View source for Handley Page Halifax

{{short description|Royal Air Force four-engine heavy bomber of WWII}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = Halifax
  |image = File:Halifax-mk3.jpg
  |caption = Handley Page Halifax B.III
  |type = [[Heavy bomber]]
  |national_origin= United Kingdom
  |manufacturer = [[Handley Page]]
  |designer =
  |first_flight = 25 October 1939
  |introduction = 13 November 1940
  |retired = 1961 ([[Pakistani Air Force]])
  |status = Retired
  |primary_user = [[Royal Air Force]]
  |more_users = [[Royal Canadian Air Force|RCAF]]<br />[[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]]<br />[[Free French Air Force]]
  |produced = 1940–1946
  |crew = 3
  |number_built = 6,178<ref>{{cite book|last=Angelucci|first=Enzo|title=Combat aircraft of World War II|year=1988|page=22|publisher=Orion Books |isbn=0517641798}}</ref> including 2 H.P.57 prototypes 
  |variants =
}}

The '''Handley Page Halifax''' is a British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) four-engined [[heavy bomber]] of the [[Second World War]]. It was developed by [[Handley Page]] to the same specification as the contemporary twin-engine [[Avro Manchester]].

The Halifax has its origins in the twin-engine ''H.P.56'' proposal of the late 1930s, produced in response to the British [[Air Ministry]]'s [[List of Air Ministry specifications|Specification P.13/36]] for a capable [[medium bomber]] for "world-wide use." The H.P.56 was ordered as a backup to the Avro 679, both aircraft being designed to use the [[Rolls-Royce Vulture]] engine. The Handley Page design was altered to use four [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] engines while the rival Avro 679 was produced as the twin-engine [[Avro Manchester]] which, while regarded as unsuccessful mainly due to the Vulture engine, was a direct predecessor of the [[Avro Lancaster]]. Both the Lancaster and the Halifax emerged as capable four-engine [[strategic bomber]]s, thousands of which were used during the War.

The Halifax performed its first flight on 25 October 1939, and entered service with the RAF on 13 November 1940. It quickly became a major component of [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]], performing strategic bombing missions against the [[Axis Powers]], primarily at night. [[Arthur Harris]], the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of Bomber Command, described the Halifax as inferior to the rival Lancaster (in part due to its smaller payload) though this opinion was not shared by many of the crews that flew it.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|page=30}} Nevertheless, production of the Halifax continued until April 1945. During their service with Bomber Command, Halifaxes flew 82,773 operations and dropped {{cvt|224207|LT}} of bombs, while 1,833 aircraft were lost. The Halifax was also flown in large numbers by other [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nations, such as the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF), [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF), and [[Free French Air Force]].<!--Polish crews were flying RAF aircraft-->

Various improved versions of the Halifax were introduced, incorporating more powerful engines, a revised [[Gun turret#Aircraft|defensive turret]] layout and increased payload. It remained in service with Bomber Command until the end of the war, performing a variety of duties in addition to bombing. Specialised versions of the Halifax were developed for troop transport and [[paratrooper|paradrop]] operations. After the Second World War, the RAF quickly retired the Halifax, the type being succeeded as a strategic bomber by the [[Avro Lincoln]], an advanced derivative of the Lancaster. During the post-war years, the Halifax was operated by the [[Egyptian Air Force|Royal Egyptian Air Force]], the [[French Air Force]] and the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]]. The type also entered commercial service for a number of years, used mainly as a [[cargo aircraft|freighter]]. A dedicated civil transport variant, the Handley Page Halton, was also developed and entered airline service; 41 civil Halifax freighters were used during the [[Berlin Blockade#Airlift begins|Berlin Airlift]]. In 1961, the last remaining Halifax bombers were retired from operational use.

==Development==
===Origins===
[[File:Birth of a Bomber- Aircraft Production in Britain, 1942 D7083.jpg|thumb|Personnel in the Handley Page drawing office working on the Halifax bomber]]
[[File:Birth of a Bomber- Aircraft Production in Britain, 1942 D7123.jpg|thumb|Halifax bombers being built at the Handley Page factory at [[Cricklewood]], 1942]]
In the 1930s, the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) was primarily interested in twin-engine [[bombers]].<ref name = "norris 3"/> These designs put significant demands on engine production and maintenance, both of which were already stretched with the introduction of many new types of aircraft into service. Power limitations were so serious that the British invested heavily in the development of huge engines in the {{cvt|2000|hp}} class to improve performance. However, during the late 1930s, none of these engines were ready for production. Meanwhile, the United States, France, Germany and the Soviet Union were developing bombers powered with four engines with favourable results, including excellent range and lifting capacity. Accordingly, in 1936, the RAF decided to investigate the feasibility of a four-engined bomber.<ref name = "norris 3">Norris 1966, p. 3.</ref>

During the mid-1930s, the British [[Air Ministry]] released [[List of Air Ministry specifications|Specification P.13/36]], seeking a twin-engine [[medium bomber|heavy-medium bomber]] suitable for "world-wide use".<ref name = "moyes 3">Moyes 1966, p. 3.</ref> Further requirements of the specification included the use of a mid-mounted [[cantilever]] [[monoplane]] wing and all-metal construction, and encouraged use of the [[Rolls-Royce Vulture]] engine then in development.<ref name = "moyes 3"/> In response, [[Handley Page]] produced the twin-engine ''H.P.56'' design to meet Specification P.13/36.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bingham|1986|p=4.}}</ref> Handley Page aircraft designer [[George Volkert]] had responsibility for the design.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Other candidates were submitted for the same specification, including the [[Avro Manchester|Avro 679]], and designs from [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey]], [[Boulton Paul Aircraft|Boulton Paul]] and [[Short Brothers|Shorts]]. All submissions used two engines, using the Rolls-Royce Vulture, [[Napier Sabre]], [[Fairey P.24]] or [[Bristol Hercules]] engines. All of these engines were under development and while four-engined bomber designs were considered for specification B.12/36 for a heavy bomber, wings mounting two pairs of engines required additional testing at the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE). A stronger wing also required additional strengthening of the overall aircraft structure, increasing design weight.<ref>Buttler 2004, p. 104.</ref>

In February 1937, following consideration of the designs, the Air Ministry selected Avro's submission, with Handley Page's bid chosen as "second string". Accordingly, during April 1937, the Air Ministry ordered two prototypes of each design.<ref>Buttler 2004, p. 102.</ref><ref name = "moyes 3"/> The introduction of the successful P.13/36 candidates was delayed by orders for [[Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley]] and [[Vickers Wellington]] bombers. In mid-1937, it was decided to order both the Avro 679 and H.P.56 designs "off the drawing board" in order to speed up delivery timetables.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

During July 1937, Handley Page was instructed to redesign the H.P.56 to use four engines. The Vulture had already been suffering reliability and performance problems.<ref name = "moyes 3"/> The rival Avro 679 proceeded into service as the [[Avro Manchester]] powered by a pair of Vulture engines, but was only built in limited quantities after suffering substantially from engine-related difficulties.{{citation needed|date = July 2013}} The four-engine redesign increased its wingspan from {{cvt|88|ft}} to {{cvt|99|ft}} and added {{convert|13000|lb}} of weight.<ref name = "moyes 3"/> In September 1937, the Ministry specified the use of four [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] engines; according to aviation author Phillip J. R. Moyes, this redesign to four Merlin engines was done "much against the company's wishes".<ref name = "moyes 3"/>

Towards the end of the year, a full-size mock-up was assessed and production of a pair of ''H.P.57'' prototypes commenced in March 1938.<ref>Buttler 2004, p. 105.</ref> Further design modifications resulted in the definitive aircraft, now considerably enlarged and powered by four {{cvt|1280|hp}} [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin X]] engines. Such was the promise of the new model that, in January 1938, the RAF chose to place their first production order for the type, ordering 100 Mk.I Halifaxes "off the drawing board", at which point the serials which had already been assigned to the H.P.56 were switched to the H.P.57.<ref name = "moyes 3"/>

