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Denmark and the former [[real union]] of [[Denmark–Norway]] had a [[Danish colonial empire|colonial empire]] from the 17th through to the 20th centuries, large portions of which were found in the [[Americas]]. Denmark and Norway in one form or another also maintained land claims in [[Greenland]] since the 13th century, the former up through the twenty-first century.

== West Indies (1754–1917) ==
[[Image:Christiansted.jpg|thumb|Christiansted, [[Danish West Indies]]]]
{{Main|Danish West Indies}}
Explorers (mainly Norwegians), scientists, merchants (mainly Danish) and settlers from [[Denmark–Norway]] took possession of the [[Danish West Indies]] (present-day [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]) in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Denmark–Norway started colonies on [[Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]] in 1665 and [[Saint John, United States Virgin Islands|St. John]] in 1683 (though control of the latter was disputed with Great Britain until 1718), and purchased [[St. Croix]] from France in 1733. During the 18th century, the [[Virgin Islands]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] were divided into two territorial units, one [[British Empire|British]] and the other Dano-Norwegian. The Dano-Norwegian islands were run by the [[Danish West India and Guinea Company]] until 1755, when the Dano-Norwegian king bought them out. 
Following the [[Battle of Leipzig]] in 1813, the [[Treaty of Kiel]] signed on 14 January 1814, [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]] ceded the Kingdom of Norway to the King of Sweden. Despite Norway then being under the Swedish crown some Norwegians kept coming due to family connections.

[[Sugar cane]], produced by [[Slavery|slave]] labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. A [[triangular trade]] existed with Danish manufacturers buying African slaves which in turn were traded for West Indian sugar meant for Denmark and Norway. Although the slave trade was abolished in 1803, slavery itself was not abolished until 1848, after several mass slave escapes to the free British islands and an ensuing slave protest. The Danish Virgin Islands were also used as a base for [[pirate]]s. The [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] settlers became the largest non-slave groups on the islands. Their languages predominated, so much so that the Danish government, in 1839, declared that slave children must attend school in the [[English language]]. The colony reached its largest population in the 1840–50s, after which an economic downturn increased emigration and the population dropped, a trend that continued until after the islands' purchase by the United States. The Danish West Indies had 34,000 inhabitants in 1880.

In 1868, Denmark voted to sell the colony to the United States but their offer was rebuffed. In 1902, Denmark rejected an American purchase offer. On 31 March 1917, the United States finally purchased the islands, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery.

== Greenland (1728/1814–present) ==
{{Main|Greenland|History of Greenland}} {{See also|Norse colonization of the Americas}}
[[Greenland]], which had been [[Norse colonization of Greenland|settled by the Norsemen]] in the 980s,<ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/ The Fate of Greenland's Vikings], by Dale Mackenzie Brown, ''Archaeological Institute of America'', February 28, 2000</ref> submitted to Norwegian rule in 1261.<ref name="ole!">Marquardt, Ole. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=FZQcjsSitEcC&pg=PA149 Change and Continuity in Denmark's Greenland Policy]" in ''The Oldenburg Monarchy: An Underestimated Empire?''. Verlag Ludwig (Kiel), 2006.</ref>  Denmark and [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] entered the [[Kalmar Union]] with  [[Norway]] in 1397  under the Queen of Norway, and [[Norway]]'s overseas territories including Greenland later became subject to the king in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite book | last=Boraas | first=Tracey | year=2002 | title=Sweden | publisher=Capstone Press | page=[https://archive.org/details/sweden0000bora/page/24 24] | isbn=0-7368-0939-2 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/sweden0000bora/page/24 }}</ref> Scandinavian settlement in Greenland declined over the years and the last written record is a marriage recorded in 1408, although the Norwegian claims to the land remained. Following the [[Swedish War of Liberation|establishment of an independent Sweden]], Norway and Denmark were reorganized into a polity now known as [[Denmark–Norway]] in 1536/1537 and the nominal Norwegian sovereignty over Greenland was taken up by the new union. Despite the decline of European settlement and the loss of contact, Denmark–Norway continued to maintain its claim to lordship over Greenland.

