View source for Goulburn

{{otheruses|Goulburn (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type      = city
| name      = Goulburn
| state     = nsw
| image     = Goulburn Post Office on Auburn Street in Goulburn (1).jpg
| caption   = Goulburn Post Office on Auburn Street {{ca.}} 2016
| lga       = [[Goulburn Mulwaree Council]]
| county    = [[Argyle County|Argyle]]
| parish    = [[Goulburn Parish|Goulburn]]
| postcode  = 2580
| pop       = <!--Leave blank as is to gather the latest available information from WikiData-->
| pop_footnotes = <!--Leave blank as is to gather the latest available information from WikiData-->
| pop_year  = <!--Leave blank as is to gather the latest available information from WikiData-->
| coordinates = {{coord|34|45|21|S|149|43|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| relief    = yes
| est       = 1833
| elevation = 642
| maxtemp   = 19.8
| mintemp   = 6.1
| rainfall  = 575.2
| stategov  = [[Electoral district of Goulburn|Goulburn]]
| fedgov    = [[Division of Eden-Monaro|Eden-Monaro]]
| dist1     = 195
| location1 = [[Sydney]]
| dir1      = SW
| dist2     = 90
| location2 = [[Canberra]]
| dir2      = NE
| dist3     = 83
| dir3      = E
| location3 = [[Yass, New South Wales|Yass]]
| dist4     = 71
| dir4      = SW
| location4 = [[Moss Vale, New South Wales|Moss Vale]]
| dist5     = 128
| dir5      = W
| location5 = [[Kiama, New South Wales|Kiama]]
| local_map = 
| near-n    = [[Middle Arm, New South Wales|Middle Arm]]
| near-ne   = [[Tarlo, New South Wales|Tarlo]]
| near-e    = [[Towrang, New South Wales|Towrang]]
| near-se   = [[Boxers Creek, New South Wales|Boxers Creek]]
| near-s    = [[Brisbane Grove, New South Wales|Brisbane Grove]]
| near-sw   = [[Run-O-Waters, New South Wales|Run-O-Waters]]
| near-w    = [[Baw Baw, New South Wales|Baw Baw]]
| near-nw   = [[Kingsdale, New South Wales|Kingsdale]]
}}

'''Goulburn''' ({{IPAc-en|g|oʊ|l|b|ər|n}} {{respell|GOHL|bərn}}) is a regional city in the [[Southern Tablelands]] of [[New South Wales]], Australia, approximately {{convert|195|km|0}} south-west of [[Sydney]] and {{convert|90|km|0}} north-east of [[Canberra]]. It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city through [[letters patent]] by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1863. Goulburn had a population of {{formatnum:24565}} as of the {{CensusAU|2021}}.<ref name="Census21">{{Census 2021 AUS |id=1014 |name=Goulburn |access-date=16 June 2024 |quick=on}}</ref> Goulburn is the seat of [[Goulburn Mulwaree Council]].

Goulburn is a [[Goulburn railway station|railhead]] on the [[Main Southern railway line, New South Wales|Main Southern line]], and regional health & government services centre, supporting the surrounding [[pastoral]] industry as well as being a stopover for travellers on the [[Hume Highway]]. It has a central historic park and many historic and listed buildings. It is also home to the monument the [[Big Merino]], a sculpture that is the world's largest concrete sheep.

==History==
Goulburn was named by surveyor [[James Meehan (surveyor)|James Meehan]] after [[Henry Goulburn]], Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]].

The colonial government made land grants to free settlers such as [[Hamilton Hume]] in the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within the [[Nineteen Counties]], including [[Argyle County]] (the Goulburn area). The process displaced the local indigenous [[Mulwaree people|Mulwaree]] population and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aboriginal peoples' food supply.<ref name="GlbrnHrtgStudy1981">''Goulburn Heritage Study'' (1981) cited in {{cite web|url=http://www.australiast.uts.edu.au/ARCHIVE/GLB01.shtml |title=Goulburn:Aboriginal' |work=Archive associated with Australia Street project|publisher=[[University of Technology, Sydney]] |access-date=2006-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819124247/http://www.australiast.uts.edu.au/ARCHIVE/GLB01.shtml |archive-date=19 August 2006}}</ref>