===Prototypes===
[[File:Birth of a Bomber- Aircraft Production in Britain, 1942 D7080.jpg|thumb|Aerodynamic model of the Halifax undergoing [[wind tunnel]] testing, 1942]]
The first prototype was built at Handley Page's facility in [[Cricklewood]], [[London]], It was then dismantled and transported by road to [[Bicester Airfield|RAF Bicester]] (the nearest non-operational RAF airfield with suitable facilities) for reassembly. The first flight of the first prototype Halifax, serial number ''L7244'', was performed by chief test pilot Jim Cordes with E A 'Ginger' Wright as flight test observer on 25 October 1939. During this flight, the undercarriage was locked down as a safety precaution.<ref>Barnes, C H: Handley Page Aircraft since 1907, London 1976, pp. 387–388.</ref><ref name = "moyes 3"/>

On 17 August 1940, the first flight of the second prototype, ''L7245'', now complete with full armament and operational equipment, was made from [[Radlett|Radlett Aerodrome]].<ref name = "moyes 3"/> The H.P.57 was given the service name ''Halifax'' upon acceptance. This name followed the practice of naming heavy bombers after major towns, which in this case was [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] in [[Yorkshire]]. In September 1941, a production Halifax Mk.I participated in an official naming ceremony of the type, officiated by [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] and Lady Halifax.<ref name = "moyes 3"/>

===Production===
[[File:Birth of a Bomber- Aircraft Production in Britain, 1942 D7100.jpg|thumb|Painters at work in the paint shop of the Handley Page's Cricklewood factory, 1942]]
Series production of the Halifax began at Handley Page's factory at Cricklewood and at [[English Electric]]'s site in [[Samlesbury Aerodrome|Samlesbury]], [[Lancashire]]. In order to speed up production, Handley Page implemented several new manufacturing techniques, including two pioneering approaches: photo-[[lofting]] and split construction. In the latter capacity, each Halifax was built from various sub-assemblies.<ref name = "moyes 4"/> Surface panels were flush-[[rivet]]ed, although the matt black night bomber camouflage negated its benefit.<ref>Flight pp. 400–401.</ref>

Handley Page built the assemblies and components at Cricklewood and the aircraft were assembled and flown from [[Radlett Aerodrome]]. The first production aircraft flew from Radlett on 11 October 1940.

The sizeable production run envisioned required the involvement of several other companies in addition to Handley Page.<ref name = "moyes 4"/> The resulting ''Halifax Group'' was established to oversee the manufacturing programme, comprising English Electric (who had previously built [[Handley Page Hampden]]s), various firms within the [[British shadow factories#London Aircraft Production Group|London Aircraft Production Group]], [[Fairey Aviation]], and [[Rootes Motors]].<ref name = "moyes 4"/> Because of this scheme, Halifaxes were manufactured at sites across the British isles.

The Halifax was produced in large numbers during the war and over 40%, or 4,046 of the 10,018 heavy bombers produced in Britain between 1940 and 1944 were Halifaxes.<ref name = "moyes 4"/> In all, 6,178 Halifaxes were built, the last delivered in April 1945.<ref name = "norris 12"/><ref name = "moyes 4"/> At the peak, 41 separate factories and dispersed units were involved in production, along with 600 [[subcontractor]]s and 51,000 employees, with one Halifax completed every hour.<ref name = "moyes 4"/> The first English Electric-built aircraft was flown from Samlesbury on 15 August 1941.

The first production standard Halifax, the Mk.I, had a {{cvt|22|ft}} long bomb bay and six wing bomb cells, and could carry a {{cvt|13000|lb}} load. Defensive armament consisted of two {{cvt|.303|in|2}} [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning machine guns]] in a [[Boulton Paul]] Type C [[Nose gunner|nose turret]], with an additional four in a Boulton Paul Type E [[Tail gunner|tail turret]]. Some aircraft included two additional  {{cvt|.303|in|2}} [[Vickers K machine gun]]s in beam (side, or "waist") positions. Subtle modifications distinguished the Mk.I aircraft. Aircraft of the first batch of fifty Mk.I Halifaxes were designated Mk.I Series I.{{citation needed|date = July 2013}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Factories<ref>Barnes, C H: Handley Page Aircraft since 1907, London 1976, pp. 615-617.</ref>
|-
!Manufacturer
!Location
!Number produced
|-
|Handley Page
|[[Radlett]]
|1589
|-
|English Electric
|[[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]
|2145
|-
|Fairey Aviation
|[[Stockport]]
|662
|-
|London Aircraft Production Group
|[[Leavesden Aerodrome|Leavesden]]{{efn|The aircraft were assembled at Leavesden from components and assemblies manufactured around London}}
|710
|-
|Rootes Securities
|[[Speke]]
|1070
|}

===Improvements===
Handley Page were initially disappointed with the performance of the Halifax which was below their predictions,{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=17}} much of this was because they had under-estimated the aircraft's drag.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=19}} The Mk.III Halifax had a wider span of {{cvt|103|ft|8|in|m}} and had significantly improved performance.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=17}} Arguably the Merlin engine did not suit the Halifax as much as the Hercules (fitted from the Mk.III on) which suited the Halifax better both aerodynamically{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=19}} and power-wise.

The Halifax Mk.I was quickly followed by 25 of the Mk.I Series II; these featured an increased gross weight from {{cvt|58000|lb|t}} to {{cvt|60000|lb|t}} but with maximum landing weight unchanged at {{cvt|50000|lb|t}}. The Halifax Mk.I Series III featured increased fuel capacity ({{cvt|1882|impgal}} and larger oil coolers, the latter of which having been adopted in order to accommodate the Merlin XX engine. A dorsally-mounted two-gun Boulton Paul Type C turret replaced the beam guns.<ref name = "norris 5">Norris 1966, p. 5.</ref>

[[File:Halifax V9977.jpg|thumb|Halifax B Mk.II Srs I, [[United Kingdom military aircraft serials|serial]] ''V9977'', in-which the first [[H2S radar]] was installed; note the early triangular fins. This aircraft crashed in June 1942 as a result of an engine fire. All on board were killed, including the electronic engineer [[Alan Blumlein]].]]

Introduction of {{cvt|1390|hp}} Merlin XX engines and a twin {{cvt|.303|in|1}} dorsal turret instead of waist guns resulted in the Halifax B Mk.II Series I. The Mk.II Series I (Special) achieved improved performance via the removal of the nose and dorsal turrets. The Halifax Mk.II Series IA was fitted with a moulded [[Acrylic glass|Perspex]] nose (this nose became standard upon future Halifax variants), a four-gun Boulton Paul Type A dorsal turret similar to that used in the [[Boulton Paul Defiant]], and Merlin 22 engines. The rudder overbalance / directional instability with engine(s) out problem was solved on the Mk.III with the fitting of a larger D type fin (40% bigger) and modified rudder.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=69}} The Mk.III Halifax had satisfactory stability in all axes and was more stable in a dive than a Lancaster. A Lancaster tended to go deeper into a dive whereas a Halifax had to be forced to stay in the dive as the speed increased, i.e. it naturally flew out of a dive.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=71}}

Owing to a shortage of Messier-built [[landing gear]] and [[hydraulics]], [[Dowty Group|Dowty]]-built landing gear were used on some aircraft instead. As it was incompatible with the Messier equipment, this led to these Halifax bombers being given new designations: a Mark II built with Dowty gear was the Mark V.<ref name = "norris 5"/> The use of [[casting]]s rather than [[forging]]s in the Dowty undercarriage had resulted in an increased production rate but had also led to a reduced landing weight of {{cvt|40000|lb}}. The Halifax Mark V were manufactured by [[Rootes Group]] at [[Speke]] and [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey]] at [[Stockport]]; operationally, these were generally used by [[Coastal Command]] and for training purposes. Some 904 had been built when Mark V production ended at the start of 1944,<ref>Barnes 1987, {{page needed|date=March 2017}}</ref> compared to 1,966 Halifax Mk.IIs.{{citation needed|date = July 2013}}

