View source for Venetian language

{{Short description|Romance language of Veneto, northeast Italy}}
{{About|the modern Romance language|the ancient language|Venetic language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Venetian
| nativename       = {{lang|vec|łengoa/łengua vèneta}}, {{lang|vec|vèneto}}
| states           = [[Italy]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]]
| region           = {{plainlist}}
* [[Veneto]]<ref name="UNM">{{cite book |title=Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Vol.2 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |year=1991 |location=Montreal }}</ref><ref name="DRH">{{Cite book |title=Cultural disenchantments: worker peasantries in northeast Italy |last=Holmes |first=Douglas R. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1989}}</ref>
* [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]<ref name="UNM"/><ref name="DRH" />
* [[Trentino]]<ref name="UNM"/><ref name="DRH" />
* [[Istria County]]<ref name="JMI">{{Cite book |title=Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states |last=Minahan |first=James |publisher=Greenwood |year=1998 |location=Westport}}</ref><ref name="JRK">{{Cite book |title=The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria |last=Kalsbeek |first=Janneke |year=1998 |series=Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics |volume=25 |location=Atlanta}}</ref>
*[[Primorje-Gorski Kotar]]
*[[Slovene Istria]]<ref name="JMI">{{Cite book |title=Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states |last=Minahan |first=James |publisher=Greenwood |year=1998 |location=Westport}}</ref><ref name="JRK">{{Cite book |title=The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria |last=Kalsbeek |first=Janneke |year=1998 |series=Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics |volume=25 |location=Atlanta}}</ref>
{{endplainlist}}
| speakers         = {{sigfig|3.85|2}} million
| date             = 2002
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Latin]]ic
| fam5             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam6             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam7             = (disputed)
| dia1             = [[Fiuman dialect|Fiuman]]
| dia2             = [[Talian dialect|Talian]]
| dia3             = [[Triestine dialect|Triestine]]
| dia4             = [[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chiplo]]
| official         = 
| minority         = {{plainlist|                                                                                                                                                                                *{{flag|Italy}}
**→ {{flag|Veneto}}
*{{flag|Brazil}} <small>([[Talian dialect]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |title=Subsídios para o reconhecimento do Talian |last=Tonial |first=Honório |date=26 June 2009 |website=Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (IPOL) |language=pt |trans-title=Subsidies for the recognition of Talian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127132553/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |archive-date=27 January 2012 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref>
**→ {{flag|São Paulo}}
**→ {{flag|Rio Grande do Sul}}
**→ {{flag|Santa Catarina}}
**→ {{flag|Paraná}}
**→ {{flag|Espírito Santo}}
*{{flag|Mexico}} <small>([[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo]])</small>
**→ {{flag|Querétaro}}
**→ {{flag|Veracruz}}
**→ {{flag|Puebla}}
}}
| iso3             = vec
| glotto           = vene1258
| glottorefname    = Venetian
<!-- does not (yet) exist ... | ELP = 10416, 10701
| ELPname = Veneto, Venetian-->| lingua           = 51-AAA-n
| map              = Venetian_Language_distribution.png
| notice           = IPA
| mapcaption       = '''Venetian language distribution in [[Triveneto]]''':
{{legend|#aa0000|Areas where Venetian is spoken}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Areas where Venetian is spoken alongside other languages ([[bavarian language|Bavarian]], [[emilian language|Emilian]], [[friulian language|Friulian]], [[slovene language|Slovene]], [[chakavian language|Chakavian]], [[istriot language|Istriot]] and formerly [[dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[lombard language|Lombard]] and with Emilian)}}
{{legend|#ffa9a9|Areas of influence of Venetian (over Lombard and over [[ladin language|Ladin]])}}
| dia5             = [[Judeo-Venetian dialect|Judeo-Venetian]]
}}

[[File:Targa dialetto veneto.JPG|thumb|A sign in Venetian reading "Here Venetian is also spoken"]]
[[File:Romance 20c en.png|thumb|450px|Distribution of [[Romance languages]] in Europe. Venetian is number 15.]]
'''Venetian''',<ref name="glot1">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258 |title=Venetian |website=Glottolog.org}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue vec">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/vec |title=Venetian |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> also known as '''wider Venetian''' or '''Venetan'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linguasphere.info/jr/pdf/index/LS_index_t-u-v.pdf|title=Venetan |work=[[Linguasphere]] |access-date=2018-12-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2050-54.pdf |title=Indo-european phylosector |website=[[Linguasphere]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827110429/http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2050-54.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-27}}</ref> ({{lang|vec|łengua vèneta}}<ref>According to GVIM writing system. The whole page has been written with this standard.</ref> {{IPA|vec|ˈɰ<!--please see [[Help:IPA/Venetian]] before removing the ɰ symbol; THANKS-->eŋɡwa ˈvɛneta|}} or {{lang|vec|vèneto}} {{IPA|vec|ˈvɛneto|}}), is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken natively in the northeast of [[Italy]],<ref name="ethn">Ethnologue</ref> mostly in [[Veneto]], where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and often well understood outside Veneto: in [[Trentino]], [[Friuli]], the [[Julian March]], [[Istria]], and some towns of [[Slovenia]], [[Dalmatia]] ([[Croatia]]) and [[Bay of Kotor]] ([[Montenegro]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kotor.travel/language/ | title=Language }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040503/http://www.italiannetwork.it/news.aspx?ln=it&id=4697|website=Italian Network|title=Italiani all'estero|url=http://www.italiannetwork.it/news.aspx?ln=it&id=4697|url-status=live}}</ref> by a surviving autochthonous Venetian population, and in [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] by Venetians in the diaspora.

Although referred to as an "Italian dialect" ({{langx|vec|diałeto|links=no}}; {{langx|it|dialetto}}) even by some of its speakers, the label is primarily geographic. Venetian is a separate language from Italian, with many local varieties. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial. Both [[Ethnologue]] and [[Glottolog]] group it into the Gallo-Italic branch (and thus, closer to [[French language|French]] and [[Emilian–Romagnol]] than to [[Italian language|Italian]]).<ref name="Ethnologue vec" /><ref name="glot1" /> [[Giacomo Devoto|Devoto]], Avolio and Ursini reject such classification,<ref name="Devoto 1972 30">{{Cite book |last=Devoto |first=Giacomo |title=I dialetti delle regioni d'Italia |publisher=Sansoni |year=1972 |page=30}}</ref><ref name="Avolio 2009 46">{{Cite book |last=Avolio |first=Francesco |title=Lingue e dialetti d'Italia |publisher=Carocci |year=2009 |page=46}}</ref><ref name="Dialetti veneti, Treccani.it">[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-veneti_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano) ''Dialetti veneti'', Treccani.it]</ref> and [[:it:Carlo Tagliavini|Tagliavini]] places it in the [[Italo-Dalmatian]] branch of Romance.<ref name="Tagliavini 1948">{{cite book |last=Tagliavini |first=Carlo |year=1948 |title=Le origini delle lingue Neolatine: corso introduttivo di filologia romanza |publisher=Pàtron |location=Bologna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AAOAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Venetian literature}}

Like all members of the [[Romance languages|Romance language family]], Venetian evolved from [[Vulgar Latin]], and is thus a sister language of [[Italian language|Italian]] and other Romance languages. Venetian is first attested in writing in the 13th century.

The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the [[Republic of Venice]], when it attained the status of a [[lingua franca]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrights [[Angelo Beolco|Ruzante]] (1502–1542), [[Carlo Goldoni]] (1707–1793) and [[Carlo Gozzi]] (1720–1806). Following the old Italian theatre tradition ({{lang|it|[[commedia dell'arte]]}}), they used Venetian in their comedies as the speech of the common folk. They are ranked among the foremost Italian theatrical authors of all time, and plays by Goldoni and Gozzi are still performed today all over the world.

Other notable works in Venetian are the translations of the ''[[Iliad]]'' by [[Giacomo Casanova]] (1725–1798) and Francesco Boaretti, the translation of the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' (1875) by [[Giuseppe Cappelli]] and the poems of [[Biagio Marin]] (1891–1985). Notable too is a manuscript titled ''[[Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova]]'' attributed to [[Girolamo Spinelli]], perhaps with some supervision by [[Galileo Galilei]] for scientific details.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astrocultura.uai.it/avvenimenti/cecco.htm |title=Dialogo de Cecco Di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella nuova |publisher=[[Unione Astrofili Italiani]] }}</ref>

Several Venetian{{ndash}}Italian dictionaries are available in print and online, including those by [[:vec:Giuseppe Boerio|Boerio]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boerio |first=Giuseppe |author-link=:vec:Giuseppe Boerio|title=Dizionario del dialetto veneziano |publisher=Giovanni Cecchini |year=1856 |location=Venezia |trans-title=Dictionary of the Venetian dialect}}</ref> Contarini,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Contarini |first=Pietro |title=Dizionario tascabile delle voci e frasi particolari del dialetto veneziano |publisher=Giovanni Cecchini |year=1850 |location=Venezia |trans-title=Pocket dictionary of the voices and particular phrases of the Venetian dialect}}</ref> Nazari<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazari |first=Giulio |title=Dizionario Veneziano-Italiano e regole di grammatica |publisher=Arnaldo Forni |year=1876 |location=Belluno |trans-title=Venetian-Italian dictionary and grammar rules}}</ref> and [[Giuseppe Piccio|Piccio]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Piccio |first=Giuseppe |title=Dizionario Veneziano-Italiano |publisher=Libreria Emiliana |year=1928 |location=Venezia |trans-title=Venetian-Italian dictionary|author-link=Giuseppe Piccio}}</ref>

As a [[literary language]], Venetian was overshadowed by [[Dante Alighieri]]'s [[Tuscan dialect]] (the best known writers of the Renaissance, such as [[Petrarch]], [[Boccaccio]] and [[Machiavelli]], were Tuscan and wrote in the Tuscan language) and [[languages of France]] like the [[Occitano-Romance languages]] and the [[langues d'oïl]] including the mixed [[Franco-Venetian]].

Even before the demise of the Republic, Venetian gradually ceased to be used for administrative purposes in favor of the Tuscan-derived Italian language that had been proposed and used as a vehicle for a common Italian culture, strongly supported by eminent Venetian humanists and poets, from [[Pietro Bembo]] (1470–1547), a crucial figure in the development of the [[Italian language]] itself, to [[Ugo Foscolo]] (1778–1827).

