View source for Cistus

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Cistus May 2014-7.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Cistus monspeliensis]]''
| taxon = Cistus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)
| subdivision = 34; see text
| subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>{{Cite web |title=''Cistus'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30101376-2 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |language=en}}</ref>
| synonyms = 
*''Halimiocistus'' {{small|Janch. (1925)}}
*''Halimium'' {{small|(Dunal) Spach (1836)}}
*''Ladanium'' {{small|Spach (1836)}}
*''Ladanum'' {{small|Raf. (1838), nom. illeg.}}
*''Ledonia'' {{small|Spach (1836)}}
*''Libanotis'' {{small|Raf. (1838), nom. illeg.}}
*''Rhodocistus'' {{small|Spach (1836)}}
*''Stegitris'' {{small|Raf. (1838)}}
*''Stephanocarpus'' {{small|Spach (1836)}}
*''Strobon'' {{small|Raf. (1838)}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/>
}}

'''''Cistus''''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kistos'') is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the rockrose [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cistaceae]], containing about 20 species (Ellul ''et al.'' 2002). They are [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[shrub]]s found on dry or rocky soils throughout the [[Mediterranean region]], from Morocco, Spain, Italy, Greece, through to the [[Middle East]], and also on the [[Canary Islands]].

''Cistus'', with its many hybrids and cultivars, is commonly encountered as a garden flower.

The common name '''rockrose''' ('''rock rose''' in the UK) is applied to the species, a name also shared by the related genera ''[[Helianthemum]]'' and ''[[Tuberaria]]'', all in the family Cistaceae. The common name ''gum cistus'' is applied to resin-bearing species, especially ''C. ladanifer''. Sometimes known as 'Pheasant's Compromise'

==Description==
[[File:Cistus monspeliensis-Leaves-Clapiers~2008 01 26.jpg|thumb|right|Evergreen leaves of a ''Cistus'' species (''[[Cistus monspeliensis]]'')]]
The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]], opposite, simple, usually slightly rough-surfaced, 2–8&nbsp;cm long. In a few species (notably ''C. ladanifer''), the leaves are coated with a highly aromatic [[resin]] called [[labdanum]]. 

They have showy 5-petaled [[flower]]s ranging from white to purple and dark pink, in a few species with a conspicuous dark red spot at the base of each petal.

==Taxonomy==

===Phylogeny===
''Cistus'' and ''Halimium'' form a cohesive and the most derived clade within [[Cistaceae]].<ref name=GuzmVarg09/> [[Plants of the World Online]] and [[World Flora Online]] treat ''Halimium'' as a [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''Cistus''.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Halimium'' (Dunal) Spach |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30008655-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Halimium'' (Dunal) Spach |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000016742 |website=[[World Flora Online]] |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic analyses]] conducted between 2005 and 2011 confirm that ''Cistus'' species divide into two well-defined [[clade]]s, neither of which was fully resolved internally. The first clade consists of those with purple and pink flowers (the "purple pink clade" or PPC). The second clade consists of those with white flowers or, in the case of ''Cistus parviflorus'', pale pink flowers (the "white or whitish pink clade" or WWPC).<ref name=GuzmVarg09/><ref name=GuzmVarg05/><ref name=GuzmLled09/><ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11/> Although the flower colour of ''C.&nbsp;parviflorus'' is anomalous, it has very short [[Style (botany)|styles]], otherwise characteristic of WWPC species. A [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] origin has been suggested.<ref name=GuzmVarg05/> A simplified cladogram is shown below:{{sfnp|Civeyrel|Leclercq|Demoly|Agnan|2011|ps=. Based on fig. 4.}}

{{cladogram
   |title=Species-level cladogram of ''Cistus'' species.
   |caption=Species-level cladogram of ''Cistus'' species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.<ref name=GuzmVarg05 /><ref name=GuzmVarg09 /><ref name=GuzmLled09 /><ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11 />
   |align=center
   |clades={{Cladogram of Cistus species}}
}}

