Sydney research fellow in mathematics Mark Watkins responded to Riis' publication with their own statements defending the ICGA panel and findings, respectively.<ref name="Levy">{{cite web | url=http://www.harveywilliamson.com/ICGA/DL_Rebuttal_to_Riis_article.January7th2012.doc | title=No Miscarriage of Justice – Just Biased Reporting | publisher=harveywilliamson.com | date=9 January 2012 | access-date=9 January 2012 | author=Levy, David | pages=10}}</ref><ref name="Watkins">{{cite web | url=http://harveywilliamson.com/ICGA/Riis3.pdf | title=A Critical Analysis of the Four Parts of Riis| publisher=harveywilliamson.com | date=9 January 2012 | access-date=9 January 2012 | author=Watkins, Mark | pages=16}}</ref>

In February 2012, ChessBase published a two-part interview with Levy in which he answered many questions about the ICGA's decision to ban Rybka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7899|title=ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (1)|date=6 February 2012|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7908|title=ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (2)|date=10 February 2012|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Keene, R. D. and Levy, D. N. L. Levy, ''Siegen Chess Olympiad'', CHESS Ltd., 1970.
* Keene, Ray and Levy, David, ''Chess Olympiad 1972'', Doubleday, 1973, {{ISBN|0-385-06925-1}}.
* Levy, David, ''[[Svetozar Gligorić|Gligoric's]] Best Games 1945–1970'', R.H.M. Press, 1972. {{ISBN|0-89058-015-4}}.
* Levy, David, ''The Sicilian Dragon'', Batsford, 1972.
* Levy, David, ''How [[Bobby Fischer|Fischer]] Plays Chess'', R.H.M. Press, 1975. {{ISBN|0-923891-29-3}}.
* Levy, D.N.L., ''Howard Staunton 1810–74'', The Chess Player, Nottingham, 1975, {{ISBN|4-87187-812-0}}
* Levy, David, ''Chess and Computers'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, 1976. {{ISBN|0-914894-02-1}}.
* Levy, David, ''1975—US Computer Chess Championship'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland.
* Levy, David, ''1976—US Computer Chess Championship'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland.
* Levy, David, ''Benko Counter-Gambit'', [[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]], 1978. {{ISBN|0-7134-1058-2}}
* Levy, David and [[Newborn, Monroe]], ''More Chess and Computers: The [[Microcomputer]] Revolution, The Challenge Match'', Computer Science Press, Potomac, Maryland, and Batsford, London, 1980. {{ISBN|0-914894-07-2}}.
* ''Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design'', by David Levy, 1983, Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|0-671-49532-1}}.
* ''The Chess Computer Handbook'' {{ISBN|0-7134-4220-4}}
* ''Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence'' (with D. F. Beal), 1989. {{ISBN|0-7458-0778-X}}
* ''How Computers Play Chess'' (with [[Monroe Newborn]]) {{ISBN|4-87187-801-5}}
* ''Computer Games I'' {{ISBN|4-87187-802-3}}
* ''Computer Games II'' {{ISBN|4-87187-803-1}}
* ''Computer Chess Compendium'' {{ISBN|4-87187-804-X}}
* ''How to Play the Sicilian Defence'' (with [[Kevin O'Connell (chess player)|Kevin O'Connell]]) {{ISBN|4-87187-806-6}}
* ''Instant Chess'' (with [[Kevin O'Connell (chess player)|Kevin O'Connell]]) {{ISBN|4-87187-807-4}}
* ''How to Play the King's Indian Defence'' (with [[Kevin O'Connell (chess player)|Kevin O'Connell]]) {{ISBN|4-87187-808-2}}
* ''Play Chess Combinations and Sacrifices'' {{ISBN|4-87187-809-0}}
* ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Chess Games, Volume 1, 1485–1866'' (with [[Kevin O'Connell (chess player)|Kevin O'Connell]]), 1980, Oxford University Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-923891-54-4}}
* ''[[Viktor Korchnoi|Korchnoi's]] Chess Games'' (with [[Kevin O'Connell (chess player)|Kevin O'Connell]]) {{ISBN|4-87187-810-4}}
* ''Sacrifices in the Sicilian'' {{ISBN|4-87187-811-2}}
* Levy, David, ''[[Anatoly Karpov|Karpov's]] Collected Games'', Robert Hale & Company, 1975. {{ISBN|0-7091-4943-3}}.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Fide|name=David N L Levy}}
*{{chessgames player|id=16097|name=David Levy}}
* The History of Computer Chess: An AI Perspective. Watch Full Lecture – [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824115441/http://archive.computerhistory.org/lectures/history_of_computer_chess_an_ai_perspective.lecture.2005-09-08.102656913.wmv WMV 183MB] | [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1583888480148765375 Google Video] featuring Murray Campbell (IBM Deep Blue Project), Edward Feigenbaum, [[David Levy (chess)|David Levy]], John McCarthy, and Monty Newborn. at [http://www.computerhistory.org/ Computer History Museum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812122749/http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/pipermail/ukcrypto/1999-March.txt Levy and the hacker at crypt magazine]
*[http://www.harpercollins.com/authors/32849/David_Levy/index.aspx Author page at HarperCollins]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21271545 Artificial Intelligence Researcher David Levy Predicts Human-Robot Marriages:]
*[http://sexuality.about.com/od/sexandtechnology/a/david_levy.htm About.com interview (10/2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173823/http://sexuality.about.com/od/sexandtechnology/a/david_levy.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}
* A [http://www.flakmag.com/books/loveandsex.html critique] of ''Love and Sex with Robots'', by James Trimarco
*[http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm Interview with David Levy] about upcoming Kasparov-Junior match (circa 2003)

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[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess players from London]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:British chess writers]]
[[Category:British artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:Computer chess people]]
[[Category:Scottish chess players]]