Venetian spread to other continents as a result of mass migration from the [[Veneto region]] between 1870 and 1905, and between 1945 and 1960. Venetian migrants created large Venetian-speaking communities in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] (see [[Talian dialect|Talian]]), and [[Mexico]] (see [[Chipilo Venetian dialect]]), where the language is still spoken today.

In the 19th century, large-scale immigration towards [[Trieste]] and [[Muggia]] extended the presence of the Venetian language eastward. Previously, the dialect of Trieste had been a Rhaeto-Romance dialect known as [[:it:Tergestino|Tergestino]]. This dialect became extinct as a result of Venetian migration, which gave rise to the [[Triestino]] dialect of Venetian spoken there today.

Internal migrations during the 20th century also saw many Venetian-speakers settle in other regions of Italy, especially in the [[Pontine Marshes]] of southern [[Lazio]] where they populated new towns such as [[Latina, Lazio|Latina]], [[Aprilia, Lazio|Aprilia]] and [[Pomezia]], forming there the so-called "[[:it:Comunità venetopontine|Venetian-Pontine]]" community (''comunità venetopontine'').

Some firms have chosen to use Venetian language in advertising, as a beer did some years ago{{clarify|reason=Which beer, and when?|date=June 2019}} ({{lang|vec|Xe foresto solo el nome}}, 'only the name is foreign').<ref name="Forum Nathion Veneta">{{Cite web |url=https://it.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nathion_veneta/conversations/topics/3687 |title=Forum Nathion Veneta |website=Yahoo Groups |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024431/https://it.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nathion_veneta/conversations/topics/3687 }}</ref> In other cases advertisements in Veneto are given a "Venetian flavour" by adding a Venetian word to standard Italian: for instance an airline used the verb {{lang|vec|xe}} ({{lang|vec|'''Xe'''}} {{lang|it|sempre più grande}}, "it is always bigger") into an Italian sentence (the correct Venetian being {{lang|vec|el xe senpre pì grando}})<ref>Right spelling, according to: Giuseppe Boerio, ''Dizionario del dialetto veneziano'', Venezia, Giovanni Cecchini, 1856.</ref> to advertise new flights from [[Marco Polo Airport]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

In 2007, Venetian was given recognition by the [[Regional Council of Veneto]] with regional law no. 8 of 13 April 2007 "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto".<ref>[http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html Regional Law no. 8 of 13 April 2007]. "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto".</ref> Though the law does not explicitly grant Venetian any official status, it provides for Venetian as object of protection and enhancement, as an essential component of the cultural, social, historical and civil identity of Veneto.

==Geographic distribution==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2015}}
Venetian is spoken mainly in the Italian regions of [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] and in both [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]] ([[Istria]], [[Dalmatia]] and the [[Kvarner Gulf]]).{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Smaller communities are found in [[Lombardy]] ([[Mantua]]), [[Trentino]], [[Emilia-Romagna]] ([[Rimini]] and [[Forlì]]), [[Sardinia]] ([[Arborea]], [[Terralba]], [[Fertilia]]), [[Lazio]] ([[Pontine Marshes]]), [[Tuscany]] ([[Grossetan Maremma]])<ref>veneti nel mondo. I veneti della maremma</ref> and formerly in [[Romania]] ([[Tulcea]]).
[[File:Łéngua vèneta nel mondo.svg|thumb|223x223px|Geographical distribution of Venetian language by official status]]
It is also spoken in North and South America by the descendants of Italian immigrants. Notable examples of this are [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]], particularly the city of [[São Paulo]] and the [[Talian dialect]] spoken in the [[Brazil]]ian states of [[Espírito Santo]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]].

In [[Mexico]], the [[Chipilo Venetian dialect]] is spoken in the state of [[Puebla]] and the town of [[Chipilo]]. The town was settled by immigrants from the [[Veneto]] region, and some of their descendants have preserved the language to this day. People from Chipilo have gone on to make satellite colonies in Mexico, especially in the states of [[Guanajuato]], [[Querétaro]], and [[State of Mexico]]. Venetian has also survived in the state of [[Veracruz]], where other Italian migrants have settled since the late 19th century. The people of Chipilo preserve their dialect and call it {{lang|vec|chipileño}}, and it has been preserved as a variant since the 19th century. The variant of Venetian spoken by the {{lang|vec|Cipiłàn}} ({{lang|es|Chipileños}}) is northern Trevisàn-Feltrìn-Belumàt.

In 2009, the Brazilian city of [[Serafina Corrêa]], in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, gave [[Talian dialect|Talian]] a joint official status alongside [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406 |title=Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município |website=serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br |language=pt |trans-title=Councilors approve talian as co-official language of the municipality |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330031236/http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rosario.redescalabriniana.org/noticia/Talian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento |title=Talian em busca de mais reconhecimento |language=pt |trans-title=Talian in search of more recognition |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801012132/http://rosario.redescalabriniana.org/noticia/Talian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento |archive-date=1 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> Until the middle of the 20th century, Venetian was also spoken on the Greek Island of [[Corfu]], which had long been under the rule of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Moreover, Venetian had been adopted by a large proportion of the population of [[Cephalonia]], one of the [[Ionian Islands]], because the island was part of the {{lang|vec|[[Stato da Màr]]}} for almost three centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7sNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106 |title=The Ionian islands: Manners and customs |last=Kendrick |first=Tertius T. C. |publisher=J. Haldane |year=1822 |location=London |page=106}}</ref>

==Classification==
[[File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg|thumb|500x500px|Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria.]]
Venetian is a Romance language and thus descends from [[Vulgar Latin]]. Its classification has always been controversial: According to Tagliavini, for example, it is one of the [[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] and most closely related to [[Istriot language|Istriot]] on the one hand and [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]]–[[Italian language|Italian]] on the other.<ref name="Tagliavini 1948"/> Some authors include it among the [[Gallo-Italic languages]],<ref name="CAT">{{Cite book |last=Haller |first=Hermann W. |year=1999 |title=The other Italy: the literary canon in dialect |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]}}</ref> and according to others, it is not related to either one.<ref name=Renzi>{{cite book |last=Renzi |first=Lorenzo |year=1994 |title=Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza |location=Bologna |publisher=Il Mulino |page=176 |quote={{lang|it|I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze ... Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone) ... Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.}} }}</ref> Although both Ethnologue and Glottolog group Venetian into the Gallo-Italic languages,<ref name="Ethnologue vec" /><ref name="glot1" /> the linguists [[Giacomo Devoto]] and Francesco Avolio and the [[Treccani]] encyclopedia reject the Gallo-Italic classification.<ref name="Devoto 1972 30"/><ref name="Avolio 2009 46"/><ref name="Dialetti veneti, Treccani.it"/>

Although the language region is surrounded by [[Gallo-Italic languages]], Venetian does not share some traits with these immediate neighbors. Some scholars stress Venetian's characteristic lack of Gallo-Italic traits ({{lang|vec|agallicità}})<ref>Alberto Zamboni (1988:522)</ref> or traits found further afield in [[Gallo-Romance languages]] (e.g. French, [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal]])<ref>Giovan Battista Pellegrini (1976:425)</ref> or the [[Rhaeto-Romance languages]] (e.g. [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]]). For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize {{IPA|/kt/}} and {{IPA|/ks/}}, or develop rising diphthongs {{IPA|/ei/}} and {{IPA|/ou/}}, and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as in [[Italian language|Italian]], Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables. On the other hand, Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogative [[clitic]]s, mandatory unstressed [[subject pronoun]]s (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express the [[Continuous and progressive aspects|continuous aspect]] ("El ze drio manjar" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of the [[Italian conjugation#Absolute past (Il passato remoto)|absolute past tense]] as well as of [[Gemination|geminated consonants]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Belloni |first=Silvano |date=1991 |title=Grammatica veneta |url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/linguaveneta/wp-content/plugins/pdfjs-viewer-shortcode/pdfjs/web/viewer.php?file=/linguaveneta/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grammatica-Veneta-di-S.Belloni.pdf&download=false&print=false&openfile=false |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.linguaveneta.net|trans-title=Venetian Grammar|language=Italian}}</ref>{{pages needed|date=October 2023}} In addition, Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as the use of the [[Impersonal passive voice|impersonal passive]] forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for the [[Reflexive verb|reflexive voice]] (both traits shared with [[German language|German]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Brunelli |first=Michele |year=2007 |title=Manual Gramaticałe Xenerałe de ła Łéngua Vèneta e łe só varianti |location=Basan / Bassano del Grappa |pages=29, 34}}</ref>

Modern Venetian is not a close relative of the [[extinct language|extinct]] [[Venetic language]] spoken in Veneto before Roman expansion, although both are [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], and Venetic may have been an [[Italic languages|Italic]] language, like [[Latin]], the ancestor of Venetian and most other [[languages of Italy]]. The ancient [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] gave their name to the city and region, which is why the modern language has a similar name, while their language may have also left a few traces in modern Venetian as a [[substrata (linguistics)|substrate]].

==Regional variants==
The main regional varieties and subvarieties of Venetian language:
* ''Central'' ([[Province of Padua|Padua]], [[Province of Vicenza|Vicenza]], [[Province of Rovigo|Polesine]]), with about 1,500,000 speakers
*[[Metropolitan City of Venice|Venice]]
*''Eastern/Coastal'' ([[Triestine dialect|Trieste]], [[Grado, Friuli Venezia Giulia|Grado]], [[Istria]], [[Fiuman dialect|Fiume]])
* ''Western'' ([[Province of Verona|Verona]], [[Trentino]])
* ''Northern'' {{lang|vec|Sinistra Piave}} of the [[Province of Treviso]] (most of the [[Province of Pordenone]])
* ''North-Central'' {{lang|vec|Destra Piave}} of the Province of Treviso ([[Province of Belluno|Belluno]], comprising [[Feltre]], [[Agordo]], [[Cadore]], and [[Zoldo Alto]])

All these variants are mutually intelligible, with a minimum 92% in common among the most diverging ones (Central and Western). Modern speakers reportedly can still understand Venetian texts from the 14th century to some extent.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Other noteworthy variants are:
* the variety spoken in [[Chioggia]]
* the variety spoken in the [[Pontine Marshes]]
* the variety spoken in [[Dalmatia]]
* the [[Talian dialect]] of [[Antônio Prado]], [[Entre Rios, Santa Catarina]] and [[Toledo, Paraná]], among other southern [[Brazil]]ian cities
* the [[Chipilo Venetian dialect]] ({{langx|es|Chipileño}}) of [[Chipilo]], Mexico
* the extinct [[Judeo-Venetian dialect]] formerly spoken by the [[History of the Jews in Venice|Jewish community of Venice]]

==Grammar==
{{Main|Venetian grammar}}
[[File:Calle berlendis, Venice.jpg|thumb|A street sign ({{lang|vec|nizioléto}}) in Venice using Venetian {{lang|vec|calle}}, as opposed to the Italian {{lang|it|via}}]]
[[File:Inschrift Venezianerhaus.JPG|thumb|{{lang|vec|Lasa pur dir}} (Let them speak), an inscription on the [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian House]] in [[Piran]], southwestern Slovenia]]
Like most Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin [[declension|case system]], in favor of [[preposition]]s and a more rigid [[subject–verb–object]] sentence structure. It has thus become more [[analytic language|analytic]], if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romance [[article (grammar)|articles]], both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrative {{lang|la|ille}}) and indefinite (derived from the numeral {{lang|la|unus}}).