===Indigenous history===
The Mulwaree People lived throughout the area covering Goulburn, Crookwell and Yass and belong to the [[Ngunnawal|Ngunawal]] language group. To the north of Goulburn, [[Gandangara|Gundungurra]] was spoken within the lands of the [[Dharawal]] people. This was due to Gundungurra people of the Blue Mountains being driven south from their traditional land due to Governor Macquarie's punitive parties sent to [[Appin Massacre|massacre]] the Dharawal<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.macarthur.com.au/uploads/770/website-aboriginal-history-flyer.pdf| title=Campbelltown's Aboriginal History| website=macarthur.com.au| publisher=Campbelltown Visitor Information Centre| access-date=12 April 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810173352/http://www.macarthur.com.au/uploads/770/website-aboriginal-history-flyer.pdf| archive-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> and Gundungurra<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Wrigley| first1=John| title=History of Camden| url=http://www.camdenhistory.org.au/chhistoryofcamden.html| website=Camden History| publisher=Camden Historical Society| access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> People, at the behest of influential settlers.

Their neighbours were the Dharawal to their north and [[Dharug]] surrounding Sydney, [[Darkinyung people|Darkinung]], [[Wiradjuri]], Ngunawal and Thurrawal, eastwards peoples.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

=== European settlement ===
The first recorded settler in Goulburn established 'Strathallan' in 1825 (on the site of the present Police Academy) and a town was originally surveyed in 1828, although moved to the present site of the city in 1833 when the surveyor [[Robert Hoddle]] laid it out.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Colville, Berres Hoddle| title=Robert Hoddle: pioneer surveyor-artist in Australia| journal=National Library of Australia News| publication-date=July 2006| volume=16| issue=10| pages=18–21| issn=1035-753X}}</ref>

George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a central figure in the town's development. He established a branch store with a liquor licence in 1848. The 1841 census records Goulburn had a population of 665 people, 444 males and 211 females.<ref>Ransome T. Wyatt, (1972) ''The history of Goulburn, N.S.W.'', Sydney, Landsdowne Press, p.46. {{ISBN|0-9598940-0-4}}</ref> This number had jumped to 1,171 inhabitants by 1847, 686 males and 485 females.<ref>William Henry Wells (1848, facsimile edition 1972), ''A geographical dictionary or gazatteer of the Australian colonies 1848'', Sydney, State Library of New South Wales, p.187. {{ISBN|07240-9983-2}}</ref> It had a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area.

A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which time there were about 1,500 residents, a [[blacksmith]]'s shop, two hotels, two stores, the telegraph office and a few cottages. The town was a change station (where coach horses were changed) for [[Cobb & Co]] by 1855. A police station opened the following year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863.<ref name=goulhis>{{Cite web| title=Goulburn| url=http://www.heritageaustralia.com.au/search.php?state=NSW&region=103&view=744| work=Goulburn was declared a municipality in 1859 and was made a city in 1863| publisher=Heritage Australia Publishing| access-date=10 December 2013| archive-date=21 March 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321045902/http://heritageaustralia.com.au/search.php?state=NSW&region=103&view=744| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The arrival of the railway in 1869, which was opened on 27 May by the [[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]] [[Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore|Lord Belmore]] (an event commemorated by Belmore Park in the centre of the city), along with the completion of the line from Sydney to [[Albury]] in 1883, was a boon to the city.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13181507| title=Opening of the Great Southern Railway to Goulburn| newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| date=16 June 1869| access-date=7 December 2013| page=7| publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Later branchlines were constructed to [[Cooma]] (opened in 1889) and later extended further to [[Nimmitabel]] and then to [[Bombala, New South Wales|Bombala]], and to [[Crookwell, New South Wales|Crookwell]] and [[Taralga]]. Goulburn became a major railway centre with a roundhouse<ref>{{Cite book| author=McLeod, A. R.| title=Goulburn Locomotive Depot| date=February 1947| publisher=[[Australian Railway History]], December 2005| pages=483–489}}</ref> and engine servicing facilities and a factory which made pre-fabricated concrete components for signal boxes and station buildings. The roundhouse is now the [[Goulburn Rail Heritage Centre]] with steam, diesel and rolling stock exhibits. [[CFCL Australia|Rail First Asset Management (previously known as CFCL Australia)]] operate the [[Goulburn Railway Workshops]].