Within the purple pink clade (PPC), ''C.&nbsp;crispus'' is consistently the first diverging species. ''C.&nbsp;albidus'', ''C.&nbsp;creticus'' and ''C.&nbsp;heterophyllus'' form a well supported clade. Seven species endemic to the Canary Islands form a [[polytomy]], resolved differently in different analyses, in which subtaxa of some species do not always cluster together. Within the white and whitish pink clade (WWPC), there is weak support for a clade consisting of ''C.&nbsp;clusii'' and ''C.&nbsp;munbyi''; the other species either formed part of a polytomy or resolved differently in different analyses. ''Halimium'' and ''Cistus'' were regularly shown to be [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] with respect to one another.<ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11/>

===Species===
The following species are recognised in the genus ''Cistus'':<ref name= powo/><ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11/>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Cistus albidus]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus asper]]'' <small>Demoly & R.Mesa</small>
*''[[Cistus atlanticus]]'' <small>(Humbert & Maire) Demoly</small>
*''[[Cistus atriplicifolius]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''[[Cistus calycinus]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus chinamadensis]]'' <small>Bañares & P.Romero</small>
*''[[Cistus clusii]]'' <small>Dunal</small>
*''[[Cistus creticus]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus crispus]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus formosus]]'' <small>Curtis</small>
*''[[Cistus grancanariae]]'' <small>Marrero Rodr., R.S.Almeida & C.Ríos</small>
*''[[Cistus halimifolius]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus heterophyllus]]'' <small>Desf.</small>
*''[[Cistus horrens]]'' <small>Demoly</small>
*''[[Cistus inflatus]]'' <small>Pourr. ex J.-P.Demoly</small>, syn. ''Cistus psilosepalus'' <small>Sweet</small><ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11/>
*''[[Cistus ladanifer]]'' <small>L.</small>, including ''Cistus palhinhae'' <small>N.D.Ingram</small><!--ref needed--> – Gum Rockrose
*''[[Cistus lasianthus]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''[[Cistus lasiocalycinus]]'' <small>(Boiss. & Reut.) Byng & Christenh.</small>
*''[[Cistus laurifolius]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus libanotis]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus macrocalycinus]]'' <small>(Pau) Byng & Christenh.</small>
*''[[Cistus monspeliensis]]'' <small>L.</small> – Montpellier Cistus
*''[[Cistus munbyi]]'' <small>Pomel</small>
*''[[Cistus ocreatus]]'' <small>C.Sm.</small><ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11/>
*''[[Cistus ocymoides]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''[[Cistus osbeckiifolius]]'' <small>Webb</small>
*''[[Cistus palhinhae]]'' <small>N.D.Ingram</small>
*''[[Cistus palmensis]]'' <small>Bañares & Demoly</small>
*''[[Cistus parviflorus]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''[[Cistus populifolius]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cistus pouzolzii]]'' <small>Delile ex Gren. & Godr.</small>
*''[[Cistus salviifolius]]'' <small>L.</small> – Salvia Cistus
*''[[Cistus sintenisii]]'' <small>Litard.</small> (syn. ''C. albanicus'')
*''[[Cistus symphytifolius]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
*''[[Cistus tauricus]]'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''[[Cistus umbellatus]]'' <small>L.</small>
{{div col end}}

===Gallery===
<gallery class="center" caption="Various species of ''Cistus''">
Image:Cistus albidus(estepa blanca).jpg|''Cistus albidus'' photo taken near [[Sitges]]
Image:Cistus May 2014-11.jpg|''Cistus crispus''
Image:Cistus creticus RF.jpg|''Cistus creticus'' from [[Crete]]
Image:Cistus_heterophyllus.jpg|''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''carthaginensis''. Critically endangered cistus from Cartagena (Spain).
Image: Cistus libanotis.JPG| ''Cistus libanotis'' Photo taken near [[Cádiz]].
Image:Cistus parviflorus RF.jpg|''Cistus parviflorus'' from [[Crete]]
Image:Cistus salviifolius (plant).jpg|''Cistus salviifolius''
</gallery>