Between the years 1605–1607, King [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV of Denmark–Norway]] commissioned three [[Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland|expeditions to Greenland]].  These expeditions were conducted in order to locate the lost Norse [[Eastern Settlement]] as well as to reassert Danish sovereignty over Greenland. The expeditions were largely unsuccessful, partly due to its leaders lacking experience with the arctic ice and difficult weather conditions. Additionally later expeditions were searching on the east coast of Greenland, which was almost inaccessible at the time due to southward-drifting ice.
<ref>Gosch, C.C.A. ''[https://archive.org/details/danisharcticexp00unkngoog Danish Arctic Expeditions, 1605 to 1620. Book I.&mdash;The Danish Expeditions to Greenland in 1605, 1606, and 1607; to which is added Captain James Hall's Voyage to Greenland in 1612]'' London: Hakluyt Society. 1897</ref>
In the 1660s, a [[polar bear]] was added to the [[Coat of arms of Denmark|royal coat of arms]]. Around this same time Dano-Norwegian ships, joined by ships from various other European countries, began journeying to Greenland to [[whaling|hunt bowhead whales]], though no formal recolonization was attempted.
[[File:Old Greenland 1747.jpg|thumb|A 1747 map based on Egede's descriptions, including many geographical errors common to the time]]
In 1721, the Norwegian [[Church of Denmark|Lutheran]] minister [[Hans Egede]] and his [[Bergen Greenland Company]] received a royal charter from King [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]] granting them broad authority over Greenland and commissioning them to seek out the old Norse colony and spread the [[Danish Reformation|Reformation]] among its inhabitants, who were presumed to still be [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] or to have reverted to paganism. Egede led three boats to [[Baal's River]] (the modern Nuup Kangerlua) and established Hope Colony on [[Kangeq Island|Kangeq]] with his family and a few dozen colonists. Finding no Norse survivors, he started a mission among the [[Kalaallit|Inuit]] and baptized the first child converts in 1724. Meanwhile, his settlers had been ravaged by [[scurvy]] and the Dutch attacked and burnt a whaling station erected on [[Nipisat Island|Nipisat]]. The Bergen company went bankrupt in 1727. King Frederick attempted to replace it with a royal colony by sending Major [[Claus Paarss]] and several dozen soldiers and convicts to erect a fortress for the colony in 1728 but this new settlement of Good Hope ([[Godthaab]]) failed due to mutiny<ref name="Cranny">Cranz, David & al. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1pO_46g8OkC&pg=PA258 The History of Greenland: including an account of the mission carried on by the United Brethren in that country]''. Longman, 1820.</ref> and scurvy and the retinue was recalled in 1730.<ref name="ole!"/>