Venetian also retained the Latin concepts of [[grammatical gender|gender]] (masculine and feminine) and [[grammatical number|number]] (singular and plural). Unlike the Gallo-Iberian languages, which form plurals by adding ''-s'', Venetian forms plurals in a manner similar to standard Italian. Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with the noun in gender and number, but it is important to mention that the suffix might be deleted because the article is the part that suggests the number. However, Italian is influencing Venetian language:

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Veneto&nbsp;dialects!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|el gato graso}}||{{lang|vec|el gato graso}}||{{lang|it|il gatto grasso}}||the fat (male) cat
|-
|{{lang|vec|la gata grasa}}||{{lang|vec|ła gata grasa}}||{{lang|it|la gatta grassa}}||the fat (female) cat
|-
|{{lang|vec|i gati grasi}}||{{lang|vec|i gati grasi}}||{{lang|it|i gatti grassi}}||the fat (male) cats
|-
|{{lang|vec|le gate grase}}||{{lang|vec|łe gate grase}}||{{lang|it|le gatte grasse}}||the fat (female) cats
|}

In recent studies on Venetian variants in Veneto, there has been a tendency to write the so-called "evanescent L" as {{angle bracket|ł}}. While it may help novice speakers, Venetian was never written with this letter. In this article, this symbol is used only in Veneto dialects of Venetian language. It will suffice to know that in Venetian language the letter L in word-initial and intervocalic positions usually becomes a "palatal allomorph", and is barely pronounced.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tomasin |first=Lorenzo|title=La cosiddetta "elle evanescente" del veneziano: fra dialettologia e storia linguistica |url=https://iris.unive.it/retrieve/handle/10278/24158/22434/la%20cosiddetta%20elle.pdf |year=2010 |place=Palermo |publisher=Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani}}</ref>

Very few [[Venetic language|Venetic]] words seem to have survived in present Venetian, but there may be more traces left in the morphology, such as the [[morpheme]] -''esto''/''asto''/''isto'' for the past participle, which can be found in Venetic inscriptions from about 500 BC:

* Venetian: {{lang|vec|Mi A go fazesto}} ("I have done")
* Venetian Italian: {{lang|it|Mi A go fato}}
* Standard Italian: {{lang|it|Io ho fatto}}

===Redundant subject pronouns===
A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is a "semi-analytical" verbal flexion, with a compulsory [[clitic]] subject pronoun before the verb in many sentences, echoing the subject as an ending or a weak pronoun. Independent/emphatic pronouns (e.g. {{lang|vec|ti}}), on the contrary, are optional. The clitic subject pronoun ({{lang|vec|te, el/ła, i/łe}}) is used with the 2nd and 3rd person singular, and with the 3rd person plural. This feature may have arisen as a compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian.

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Mi go}}||{{lang|it|Io ho}}||I have
|-
|{{lang|vec|Ti ti ga}}||{{lang|it|Tu hai}}||You have
|}

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Mi so}}||{{lang|it|Io sono}}||I am
|-
|{{lang|vec|Ti ti xe}}||{{lang|it|Tu sei}}||You are
|}

The [[Piedmontese language]] also has clitic subject pronouns, but the rules are somewhat different. The function of clitics is particularly visible in long sentences, which do not always have clear intonational breaks to easily tell apart vocative and imperative in sharp commands from exclamations with "shouted indicative". For instance, in Venetian the clitic {{lang|vec|el}} marks the indicative verb and its masculine singular subject, otherwise there is an imperative preceded by a vocative. Although some grammars regard these clitics as "redundant", they actually provide specific additional information as they mark number and gender, thus providing number-/gender- agreement between the subject(s) and the verb, which does not necessarily show this information on its endings.

===Interrogative inflection===
Venetian also has a special ''interrogative'' verbal flexion used for direct questions, which also incorporates a redundant pronoun:

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Veneto&nbsp;dialects!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Ti geristu sporco?}}||{{lang|vec|(Ti) jèristu onto?}}<br />or {{lang|vec|(Ti) xèrito spazo?}}||{{lang|it|(Tu) eri sporco?}}||Were you dirty?
|-
|{{lang|vec|El can, gerilo sporco?}}||{{lang|vec|El can jèreło onto?}}<br />or {{lang|vec|Jèreło onto el can ?}}||{{lang|it|Il cane era sporco?}}||Was the dog dirty?
|-
|{{lang|vec|Ti te gastu domandà?}}||{{lang|vec|(Ti) te sito domandà?}}||{{lang|it|(Tu) ti sei domandato?}}||Did you ask yourself?
|}

===Auxiliary verbs===
Reflexive tenses use the auxiliary verb {{lang|vec|avér}} ("to have"), as in English, the [[North Germanic languages]], Catalan, Spanish, Romanian and Neapolitan; instead of {{lang|it|èssar}} ("to be"), which would be normal in Italian. The past participle is invariable, unlike Italian:

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Veneto&nbsp;dialects!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Ti ti te ga lavà}}||{{lang|vec|(Ti) te te à/gà/ghè lavà}}||{{lang|it|(Tu) ti sei lavato}}||You washed yourself
|-
|{{lang|vec|(Lori) i se ga desmissià}}||{{lang|vec|(Lori) i se gà/à svejà}}||{{lang|it|(Loro) si sono svegliati}}||They woke up
|}

===Continuing action===
Another peculiarity of the language is the use of the phrase {{lang|vec|eser drìo}} (literally, "to be behind") to indicate continuing action:

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Veneto&nbsp;dialects!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Me pare, el ze drìo parlàr}}||{{lang|vec|Mé pare 'l ze drìo(invià) parlàr}}||{{lang|it|Mio padre sta parlando}}||My father is speaking
|}

Another progressive form in some Venetian dialects uses the construction {{lang|vec|èsar łà che}} ({{lit|to be there that}}):

* Venetian dialect: {{lang|vec|Me pare l'è là che'l parla}} ({{lit|My father he is there that he speaks}}).

The use of progressive tenses is more pervasive than in Italian; e.g.

* English: "He wouldn't have been speaking to you".
* Venetian: {{lang|vec|No'l sarìa miga sta drio parlarte a ti}}.

That construction does not occur in Italian: ''*Non sarebbe mica stato parlandoti'' is not syntactically valid.

===Subordinate clauses===
Subordinate clauses have double introduction ("whom that", "when that", "which that", "how that"), as in [[Old English language|Old English]]:

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Veneto&nbsp;dialects!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Mi so de chi che ti parli}}||{{lang|vec|So de chi che te parli}}||{{lang|it|So di chi parli}}||I know who you are talking about
|}

As in other Romance languages, the [[subjunctive mood]] is widely used in [[subordinate clause]]s.

{|class=wikitable
!Venetian!!Veneto&nbsp;dialects!!Italian!!English
|-
|{{lang|vec|Mi credeva che'l fuse&nbsp;...}}||{{lang|vec|Credéa/évo che'l fuse&nbsp;...}}||{{lang|it|Credevo che fosse&nbsp;...}}||I thought he was&nbsp;...
|}

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Venetian consonant phonemes
|-
!colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]<br />/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|({{IPA link|t͡s}})
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|({{IPA link|d͡z}})
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|({{IPA link|θ}})
|{{IPA link|s}}
|  ||
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|({{IPA link|ð}})
|{{IPA link|z}}
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
| || {{IPA link|l}}  ||{{IPA link|j}}
|({{IPA link|e̯}})
|}

Some dialects of Venetian have certain sounds not present in Italian, such as the interdental voiceless fricative {{IPAblink|θ}}, often spelled with {{angle bracket|ç}}, {{angle bracket|z}}, {{angle bracket|zh}}, or {{angle bracket|ž}}, and similar to [[English language|English]] ''th'' in ''thing'' and ''thought''. This sound occurs, for example, in {{lang|vec|çéna}} ("supper", also written {{lang|vec|zhena, žena}}), which is pronounced the same as Castilian Spanish {{lang|es|cena}} (which has the same meaning). The voiceless interdental fricative occurs in Bellunese, north-Trevisan, and in some Central Venetian rural areas around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of the [[Po (river)|river Po]].

Because the pronunciation variant {{IPAblink|θ}} is more typical of older speakers and speakers living outside of major cities, it has come to be socially stigmatized, and most speakers now use {{IPAblink|s}} or {{IPAblink|ts}} instead of {{IPAblink|θ}}. In those dialects with the pronunciation {{IPAblink|s}}, the sound has fallen together with ordinary {{angle bracket|s}}, and so it is not uncommon to simply write {{angle bracket|s}} (or {{angle bracket|ss}} between vowels) instead of {{angle bracket|ç}} or {{angle bracket|zh}} (such as {{lang|vec|sena}}).

Similarly some dialects of Venetian also have a voiced interdental fricative {{IPAblink|ð}}, often written {{angle bracket|z}} (as in {{lang|vec|el pianze}} 'he cries'); but in most dialects this sound is now pronounced either as {{IPAblink|dz}} (Italian ''voiced-Z''), or more typically as {{IPAblink|z}} (Italian ''voiced-S'', written {{angle bracket|x}}, as in {{lang|vec|el pianxe}}); in a few dialects the sound appears as {{IPAblink|d}} and may therefore be written instead with the letter {{angle bracket|d}}, as in {{lang|vec|el piande}}.