===Hybrids===
In addition a large number of hybrids have been recorded, including:<ref name= powo/><ref name=TPL_Cistus/>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Cistus × aguilari|''Cistus'' × ''aguilari'']] <small>O.E.Warb.</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus populifolius|C.&nbsp;populifolius]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20aguilarii.htm ''Cistus'' × ''aguilari''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141543/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20aguilarii.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × akamantis|''Cistus'' × ''akamantis'']] <small>Demoly</small>
*[[Cistus × banaresii|''Cistus'' × ''banaresii'']] <small>Demoly</small>
*[[Cistus × candidus|''Cistus'' × ''candidus'']] {{small|(Sweet) Demoly}}
*[[Cistus × canescens|''Cistus'' × ''canescens'']] <small>Sweet</small>
*[[Cistus × cebennensis|''Cistus'' × ''cebennensis'']] <small>Aubin & J.Prudhomme</small>
*[[Cistus × cheiranthoides|''Cistus'' × ''cheiranthoides'']] <small>Lam.</small>
*[[Cistus × clausonii|''Cistus'' × ''clausonii'']] <small>Font Quer & Maire</small>
*[[Cistus × conradiae|''Cistus'' × ''conradiae'']] <small>Demoly</small>
*[[Cistus × cyprius|''Cistus'' × ''cyprius'']] <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus laurifolius|C.&nbsp;laurifolius]]''<ref name=GuzmVarg05/>)
*[[Cistus × dansereaui|''Cistus'' × ''dansereaui'']] <small>P.Silva</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus inflatus|C.&nbsp;inflatus]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20dansereaui.htm ''Cistus'' × ''dansereaui''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110805/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20dansereaui.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × escartianus|''Cistus'' × ''escartianus'']] <small>Demoly</small> 
*[[Cistus × florentinus|''Cistus'' × ''florentinus'']] <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Cistus monspeliensis|C.&nbsp;monspeliensis]]'' × ''[[Cistus salviifolius|C.&nbsp;salviifolius]]''<ref name=GuzmVarg05/>)
*[[Cistus × hybridus|''Cistus'' × ''hybridus'']] <small>Pourr.</small> 
*[[Cistus × incanus|''Cistus'' × ''incanus'']] <small>L.</small> (''[[Cistus albidus|C.&nbsp;albidus]]'' × ''[[Cistus crispus|C.&nbsp;crispus]]''<ref name=GuzmVarg05/>)
*[[Cistus × ingwersenii|''Cistus'' × ''ingwersenii'']] <small>Demoly</small> 
*[[Cistus × laxus|''Cistus'' × ''laxus'']] <small>Aiton</small> (''[[Cistus populifolius|C.&nbsp;populifolius]]'' × ''[[Cistus inflatus|C.&nbsp;inflatus]]'' ?<ref name=GuzmVarg05/>)
*[[Cistus × ledon|''Cistus'' × ''ledon'']] <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Cistus laurifolius|C.&nbsp;laurifolius]]'' × ''[[Cistus monspeliensis|C.&nbsp;monspeliensis]]'')
*[[Cistus × matritensis|''Cistus'' × ''matritensis'']] <small>Carazo Roman & Jiménez Alb.</small>
*[[Cistus × nigricans|''Cistus'' × ''nigricans'']] <small>Pourr.</small> (''[[Cistus populifolius|C.&nbsp;populifolius]]'' × ''[[Cistus monspeliensis|C.&nbsp;monspeliensis]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031022222218/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20nigricans.htm ''Cistus'' × ''nigricans''] in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × novus|''Cistus'' × ''novus'']] <small>Rouy</small>