The most numerous Halifax variant was the much improved B Mk.III of which 2,091 were built. First appearing in 1943, the Mk.III featured the Perspex nose and modified tail of the Mk.II Series IA but replaced the Merlin with the more powerful {{cvt|1650|hp}} [[Bristol Hercules|Bristol Hercules XVI]] [[radial engine]]. Other changes included the adoption of [[de Havilland Propellers|de Havilland]] Hydromatic propellers and a wider wing span with rounded wing tips.<ref name = "norris 5"/> With the coming of the Mk.III the Halifax's performance finally matched that of the Lancaster{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=34}} though the latter had a larger bomb load and could take larger bombs. The B.VI Halifax's performance improved still further with a cruising speed of {{cvt|265|mph}} and a maximum speed (in 'Full Speed' supercharger mode) of {{cvt|309|mph}} at {{cvt|19500|ft}}.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=71}} Halifax crews, though admittedly not unbiased, considered the Mk.III Halifax to be the equal of any other bomber, including the Lancaster, and further improved versions (with more powerful Hercules engines) to be superior to all.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=30}} The improvement in the Halifax Mk.III's performance could be measured objectively. In 1943 4 Group's Halifax squadrons flew 11,607 sorties for a loss of 485 aircraft, a loss rate of 4.2%. Halifax Mk.III production started in early Autumn 1943 and for 1944, when the Mk.III constituted an increasing percentage of the Halifax force, 4 Group flew 25,454 sorties for a loss of 402 aircraft, a loss rate of 1.6%.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=128}}

The Halifax B Mk.IV was a converted B Mk.II non-production design using the Rolls-Royce Merlin 65 engine with a two-stage supercharger and a four-bladed propeller fitted. This resulted in an increase in top speed by {{cvt|60|mph}} to {{cvt|324|mph}} at {{cvt|19000|ft}}. Due to a shortage of Merlins with two-stage superchargers production of the B Mk.IV was not proceeded with.<ref>Falconer, J: Handley Page Halifax 1939 onwards (all marks) Owners' Workshop Manual, Haynes 2016, page 29.</ref>

The definitive version of the Halifax was the B Mk.VI, powered by the {{cvt|1800|hp}} Hercules 100. The final bomber version, the Mk.VII, reverted to the less powerful Hercules XVI. However, these variants were produced in relatively small quantities.{{citation needed|date = July 2013}}

The remaining variants were the Halifax C Mk.VIII, an unarmed transport that was fitted with an {{cvt|8000|lb}} cargo pannier instead of a bomb bay, which could accommodate a maximum of 11 passengers and the Mk A IX [[paratroop]] transport, which had space for up to 16 paratroopers and their equipment. A transport/cargo version of the Halifax was also produced, known as the '''Handley Page Halton'''.<ref>Barnes, C H: Handley Page Aircraft since 1907, London 1976, pp. 417, 419, 423, 603.</ref>

==Design==
===Overview===
[[File:HalifaxCutAway.jpg|thumb|Halifax cutaway model at the [[London Science Museum]]]]
The Handley Page Halifax was a mostly orthodox design, a mid-wing [[monoplane]] with a tail unit featuring twin [[fin]]s and [[rudder]]s. The Halifax featured all-metal construction with a smooth, stressed skin covering the majority of the exterior surfaces; the [[flight control surfaces]] were an exception, being fabric-covered instead.<ref name = "moyes 3"/> The slab-sided fuselage contained a 22-foot [[bomb bay]], which contained the majority of the Halifax's payload, while the cockpit was flush with the upper fuselage.<ref name = "moyes 3"/>

The Halifax was powered by four engines, two on each wing.<ref name = "moyes 3"/> Early production Halifax bombers were powered by models of the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] engine; later aircraft were commonly powered by the larger [[Bristol Hercules]] [[radial engine]]. To contain and attach the engines to the airframe, Handley Page developed their own design for the [[power egg]] instead of using the typical, slimmer Rolls-Royce counterpart; despite generating increased drag, this in-house design was readily adaptable to the alternative Hercules engine on later aircraft.<ref name = "moyes 3"/>

Each engine drove a [[Rotol]]-built compressed wood [[constant-speed propeller]], enabling the Halifax B.I to attain a maximum speed of {{cvt|265|mph}} at {{cvt|17500|ft|m}}.<ref name = "moyes 3 4">Moyes 1966, pp. 3–4.</ref> With a typical payload of {{cvt|5800|lbs}} of bombs and {{cvt|2242|impgal}} of fuel, it had a range of {{cvt|1860|miles}}. The defensive armaments included power-assisted gun turrets in various positions located across the aircraft.<ref name = "moyes 4">Moyes 1966, p. 4.</ref> Different models of the Halifax used different numbers and combinations of turrets, effectively trading speed for firepower and vice versa.<ref name = "moyes 4"/>

===Crew positions and armament===
[[File:Halifax crew at positions AWM 012799.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Looking upward and rearward from the navigator's position : wireless operator at lower right; pilot at upper right; flight engineer in his usual inflight position at upper left behind the pilot}}]]
[[File:Halifax crew before take-off WWII IWM D 6028.jpg|thumb|Halifax B Mk.II Series 1 : flight engineer on the fold-down seat next to the pilot, ready to assist with the throttles for takeoff, with front gunner and navigator seen below.]]
The bomb aimer's position was in the extreme nose with the navigator's table located behind it, both roles fulfilled by the same crew member. Above the navigator's position was the forward gun turret. The wireless (radio) operator was behind the navigator's position, separated by a half-width partition.<ref name = "flight 401"/>
On the floor just behind the front turret (or later the nose) was the escape hatch. This was {{convert|24|x|26.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, the same size as the Stirling, and slightly larger than the {{convert|22|x|26.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} for the Lancaster. On average 25% of Halifax and Stirling crews successfully bailed out from a damaged aeroplane, but only 15% did so from Lancasters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iveson & Milton |title=Lancaster : A Biography |publisher=Andre Deutsch |pages=221}}</ref>

The pilot sat on the left side in the cockpit above the wireless operator. The flight engineer filled in as a co-pilot, seated on a folding seat to the right of the pilot during crucial manoeuvres such as take-off. Aft of the pilot and set lower than the pilot was the [[flight engineer]]'s compartment with controls on the bulkhead. Another compartment aft of the flight engineer contained two bunks originally intended for resting crew members, but almost always used for treating and berthing injured crew. This area led to the two-gun dorsal turret. The tail gunner occupied a four-gun turret at the extreme aft end of the aircraft.<ref name = "flight 401">''Flight'' 1942, p. 401.</ref>

Starting with the Halifax Mk.II Series IA and from the Mk.III onwards, the nose turret was deleted; instead the bomb-aimer occupied a streamlined perspex nose containing a single hand-held machine gun. On later-built aircraft, the two-gun dorsal turret was replaced by a four-gun [[Boulton Paul]] turret.

The maximum bomb load was {{convert|14500|lb|abbr=on}}, which was primarily carried in a bomb bay housed within the fuselage, divided into six separate bomb compartments, with three bomb compartments in the inboard sections of each wing; this division of the payload between multiple compartments limited the maximum size of the individual bombs which could be completely enclosed to {{convert|2000|lb|abbr=on}}; when carrying the [[Blockbuster bomb|4,000lb and 8,000lb high capacity (HC) bombs]] the bomb bay doors could not close fully.<ref>Merrick 1980, p. 30</ref>

==Operational service==
[[File:Halifaxes over Brest Dec 1941 IWM C 4109.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Halifaxes of No. 35 Squadron bombing the German battleships [[German battleship Scharnhorst|''Scharnhorst'']] and [[German battleship Gneisenau|''Gneisenau'']] at left in [[dry dock]] at [[Brest, France]], 18 December 1941. [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|‘Prinz Eugen’]] is moored at far right.]]
In November 1940, the Handley Page Halifax entered service with [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] at [[RAF Linton-on-Ouse]]. Its operational debut occurred on the night of 10–11 March 1941, when six Halifax bombers flew a bombing raid against [[Le Havre]], targeting the area around the docks and any shipping that might be present.<ref name = "moyes 4"/><ref name="Falconer232">Falconer 1998, p. 232</ref> The existence of the Halifax was not officially acknowledged until July 1941, after it was used in a daylight attack on [[La Pallice]], [[France]], against the [[German battleship Scharnhorst|German battleship ''Scharnhorst'']]. At the end of 1941, the Halifax was withdrawn from daylight bombing operations after intensifying fighter opposition had increased the casualty rates to unsustainable levels.<ref name = "moyes 4"/>