[[St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn|St Saviour's Cathedral]], designed by [[Edmund Blacket|Edmund Thomas Blacket]], was completed in 1884 with the tower being added in 1988 to commemorate the Bicentenary of Australia. Though completed in 1884, some earlier burials are in the graveyard adjacent to the cathedral. St Saviour's is the seat of the [[Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn|Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn]]. The Church of SS Peter and Paul is the former cathedral for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn]].

The Goulburn Viaduct was built in 1915 replacing an earlier structure. This brick arch railway [[viaduct]] spanning the [[Mulwaree River|Mulwaree Ponds]] is the longest on the [[Main Southern railway line, New South Wales|Main Southern railway line]] and consists of 13 arches each spanning {{convert|13.1|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|5012023|Goulburn Viaduct (Mulwaree Ponds)|hr=01035}}</ref>
<!-- should be ln not hr -->

===Proclaimed a city===
[[File:Goulburn Post Office1.JPG|left|thumb|[[Goulburn Post Office]]]]
[[File:Goulburn AMP Building 003.JPG|thumb|The former [[Australian Mutual Provident Society]] building, one of many commercial and public buildings constructed during the 19th century]]
Goulburn holds the distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of Royal [[Letters patent|Letters Patent]] issued by [[Queen Victoria]] on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn. It was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England. The Letters Patent also established St Saviour's Church as the Cathedral Church of the diocese. This was the last instance in which Letters Patent were used in this manner in the British Empire, as they had been significantly discredited for use in the colonies, and were soon to be declared formally invalid and unenforceable in this context.<ref name="Case of the Bishop of Natal">{{Cite news| author = Judiciary Committee of the Privy Council| title=Case of the Bishop of Natal| work=[[The Times]]| date=1865-03-21| pages=14}}</ref> Several legal cases<ref>{{Cite book| title=''Queen v. the Provost of the College of Eton'', 1857; ''Ex parte, the Rev George King'', 1861; ''Long v. the Bishop of Cape Town'', 1863; ''re the Bishop of Natal'', 1865}}</ref> over the preceding decade in particular had already established that the monarch had no ecclesiastical jurisdiction in colonies possessing responsible government. This had been granted to NSW in 1856, seven years earlier. The Letters Patent held authority only over those who submitted to it voluntarily, and then only within the context of the Church—it had no legal civil authority or implications. An absolute and retrospective declaration to this effect was made in 1865 in the Colenso Case,<ref name="Case of the Bishop of Natal" /> by the Judiciary Committee of the Privy Council.

However, under the authority of the Crown Lands Act 1884<ref>{{Cite book| title=NSW Government Gazette 1884| volume=IV| date=17 October 1884| pages=7107ff}}<!-- Note|assented on the 17th, published the 23rd --><br />{{Cite news| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221678510| title=ANNO QUADRAGESIMO OCTAVO VICTORIAE REGINAE.| newspaper=[[New South Wales Government Gazette]]| issue=541| location=New South Wales, Australia| date=23 October 1884| page=7107ff| via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> (48. Vict. No. 18), Goulburn was officially proclaimed a City on 20 March 1885<ref>{{Cite book| title=NSW Government Gazette 1885| volume=I| date=20 March 1885}}<br />{{Cite news| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221636881| title=CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.| newspaper=[[New South Wales Government Gazette]]| issue=122| location=New South Wales, Australia| date=20 March 1885| page=1931| via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> removing any lingering doubts as to its status. This often unrecognised controversy has in no way hindered the development of Goulburn as a regional centre, with an impressive court house (completed in 1887) and other public buildings, as a centre for wool selling, and as an industrial town.
[[File:Goulburn St Brigid's School 001.JPG|thumb|St Brigid's School, Goulburn, now closed; the scene of an education strike in 1962]]