*[[Cistus × obtusifolius|''Cistus'' × ''obtusifolius'']] <small>Sweet</small> (''[[Cistus inflatus|C.&nbsp;inflatus]]'' × ''[[Cistus salviifolius|C.&nbsp;salviifolius]]''<ref name=GuzmVarg05/>)
*[[Cistus × pauranthus|''Cistus'' × ''pauranthus'']] <small>Demoly</small> (''[[Cistus parviflorus|C.&nbsp;parviflorus]]'' × ''[[Cistus salviifolius|C.&nbsp;salviifolius]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20pauranthus.htm ''Cistus'' × ''pauranthus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110803/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20pauranthus.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × platysepalus|''Cistus'' × ''platysepalus'']] <small>Sweet</small> (''[[Cistus monspeliensis|C.&nbsp;monspeliensis]]'' × ''[[Cistus inflatus|C.&nbsp;inflatus]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20platysepalus.htm ''Cistus'' × ''platysepalus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103817/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20platysepalus.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × pourretii|''Cistus'' × ''pourretii'']] <small>Rouy & Foucaud</small>
*[[Cistus × purpureus|''Cistus'' × ''purpureus'']] <small>Lam.</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus creticus|C.&nbsp;creticus]]''<ref name=GuzmVarg05/>)
*[[Cistus × rodiaei|''Cistus'' × ''rodiaei'']] <small>Verg.</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus albidus|C.&nbsp;albidus]]'')<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030503233404/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20rodiaei%20'Jessica'.htm The Cistus & Halimium Website]</ref>
*[[Cistus × revolii|''Cistus'' × ''revolii'']] {{small|H.J.Coste & Soulié}}
*[[Cistus × sahucii|''Cistus'' × ''sahucii'']] {{small|H.J.Coste & Soulié}}
*[[Cistus × santae|''Cistus'' × ''santae'']] <small>(Sauvage) Demoly</small>
*[[Cistus × skanbergii|''Cistus'' × ''skanbergii'']] <small>Lojac.</small> (''[[Cistus parviflorus|C.&nbsp;parviflorus]]'' × ''[[Cistus monspeliensis|C.&nbsp;monspeliensis]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20skanbergii.htm ''Cistus'' × ''skanbergii''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141242/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20skanbergii.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × stenophyllus|''Cistus'' × ''stenophyllus'']] <small>Link</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus monspeliensis|C.&nbsp;monspeliensis]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20stenophyllus.htm ''Cistus'' × ''stenophyllus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162525/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20stenophyllus.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × timbalii|''Cistus'' × ''timbalii'']] <small>Demoly</small>
*[[Cistus × verguinii|''Cistus'' × ''verguinii'']] <small>Coste</small> (''[[Cistus ladanifer|C.&nbsp;ladanifer]]'' × ''[[Cistus salviifolius|C.&nbsp;salviifolius]]''<ref>[http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20verguinii.htm ''Cistus'' × ''verguinii''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091922/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/Cistus%20x%20verguinii.htm |date=2015-04-02 }} in {{Harvtxt|Page|n.d.}}</ref>)
*[[Cistus × vinyalsii|''Cistus'' × ''vinyalsii'']] <small>Sennen</small>
{{div col end}}