Some varieties of Venetian also distinguish an ordinary {{IPAblink|l}} vs. a weakened or [[lenition|lenited]] ("evanescent") {{angle bracket|l}}, which in some orthographic norms is indicated with the letter {{angle bracket|[[ł]]}} or {{angle bracket|[[ƚ]]}};<ref>[[Unicode]]: {{unichar|023D|Latin capital letter l with bar}} and {{unichar|019A|Latin small letter l with bar}}</ref> in more conservative dialects, however, {{angle bracket|l}} and {{angle bracket|ł}} are merged as ordinary {{IPAblink|l}}. 
In those dialects that have both types, the precise phonetic realization of ⟨ł⟩ depends both on its phonological environment and on the dialect of the speaker. In Venice and its mainland as well as in most of central Veneto (excluding the peripheral provinces of Verona, Belluno and some islands of the lagoon) the realization is a non-syllabic {{IPA|[e̯]}}{{sfn|Zamboni|1975|pp=13–14, 38}} (usually described as nearly like an "e" and so often spelled as {{angle bracket|e}}), when {{angle bracket|ł}} is adjacent (only) to back vowels ({{angle bracket|a o u}}), vs. a null realization when {{angle bracket|ł}} is adjacent to a front vowel ({{angle bracket|i e}}).

In dialects further inland {{angle bracket|ł}} may be realized as a partially vocalised {{angle bracket|l}}. Thus, for example, {{lang|vec|góndoła}} 'gondola' may sound like {{lang|vec|góndoea}} {{IPA|vec|ˈɡoŋdoe̯a|}}, {{lang|vec|góndola}} {{IPA|vec|ˈɡoŋdola|}}, or {{lang|vec|góndoa}} {{IPA|vec|ˈɡoŋdoa|}}. In dialects having a null realization of intervocalic {{angle bracket|ł}}, although pairs of words such as {{lang|vec|scóła}}, "school" and {{lang|vec|scóa}}, "broom" are [[homophone|homophonous]] (both being pronounced {{IPA|vec|ˈskoa|}}), they are still distinguished orthographically.

Venetian, like Spanish, does not have the [[gemination|geminate consonants]] characteristic of standard Italian, Tuscan, Neapolitan and other languages of southern Italy; thus Italian {{lang|it|fette}} ("slices"), {{lang|it|palla}} ("ball") and {{lang|it|penna}} ("pen") correspond to {{lang|vec|féte}}, {{lang|vec|bała}}, and {{lang|vec|péna}} in Venetian. The masculine singular noun ending, corresponding to ''-o''/''-e'' in Italian, is often unpronounced in Venetian after continuants, particularly in rural varieties: Italian {{lang|it|pieno}} ("full") corresponds to Venetian {{lang|vec|pien}}, Italian {{lang|it|altare}} to Venetian {{lang|vec|altar}}. The extent to which final vowels are deleted varies by dialect: the central–southern varieties delete vowels only after {{IPAslink|n}}, whereas the northern variety deletes vowels also after dental stops and velars; the eastern and western varieties are in between these two extremes.

The velar nasal {{IPAblink|ŋ}} (the final sound in English "song") occurs frequently in Venetian. A word-final {{IPAslink|n}} is always velarized, which is especially obvious in the pronunciation of many local Venetian surnames that end in {{angle bracket|n}}, such as ''Mari'''n''''' {{IPA|vec|maˈɾiŋ|}} and ''Mani'''n''''' {{IPA|vec|maˈniŋ|}}, as well as in common Venetian words such as {{lang|vec|ma'''n'''}} ({{IPA|vec|ˈmaŋ|}} "hand"), {{lang|vec|piro'''n'''}} ({{IPA|vec|piˈɾoŋ|}} "fork"). Moreover, Venetian always uses {{IPAblink|ŋ}} in consonant clusters that start with a nasal, whereas Italian only uses {{IPAblink|ŋ}} before velar stops: e.g. {{IPA|vec|kaŋˈtaɾ|}} "to sing", {{IPA|vec|iŋˈvɛɾno|}} "winter", {{IPA|vec|ˈoŋzaɾ|}} "to anoint", {{IPA|vec|ɾaŋˈdʒaɾse|}} "to cope with".<ref name="zamboni">{{cite book |last=Zamboni |first=Alberto |editor1-last=Cortelazzo |editor1-first=Manlio |date=1975 |title=Veneto |trans-title=Venetian language |language=it |series=Profilo dei dialetti italiani |volume=5 |location=Pisa |publisher=Pacini |page=12 |quote={{lang|it|italic=unset|b) n&nbsp;a&nbsp;s&nbsp;a&nbsp;l&nbsp;i: esistono, come nello 'standard', 3 fonemi, /m/, /n/, /ń/, immediatamente identificabili da /''mása''/ 'troppo' ~ /''nása''/ 'nasca'; /''manáse''/ 'manacce' ~ /''mańáse''/ 'mangiasse', ecc., come, rispettivamente, bilabiale, apicodentale, palatale; per quanto riguarda gli allòfoni e la loro distribuzione, è da notare [''ṅ''] dorsovelare, cfr. [''áṅka''] 'anche', e, regolarmente in posizione finale: [''parọ́ṅ''] 'padrone', [''britoíṅ''] 'temperino': come questa, è caratteristica v&nbsp;e&nbsp;n&nbsp;e&nbsp;t&nbsp;a la realizzazione velare anche davanti a cons. d'altro tipo, cfr. [''kaṅtár''], it. [''kantáre'']; [''iṅvę́rno''], it. [''iɱvę́rno'']; [''ọ́ṅʃar''] 'ungere', [''raṅǧárse''], it. [''arrańǧársi''], ecc. }}}}</ref>

Speakers of Italian generally lack this sound and usually substitute a dental {{IPAblink|n}} for final Venetian {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, changing for example {{IPA|vec|maˈniŋ|}} to {{IPA|it|maˈnin|}} and {{IPA|vec|maˈɾiŋ|}} to {{IPA|it|maˈrin|}}.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|({{IPA link|ɐ}})
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
An accented ''á'' is pronounced as [{{IPA link|ɐ}}], (an intervocalic /{{IPA link|u}}/ could be pronounced as a [{{IPA link|w}}] sound).

==Prosody==
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2023}}
While written Venetian looks similar to Italian, it sounds very different, with a distinct lilting cadence, almost musical. Compared to Italian, in Venetian syllabic rhythms are more evenly timed, accents are less marked, but on the other hand tonal modulation is much wider and melodic curves are more intricate. Stressed and unstressed syllables sound almost the same; there are no long vowels, and there is no consonant lengthening. Compare the Italian sentence {{lang|it|va laggiù con lui}} {{IPA|[val.ladˌd͡ʒuk.konˈluː.i]}} ''"go there with him"'' (all long/heavy syllables but final) with Venetian {{lang|vec|va là zo co lu}} {{IPA|[va.laˌzo.koˈlu]}} (all short/light syllables).{{sfn|Ferguson|2007|p=69-73}}

[[File:Venetian text.jpg|thumb|Venetian language proverb board outside of a bar in Mestre, Veneto.]]