=== Goulburn School Strike ===
{{main|Goulburn School Strike}}
In 1962, Goulburn was the focus of the fight for state aid to non-government schools. An education strike was called in response to a demand for installation of three extra toilets at a local [[Roman Catholicism in Australia|Catholic]] primary school, St Brigid's. The local Catholic archdiocese closed down all local Catholic primary schools and sent the children to the government schools. The Catholic authorities declared that they had no money to install the extra toilets. Nearly 1,000 children turned up to be enrolled locally and the state schools were unable to accommodate them. The strike lasted only a week but generated national debate. In 1963 the prime minister, [[Robert Menzies]], made state aid for science blocks part of [[Liberal Party of Australia|his party]]'s platform.<ref>{{Cite web| year=1997| url=http://www.abc.net.au/time/episodes/ep7.htm| title=The Battle for State Aid| work=Timeframe| publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]| access-date=2006-04-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106061251/http://www.abc.net.au/time/episodes/ep7.htm| archive-date=6 January 2014}}<br />J. Warhurst, Fifty years since the "Goulburn Strike": Catholics and education politics, [http://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/pdfs/journal2012.pdf ''Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society'' 33 (2012)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215001109/http://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/pdfs/journal2012.pdf |date=15 February 2017 }}, 72-82.</ref>{{Clear}}

== Heritage listings ==
[[File:Goulburn Old Fire Station 002.JPG|thumb|Historic buildings lining Montague Street, including the heritage listed Old Fire Station]]
Goulburn has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
[[File:Goulburn Roman Catholic Church 013.JPG|thumb|[[St Peter and Paul's Old Cathedral]]]]

* 165 Auburn Street: [[Goulburn Post Office]]<ref name="nswshr-1424">{{cite NSW SHR|5051273|Goulburn Post Office|hr=01424|fn=H00/00206|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 170 Bourke Street: [[St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn]]<ref name="nswshr-1798">{{cite NSW SHR|5060513|St. Saviour's Cathedral|hr=01798|fn=H00/00557-001|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 197 Braidwood Road: [https://railwaybarracks.com.au Railway Barracks] 
* Bungonia Road: [[Old Goulburn Brewery]]<ref name="nswshr-178">{{cite NSW SHR|5045249|Goulburn Brewery|hr=00178|fn=EF1111673; S90/2286; HC 32482|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Bungonia Road: [[Lansdowne Park, Goulburn|Lansdowne Park]]<ref name="nswshr-132">{{cite NSW SHR|5045587|Lansdowne|hr=00132|fn=S90/06141/3|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Clifford Street: [[Colonial Mutual Life Building, Goulburn|Colonial Mutual Life Building]]<ref name="nswshr-129">{{cite NSW SHR|5045508|CML Building|hr=00129|fn=S90/01187 & HC 32326|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 248 Main Road: [[Rossi Bridge over Wollondilly River]]<ref name="nswshr-1479">{{cite NSW SHR|5051383|Rossi Bridge over Wollondilly River|hr=01479|fn=H00/00313/1|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Main Southern railway: [[Goulburn Viaduct]]<ref name="nswshr-1035">{{cite NSW SHR|5012023|Goulburn Viaduct (Mulwaree Ponds)|hr=01035|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Main Southern railway: [[Goulburn railway station]]<ref name="nswshr-1152">{{cite NSW SHR|5012022|Goulburn Railway Station, yard group and movable