In the second half of 1942, No. 35 Squadron and four other squadrons were selected to form the [[Pathfinder (RAF)|Pathfinder Force]], later expanded to become [[No. 8 Group RAF|No. 8 Group]].<ref name = "moyes 4"/> Pathfinder crews flying the Halifax would mark routes and identify and mark targets for the Main Force. Effective marking greatly increased the accuracy and destructive power of Bomber Command. As a Pathfinder and Main Force aircraft, the Halifax was a core part of the bombing offensive against Germany and its Axis allies.<ref name = "norris 4 5">Norris 1966, pp. 4–5.</ref>

By the end of 1943, [[No. 4 Group RAF|No. 4 Group]] had been entirely equipped with the Halifax, and would continue to operate the aircraft until the end of the war.<ref name = "moyes 4"/> [[No. 6 Group RCAF|No. 6 Group]], formed of [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) squadrons, also adopted the Halifax around the same time, and would go on to operate it in each of its 14 squadrons, although it was never solely equipped with the type. At its peak strength, Bomber Command operated a total of 76 Halifax-equipped squadrons.<ref name = "moyes 4"/>

[[File:Halifax 76 Squadron.jpg|thumb|Handley Page Halifax B Mk.I, s/n L9530, MP-L of No. 76 Squadron RAF, Summer 1941]]
While the early-built models of the Halifax were heavily used by Bomber Command and made valuable contributions to operations, the aircraft's performance was considered unsatisfactory for the most part, mainly due to the underpowered Merlin engine, which meant that it could not fly at the higher altitudes needed to avoid enemy fighters, which were becoming increasingly effective throughout 1943.<ref name = "norris 5"/> This was answered by the Halifax Mk.III, which was powered by [[Bristol Hercules]] [[radial engine]]s in place of the Merlins. Introduced into service in November 1943, the Mk.III was first delivered to [[433 Tactical Fighter Squadron|No. 433 Squadron]] and [[No. 466 Squadron RAAF|No. 466 Squadron]].<ref name = "norris 5 6">Norris 1966, pp. 5–6.</ref> By January 1944, the Hercules-powered Halifax was available in quantity and quickly proved to have superior performance in the face of German fighter defences.<ref name = "norris 5"/>

Early on, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris, head of Bomber Command, was scathing in his criticism of the Halifax's performance in comparison to the new [[Avro Lancaster]], primarily of its bomb-carrying capability: an average Halifax was calculated to drop 100 tons of bombs in its lifetime, compared to a Lancaster's 154. Harris continued to have a poor opinion of the Halifax, despite the fact that later Hercules-engined machines had lower loss rates and higher crew survival rates after abandoning the aircraft than Lancasters, and came very close to the Lancaster's speed and altitude performance.<ref>Lake, Jon. [http://www.ospreypublishing.com/articles/world_war_2/bomber_harris/ "'Bomber Harris' – an enduring enigma."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202101159/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/articles/world_war_2/bomber_harris/ |date=2 December 2013 }} ''Osprey Publishing'', 1 May 2002. Retrieved: 15 September 2013.</ref> The Halifax was progressively outnumbered in front-line service over occupied Europe as more Lancasters became available from 1943 onwards; many squadrons converted to the Lancaster.<ref group=note>[[Bombing of Cologne in World War II#First 1.2C000 bomber raid|The first "Thousand bomber raid" on Cologne on 30–31 May 1942]] included 131 Halifaxes and 73 Lancasters; The attack on Berlin on 28 February 1943 included 252 Halifaxes and 457 Lancasters; [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|The attack on Hamburg on 27–28 July 1943]] included 244 Halifaxes, 353 Lancasters, 116 Stirlings and 74 Wellingtons; [[Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)#Chronology|The attack on Nuremberg on 30–31 March 1944]] included 214 Halifaxes and 572 Lancasters; [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II#Night of 13/14 February|The attack on Dresden on 13–14 February 1945]] included 753 Lancasters and no Halifaxes with nine Mosquitoes marking.</ref>

Production of the Halifax continued, supposedly because it was more efficient to keep building it than to stop its production and convert to building another aircraft. But any new facilities were devoted to the Lancaster.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

[[File:AdRymarz.jpg|thumb|left|A Halifax pilot]]
Harris's view of the Halifax changed sometime after spring 1942. On 2 June 1942, in a response to a telegram sent by Frederick Handley Page, congratulating Harris on the success of the [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II#First 1.2C000 bomber raid|first 1000 bomber Cologne raid]], he stated: "My Dear Handley Page. We much appreciate your telegram of congratulation on Saturday night's work, the success of which was very largely due to your support in giving us such a powerful weapon to wield. Between us we will make a job of it."{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=111}}

Following the invasion of Europe in 1944, the Halifax resumed daylight bombing operations, performing semi-tactical strikes upon enemy troop concentrations, gun emplacements, and strongpoints of the [[Atlantic Wall]] defences along the French coast with a reportedly high degree of accuracy.<ref name = "norris 6">Norris 1966, p. 6.</ref> Other common targets were enemy communications and the launch sites for [[V-1 flying bomb]]s. Bombing activity became increasingly brazen throughout late 1944 as the ''Luftwaffe'' became incapable of putting up effective opposition against allied air forces.<ref name = "norris 6"/> The Halifax also found itself being increasingly tasked with transport duties around this time; in one instance, around half a million gallons of petrol was delivered to [[Brussels]] in support of the advancing [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]], then engaged in heavy fighting at [[Arnhem]].<ref name = "norris 6"/>

During the latter half of 1944, the bombing of German-held oil facilities became a major priority of the offensive.<ref name = "norris 6"/> On 27 August, a force of 216 Halifax bombers, alongside smaller numbers of [[de Havilland Mosquito]]s and Lancasters and a sizable escort of [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s, conducted the first major daylight operation by Bomber Command against a target inside Germany that year, attacking the oil refinery at [[Homberg (Duisburg)|Homberg]] on the [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]]. In spite of heavy fire from [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft defenses]], no bombers were downed and the refinery was severely damaged in places.<ref name = "norris 6 8">Norris 1966, pp. 6, 8.</ref> Attacks upon oil production facilities throughout Germany would become commonplace within the remaining months of the war.<ref name = "norris 8"/>

[[File:462 Squadron RAAF aircrew Sept 1942.jpg|thumb|Personnel of [[No. 462 Squadron RAAF|No. 462 Squadron]] operating in [[RAF Middle East Command]], September 1942]]
The only [[Victoria Cross]] to be awarded to any Halifax pilot went to Cyril J. Barton of [[No. 578 Squadron RAF|No. 578 Squadron]] for displaying great gallantry in bringing his heavily damaged aircraft back after a raid on [[Nuremberg]] on the night of 30/31 March 1944. Barton continued to fly the Halifax while other crew members bailed out. He was killed in the aircraft's crash-landing, but the remaining crew survived due to his actions.<ref name = "norris 6"/>