==Ecology==
They are thermophilous plants, which require open, sunny places. This plant genus is peculiar in that it has developed a range of specific adaptations to resist summer drought and frequent disturbance events, such as fire and grazing. In addition, it can form both [[ectomycorrhiza]]s and [[arbuscular mycorrhiza]]s. More than 200 ectomycorrhiza-forming fungal species belonging to 40 genera have been reported so far to be associated with ''Cistus''.<ref name=Coma06/> As with many other Cistaceae, the species of ''Cistus'' have the ability to form [[mycorrhiza]]l associations with [[truffles]] (''Tuber'') and are thus able to thrive on poor sandy soils or rocks.  ''[[Cistus ladanifer]]'' has been found to have mycorrhizal associations with ''[[Boletus edulis]]'', ''[[Boletus rhodoxanthus]]'', and ''[[Laccaria laccata]]''.<ref name=Ague06/>

''Cistus'' are the only host of ''[[Cytinus|Cytinus hypocistis]]'', a small [[parasite|parasitic]] plant that lives on the roots and is noticeable only for a short period of time when in flower. The presence of the parasite does not seem to harm the host population.

''Cistus'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora confluella]]'' and ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora helianthemella]]'', the latter recorded on ''Cistus monspeliensis''.

Various ''Cistus'' species are known to emit volatile oils, rendering the plants flammable. Their emission of these essential oils is a genetic adaptation for the species intended to actually promote flammability and even cause spontaneous combustion.<ref>Flammability and Combustibility of Cistus Plant Groups in Tlemcen Region(Algeria), SMAÏN EL-AMINE HENAOUI, National Forest Research Institute (INRF), Published by International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 44 (4): 383-393, 2018ISSN: 2320-5199</ref> ''Cistus'' plants are therefore considered [[Pyrophyte|pyrophytes]], or plants which rely upon fire as a part of their life cycle to encourage spread within their biome. ''Cistus'' seeds are resistant to the fires allowing them to germinate once fires have subsided and allowing them to benefit from an environment with less competition from other species.<ref>Aguayo-Villalba, A.Á., Álvarez-Gómez, C.M., Aisa-Ahmed, M. et al. Effect of fire on viability and germination behaviour of Cistus ladanifer and Cistus salvifolius seeds. Folia Geobot 56, 215–225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-022-09405-2</ref>

==Cultivation==
Cistuses are suitable for sunny gardens with a nearly frost-free [[Mediterranean climate]]. The hardiest of the species is ''C. laurifolius'', which survived the hard frost at [[Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew]] in 1895 that eliminated all the cistuses save this and two white-flowered natural hybrids, ''C.'' × ''corbariensis'', already grown by [[John Tradescant the Elder]], and ''C.'' × ''loretii'', a 19th-century introduction.<ref name=Coat64/>

===Cultivars===
Cultivars (those marked {{smallcaps|agm}} have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]) include:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''C.'' × ''aguilarii'' 'Maculatus' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''aguilarii'' 'Maculatus'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/51441/Cistus-x-aguilarii-Maculatus/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''argenteus'' 'Peggy Sammons'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''argenteus'' 'Peggy Sammons'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2456|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314142554/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2456|archive-date=14 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> - pink flowers, grey-green leaves<ref name=Taylor/>
*''C''. × ''bornetianus'' ‘Jester’ {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138558/i-Cistus-i-×-i-bornetianus-i-Jester/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × bornetianus 'Jester' | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''cyprius'' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''cyprius''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92784/Cistus-x-cyprius/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''cyprius'' var. ''ellipticus'' 'Elma' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''cyprius'' var. ''ellipticus'' 'Elma'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/164814/Cistus-x-cyprius-var-ellipticus-Elma/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''dansereaui'' 'Decumbens' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''dansereaui'' 'Decumbens'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89379/Cistus-x-dansereaui-Decumbens/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''dansereaui'' 'Jenkyn Place' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/125464/Cistus-x-dansereaui-Jenkyn-Place/Details | title = ''C.'' × ''dansereaui'' 'Jenkyn Place' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 12 April 2020}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''florentinus'' - white flowers
*''C.'' ’Gordon Cooper’ {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/161721/i-Cistus-i-Gordon-Cooper/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Cistus'' 'Gordon Cooper'| access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''hybridus'' - pink buds, white flowers
*''C''. × ''laxus'' ‘Snow White’ {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98685/Cistus-x-laxus-Snow-White/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × laxus 'Snow White'| access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 
*''C.'' × ''lenis'' 'Grayswood Pink' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''lenis'' 'Grayswood Pink'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/258383/Cistus-x-lenis-Grayswood-Pink/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
*''C''. × ''obtusifolius'' ‘Thrive’ {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/163509/Cistus-x-obtusifolius-Thrive/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Cistus'' × ''obtusifolius'' 'Thrive' | access-date = 2020-04-17}}</ref> 
*'''C.'' 'Paladin' - large white flowers, dark green leaves
*''C.'' × ''pulverulentus'' 'Sunset' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''pulverulentus'' 'Sunset'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97261/Cistus-x-pulverulentus-Sunset/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
*[[Cistus × purpureus|''C''. × ''purpureus'']] {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''purpureus''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90960/Cistus-x-purpureus/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> - pink petals with dark blotches near centre<ref name=Taylor/>
*''C.'' × ''skanbergii''<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' × ''skanbergii''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5430|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224032919/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5430|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2012|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> - small pink flowers
*''C.'' 'Snow Fire' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cistus'' 'Snow Fire'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/110256/Cistus-Snow-Fire/Details | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> 
* ×''Halimiocistus'' 'Ingwersenii' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99241/x-Halimiocistus-Ingwersenii/Details | title = ×''Halimiocistus'' 'Ingwersenii' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 12 April 2020}}</ref> 
*×''Halimiocistus sahucii'' {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99428/x-Halimiocistus-sahucii/Details
| title = ×''Halimiocistus sahucii'' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 12 April 2020}}</ref> 
{{div col end}}