Three [[Moravian missions in Greenland|Moravian missionaries]] led by [[Matthias Stach]] arrived in 1733 and began the first of a series of mission stations at [[Neu-Herrnhut]] (which later developed into the modern capital [[Nuuk]]), but a returning [[Inuit|Inuk]] child brought smallpox from Denmark and a large proportion of the native population died over the next few years. The death of Egede's wife prompted his return to Denmark, with his son [[Paul Egede|Paul]] left in charge of the settlement. The Danish merchant [[Jacob Severin]] was granted authority over the colony from 1734 to 1740, which was extended until 1749, assisted by royal patronage and Moravian sponsorship of some of Egede's missionary activities. He was succeeded by the [[General Trade Company]] (''Det almindelige Handelskompagni''). Both were granted armed ships and full monopolies over trade around their settlements, to prevent better-armed, lower-priced, and better-quality Dutch goods from bankrupting the enterprise.<ref name="ole!"/> The ranged nature of their monopolies spurred them to found new settlements: [[Qasigiannguit|Christianshåb]] (1734), [[Ilulissat|Jacobshavn]] (1741), [[Paamiut|Frederikshåb]] (1742), [[Ilimanaq|Claushavn]] (1752), [[Qeqertarsuatsiaat|Fiskenæs]] (1754), [[Ritenbenck]] and Egedesminde and [[Kangaamiut|Sukkertoppen]] (1755), [[Holsteinsborg|Holstensborg]] (1756), [[Umanak]] (1758), [[Upernavik]] (1771), [[Godhavn]] (1773), and [[Julianehaab]] (1774). The GTC folded in 1774 and was replaced by the [[Royal Greenland Trade Department]] (''Kongelige Grønlandske Handel'', KGH), which recognized that the island possessed neither fertile farmland nor easily  accessible mineral wealth and that income would be dependent on the whaling and seal-hunting trade with the native Inuit. An early attempt to man a government-run Scandinavian whaling fleet was aborted and instead the KGH's [[Instruction of 1782]] banned further attempts to urbanize the Inuit or alter their traditional way of life through improved employment opportunities or sales of luxury items.<ref name="ole!" /> One effect was that construction of new settlements was effectively suspended after [[Nennortalik]] (1797) for a century until the establishment of [[Tasiilaq|Amassalik]] on the eastern shore in 1894. The 1782 Instructions also established separate governing councils for [[North Greenland|North]] and [[South Greenland]].
[[Image:Denmark-Norway and possessions.png|right|thumb|400px|Denmark–Norway's possessions c. 1800]]
Danish intervention on [[First French Empire|France]]'s behalf during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] ended with the severing of [[Denmark–Norway]] under the 1814 [[Treaty of Kiel]], which granted mainland Norway to [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] but retained the former Norwegian colonies under the Danish crown. Repeated inquiries into the Greenlandic trade and the end of absolutism in Denmark did not end the KGH's monopolies.<ref name="ole!"/> In 1857, the administrators did set up ''[[parsissaet]]s'', local councils conducted in [[Kalaallisut language|Kalaallisut]] with minor control over spending decisions at each station. In 1912, Royal Greenland's independence was ended and its operations were folded into the [[Ministry of Interior and Health (Denmark)|Ministry of the Interior]].

[[Arctic exploration#The North Pole|Arctic exploration]] placed claims of Danish sovereignty over the whole of Greenland in doubt: the principle of ''[[terra nullius]]'' seemed to leave huge tracts of the territory available to new entrants. Denmark responded by acquiring diplomatic agreements recognizing its sovereignty from the parties involved, beginning with the treaty selling the [[Danish Virgin Islands]] to the United States in 1917.<ref name="icecave">Cavell, Janice. "[http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic61-4-433.pdf Historical Evidence and the Eastern Greenland Case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729023632/http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic61-4-433.pdf |date=2020-07-29 }}". ''Arctic'', Vol. 61, No. 4 (Dec. 2008), pp. 433&ndash;441.</ref> Norway{{spaced ndash}}which had become [[1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum|independent of Sweden]] in 1905{{spaced ndash}} eventually protested and claimed [[Erik the Red's Land]] in eastern Greenland during 1931. The [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] ruled against Norway and supported the Danish sovereignty two years later.

The [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Denmark]] in early 1940 increased the power and importance of the [[list of governors of Greenland|governors]] greatly, but by 1941 the island had become an American protectorate. Following the war, the former corporate policy was discontinued: the North and South Greenland colonies were united and the RGTD's monopoly officially ended.<ref>Royal Greenland. "[http://www.royalgreenland.com/en/Our-company/Our-history.aspx Our History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526113139/http://www.royalgreenland.com/en/Our-company/Our-history.aspx |date=2012-05-26 }}". Accessed 30 Apr 2012.</ref> In 1953, Greenland's colonial status was ended and it was made an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark with representation in the [[Folketing]]. In 1979, the Folketing granted the island [[home rule#Greenland|home rule]] and, in 2009, all matters other than defense and foreign policy were transferred to the [[Parliament of Greenland|regional parliament]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Denmark|Caribbean|North America|Europe}}

* [[List of Danish colonial trading posts and settlements]]

* [[Christiansted National Historic Site]]
* [[Tranquebar|Danish India (Tranquebar)]]

* [[History of Denmark]]
* [[History of Greenland]]
* [[History of Norway]]
* [[Virgin Islands National Park]]
* [[Danish people in Greenland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/hda-scholten.htm "Scholten and the emancipation of Danish Slaves in the Danish West Indies"]

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{European Colonization of North America}}
{{Denmark topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danish Colonization Of The Americas}}
[[Category:Former Danish colonies]]
[[Category:Former Norwegian colonies]]
[[Category:European colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Danish West Indies]]