[[File:Royal Air Force Operations in the Middle East and North Africa, 1939-1943. CM6931.jpg|thumb|RAF airman attaches the tow rope of an [[Airspeed Horsa]] glider to the tow hook of a Halifax glider tug, of [[No. 295 Squadron RAF|295 Squadron]], in preparation for [[Operation Fustian]], Tunisia (July 1943)]]
Large numbers of Halifax bombers were also operated by [[RAF Coastal Command|Coastal Command]], which used it to conduct [[anti submarine warfare]], [[reconnaissance]] and [[meteorological]] operations. The Halifax was heavily used to deploy [[Minelayer#Aerial minelaying|mine]]s in the vicinity of enemy-held ports.<ref name = "norris 8">Norris 1966, p. 8.</ref> It served increasingly in other support capacities as the war progressed, being used as a [[military glider|glider]] tug, an [[electronic warfare]] aircraft for [[No. 100 Group RAF|No. 100 Group]] and to conduct special operations, such as [[parachuting]] agents and arms into occupied [[Europe]], for the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE).<ref name = "norris 10">Norris 1966, p. 10.</ref> As a glider tug the Halifax was superior to the Lancaster, the Halifax Mk.III's {{cvt|59400|lb}} "tug weight at take off" was higher than a Lancaster Mk.II's {{cvt|52800|lbs}}.{{sfn|Bingham|1986|p=72}}

Throughout early 1945, the Halifax was frequently dispatched against cities within the German homeland, including [[Hannover]], [[Magdeburg]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Cologne]], [[Münster]], [[Osnabrück]] and others.<ref name = "norris 8"/> During these months, infrastructure such as oil facilities and [[railway]]s were given a high priority; these targets were attacked right up until the end of the war. According to Moyes, within the final few months, bomber losses had fallen to all-time lows while raids were frequently regarded as having been highly successful.<ref name = "norris 8"/> During the final months of the war the improved Halifax Mk.VI and Mk.VII were introduced. In particular, these models had been 'tropicalised' with an eye towards their potential use in the [[Pacific War]] against the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref name = "norris 8"/> While some of these Mk.VI and Mk.VII machines were deployed to the theatre, they played little meaningful role as the [[End of World War II in Asia|war ended]] before larger numbers could be brought to bear against Japanese forces.<ref name = "norris 8 10">Norris 1966, pp. 8, 10.</ref>

On 25 April 1945, the Halifax performed its last major operation against the enemy in WWII during an attack upon coastal gun batteries on [[Wangerooge]] in the [[Frisian Islands]] of the [[North Sea]].<ref name = "norris 9">Norris 1966, p. 9.</ref> While the type continued to fly operations after this, these were primarily diversions to other operations and sporadic, uncoordinated attacks against [[target of opportunity|targets of opportunity]]. Upon the end of the conflict, Bomber Command quickly disbanded the majority of its Halifax-equipped squadrons; the aircraft themselves were transferred to Transport Command.<ref name = "norris 10"/> During the type's service with Bomber Command, Halifaxes flew 82,773 operations and dropped 224,207 tons of bombs. 1,833 aircraft were lost.<ref>''Wings Encyclopedia of Aviation''. London: Orbis Publishing, 1979.</ref><ref name = "norris 9 10">Norris 1966, pp. 9–10.</ref>

By 1947, the majority of Halifax bombers were deemed to be surplus and scrapped.<ref name = "norris 10"/> The Halifax remained in widespread service with Coastal Command and [[RAF Transport Command]], [[Egyptian Air Force|Royal Egyptian Air Force]] and the ''[[Armée de l'Air]]'' until early 1952.

The [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] however continued operating them up till 1961, thus [[Pakistan]] became the last military user of the type. In 1947, the RPAF inherited two Halifax bombers from the RAF which were later heavily used during the [[1st Kashmir War]] in 1948. RPAF Halifaxes flew several sorties in support of Pakistani and Kashmiri forces (notably in the [[Siege of Skardu|Battle of Skardu]]) during which they conducted night-time [[Airdrop]] missions. After the war, six ex-RAF Halifax-BVIs were purchased in 1949. Due to their high operational costs, the RPAF Commanders decided not to enlarge the Halifax fleet too much. These airplanes were later transferred to the newly raised No. 12 Squadron PAF, where they were only used in emergency situations. Gradually, they were transferred to long term storage and were later scrapped.<ref name=hali>{{Cite web |url=http://www.piads.com.pk/users/piads/hali5.html |title=Halifax HP-57 bombers in the RPAF |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=PAKISTAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR DEFENCE STUDIES |last=Hali |first=Sultan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030816194853/http://www.piads.com.pk/users/piads/hali5.html |archive-date=2003-08-16}}</ref>

In September 1997 [[Halifax 57 Rescue]] of Canada excavated Halifax LW682 from a bog near the [[Dender|River Dender]] in [[Belgium]]. The plane was part of RCAF 426 Squadron, and had been shot down near [[Geraardsbergen]] during a raid on [[Leuven|Leuven, Belgium]] on 12 May 1944. During the excavation, the bodies of three crew members were recovered and later given proper burial. Several items from the plane were used in restoration of NA337, while other items were transferred to museums. The airframe was melted down and used to construct the ceiling of the [[RAF Bomber Command Memorial]] in [[London]], which was unveiled in 2012.<ref name="Bomber Command Memorial in London">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bombercommandmuseum.ca/memoriallondon.html|title=Bomber Command Memorial in London|website=www.bombercommandmuseum.ca|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414123004/http://www.bombercommandmuseum.ca/memoriallondon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Civilian operation===
[[File:H.P. Halifax VIII G-AKEC LAC Ringway 18.02.50 edited-2.jpg|thumb|Halifax C.8 freighter of [[Lancashire Aircraft Corporation]] at [[Manchester Airport]] in 1950]]
A number of former RAF Halifax C.8s were sold from 1945 and used as freighters by a number of mostly British airlines. In 1948, 41 civilian Halifax freighters were used during the [[Berlin Air Lift]], operating 4,653 sorties carrying freight and 3,509 carrying bulk diesel fuel. Nine aircraft were lost during the airlift. The [[low-cost airline]] business pioneer [[Freddie Laker]] bought and serviced war-surplus Halifaxes for [[Bond Air Services]] operations in the Berlin airlift. {{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} With the airfreight market in decline, most of the civilian Halifaxes were scrapped on their return to England. The last civilian-operated Halifaxes were withdrawn from service in late 1952.

== Variants ==
[[File:British WW2 bombers comparison.png|thumb|Comparison of the Halifax Mk.I (pink) with its contemporaries, the [[Short Stirling]] (yellow) and the [[Avro Lancaster]] (blue)]]

===Pre-Halifax designs===
;H.P.55
:Proposed twin-engine bomber aircraft, never built.
;H.P.56
:Proposed twin-engine bomber aircraft, fitted with two Rolls-Royce Vulture engines, never built.

===H.P.57===
;H.P.57
:L7244 – Prototype first flew on The first Halifax prototype with four [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|Merlin 10]] engines and no armament.
:L7245 – Second prototype first flew from Radlett on 17 August 1940 and was more representative of the production configuration including armament.
;;Halifax B.I Series I
[[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1939-1941. CH3393.jpg|thumb|A Halifax B Mark I Series I of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF|No. 76 Squadron]] undergoing maintenance at [[RAF Middleton St George]], [[County Durham]]]]
::Four-engined long-range heavy-bomber aircraft powered by [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] X engines; the first production version. Armament consisted of nose turret with two guns, tail turret with four guns and two beam guns. Recognizable from large deep radiator intakes containing circular Gallay radiators and oil cooler. 50 produced.
;;Halifax B.I Series II
::Stressed for operating at a higher gross weight. 25 produced.
;;Halifax B.I Series III
::Re-engined with [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|Merlin XX]] engines with slimmer coolers, introduced new twin-gun Boulton Paul type C upper turret in place of beam guns, with revised undercarriage and additional centre-section fuel tanks. 9 produced.

===H.P.58===
;Halifax Mk.II
:Projected variant with revised armament including {{cvt|20|mm|3}} cannon and no tail turret. Due to problems with the new armament, the project was cancelled and the Mk.II designation given to '''H.P.59'''.