==Sample etymological lexicon==
As a direct descent of regional spoken Latin, Venetian lexicon derives its vocabulary substantially from Latin and (in more recent times) from Tuscan, so that most of its words are cognate with the corresponding words of Italian. Venetian includes however many words derived from other sources (such as ancient Venetic, Greek, Gothic, and German), and has preserved some Latin words not used to the same extent in Italian, resulting in many words that are not cognate with their equivalent words in Italian, such as:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! English
! Italian
! Venetian (DECA)
! Venetian word origin
|-
| today
| {{lang|it|oggi}}
| {{lang|vec|uncò, 'ncò, incò, ancò, oncò, ancúo, incoi}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|hunc}} + {{wikt-lang|la|hodie}}
|-
| pharmacy
| {{lang|it|farmacia}}
| {{lang|vec|apotèca}}
| from Ancient Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀποθήκη}} (''apothḗkē'')
|-
| to drink
| {{lang|it|bere}}
| {{lang|vec|trincàr}}
| from German {{wikt-lang|de|trinken}} "to drink"
|-
| apricot
| {{lang|it|albicocca}}
| {{lang|vec|armelín}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|armenīnus}}
|-
| to bore
| {{lang|it|dare noia, seccare}}
| {{lang|vec|astiàr}}
| from Gothic {{lang|got|{{wt|got|𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃}}, {{wt|got|haifsts}}}} "contest"
|-
| peanuts
| {{lang|it|arachidi}}
| {{lang|vec|bagígi}}
| from Arabic {{lang|ar-Latn|habb-ajiz}}
|-
| to be spicy hot
| {{lang|it|essere piccante}}
| {{lang|vec|becàr}}
| from Italian {{wikt-lang|it|beccare}}, literally "to peck"
|-
| spaghetti
| {{lang|it|vermicello, spaghetti}}
| {{lang|vec|bígolo}}
| from Latin {{lang|la|(bom)byculus}}
|-
| eel
| {{lang|it|anguilla}}
| {{lang|vec|bizàto, bizàta}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|bestia}} "beast", compare also Italian {{wikt-lang|it|biscia}}, a kind of snake
|-
| snake
| {{lang|it|serpente}}
| {{lang|vec|bísa, bíso}}
| from Latin {{lang|la|bestia}} "beast", compare also Ital. {{lang|it|biscia}}, a kind of snake
|-
| peas
| {{lang|it|piselli}}
| {{lang|vec|bízi}}
| related to the Italian word
|-
| lizard
| {{lang|it|lucertola}}
| {{lang|vec|izarda, rizardola}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|lacertus}}, same origin as English {{wikt-lang|en|lizard}}
|-
| to throw
| {{lang|it|tirare}}
| {{lang|vec|trar via}}
| local [[cognate]] of Italian {{wikt-lang|it|tirare}}
|-
| fog
| {{lang|it|nebbia foschia}}
| {{lang|vec|calígo}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|caligo}}
|-
| corner/side
| {{lang|it|angolo/parte}}
| {{lang|vec|cantón}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cantus}}
|-
| find
| {{lang|it|trovare}}
| {{lang|vec|catàr}}
| from Latin *adcaptare
|-
| chair
| {{lang|it|sedia}}
| {{lang|vec|caréga, trón}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cathedra}} and {{wikt-lang|la|thronus}} (borrowings from Greek)
|-
| hello, goodbye
| {{lang|it|ciao}}
| {{lang|vec|[[ciao]]}}
| from Venetian {{lang|vec|s-ciao}} "slave", from [[Medieval Latin]] {{wikt-lang|la|sclavus}}
|-
| to catch, to take
| {{lang|it|prendere}}
| {{lang|vec|ciapàr}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|capere}}
|-
| when (non-interr.)
| {{lang|it|quando}}
| {{lang|vec|co}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cum}}
|-
| to kill
| {{lang|it|uccidere}}
| {{lang|vec|copàr}}
| from Old Italian {{wikt-lang|it|accoppare}}, originally "to behead"
|-
| miniskirt
| {{lang|it|minigonna}}
| {{lang|vec|carpéta}}
| compare English ''carpet''
|-
| skirt
| {{lang|it|sottana}}
| {{lang|vec|còtoła}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|cotta}}, "coat, dress"
|-
| T-shirt
| {{lang|it|maglietta}}
| {{lang|vec|fanèla}}
| borrowing from Greek
|-
| drinking glass
| {{lang|it|bicchiere}}
| {{lang|vec|gòto}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|guttus}}, "cruet"
|-
|big
|''grande''
|''grosi''
|From German ''groß(e)''
|-
| exit
|{{lang|it|uscita}}
| {{lang|vec|insía}}
| from Latin {{lang|la|in + exita}}
|-
| I
|{{lang|it|io}}
| {{lang|vec|mi}}
| from Latin {{lang|la|me}} "me" (accusative case); Italian {{lang|it|io}} is derived from the Latin nominative form {{lang|la|ego}}
|-
| too much
|{{lang|it|troppo}}
| {{lang|vec|masa}}
| from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|μᾶζα}} (''mâza'')
|-
| to bite
|{{lang|it|mordere}}
| {{lang|vec|morsegàr, smorsegàr}}
| deverbal derivative, from Latin {{lang|la|morsus}} "bitten", compare Italian {{wikt-lang|it|morsicare}}
|-
| moustaches
|{{lang|it|baffi}}
| {{lang|vec|mustaci}}
| from Greek {{wikt-lang|el|μουστάκι}} (''moustaki'')
|-
| cat
|{{lang|it|gatto}}
| {{lang|vec|munín, gato, gateo}}
| perhaps [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]], from the sound of a cat's meow
|-
| big sheaf
|{{lang|it|grosso covone}}
| {{lang|vec|meda}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|meta}} "cone, pyramid"; cf. Old French {{wikt-lang|fro|moie}} "haystack"
|-
| donkey
|{{lang|it|asino}}
| {{lang|vec|muso}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|mūsus}}, {{wikt-lang|la|mūsum}} "snout" (compare French {{wikt-lang|fr|museau}})
|-
| bat
|{{lang|it|pipistrello}}
| {{lang|vec|nòtoła, notol, barbastrío, signàpoła}}
| derived from {{lang|vec|not}} "night" (compare Italian {{lang|it|notte}})
|-
| rat
|{{lang|it|ratto}}
| {{lang|vec|pantegàna}}
| from [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{lang|sl|podgana}}
|-
| beat, cheat, sexual intercourse
|{{lang|it|imbrogliare, superare in gara, amplesso}}
| {{lang|vec|pinciàr}}
| from French {{wikt-lang|fr|pincer}} (compare English {{wikt-lang|en|pinch}})
|-
| fork
|{{lang|it|forchetta}}
| {{lang|vec|pirón}}
| from Greek {{wikt-lang|el|πιρούνι}} (''piroúni'')
|-
| dandelion
|{{lang|it|tarassaco}}
| {{lang|vec|pisalet}}
| from French {{wikt-lang|fr|pissenlit}}
|-
| truant
|{{lang|it|marinare scuola}}
| {{lang|vec|plao far}}
| from German {{lang|de|blau machen}}
|-
| apple
|{{lang|it|mela}}
| {{lang|vec|pomo/pón}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|pōmum}}
|-
| to break, to shred
|{{lang|it|strappare}}
| {{lang|vec|zbregàr}}
| from Gothic {{lang|got|{{wt|got|𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽}}}} ({{wt|got|brikan|{{lang|got-Latn|brikan|nocat=yes}}}}), related to English ''to break'' and German {{wikt-lang|de|brechen}}
|-
| money
|{{lang|it|denaro soldi}}
| {{lang|vec|schèi}}
| from German {{wikt-lang|de|Scheidemünze}}
|-
| grasshopper
|{{lang|it|cavalletta}}
| {{lang|vec|saltapaiusc}}
| from {{wikt-lang|vec|salta}} "hop" + {{wikt-lang|vec|paiusc}} "grass" (Italian {{wikt-lang|it|paglia}})
|-
| squirrel
|{{lang|it|scoiattolo}}
| {{lang|vec|zgiràt, scirata, skirata}}
| Related to Italian word, probably from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|σκίουρος}} (''skíouros'')
|-
| spirit from grapes, brandy
|{{lang|it|grappa acquavite}}
| {{lang|vec|znjapa}}
| from German {{wikt-lang|de|Schnaps}}
|-
| to shake
|{{lang|it|scuotere}}
| {{lang|vec|zgorlàr, scorlàr}}
| from Latin ''{{lang|la|ex + {{wt|la|crollare}}}}''
|-
| rail
|{{lang|it|rotaia}}
| {{lang|vec|sina}}
| from German {{wikt-lang|de|Schiene}}
|-
| tired
|{{lang|it|stanco}}
| {{lang|vec|straco}}
| from [[Lombard language|Lombard]] {{lang|lmo|strak}}
|-
| line, streak, stroke, strip
|{{lang|it|linea, striscia}}
| {{lang|vec|strica}}
| from Gothic {{lang|got|{{wt|got|𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃}}, {{wt|got|striks}}}} or German {{wikt-lang|de|Strich}} 'stroke, line'. Example: {{lang|vec|Tirar na strica}} "to draw a line".
|-
| to press
|{{lang|it|premere, schiacciare}}
| {{lang|vec|strucàr}}
| from Gothic or Lombard; cf. German {{wikt-lang|de|drücken}} 'to press', Swedish {{wikt-lang|sv|trycka}}. Example: {{lang|vec|Struca un tasto / boton}} "Strike any key / Press any button".
|-
| to whistle
|{{lang|it|fischiare}}
| {{lang|vec|supiàr, subiàr, sficiàr, sifolàr}}
| from Latin {{lang|la|sub}} + {{lang|la|flare}}, compare French {{wikt-lang|fr|siffler}}
|-
| to pick up
|{{lang|it|raccogliere}}
| {{lang|vec|tòr su}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|tollere}}
|-
| pan
|{{lang|it|pentola}}
| {{lang|vec|técia, téia, tegia}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|tecula}}
|-
| lad, boy
|{{lang|it|ragazzo}}
| {{lang|vec|tozàt(o) (toxato), fio}}
| from Italian {{lang|it|tosare}}, "to cut someone's hair"
|-
| lad, boy
|{{lang|it|ragazzo}}
| {{lang|vec|puto, putèło, putełeto, butèl}}
| from Latin ''{{lang|la|{{wt|la|puer}}, {{wt|la|putus}}}}''
|-
| lad, boy
|{{lang|it|ragazzo}}
| {{lang|vec|matelot}}
| from French {{wikt-lang|fr|matelot}} "sailor"
|-
| cow
|{{lang|it|mucca, vacca}}
| {{lang|vec|vaca}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|vacca}}
|-
| gun
|{{lang|it|fucile-scoppiare}}
| {{lang|vec|sciop, sciòpo, sciopàr, sciopón}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|scloppum}} (onomatopoeic)
|-
| path(way), trail
|{{lang|it|sentiero}}
| {{lang|vec|troi}}
| from Friulian {{wikt-lang|fur|troi}}, from Gaulish *''trogo''; cf. Romansh {{wikt-lang|rm|trutg}}
|-
| to worry
|{{lang|it|preoccuparsi, vaneggiare}}
|{{lang|vec|dzavariàr, dhavariàr, zavariàr}}
| from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|variare}}
|}

==Spelling systems==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}

=== Modern script (GVIM-DECA) ===
Since December 2017 the Venetian language adopted a modern writing system,<ref>Nowadays, DECA-GVIM writing system is still very criticized by Venetian speakers, therefore neither them nor the Regione Veneto use it.</ref> named '''GVIM''' (acronym for ''Grafia del Veneto Internazionale Moderno'', i.e. ''Writing system for Modern International Venetian'') thanks to the 2010 2nd Regional ''ad hoc'' Commission of the Regione del Veneto. The [[Academia de ła Bona Creansa]] – Academy of the Venetian Language,{{CN|date=February 2025}} an NGO accredited according to the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Venetian language and culture
<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/accredited-ngos-00331 NGO accreditation of Academia de ła Bona Creansa for the 2003 UNESCO Convention (2022)]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.ichngoforum.org/ngos/academia-de-la-bona-creansa Official profile of the Academia de ła Bona Creansa (Accredited NGO, UNESCO 2003 Convention, 2022), at the "ICH NGO" Forum, collecting all the accredited NGOs]</ref> had already worked, tested, applied and certified a full writing system (presented in a scientific publication in linguistics
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mocellin |first1=Alessandro |last2=Klein |first2=Horst G. |last3=Stegmann |first3=Tilbert D. |title=EuroComRom: I sete tamizi. Ła ciave par capir tute łe łengue romanse |date=2016 |publisher=Shaker Verlag |location=Aachen, DE |isbn=978-3-8440-4535-2 |page=265 |language=Venetian}}</ref> in 2016), known with the '''DECA''' acronym (''Drio El Costumar de l'Academia'', i.e. literally ''According to the Use of the Academia'').

The '''DECA''' writing system has been officialized by the [[Veneto region|Veneto Region]] under the name '''Grafia Veneta Internazionale Moderna''', by unanimous vote of the ''Commissione Grafia e Toponomastica''(i.e. ''Script and Topononymy Committee'' <ref>Established with Regional Government Decree, DGR, n. 287 del 16/02/2010 ([https://bur.regione.veneto.it/BurvServices/Pubblica/DettaglioDgr.aspx?id=222456&highlight=true Full text of the regional bill establishing the Committee, on the Official regional gazette of the Veneto Region)]</ref> of the Venetian language on December 14, 2017, and available at [http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/ portal of the Venetian Regional Council dedicated to the Venetian language].
The same writing system was then employed for the first grammar of the Venetian language to be published by a university, in Brasil, in 2018
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mocellin |first1=Alessandro |title=Gramàtega da Scarseła de ła Veneta Łengua & Grafìa Intarnasionałe de'l Veneto Moderno |date=2018 |publisher=UFSM - BR (1st ed.), El Fóntego Editore - IT (2nd ed.)|location=Santa Maria, RS, Brasil |isbn=978-85-9450-041-0|page=124 |edition=1st |language=Venetian}}</ref>

The '''DECA''', then '''GVIM''', had already been used in a trilingual document approved by the ''Veneto Regional Council'' (Aprile 2016) in Italian, Venetian, and English.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Veneto Regional Council |title=SOTTOSCRIZIONE E RICONOSCIMENTO DEL CONSIGLIO REGIONALE VENETO DELLA "DICHIARAZIONE DI BRUXELLES" DEL 9 DICEMBRE 2015 E DEI PRINCIPI IVI AFFERMATI |url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/attisp/RIS/Anno_2016/RIS_0014/testo_presentato.html |website=Consiglio Regionale del Veneto |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217163433/http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/attisp/RIS/Anno_2016/RIS_0014/testo_presentato.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |language=Venetian, Italian, English }}</ref>

===Traditional system===
Venetian currently has an [[official script|official writing system]]. Traditionally it is written using the [[Latin script]] — sometimes with certain additional letters or diacritics. The basis for some of these conventions can be traced to Old Venetian, while others are modern innovations.