relics|hr=01152|fn=11/05477|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* off Maud Street: [[Goulburn Correctional Centre]]<ref name="nswshr-808">{{cite NSW SHR|5000652|Goulburn Correctional Centre complex|hr=00808|fn=S94/00024/01|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Maud Street: [[Riversdale, Goulburn|Riversdale]]<ref name="nswshr-1504">{{cite NSW SHR|5051270|Riversdale|hr=01504|fn=EF10/23970; EF14/4653; S90/129|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 4 Montague Street: [[Goulburn Court House]]<ref name="nswshr-793">{{cite NSW SHR|5001370|Goulburn Court House and Residence|hr=00793|fn=S95/00338/1|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Sloane Street: [[Connollys Mill]]<ref name="nswshr-215">{{cite NSW SHR|5045512|Connollys Mill|hr=00215|fn=S90/05737 & HC 32598|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Sloane Street: [[Old Police Barracks, Goulburn]]<ref name="nswshr-546">{{cite NSW SHR|5045514|Old Police Barracks|hr=00546|fn=S90/04809 & HC 33054|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Sloane Street: [[Goulburn Railway Workshops]]<ref name="nswshr-601">{{cite NSW SHR|5045001|Railway Workshops (former)|hr=00601|fn=S91/01982|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 244–248 Sloane Street: [[Alpine Lodge Motel]]<ref name="nswshr-483">{{cite NSW SHR|5045510|Alpine Lodge Hotel|hr=00483|fn=S90/03602 & HC 33270|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 318 Sloane Street: [[St Clair, Goulburn|St Clair]]<ref name="nswshr-117">{{cite NSW SHR|5045517|St. Clair|hr=00117|fn=S90/06081 & HC 32209|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Taralga Road: [[Kenmore Asylum]]<ref name="nswshr-1728">{{cite NSW SHR|5053600|Kenmore Hospital Precinct|hr=01728|fn=H02/00200, H04/00091/5 (ICONS)|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 42 Verner Street: [[St Peter and Paul's Old Cathedral]]<ref name="nswshr-1797">{{cite NSW SHR|5054919|St. Peter and Paul's Former Cathedral|hr=01797|fn=s94/00595; H08/00161-001|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* Wollondilly River: [[Goulburn Pumping Station]]<ref name="nswshr-356">{{cite NSW SHR|5045044|Goulburn Pumping Station, Marsden Weir & Appleby Steam Engine|hr=00356|fn=S90/05331 & HC 32906|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Goulburn Anglican Cathedral 004.JPG|thumb|[[St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn|St Saviour's Anglican Cathedral]]]]
According to the {{CensusAU|2021}}, there were {{formatnum:24565}} people in Goulburn. Of these:
* [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people]] made up 5.3% of the population.
* 83.3% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth included [[England]] 1.9%, [[New Zealand]] 1.0%, [[India]] 0.9% and [[Philippines|the Philippines]] 0.7%, and [[Nepal]] 0.6%.
* 85.6% of people spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, the next most common languages spoken at home included [[Nepali language|Nepali]] 0.7%, [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] 0.6%, [[Malayalam]] 0.4%, [[Greek language|Greek]] 0.3%, and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 0.3%
* The most common responses for religion were [[Irreligion in Australia|No Religion]] 30.6%, [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholic]] 25.3%, [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] 20.8%, and [[Uniting Church in Australia|Uniting Church]] 3.0%; a further 8.5% of respondents elected not to disclose their religion.<ref name="Census21"/>
[[File:Goulburn Belmore Park 002.JPG|thumb|Belmore Park]]