===H.P.59===
[[File:148 Squadron Halifax Italy WWII IWM CNA 3231.jpg|thumb|Halifax Mk.II of [[No. 148 Squadron RAF|No. 148 Squadron]] at Brindisi, Italy. Note the parachute canisters containing supplies for the [[Yugoslav National Liberation Army]] loaded into the bomb bay and wing cells]]
[[File:Halifax and Horsa take off from Cornwall for North Africa 1943.jpg|thumb|A Halifax A.V Series 1 (Special) glider tug of [[No. 295 Squadron RAF|No. 295 Squadron]] getting airborne from [[RRH Portreath|RAF Portreath]], [[Cornwall]], towing an [[Airspeed Horsa]] glider to [[Tunisia]] during [[Operation Beggar]], June 1943]]
;Halifax Mk.II
:New variant with increased takeoff weight, fuel and weapons carriage.
;Halifax B.II Series I
:First series of the bomber variant; from March 1942 onwards, these were fitted with [[GEE (navigation)|TR1335]] navigation aids.
;Halifax B.II Series I (Special), SOE
:Special version for [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) used to drop supplies over Europe. Nose armament and dorsal turret removed, the nose being faired over, as well as changes to the fuel vent pipes and exhaust shrouds.
;Halifax B.II Series I (Special)
[[File:Handley Page Halifax.jpg|thumb|Halifax B.II Series I (Special) ''W1057, ZA-X'', [[No. 10 Squadron RAF]], with a faired-over nose. During April–May 1942, this aircraft took part in a number of raids on the {{Ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}} in [[Fættenfjord]] near [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]].]]

:Generally similar to the aircraft used by the SOE, these were employed in the bombing role. These aircraft were more varied in appearance, especially concerning the fitting of dorsal armament with some aircraft retaining the standard [[Boulton Paul]] "Type C" turret in different mounts with others mounting a "Type A" turret. There were also examples with no dorsal turret, similar to the SOE-aircraft.
;Halifax B.II Series IA
:Modified with new glazed nose section, Merlin XX or 22 engines, new square Morris radiators and new "D" fin and rudder. The dorsal turret was changed to a four-gun Boulton Paul Type A Mk.VIII, and there were improvements to the bomb bay door sealing. Some aircraft were fitted with the [[H2S radar]].
;Halifax B.II Series I, Freighter
:A few Mk.IIs were employed in the transport role in Great Britain (unmodified SOE-aircraft) and in the [[Middle East]] (simple modifications to allow carriage of engines or [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] fuselages).
;Halifax B.II Series II
:Single aircraft ('''HR756''') modified with three-blade [[Rotol]] propellers and Merlin 22 engines. Rejected in favour of '''Mk.III'''.
;Halifax A.II
:According to some sources, a handful of the airborne forces Halifaxes were converted into B.IIs. If this is true they might have been designated A.II or may have retained their bomber designations.<ref>{{harvnb|Lake|1997|p=131.}}</ref>
;Halifax GR.II
:[[Coastal Command]] variant of the Halifax B.II.
;Halifax GR.II Series I
:A handful of aircraft converted from Series I or Special to GR.II standard, having differences in dorsal armament. The main difference was the fitting of a '''ASV.Mk 3''' radar in an H2S type fairing. Sometimes, a {{cvt|.50|in|mm|1}} machine gun was fitted in the faired nose.
;Halifax GR.II Series IA
:Definitive Coastal Command variant of the GR.II with glazed nose mounting {{cvt|.50|in|mm|1}} machine gun, Merlin XX or 22 engines, B-P A-type dorsal turret and extra long-range fuel tanks in fuselage. A ventral turret with a single {{cvt|.50|in|mm|1}} machine gun was mounted on most aircraft although some employed the ASV.Mk 3 radar in its place.
;Halifax Met.II
:Some sources<ref>{{harvnb|Robertson|1990|p=77.}}</ref> suggest that there were a meteorological variant of the B.II, designated Met.II, but this is unlikely.<ref>{{harvnb|Lake|1997|p=132.}}</ref>

===H.P.61===
[[File:578 Squadron RAF Halifax aircrew AWM P03759.001.jpg|thumb|Group portrait of an air crew of [[No. 578 Squadron RAF|No. 578 Squadron]] in front of a Halifax bomber, circa 1944]]
;Halifax B.III
:Main production variant, fitted with [[Bristol Hercules]] engines. B.III bombers were fitted with transparent nose dome with single machine gun, Boulton Paul dorsal turret with four guns and tail turret with four guns. All but first few had longer wing with rounded wingtips that increased wingspan to 104 ft 2 in (31.75 m).  2,091 produced.
;Halifax A.III
:Halifax B.III bombers converted into glider tug and paratroop transport aircraft.
;Halifax C.III
:Halifax B.III bombers converted into military transport aircraft.

===H.P.63===
[[File:Royal Air Force- Fighter Command, Tactical Air Force, 1943. CH10434.jpg|thumb|A Halifax B Mark V Series I (Special) of [[No. 295 Squadron RAF|No. 295 Squadron]] undergoing a 24-hour overhaul at [[RAF Holmsley South]], [[Hampshire]], 1943]]
[[File:Royal Air Force- Fighter Command, No. 38 (airborne Forces) Group RAF. CH14887.jpg|thumb|A line of Halifax A Mark VII glider tugs attached to various [[General Aircraft Hamilcar]]s via tow ropes of [[No. 298 Squadron RAF|No. 298 Squadron]] and [[No. 644 Squadron RAF|No. 644 Squadron]], at [[RAF Woodbridge]], [[Suffolk]], prior to launch]]
;Halifax B.V
:Four-engined long-range heavy-bomber, powered by four [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] XX engines with square empennage and wingtips. Armament as B.III. 904 produced.
;Halifax B.V Series I (Special)
;Halifax A.V
:Halifax B.V bombers converted into glider tugs and paratroop transport aircraft.
;Halifax GR.V
:Coastal Command variant. Halifax B.V bombers converted into maritime reconnaissance aircraft.

;Halifax B.VI
:Four-engined long-range heavy-bomber, powered by four {{cvt|1615|hp}} Bristol Hercules XVI radial engines with [[H2S radar]]. No dorsal turret. Square empennage, round wing tips. 643 produced.
;Halifax C.VI
:Halifax B.VI bombers converted into military transport aircraft.
;Halifax GR.VI
:Coastal Command variant. Halifax B.VI bombers converted into maritime reconnaissance aircraft.

;Halifax B.VII
:Four-engined long-range heavy-bomber, powered by four {{cvt|1615|hp}} Bristol Hercules XVI radial engines. Round wing tips. Armament as B.III
;Halifax A.VII
:Halifax B.VIIs converted into paratroop transport and glider tug aircraft.
;Halifax C.VII
:Halifax B.VIIs bombers converted into military transport aircraft.

===H.P.70===
;Halifax C.VIII
:Cargo and passenger transport aircraft.

===H.P.71===
;Halifax A.IX
:Paratroop transport, glider tug aircraft.

===H.P.70 Halton===
;Halton I
:Interim civil transport version; postwar, a number of Halifax bombers were converted into civilian transport aircraft.
;Halton II
:VIP transport aircraft for the [[Pratap Singh Gaekwad of Baroda|Maharajah Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]].<ref>Rapier, Brian J. ''Halifax at War'' 1994  {{ISBN|1856481735}}  pp116-7  with photo</ref>

==Operators==
===Military operators===
[[File:462 Sqn (AWM P01523033).jpg|thumb|An Australian Halifax from [[No. 462 Squadron RAAF]] at [[RAF Foulsham]] in 1945]]
[[File:1663 HCU.jpg|thumb|Halifax bomber OO-R of 1663 HCU from [[RAF Rufforth]] in 1944]]
[[File:15 Handley Page Halifax (15833937961).jpg|thumb|Pair of Halifax bombers flying in close formation]]
;{{AUS}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Royal Australian Air Force]]<ref name="Lake 1999 93">{{harvnb|Lake|1999|p=93.}}</ref>
**[[No. 460 Squadron RAAF]]
**[[No. 462 Squadron RAAF]]
**[[No. 466 Squadron RAAF]]
{{div col end}}

;{{flag|Canada|1921}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Royal Canadian Air Force]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lake|1999|pp=92–93.}}</ref>
**[[No. 405 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 408 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 415 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 419 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 420 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 424 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 425 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 426 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 427 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 428 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 429 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 431 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 432 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 433 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 434 Squadron RCAF]]
{{div col end}}
;{{flag|Egypt|1922}}
*[[Egyptian Air Force|Royal Egyptian Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Robertson|1990|pp=4, rear cover.}}</ref>