Medieval texts, written in Old Venetian, include the letters {{angle bracket|x}}, {{angle bracket|ç}} and {{angle bracket|z}} to represent sounds that do not exist or have a different distribution in Italian. Specifically:

* The letter {{angle bracket|x}} was often employed in words that nowadays have a voiced {{IPAslink|z}}-sound (compare English ''xylophone''); for instance {{angle bracket|x}} appears in words such as {{lang|vec|raxon}}, {{lang|vec|Croxe}}, {{lang|vec|caxa}} ("reason", "(holy) Cross" and "house"). The precise phonetic value of {{angle bracket|x}} in Old Venetian texts remains unknown, however.
* The letter {{angle bracket|z}} often appeared in words that nowadays have a varying voiced pronunciation ranging from {{IPAslink|z}} to {{IPAslink|dz}} or {{IPAslink|ð}} or even to {{IPAslink|d}}; even in contemporary spelling {{lang|vec|zo}} "down" may represent any of {{IPA|/zo, dzo, ðo/}} or even {{IPA|/do/}}, depending on the dialect; similarly {{lang|vec|zovena}} "young woman" could be any of {{IPA|/ˈzovena/}}, {{IPA|/ˈdzovena/}} or {{IPA|/ˈðovena/}}, and {{lang|vec|zero}} "zero" could be {{IPA|/ˈzɛro/}}, {{IPA|/ˈdzɛro/}} or {{IPA|/ˈðɛro/}}.
* Likewise, {{angle bracket|ç}} was written for a voiceless sound which now varies, depending on the dialect spoken, from {{IPAslink|s}} to {{IPAslink|ts}} to {{IPAslink|θ}}, as in for example {{lang|vec|dolçe}} "sweet", now {{IPA|/ˈdolse ~ ˈdoltse ~ ˈdolθe/}}, {{lang|vec|dolçeça}} "sweetness", now {{IPA|/dolˈsesa ~ dolˈtsetsa ~ dolˈθeθa/}}, or {{lang|vec|sperança}} "hope", now {{IPA|/speˈransa ~ speˈrantsa ~ speˈranθa/}}.

The usage of letters in medieval and early modern texts was not, however, entirely consistent. In particular, as in other northern Italian languages, the letters {{angle bracket|z}} and {{angle bracket|ç}} were often used interchangeably for both voiced and voiceless sounds. Differences between earlier and modern pronunciation, divergences in pronunciation within the modern Venetian-speaking region, differing attitudes about how closely to model spelling on Italian norms, as well as personal preferences, some of which reflect sub-regional identities, have all hindered the adoption of a single unified spelling system.<ref>Ursini, Flavia (2011). ''Dialetti veneti''. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-veneti_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/</ref>

Nevertheless, in practice, most spelling conventions are the same as in Italian. In some early modern texts letter {{angle bracket|x}} becomes limited to word-initial position, as in {{lang|vec|xe}} ("is"), where its use was unavoidable because Italian spelling cannot represent {{IPAslink|z}} there. In between vowels, the distinction between {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} was ordinarily indicated by doubled {{angle bracket|ss}} for the former and single {{angle bracket|s}} for the latter. For example, {{lang|vec|basa}} was used to represent {{IPA|/ˈbaza/}} ("he/she kisses"), whereas {{lang|vec|bassa}} represented {{IPA|/ˈbasa/}} ("low"). (Before consonants there is no contrast between {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}, as in Italian, so a single {{angle bracket|s}} is always used in this circumstance, it being understood that the {{angle bracket|s}} will agree in voicing with the following consonant. For example, {{angle bracket|st}} represents only {{IPA|/st/}}, but {{angle bracket|sn}} represents {{IPA|/zn/}}.)

Traditionally the letter {{angle bracket|z}} was ambiguous, having the same values as in Italian (both voiced and voiceless affricates {{IPAslink|dz}} and {{IPAslink|ts}}). Nevertheless, in some books the two pronunciations are sometimes distinguished (in between vowels at least) by using doubled {{angle bracket|zz}} to indicate {{IPAslink|ts}} (or in some dialects {{IPAslink|θ}}) but a single {{angle bracket|z}} for {{IPAslink|dz}} (or {{IPAslink|ð}}, {{IPAslink|d}}).

In more recent practice the use of {{angle bracket|x}} to represent {{IPAslink|z}}, both in word-initial as well as in intervocalic contexts, has become increasingly common, but no entirely uniform convention has emerged for the representation of the voiced vs. voiceless affricates (or interdental fricatives), although a return to using {{angle bracket|ç}} and {{angle bracket|z}} remains an option under consideration.

Regarding the spelling of the vowel sounds, because in Venetian, as in Italian, there is no contrast between tense and lax vowels in unstressed syllables, the orthographic grave and acute accents can be used to mark both stress and vowel quality at the same time: ''à'' {{IPAslink|a}}, ''á'' {{IPAslink|ɐ}}, ''è'' {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, ''é'' {{IPAslink|e}}, ''í'' {{IPAslink|i}}, ''ò'' {{IPAslink|ɔ}}, ''ó'' {{IPAslink|o}}, ''ú'' {{IPAslink|u}}. Different orthographic norms prescribe slightly different rules for when stressed vowels must be written with accents or may be left unmarked, and no single system has been accepted by all speakers.

Venetian allows the [[consonant cluster]] {{IPA|/stʃ/}} (not present in Italian), which is sometimes written {{angle bracket|s-c}} or {{angle bracket|s'c}} before ''i'' or ''e'', and {{angle bracket|s-ci}} or {{angle bracket|s'ci}} before other vowels. Examples include {{lang|vec|s-ciarir}} (Italian {{lang|it|schiarire}}, "to clear up"), {{lang|vec|s-cèt}} ({{lang|it|schietto}}, "plain clear"), {{lang|vec|s-ciòp}} ({{lang|it|schioppo}}, "gun") and {{lang|vec|s-ciao}} ({{lang|it|schiavo}}, "[your] servant", {{lang|it|ciao}}, "hello", "goodbye"). The hyphen or apostrophe is used because the combination {{angle bracket|sc(i)}} is conventionally used for the {{IPAslink|ʃ}} sound, as in Italian spelling; e.g. {{lang|vec|scèmo}} ({{lang|it|scemo}}, "stupid"); whereas {{angle bracket|sc}} before ''a'', ''o'' and ''u'' represents {{IPA|/sk/}}: {{lang|vec|scàtoła}} ({{lang|it|scatola}}, "box"), {{lang|vec|scóndar}} ({{lang|it|nascondere}}, "to hide"), {{lang|vec|scusàr}} ({{lang|it|scusare}}, "to forgive").

===Proposed systems===
Recently there have been attempts to standardize and simplify the script by reusing older letters, e.g. by using {{angle bracket|x}} for {{IPAblink|z}} and a single {{angle bracket|s}} for {{IPAblink|s}}; then one would write {{lang|vec|baxa}} for {{IPA|vec|ˈbaza|}} ("[third person singular] kisses") and {{lang|vec|basa}} for {{IPA|vec|ˈbasa|}} ("low"). Some authors have continued or resumed the use of {{angle bracket|ç}}, but only when the resulting word is not too different from the Italian orthography: in modern Venetian writings, it is then easier to find words as {{lang|vec|çima}} and {{lang|vec|çento}}, rather than {{lang|vec|força}} and {{lang|vec|sperança}}, even though all these four words display the same phonological variation in the position marked by the letter {{angle bracket|ç}}. Another recent convention is to use {{angle bracket|[[L with bar|ƚ]]}} (in place of older {{angle bracket|[[ł]]}} ) for the "soft" ''l'', to allow a more unified orthography for all variants of the language. However, in spite of their theoretical advantages, these proposals have not been very successful outside of academic circles, because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature.

More recently, on December 14, 2017, the Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling was approved by the new Commission for Spelling of 2010. It was translated into three languages (Italian, Venetian and English) and it exemplifies and explains every single letter and every sound of the Venetian language. The graphic accentuation and punctuation systems are added as corollaries. Overall, the system was greatly simplified from previous ones to allow both Italian and foreign speakers to learn and understand the Venetian spelling and alphabet in a more straightforward way.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/|title=Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling.|access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref>

The [[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Venetian speakers]] of [[Chipilo]] use a system based on [[Spanish orthography]], even though it does not contain letters for {{IPAblink|j}} and {{IPAblink|θ}}. The American linguist Carolyn McKay proposed a writing system for that variant based entirely on the [[Italian language|Italian]] alphabet. However, the system was not very popular.