==Geography==
Goulburn is located a small distance east of the peak ridge of the Great Dividing Range and is {{convert|690|m|0}} above sea level. It is intersected by the [[Wollondilly River]] and the [[Mulwaree River]], and the [[confluence]] of these two rivers is also located here. The Wollondilly then flows north-east, into [[Lake Burragorang]] ([[Warragamba Dam]]) and eventually into the [[Tasman Sea]] via the [[Hawkesbury River]]. The city is located within the [[Southern Tablelands Temperate Grassland]].

===Climate===
Owing to its elevation, Goulburn has an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') with warm summers and cool to cold winters; with a high [[diurnal temperature variation|diurnal range]]. Its climate is variable much of the year, though generally dry with maximum temperatures ranging from {{convert|11.8|C}} in July to {{convert|28.3|C}} in January. Rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year, with an annual average of {{convert|542.8|mm|1|abbr=on}}. Snow occasionally falls,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.australianweathernews.com/snow/Snow%20days%20descending.htm| title=Annual snow days| website=Australian Weather News}}</ref> although rarely in significant quantities due to the [[rainshadow]] brought about by the hills to the west-northwest of Goulburn (around [[Crookwell]]). Temperature extremes have ranged from {{convert|-10.9|to|42.8|C}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Goulburn Airport AWS (1991–2024); 640 m AMSL; 34.81° S, 149.73° E
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan record high C = 42.8
|Feb record high C = 41.8
|Mar record high C = 37.6
|Apr record high C = 31.0
|May record high C = 25.1
|Jun record high C = 20.7
|Jul record high C = 19.7
|Aug record high C = 24.1
|Sep record high C = 30.5
|Oct record high C = 31.3
|Nov record high C = 39.9
|Dec record high C = 42.1
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 28.1
|Feb high C = 26.4
|Mar high C = 23.7
|Apr high C = 20.0
|May high C = 15.9
|Jun high C = 12.4
|Jul high C = 11.8
|Aug high C = 13.4	
|Sep high C = 16.6
|Oct high C = 19.9
|Nov high C = 23.0
|Dec high C = 25.9
|year high C = 
|Jan low C = 12.9
|Feb low C = 12.6
|Mar low C = 10.2
|Apr low C = 5.8
|May low C = 2.5
|Jun low C = 1.3
|Jul low C = 0.3
|Aug low C = 0.6
|Sep low C = 3.0
|Oct low C = 5.3
|Nov low C = 8.3
|Dec low C = 10.7
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -0.1
|Feb record low C = 0.7
|Mar record low C = -0.8
|Apr record low C = -6.3
|May record low C = -8.1
|Jun record low C = -10.2
|Jul record low C = -10.4
|Aug record low C = -10.9
|Sep record low C = -7.4
|Oct record low C = -5.6
|Nov record low C = -4.4
|Dec record low C = -1.2
|year record low C = 
|Jan precipitation mm = 54.8	
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.9	
|Mar precipitation mm = 49.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 26.8
|May precipitation mm = 34.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.4	
|Jul precipitation mm = 32.6	
|Aug precipitation mm = 44.3	
|Sep precipitation mm = 44.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.4	
|Nov precipitation mm = 61.3	
|Dec precipitation mm = 56.4
|year precipitation mm = 575.2
|Jan precipitation days = 8.3	
|Feb precipitation days = 9.1
|Mar precipitation days = 10.5
|Apr precipitation days = 9.1
|May precipitation days = 11.9
|Jun precipitation days = 14.7
|Jul precipitation days = 13.9	
|Aug precipitation days = 12.0
|Sep precipitation days = 11.3
|Oct precipitation days = 10.0
|Nov precipitation days = 10.0
|Dec precipitation days = 8.4
|year precipitation days = 129.2
|unit precipitation days = 0.2mm
|humidity colour=green
|Jan afthumidity = 41
|Feb afthumidity = 45
|Mar afthumidity = 46
|Apr afthumidity = 46
|May afthumidity = 54
|Jun afthumidity = 63
|Jul afthumidity = 61
|Aug afthumidity = 52
|Sep afthumidity = 50
|Oct afthumidity = 46
|Nov afthumidity = 45
|Dec afthumidity = 39
|year afthumidity = 49	
|source 1 = [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070330_All.shtml Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Goulburn Airport AWS] 
}}

==Governance==
[[File:Goulburn Court House 003.JPG|left|thumb|[[Goulburn Court House]]]]
As a major settlement of southern New South Wales, Goulburn was the administrative centre for the region and was the location for important buildings of the district.
The first lock-up in the town was built in 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Fact: Goulburn Gaol |url=http://www.igoulburn.com/FastFact/gaol.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182957/http://www.igoulburn.com/FastFact/gaol.aspx |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Tourism Business Unit of Goulburn Mulwaree Council}}</ref>
In 1832 a postal service commenced in Goulburn, four years after the service was adopted in New South Wales.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
The first town plan had been drawn up by Assistant Surveyor Dixon in 1828, but the site was moved, as it was subject to flooding. The new town plan was drawn up by Surveyor Hoddle and was gazetted in 1833.<ref name="goulhis" />[[File:Goulburn Town Hall August 2024.jpg|thumb|Goulburn Town Hall]]
Goulburn is the seat of the [[Goulburn Mulwaree Council|Goulburn Mulwaree Shire]] [[Local government in Australia|local government area]] (LGA) of New South Wales, Australia formed in 2004. The most recent elections for Council were held on 4 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[New South Wales Electoral Commission]] | title=Goulburn Mulwaree | at=Councillor Election |date=21 December 2021 |quote=The following candidates were declared elected on 21 December 2021: Bob KIRK (IND) Michael PREVEDELLO (IND) Daniel STRICKLAND (IND) Jason SHEPHERD ([[New South Wales Labor Party|ALP]]) Carol JAMES Andy WOOD ([[Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party|SFF]]) Peter WALKER ([[Independent politician|IND]]) Andrew BANFIELD (IND) Steven RUDDELL (IND)| url=https://pastvtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/LG2101/goulburn-mulwaree/councillor| access-date=16 June 2024 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616114619/https://pastvtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/LG2101/goulburn-mulwaree/councillor | archive-date=16 June 2024 }}</ref>

===New South Wales Police Academy===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
[[File:NSW Police College gate.jpg|thumb|The New South Wales Police Academy is situated at McDermott Drive, Goulburn.|left]]

{{Main|New South Wales Police Academy}}

The Police Academy relocated to Goulburn from Sydney in 1984. From 2002, it was known as the [[New_South_Wales_Police_Force_Academy|New South Wales Police College]]; however, the name was changed back in 2011.<ref>https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/about_us?a=201014</ref>

The Academy has relocated to the former campus of the Goulburn College of Advanced Education located on the banks of the [[Wollondilly River]]. The New South Wales Police Academy is now the largest education institution for law enforcement officers in the southern hemisphere.