===Gallery===
<gallery class="center" caption="Various hybrids and cultivars">
File:Cistus ladanifer hybride.JPG|''Cistus'' × ''dansereaui''
File:Cistus-hybridus.jpg|''Cistus'' × ''hybridus''
File:Cistus purpureus.jpg|''Cistus'' × ''purpureus''
File:Cistus skanbergii + Cistus verguinii-Clapiers-4144~2015 05 03.JPG|''Cistus'' × ''skanbergii'' (pale pink) and ''Cistus'' × ''verguinii'' (white and spotted)
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Ague06>{{cite journal |last1=Águeda |first1=B. |last2=Parladé |first2=J. |last3=de Miguel |first3=A.M.
|last4=Martínez-Peña |first4=F. |date=2006 |title=Characterization and identification of field ectomycorrhizae of ''Boletus edulis'' and ''Cistus ladanifer'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=23–30  |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.1.23 |pmid=16800301 |name-list-style=amp|url=http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/18758/1/2006.06.Mycol.pdf |hdl=10171/18758 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11>{{Cite journal |last1=Civeyrel |first1=Laure |last2=Leclercq |first2=Julie |last3=Demoly |first3=Jean-Pierre |last4=Agnan |first4=Yannick |last5=Quèbre |first5=Nicolas |last6=Pélissier |first6=Céline |last7=Otto |first7=Thierry |year=2011 |title=Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of ''Cistus'' and ''Halimium'' (Cistaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=295 |issue=1–4 |pages=23–54 |doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7 |bibcode=2011PSyEv.295...23C |s2cid=21995828 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<!-- unused ref <ref name=Olse60>{{Cite book |last=Olsen |first=James M. |year=1960 |title=''Cistus'' fuel moisture and flammability |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=California Forest and Range Experiment Station |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25577569M/Cistus_fuel_moisture_and_flammability |access-date=2015-03-01 }}</ref>-->

<ref name=Coat64>{{Cite book |last=Coats |first=Alice M. |year=1992 |title=Garden Shrubs and Their Histories |edition=1st US |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-74733-6 |orig-year=1964 |contribution=Cistus }}</ref>