;{{FRA}}
*[[Free French Air Forces]]<ref name="Lake 1999 93" />
**[[No. 346 Squadron RAF]] (GB II/23 Guyenne)
**[[No. 347 Squadron RAF]] (GB I/25 Tunisie)

;{{PAK}}
*[[Pakistan Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Robertson|1990|p=64.}}</ref>
**[[No. 12 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 12 Squadron]]

;{{POL}}
*[[Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain|Polish Air Forces in exile in Great Britain]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lake|1999|pp=91–92.}}</ref>
**[[No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron]]
**C Flight [[No. 138 Squadron RAF]], later [[No. 1586 Flight RAF|No. 1586 (Polish Special Duties) Flight]] before reforming as [[No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron|301 Squadron Special Duties]]
**[[No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron RAF]]

;{{UK}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Royal Air Force]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lake|1999|pp=90–96.}}</ref>
**[[No. 10 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 47 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 51 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 58 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 77 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 78 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 96 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 103 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 108 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 113 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 138 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 148 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 158 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 161 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 171 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 178 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 187 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 190 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 192 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 199 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 202 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 224 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 246 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 295 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 296 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 297 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 298 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 502 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 517 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 518 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 519 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 520 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 521 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 578 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 614 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 620 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 624 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 640 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 644 Squadron RAF]]
{{div col end}}

===Civil operators===
;{{AUS}}
* [[Aircarrier]] (Former Wikner aircraft)
* [[Foster Wikner Aircraft|Geoffrey Wikner]] (B.III converted with a 15-passenger interior)
;{{FRA}}
* [[Aero Cargo]]
* [[CTAI]]
* SANA (''[[Societe Anonyme de Navigation Aeriennes]]'')
;{{NOR}}
* Peteair
* Vingtor Airways
;{{PAK}}
; {{flag|South Africa|1928}}
* [[Alpha Airways]]
* LAMS (South Africa)
;{{SUI}}
* [[Air Globe]]
;{{UK}}
* [[Air Freight]]
* [[Airtech]]
* [[Bond Air Services]]
* [[British American Air Services]]
* [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]]
* [[Chartair]]
* [[C.L. Air Surveys]]
* [[British Eagle|Eagle Aviation]]
* [[Lancashire Aircraft Corporation]]
* [[London Aero and Motor Services]] (LAMS)
* [[Payloads (company)|Payloads]]
* [[Skyflight]]
* [[Union Air Services]]
* [[V.I.P. Services]]
* [[Westminster Airways]] (converted as a bulk fuel carrier for Berlin Airlift)
* [[World Air Freight]]

====Halton operators====
;{{flagicon|India|British}} [[British Raj|India]]
* [[Pratap Singh Gaekwar|Maharajah Gaekwar of Baroda]]
;{{FRA}}
* [[Louis Breguet]]
;{{flag|South Africa|1928}}
* [[Alpha Airways]]
;{{UK}}
* Bond Air Services
* [[British American Air Services]]
* [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]]
* [[Westminster Airways]]
* [[Worldair Carrier]]

==Surviving aircraft==
Of the 6,176 Halifaxes built, three complete examples remain.
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial
! width="12%" |Geographic location
!Institutional location
!History
!Photo
|-valign="top"
|NA337
|[[Trenton, Ontario]]
|[[National Air Force Museum of Canada]]
|Built by [[Rootes Group|Rootes Motors]]. Delivered to [[No. 644 Squadron RAF|644 Squadron]] at [[RAF Tarrant Rushton]] 5 March 1945. On 24 March 1945 it towed a glider as part of [[Operation Varsity]] – the airborne operation in support of crossing the Rhine. Completed three supply drops in Norway and Denmark in March and April 1945. On the fourth sortie, 23 April 1945, piloted by Alexander Turnbull, NA337 was sent to drop 13 supply containers and two packages at Mikkelsberget, Norway. After a successful drop, it was hit by flak in the starboard wing at 0131 hours on 24 April. After both starboard engines caught fire, NA337 ditched in [[Mjøsa|Lake Mjøsa]] at 0145 hours. All but one crew member, Thomas Weightman, died of hypothermia. It was discovered in 1991 by Tore Marsoe and Rolf Liberg, and further raised in 1995 by Halifax 57 Rescue. Restoration was completed in November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://airforcemuseum.ca/en/special-exhibits/the-story-of-halifax-na337-2p-x-part-1-of-5|title=The Story of Halifax NA337|publisher=National Air Force Museum of Canada|website=airforcemuseum.ca|language=en-Can|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302211931/http://airforcemuseum.ca/en/special-exhibits/the-story-of-halifax-na337-2p-x-part-1-of-5|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[File:Halifax NA337 at NAFMC 2015 above.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|- valign="top"
|HR792
| [[Elvington, City of York|Elvington, North Yorkshire]]
|[[Yorkshire Air Museum]]
|Built by Handley Page. 58 Squadron. Flew 67 sorties between 15 July 1943 and 9 December 1944. Crash landed near [[Stornoway]], 13 January 1945. Fuselage was purchased by a chicken farmer and used as a coop. Recovered and restored in 1984 using parts from Halifaxes LW687 and JP158 as well as wings from [[Handley Page Hastings|Hastings]] TG536. Painted as LV907 "Friday the 13th" of [[No. 158 Squadron RAF|158 Squadron]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/world-war-two-aircraft/handley-page-halifax-iii/|title=Handley Page Halifax Mk.III – Yorkshire Air Museum|work=Yorkshire Air Museum|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705014330/http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/world-war-two-aircraft/handley-page-halifax-iii/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[File:Halifax HR792 at Yorkshire Air Museum Flickr 2554069651.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|- valign="top"
|W1048
| [[Colindale]], [[London]]
|[[Royal Air Force Museum London|RAF Museum London]]
|Built by [[English Electric]]. Assigned to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]] at [[RAF Topcliffe]] on 27 March 1942. Sent to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|35 Squadron]] at [[RAF Linton-on-Ouse]] on 9 April 1942. On 27 April, it was one of 31 Halifaxes that flew from [[RAF Kinloss]] as part of raid on the German battleship [[German battleship Tirpitz|''Tirpitz'']]. W1048 made her attack at 03:00 hours, during which she was hit by the intense flak which set the starboard outer engine on fire. Pilot Don MacIntyre made a wheels-up landing on frozen [[Hoklingen|Lake Hoklingen]] in [[Norway]] but the aircraft sank 12 hours later. It was discovered by divers in 1971 and recovered on 30 June 1973 by the RAF Sub-Aqua Association. It has been left unrestored.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/73-A-1113-Halifax-II-W1048.pdf|title=Handley Page Halifax B.MK.II Series I W1048/8465M}}</ref>
|[[File:Halifax W1048 at RAF Museum London Flickr 2225201864.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|}

=== Recovery of Halifax wrecks ===
Halifax NA337 and LW682A have been recovered by a Canadian group, Halifax 57 Rescue. Halifax NA337 was recovered in 1995 from {{cvt|750|ft}} under [[Mjøsa|Lake Mjøsa, Norway]] before being restored at the [[National Air Force Museum of Canada]] in [[Trenton, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://airforcemuseum.ca/en/special-exhibits/the-story-of-halifax-na337-2p-x-part-1-of-5|title=The Story of Halifax NA337 « National Air Force Museum of Canada|website=airforcemuseum.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302211931/http://airforcemuseum.ca/en/special-exhibits/the-story-of-halifax-na337-2p-x-part-1-of-5|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1997, LW682 was recovered from a bog near [[Geraardsbergen|Geraardsbergen, Belgium]]. Halifax 57 Rescue was also involved the recovery and subsequent burial of three crew members. Parts were used to restore NA337, and the rest was melted down for the [[London]] [[RAF Bomber Command Memorial]].<ref name="Bomber Command Memorial in London"/>

In 2023 Halifax 57 Rescue were looking to recover two more aircraft, HR871 near [[Sweden]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fundrazr.com/campaigns/417498|title=Support the Recovery of a RCAF Halifax Bomber|website=FundRazr|language=en|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref name="RAF Museum Boost">{{cite web |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ben |title=RAF Museum Boost for Halifax Project |url=https://www.key.aero/article/raf-museum-boost-halifax-project |website=Key Aero |date=15 December 2023 |publisher=Key Publishing Ltd |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810133648/https://www.key.aero/article/raf-museum-boost-halifax-project |archive-date=10 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> and LW170 near Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/76/Fishing-For-Halibags--Retrieving-a-Halifax-Bomber-from-the-Irish-Sea.aspx|title=Fishing For Halibags – Retrieving a Halifax Bomber from the Irish Sea > Vintage Wings of Canada|website=www.vintagewings.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517213058/http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/76/Fishing-For-Halibags--Retrieving-a-Halifax-Bomber-from-the-Irish-Sea.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once recovered, the plan is for HR871 to be moved to the [[Nanton, Alberta]] [[Bomber Command Museum of Canada]] for restoration.