=== Orthographies comparison ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|[IPA]]]
! Official (GVIM-DECA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta|url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
! classic
!Brunelli
![[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo]]
![[Talian dialect|Talian]]
!Latin origin <ref>{{Cite web|title=News/Articoli – Lingua Veneta|url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/news-articoli/|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
!Examples
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ˈa/}}
| à
| à
|à
|á
|à
|ă {{IPA|/a/}}, ā {{IPA|/aː/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/b/}}
|b
|b
|b
|b, v
|b
|b- {{IPA|/b/}}, bb {{IPA|/bː/}}
|'''b'''ar'''b'''a (beard, uncle) from '''b'''ar'''b'''a
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/k/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|c
|c
|c
|c
|c
|c- {{IPA|/k/}}, cc {{IPA|/kː/}}, tc {{IPA|/tk/}}, xc {{IPA|/ksk/}}
|po'''ch''' (little) from pau'''c'''us
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|ch
|ch
|ch
|qu
|ch
|ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, qu {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
|'''ch'''iete (quiet) from '''qu'''iētem
|-
|(between vowels)
|c(h)
|cc(h)
|c(h)
| c / qu
|c(h)
|cc {{IPA|/kː/}}, ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, qu {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
|ta'''c'''üin (notebook) from ta'''cc'''uinum
|-
|/kw/
|
|cu
|qu
|
|cu
|
|qu /kw/
|'''qu'''atro (four) from '''qu'''attuor
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/ts/~/θ/~/s/}}
| + a \ o \ u
| rowspan="3" |ts~th~s
|ç, (z)
| rowspan="3" |ç
| rowspan="3" | -~zh~-
| rowspan="3" | –
|ti {{IPA|/tj/}}, th {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|
|-
| + i \ e \ y \ ø
|c, (z)
|c- {{IPA|/c/}}, cc {{IPA|/cː/}}, ti {{IPA|/tj/}}, th {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, tc {{IPA|/tk/}}, xc {{IPA|/ksk/}}
|
|-
|(between vowels)
|zz
|ti {{IPA|/tj/}}, th {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/s/}}
|(before a vowel)
| rowspan="3" |s
|s
| rowspan="3" |s
| rowspan="3" |s
|s
| rowspan="3" |s- {{IPA|/s/}}, ss {{IPA|/sː/}}, sc {{IPA|/sc/}}, ps {{IPA|/ps/}}, x {{IPA|/ks/}}
|'''s'''upiar (to whistle) from '''s'''ub-flare
|-
|(between vowels)
|ss
|ss
|ca'''s'''a (cash des) from ca'''ps'''a
|-
|(before unvoiced consonant)
|s
|s
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|ci
| rowspan="2" |chi
|ci
| rowspan="3" |ch
|ci
| rowspan="4" |cl- {{IPA|/cl/}}, ccl {{IPA|/cːl/}}
|s'''ci'''ào (slave) from s'''cl'''avus
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|c
|c
|c
|'''ci'''eza (church) from e'''ccl'''ēsia
|-
|(between vowels)
|c(i)
|cchi
|c(i)
|c(i)
|
|-
|(ending of word)
|c'
|cch'
|c'
|ch
|c'
|mo'''c'''' (snot) from *''mu'''cc'''eus''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|d
|d
| –
|d
|d {{IPA|/d/}}, -t- {{IPA|/t/}}, (g {{IPA|/ɟ/}} , di {{IPA|/dj/}}, z {{IPA|/dz/}})
|ca'''d'''ena (chain) from ca'''t'''ēna
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈɛ/}}
|è
|è
|è
|è
|è
|ĕ {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, ae {{IPA|/ae̯/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈe/}}
|é
|é
|é 
|é 
|é 
|ē {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, ĭ {{IPA|/i/}}, oe {{IPA|/oe̯/}}
|p'''é'''vare (pepper) from p'''i'''per
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/f/}}
| –
| rowspan="2" |f
|f
| rowspan="2" |f
| rowspan="2" |f
| rowspan="2" |f
|f- {{IPA|/f/}}, ff {{IPA|/fː/}}, ph- {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|'''f'''inco (finch) from '''f'''ringilla
|-
|(between vowels)
|ff
|ff {{IPA|/fː/}}, pph {{IPA|/pːʰ/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, -c- {{IPA|/k/}}, ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|ru'''g'''a (bean weevil) from brū'''ch'''us
|-
| + i \ e \ y \ ø
|gh
|gh
|gh
|gu
|gh
|gu {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}, ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/dz/~/ð/~/z/}}
| + a \ o \ u
| rowspan="2" |dz~dh~z
| rowspan="2" |z
| rowspan="2" |z
| rowspan="2" | -~d~-
| rowspan="2" | –
|z {{IPA|/dz/}}, di {{IPA|/dj/}}
|'''z'''orno from '''di'''urnus
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|z {{IPA|/dz/}}, g {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, di {{IPA|/dj/}}
|'''g'''en'''g'''iva (gum) from '''g'''in'''g'''iva
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/z/}}
|(before a vowel)
| rowspan="3" |z
|x
| rowspan="2" |x
| rowspan="2" |z
|z
|?, (z /dz/, g /ɉ/, di /dj/)
|el '''x'''e (he is) from ''ipse est''
|-
|(between vowels)
| rowspan="2" |s
|s
| -c- {{IPA|/c/}} (before e/i), -s- {{IPA|/s/}}, x {{IPA|/ɡz/}}
|pa'''x'''e (peace) from pā'''x''', pā'''c'''is
|-
|(before voiced consonant)
|s
|s
|s
|s- {{IPA|/s/}}, x {{IPA|/ɡz/}}
|'''s'''gorlar (to shake) from e'''x'''-crollare
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|gi
| rowspan="2" |ghi
|gi
|gi
|j
| rowspan="2" |gl {{IPA|/ɟl/}}, -cl- {{IPA|/cl/}}
|'''gi'''atso (ice) from '''gl'''aciēs
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|g
|g
|g
|gi
|'''gi'''iro (dormouse) from '''gl'''īris
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/j/~/dʒ/}}
|j~g(i)
|g(i)
|j
| –
|j
|i {{IPA|/j/}}, li {{IPA|/lj/}}
|a'''j'''o / a'''gi'''o (garlic) from ā'''li'''um
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/j/}}
|j, i
|j, i
|i
|y, i
|i
|i {{IPA|/j/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈi/}}
|í
|í
|í
|í
|í
|ī {{IPA|/iː/}}, ȳ {{IPA|/yː/}}
|f'''i'''o (son) from f'''ī'''lius
|-
| colspan="2" | – 
|h
|h
|h
|h
|h
| h {{IPA|/ʰ/}}
|màc'''h'''ina (machine) from māc'''h'''ina
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/l/}}
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l {{IPA|/l/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/e̯/}}{{sfn|Zamboni|1975|pp=13–14, 38}} 
|ł
| l
|ł
| –
| –
|l {{IPA|/l/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/l.j/~/j/~/l.dʒ/}}
|li~j~g(i)
|li
|lj
|ly
|li
|li {{IPA|/li/}}, {{IPA|/lj/}}
|Ta'''li'''a / Ta'''j'''a / Ta'''lgi'''a (Italy) from Itā'''li'''a
|-
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|(before vowels)
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m {{IPA|/m/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/n/}}
|(before vowels)
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n {{IPA|/n/}}
|
|-
|(at the end of the syllable)
|n' / 'n
| –
|n'
|n'
|n'
|n {{IPA|/n/}}
|do'''n'''' (we go) from *anda'''m'''o
|-
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|(at the end of the syllable)
|n / n-
|m, n
|n
|n
|n
|m {{IPA|/m/}}, n {{IPA|/ɱ~n̪~n~ŋ/}}, g {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|do'''n''' (we went) from anda'''vam'''o
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ŋ.j/~/ŋ.dʒ/}}
|ni~ng(i)
|ni
|n-j
|ny
|n-j
|ni {{IPA|/n.j/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|ǌ
|gn
|gn
|ñ
|gn
|gn {{IPA|/ŋn/}}, ni {{IPA|/nj/}}
|cu'''gn'''à (brother-in-law) from co'''gn'''ātus
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈɔ/}}
|ò
|ò
|ò
|ò
|ò
|ŏ {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈo/}}
|ó
|ó
|ó
|ó
|ó
|ō {{IPA|/ɔː/}},  ŭ {{IPA|/u/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/p/}}
| –
| rowspan="2" |p
|p
| rowspan="2" |p
| rowspan="2" |p
| rowspan="2" |p
| rowspan="2" |p- {{IPA|/p/}}, pp {{IPA|/pː/}}
|
|-
|(between vowels)
|pp
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/r/}}
|r
|r
|r
|r
|r
|r {{IPA|/r/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/r.j/~/r.dʒ/}}
|ri~rg(i)
|(ri)
|rj
|ry
|rj
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/t/}}
| –
| rowspan="2" |t
|t
| rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |t- {{IPA|/t/}}, tt {{IPA|/tː/}}, ct {{IPA|/kt/}}, pt {{IPA|/pt/}}
|sè'''t'''e (seven) from se'''pt'''em
|-
|(between vowels)
|tt
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈu/}}
|ú
|ú
|ú
|ú
|ú
|ū {{IPA|/uː/}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|/w/}}
|(after {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} or before o)
|u
|u
|u
|u
|u
|u {{IPA|/w/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/v/}}
|v
|v
|v
|v
|v
|u {{IPA|/w/}}, -b- {{IPA|/b/}}, -f- {{IPA|/f/}}, -p- {{IPA|/p/}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|/ˈɐ/~/ˈʌ/~/ˈɨ/}}
| rowspan="7" |(dialectal)
|â / á
| –
| –
| –
| –
|ē {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, an {{IPA|/ã/}}
|st'''â'''la (star) from st'''ē'''lla
|-
|{{IPA|/ˈø/}}
|(ø)
|(oe)
|(o)
| –
| –
|o {{IPA|/o/}}
|ch'''ø'''r (heart) from Latin c'''o'''r
|-
|{{IPA|/ˈy/}}
|(y / ý)
|(ue)
|(u)
| –
| –
|ū {{IPA|/uː/}}
|sch'''y'''ro (dark) from obsc'''ū'''rus
|-
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|h / fh
| – 
| – 
| – 
| – 
|f {{IPA|/f/}}
|'''h'''èr (iron) from '''f'''errus
|-
|{{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|ǉ
| –
| –
| –
| –
|li {{IPA|/lj/}}
|bata'''ǉ'''a (battle) from ''battā'''li'''a''
|-
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|sj
| –
| (sh)
| –
| –
|s {{IPA|/s/}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|zj
| –
| (xh)
| –
| –
|g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|'''xj'''al (rooster) from '''g'''allus
|}

==Sample texts==
[[File:Fiera Santa Lucia.jpg|thumb|Venetian sign in ticket office, [[Santa Lucia di Piave]]]]

===Ruzante returning from war===
The following sample, in the old dialect of Padua, comes from a play by Ruzante ([[Angelo Beolco]]), titled {{lang|vec|[[Parlamento de Ruzante che iera vegnù de campo]]}} ("Dialogue of Ruzante who came from the battlefield", 1529). The character, a peasant returning home from the war, is expressing to his friend Menato his relief at being still alive:

{{verse translation
|{{lang|vec|Orbéntena, el no serae mal
star in campo per sto robare,
se 'l no foesse che el se ha pur
de gran paure. Càncaro ala roba!
A' son chialò mi, ala segura,
e squase che no a' no cherzo
esserghe gnan. ...
Se mi mo' no foesse mi?
E che a foesse stò amazò in campo?
E che a foesse el me spirito?
Lo sarae ben bela.
No, càncaro, spiriti no magna.}}
|Really, it would not be that bad
to be in the battlefield looting,
were it not that one gets also
big scares. Damn the loot!
I am right here, in safety,
and almost can't believe
I am. ...
And if I were not me?
And if I had been killed in battle?
And if I were my ghost?
That would be just great.
No, damn, ghosts don't eat.
}}

==={{lang|vec|Discorso de Perasto}}===
The following sample is taken from the ''[[Perasto Speech]]'' ({{lang|vec|Discorso de Perasto}}), given on August 23, 1797, at [[Perast]]o, by Venetian Captain [[Giuseppe Viscovich]], at the last lowering of the flag of the Venetian Republic (nicknamed the "Republic of [[St Mark's Cathedral, Venice|Saint Mark]]").