<ref name=Coma06>{{cite journal |last1=Comandini |first1=O. |last2=Contu |first2=M. |last3=Rinaldi |first3=A.C. |year=2006 |title=An overview of ''Cistus'' ectomycorrhizal fungi |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=381–395 |doi=10.1007/s00572-006-0047-8 |pmid=16896800 |bibcode=2006Mycor..16..381C |s2cid=195074078 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name=GuzmLled09>{{cite journal |last1=Guzman |first1=B. |last2=Lledo |first2=M.D. |last3=Vargas |first3=P. |year=2009 |title=Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean ''Cistus'' (Cistaceae) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=7 |page=e6362 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006362 |name-list-style=amp|pmid=19668338 |pmc=2719431|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.6362G |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=GuzmVarg05>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=B. |last2=Vargas |first2=P. |year=2005 |title=Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of ''Cistus'' L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=644–660 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026 |name-list-style=amp|pmid=16055353|bibcode=2005MolPE..37..644G }}</ref>

<ref name=GuzmVarg09>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=B. |last2=Vargas |first2=P. |date=2009 |title=Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001 |bibcode=2009ODivE...9...83G |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book| last=Taylor |first=Jane |title=Plants for dry gardens - Beating the drought |publisher=Frances Lincoln Limited |location=London |year=1993 |page=42 |isbn=978-0-7112-1222-0 }}</ref>

<ref name=TPL_Cistus>{{cite web |title=Search results for ''Cistus''|work=The Plant List |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Cistus |access-date=2015-02-28 }}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal |last=Demoly |first=J.-P. |year=2006 |title=Notes taxonomiques, chorologiques et nouveautes nomenclaturales pour le genre ''Cistus'' L. elargi, incluant ''Halimium'' (Dunal) Spach (Cistaceae) |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |volume=153 |issue=3 |pages=309–323 }} Proposes merging ''Cistus'' and ''Halimium''.
*{{Cite book |last1=Demoly |first1=J.-P. |last2=Montserrat |first2=P. |year=1993 |editor-last=Castroviejo |editor-first=S. |editor2-last=Aedo |editor2-first=C. |editor3-last=Cirujano |editor3-first=S. |editor4-last=Lainz |editor4-first=M. |editor5-last=Montserrat |editor5-first=P. |editor6-last=Morales |editor6-first=R. |editor7-last=Munoz Garmendia |editor7-first=F. |editor8-last=Navarro |editor8-first=C. |editor9-last=Paiva |editor9-first=J. |editor10-last=Soriano |editor10-first=C. |editor11-last=Fernandez Arias |editor11-first=M.I. |contribution=Cistus |title=Flora Iberica : Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares |pages=319–337 |location=Madrid |publisher=Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC |isbn=978-84-00-07375-6 |contribution-url=http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/03_066_01_Cistus.pdf |access-date=2015-03-19 |volume=3 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ellul |first1=P. |last2=Boscaiu |first2=M. |last3=Vicente |first3=O. |last4=Moreno |first4=V. |last5=Rossello |first5=J.A. |year=2002 |title=Intra- and Interspecific Variation in DNA Content in ''Cistus ''(Cistaceae) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=345–351 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcf194 |name-list-style=amp|pmc=4240394 |pmid=12234146}}
* {{cite web |last=Page |first=R.G. |date=n.d. |orig-year=2002 onwards |title=The ''Cistus'' & ''Halimium'' Website |url=http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/ |access-date=2015-03-01 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Sweet |first=Robert |date=1825–1830 |title=Cistineae : the natural order of ''Cistus'' or Rock-rose |publisher=James Ridgeway |location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/cistineaenatura00sweegoog#page/n9/mode/1up |access-date=2015-03-15 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Warburg |first=E.F. |year=1968 |editor-last=Tutin |editor-first=T.G. |editor2-last=Heywood |editor2-first=V.H. |editor3-last=Burges |editor3-first=N.A. |editor4-last=Valentine |editor4-first=D.H. |editor5-last=Walters |editor5-first=S.M. |editor6-last=Webb |editor6-first=D.A. |contribution=Cistus |title=Flora Europaea, Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae |pages=282–284 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-06662-4 |name-list-style=amp}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|position=left}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q206127}}

[[Category:Cistus| ]]
[[Category:Malvales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]