==Specifications (Mk.III)==
[[File:Handley Page Halifax.png|thumb|3-view drawingof Halifax Mark I Series III, with profile details of other variants.]]
[[File:Halifax fuselage section, Newark Air Museum. (12154753934).jpg|thumb|Fuselage section of a Halifax]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Halifax, Second to None'',<ref>{{harvnb|Bingham|1986|p=170}}</ref> ''The Handley Page Halifax B.III, VI, VII''<ref name = "norris 12">Norris 1966, p. 12.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
|crew= 7 (pilot, co-pilot/flight engineer, navigator, bomb aimer, radio operator/gunner, two gunners)
|length ft=71|length in=7
|span ft=104|span in=2
|height ft=20|height in=9
|wing area sqft=1190
|airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 23021]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 23007]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=37870|gross weight lb=54400|max takeoff weight lb=65000
|fuel capacity=
<!--Powerplant-->
|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=[[Bristol Hercules XVI]]|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled sleeve-valve radial piston engines|eng1 hp=1615
|prop blade number=3|prop name=constant-speed propellers
|prop dia ft=|prop dia in=
<!--Performance-->
|max speed mph=282
|max speed note=at {{cvt|13500|ft}}
|cruise speed mph=
|stall speed mph=
|never exceed speed mph=
|range miles=
|combat range miles=1860
|ceiling ft=24000
|climb rate ftmin=750
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=45.7
|power/mass={{cvt|0.12|hp/lb}}
<!--Armament-->
|guns=8 × [[.303 British|{{cvt|.303|in|1}}]] [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning machine guns]] (4 in dorsal turret, 4 in tail turret) and 1 × {{cvt|.303|in|1}} [[Vickers K machine gun]] in the nose.
|bombs= {{cvt|13000|lb}} of bombs
|avionics=* [[H2S (radar)|H2S]] bomb-aiming radar
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Avro Lancaster]]
* [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]]
* [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]]
* [[Heinkel He 177]]
* [[Petlyakov Pe-8]]
* [[Short Stirling]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

===Bibliography===
* Barnes, C. H. ''Handley Page Aircraft since 1907''. London: Putnam, 1987. {{ISBN|0851778038}}.
* {{cite book|last=Bingham|first=Victor F|title=Halifax, Second to None: The Handley Page Halifax|publisher=Airlife|year=1986|isbn=0906393663}}
* Buttler, Tony. ''British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950''. Hinckley: Midland Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1857801792}}.
* Clarke, R. M., ed. ''Handley Page Halifax Portfolio''. Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books, No year cited. {{ISBN|0948207892}}.
* Clayton, Donald C. ''Handley Page: An Aircraft Album''. Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1970. {{ISBN|0711000948}}.
* Jones, Geoffrey Patrick. ''Night Flight: Halifax Squadrons at War''. London: William Kimber, 1981. {{ISBN|0718303385}}.
* Falconer, Jonathan. ''Bomber Command Handbook 1939–1945''. Stroud, England:Sutton Publishing, 1998. {{ISBN|075093171X}}.
* {{cite book|last=Lake|first=Jon |title=Halifax Squadrons of World War 2|publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=1855328925}}
* {{cite book|last=Lake|first=Jon|title=Halifax Variants|series=Wings of Fame, Vol. 8|publisher=Aerospace Publishing |year=1997|isbn=1861840098}}
* {{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}}
* Merrick, Keith A. ''Halifax, an Illustrated History of a Classic World War II Bomber''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1980. {{ISBN|0711007675}}.
* Merrick, Keith A. ''Handley Page Halifax: From Hell to Victory and Beyond''. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1906537067}}.
* Merrick, Keith A. ''The Handley Page Halifax''. Bourne Ends, Buckinghamshire, UK: Aston Publications, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-946627-60-8}}.
* Moyes, Philip J.R. ''Handley Page Halifax: Merlin-Engined Variants (Aerodata International No 7)''. Kidlington. Oxfordshire, UK: Vintage Aviation Publications, 1979. {{ISBN|090546950X}}.
* Moyes, Philip J.R. ''The Handley Page Halifax B.III, VI, VII''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1966.
* Norris, Geoffrey. ''The Short Stirling, Aircraft in Profile Number 142''. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
* Rapier, Brian J. ''Halifax at War''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1987. {{ISBN|0711015546}}.
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Nicholas |title=Aircraft Crash Log No.2: Handley Page Halifax |year=1979 }}
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=R. N. |title=The Halifax File |year=1982 |publisher=Air Britain (Historians) |isbn=0851300987}}
* {{cite book |title=Halifax Special |last=Robertson |first=B |year=1990 |publisher=Ian Allan |isbn=0711019207}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Ian |title=The Unbeaten Warrior Returns: The Story of Reconstructing the Handley Page Halifax at the Yorkshire Air Museum, 1983–96 |publisher=Yorkshire Air Museum |year=1996 |isbn=0-9512379-4-2 }}
* Scutts, Jerry. ''Halifax in Action'' (Aircraft in Action series, No. 66). Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1984. {{ISBN|089747158X}}.
* Stachiw, Anthony L. and Andrew Tattersall. ''Handley Page Halifax: In Canadian Service'' St. Catharine's, Canada: Vanwell Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|1551250853}}.
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%200866.html |title=The Halifax |journal=Flight |date=23 April 1942 |number=1739 |volume=XLI |publisher=flightglobal.com archive |access-date=10 December 2011}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Warner|first=Guy|title=From Bombay to Bombardier: Aircraft Production at Sydenham, Part One|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=July–August 2002|issue=100 |pages=13–24 |issn=0143-5450}}

==== Videography ====
* ''Halifax at War: The Story of a Bomber (76 min. DVD).'' Toronto: Nightfighters Productions, 2005. {{ISBN|1552595714}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Handley Page Halifax}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007111957/http://www.yorkshireairmuseum.org/halifax-360vr-tours Photo tour of the Elvington Halifax]
* [http://www.yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/aircraft-exhibits/world-war-two-aircraft/handley-page-halifax-iii Handley Page Halifax II (III)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326081043/http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/aircraft-exhibits/world-war-two-aircraft/handley-page-halifax-iii/ |date=26 March 2016 }} at [[Yorkshire Air Museum]]
* [http://www.historicaleye.com/ernie2.html One of the Many] The story of a 76 Squadron Flight Engineer and his Halifax aircraft in World War II
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101015023401/http://www.kentpublishing.ca/ Krentz, Herbert. ''To Hell in a Halifax''] (2006) {{ISBN|9780978035808}} – the true story of RCAF pilot Herbert Krentz, the sole survivor when his Halifax Mk.V was shot down over Germany in early 1944
* [https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax Halifax at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive], University of Lincoln

{{Handley Page aircraft}}
{{RAF WWII Strategic Bombing}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1930s British bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:Aviation in Lancashire]]
[[Category:Handley Page aircraft|Halifax]]
[[Category:Glider tugs]]
[[Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1939]]
[[Category:Four-engined piston aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]