{{verse translation
|{{lang|vec|Par trezentosetantasete ani
le nostre sostanse, el nostro sangue,
le nostre vite le xè sempre stàe
par Ti, S. Marco; e fedelisimi
senpre se gavemo reputà,
Ti co nu, nu co Ti,
e sempre co Ti sul mar
semo stài lustri e virtuosi.
Nisun co Ti ne gà visto scanpar,
nisun co Ti ne gà visto vinti e spaurosi!}}
|For three hundred and seventy seven years
our bodies, our blood
our lives have always been
for You, St. Mark; and very faithful
we have always thought ourselves,
You with us, we with You,
And always with You on the sea
we have been illustrious and virtuous.
No one has seen us with You flee,
No one has seen us with You defeated and fearful!}}

===Francesco Artico===
The following is a contemporary text by [[Francesco Artico]]. The elderly narrator is recalling the church choir singers of his youth, who, needless to say, sang much better than those of today 
[https://www.artico.name/tornen/s_santa.htm (see the full original text with audio)]:

{{verse translation
|{{lang|vec|Sti cantori vèci da na volta,
co i cioéa su le profezie,
in mezo al coro, davanti al restèl,
co'a ose i 'ndéa a cior volta
no so 'ndove e ghe voéa un bèl tóc
prima che i tornésse in qua
e che i rivésse in cao,
màssima se i jèra pareciàdi onti
co mezo litro de quel bon
tant par farse coràjo.}}
|These old singers of the past,
when they picked up the Prophecies,
in the middle of the choir, in front of the twelve-branched candelabrum,
with their voice they went off
who knows where, and it was a long time
before they came back
and landed on the ground,
especially if they had been previously 'oiled'
with half a litre of the good one [wine]
just to make courage.
}}

== Miscellaneous ==

Due to the diacritic letter Ł being present in few languages besides Polish and Venetian, the latter of which does not have any official recognition by software producers like [[Microsoft]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], the Polish magazine KomputerSwiat noted that the Venice region has the highest usage of Polish keyboard settings outside of [[Poland]] on iPhones and [[Windows]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.komputerswiat.pl/artykuly/redakcyjne/18-tys-zl-za-gogle-do-ogladania-filmow-tak-apple-robi-ludzi-w-balona-opinia/n8sq5gm | title=18 tys. Zł za gogle do oglądania filmów. Tak Apple robi ludzi w balona &#91;OPINIA&#93; | date=6 June 2023 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2023}} although the same article found in an unrepresentative sample that when needing the letter without the keyboard, some Venetians google the [[Polish złoty]] or the exchange rate in order to copy-paste the letter.

==Venetian lexical exports to English==
Many words were exported to English, either directly or via Italian or French.{{sfn|Ferguson|2007|p=284-286}} The list below shows some examples of imported words, with the date of first appearance in English according to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Venetian (DECA)
! English
! Year
! Origin, notes
|-
| {{lang|vec|arsenal}} || [[arsenal]] || 1506 || Arabic {{lang|ar|دار الصناعة|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|dār al-ṣināʻah}} "house of manufacture, factory"
|-
| {{lang|vec|articioco}}|| [[artichoke]] || 1531 || Arabic {{lang|ar|الخرشوف|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-kharshūf}}; previously entered Castillian as {{lang|es|alcachofa}} and then French as {{lang|fr|artichaut}}
|-
| {{lang|vec|bałota}} || [[ballot]] || 1549 || ball used in Venetian elections; cf. English to "black-ball"
|-
| {{lang|vec|cazin}}|| [[casino]] || 1789 || "little house"; adopted in Italianized form
|-
| {{lang|vec|contrabando}} || [[contraband]] || 1529 || illegal traffic of goods
|-
| {{lang|vec|gazeta}}|| [[gazette]] || 1605 || a small Venetian coin; from the price of early newssheets {{lang|vec|gazeta de la novità}} "a penny worth of news"
|-
| {{lang|vec|gheto}} || [[ghetto]] || 1611 || from Gheto, the area of Cannaregio in Venice that became the first district confined to Jews; named after the foundry or {{lang|vec|gheto}} once sited there
|-
| {{lang|vec|njòchi}}|| [[gnocchi]] || 1891 || lumps, bumps, gnocchi; from Germanic ''knokk''- 'knuckle, joint'
|-
| {{lang|vec|góndola}} || [[gondola]] || 1549 || from Medieval Greek {{wikt-lang|el|κονδοῦρα}}
|-
| {{lang|vec|łaguna}} || [[lagoon]] || 1612 || Latin {{lang|la|lacunam}} "lake"
|-
| {{lang|vec|łazareto}}|| [[lazaret]] || 1611 || through French; a quarantine station for maritime travellers, ultimately from the Biblical [[Lazarus of Bethany]], who was raised from the dead; the first one was on the island of Lazareto Vechio in Venice{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| {{lang|vec|łido}} || [[Lido (swimming pool)|lido]] || 1930 || Latin {{lang|la|litus}} "shore"; the name of one of the three islands enclosing the Venetian lagoon, now a beach resort
|-
| {{lang|vec|łoto}} || [[lottery|lotto]] || 1778 || Germanic ''lot''- "destiny, fate"
|-
| {{lang|vec|malvazìa}}|| [[malmsey]] || 1475 || ultimately from the name {{lang|el|μονοβασία}} [[Monemvasia]], a small Greek island off the Peloponnese once owned by the Venetian Republic and a source of strong, sweet white wine from Greece and the eastern Mediterranean
|-
| {{lang|vec|marzapan}} || [[marzipan]] || 1891 || from the name for the porcelain container in which marzipan was transported, from Arabic {{lang|ar|مَرْطَبَان|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|marṭabān}}, or from [[Mottama|Mataban]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] where these were made (these are some of several proposed etymologies for the English word)
|-
| {{lang|vec|Montenegro}} || [[Montenegro]] || || "black mountain"; country on the Eastern side of the [[Adriatic Sea]]
|-
| {{lang|vec|Negroponte}} || [[Euboea|Negroponte]] || || "black bridge"; Greek island called Euboea or Evvia in the [[Aegean Sea]]
|-
| {{lang|vec|Pantałon}} || [[Harlequinade#Pantaloon|pantaloon]] || 1590 || a character in the [[Commedia dell'arte]]
|-
| {{lang|vec|pistacio}}|| [[pistachio]] || 1533 || ultimately from [[Middle Persian]] {{lang|pal|pistak}}
|-
| {{lang|vec|cuarantena}}|| [[quarantine]] || 1609 || forty day isolation period for a ship with infectious diseases like plague
|-
| {{lang|vec|regata}} || [[regatta]] || 1652 || originally "fight, contest"
|-
| {{lang|vec|scanpi}}|| [[scampi]] || 1930 || Greek {{wikt-lang|el|κάμπη}} "caterpillar", lit. "curved (animal)"
|-
| {{lang|vec|sciao}}|| [[ciao]] || 1929 || cognate with Italian {{lang|it|schiavo}} "slave"; used originally in Venetian to mean "your servant", "at your service"; original word pronounced "s-ciao"
|-
| {{lang|vec|Zani}}|| zany || 1588 || "Johnny"; a character in the [[Commedia dell'arte]]
|-
| {{lang|vec|zechin}}|| [[sequin]] || 1671 || Venetian gold ducat; from Arabic {{lang|ar|سكّة|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sikkah}} "coin, minting die"
|-
| {{lang|vec|ziro}} || [[Giro (banking)|giro]] || 1896 || "circle, turn, spin"; adopted in Italianized form; from the name of the bank {{lang|vec|Banco del Ziro}} or {{lang|vec|Bancoziro}} at Rialto
|}

==See also==
* [[Venetian literature]]
* [[Venetic language]]
* [[Talian dialect]]
* [[Chipilo Venetian dialect]]
* {{lang|vec|[[Quatro Ciàcoe]]}} — Venetian language magazine

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Artico |first=Francesco |title=Tornén un pas indrìo: raccolta di conversazioni in dialetto |publisher=Paideia Editrice |location=Brescia |year=1976 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Ronnie |title=A Linguistic History of Venice |publisher=Leo S. Olschki |year=2007 |location=Firenze |isbn=978-88-222-5645-4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Carolyn Joyce |title=Il dialetto veneto di Segusino e Chipilo: fonologia, grammatica, lessico veneto, spagnolo, italiano, inglese }}
* {{Cite book|title=Grammatica Veneta|last=Belloni|first=Silvano|publisher=Padova: Esedra|year=2006}}
* {{cite book | author = [[:it:Giuseppe Boerio|Giuseppe Boerio]] | url = http://www.linguaveneta.net/dizionario-del-dialetto-veneziano-di-giuseppe-boerio/ | title = Dizionario del dialetto veneziano | location = Venice | language = it | year = 1900 | publisher = [[Filippi]], G. Cecchini | oclc = 799065043 | page = 937 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20190828231733/http://www.linguaveneta.net/strumenti/dizionari/ | archive-date = August 28, 2019 | url-status = live | access-date = August 28, 2019 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite JIPA|author=Guzzo, Natália Brambatti|title=Brazilian Veneto (Talian)|pages= 1–15|doi=10.1017/S002510032200010X|onlinedate=2022-07-29|soundfiles=yes}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
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{{Wikisourcelang|vec||Vèneto}}
{{Commons category|Venetian language}}
* [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan General grammar; comparison to other Romance languages; description of the Venetian dialect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116123645/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan |date=2018-01-16 }}
* {{lang|vec|[http://www.giulianoartico.it/tornen/ Tornén un pas indrìo!]}}—samples of written and spoken Venetian by Francesco Artico
* [http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/r/ruzzante/la_moscheta/html/index.htm Text and audio of some works by Ruzante]

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