Since its relocation there has been significant expansion of the facilities including a new site on the [[Taralga]] Road which houses the [[New South Wales Police]] [[School of Traffic and Mobile Policing]].
{{Clear|left}}[[File:GoulburnGaol.jpg|thumb|[[Goulburn Correctional Centre]]]]

=== Goulburn Gaol ===
Goulburn is home to [[Goulburn Correctional Centre]], more generically known as Goulburn Gaol. It is a maximum-security male prison, the highest-security prison in Australia and is home to some of the most dangerous, and infamous, prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/islam-prison-gang-busted/2007/04/21/1176697161148.html |title=Mastermind recruiting Islamic gang inside super jail |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |author=Mitchell, Alex |access-date=6 January 2012 |date=22 April 2007}}</ref> One of these prisoners was Ivan Robert Marko Milat (27 December 1944 – 27 October 2019) an Australian serial killer who was convicted of the backpacker murders in 1996.
[[File:Goulburn Regional Conservatorium 001.JPG|thumb|Goulburn Regional Conservatorium]]

==Culture==
=== Theatre ===
Goulburn is home to Australia's oldest existing theatre company Lieder Theatre Company, established in 1891. The Lieder Theatre Company presents up to five major performance projects each year, along with numerous community events, readings, workshops, and short seasons of experimental and new work. The company, along with the Lieder Youth Theatre Company, is based in the historic Lieder Theatre, built by the company in 1929.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lieder Theatre Company|url=https://www.sydney.com/destinations/country-nsw/goulburn-area/goulburn/attractions/lieder-theatre-company|website=Sydney.com.au|publisher=NSW Government|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

A former [[quarry]] adjacent to the [[Main Southern railway line]] in North Goulburn was used to film cliff top scenes in the 2016 film ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]''.<ref>Aged railway quarry becomes film set for winning blockbuster ''[[Track & Signal]]'' May 2017 page 70</ref>

===Sport===
The most popular sport in Goulburn is [[rugby league]]. The town has a team, the Goulburn City Bulldogs, who play in the [[Canberra Rugby League]]. The club was founded in 2020, superseding the Goulburn Workers Bulldogs. Historically, there have been many clubs in Goulburn, including:
* {{leagueicon|Country|16}} Goulburn United Roosters (1932–1986)
* {{leagueicon|Warrington|16}} Goulburn Workers Bulldogs (1958–1984, 2008–2019)
* {{leagueicon|Gold Coast Chargers|16}} Goulburn City (1987)
* {{leagueicon|Newcastle|16}} Goulburn Gladiators (1991–1995)
* {{leagueicon|Newcastle|16}} Goulburn Stockmen (1996–2007)

The Goulburn Stockmen played in both the Canberra Rugby League and also the [[Group 6 Rugby League]] before folding. The town's junior rugby league team is still called the Goulburn Junior Stockmen. 

The Goulburn Dirty Reds [[rugby union]] team play in the [[John I Dent Cup]] third grade and Goulburn City Swans Australian rules club play in a lower grade Canberra competition. 

The Goulburn Bears [[Basketball]] team play in the [[Basketball NSW]] Waratah League (Senior). The Bears wear predominantly Navy and Sky Blue. The Bears have been representing Goulburn in [[Basketball]] for over 50 years. The Bears defeated the [[Wagga Wagga]] Wolves in the 1991 [[NBL1 East]] Grand Final 

Other sports played in the town include soccer, cricket and tennis among others.

== Health ==
===Goulburn Medical Clinic===
The Goulburn Medical Clinic was established in 1946 making it the most longstanding medical practice in the city. Historically, it was the first ''group practice'' of any size established in [[New South Wales]] and probably only the third in Australia.<ref name="Coombes, B. 1996">Coombes, B. (1996) ''A History of the Goulburn Medical Clinic''. Australia: Argyle Press {{ISBN|0-646-29851-8}}</ref> The clinic has a mixture of [[General Practitioners|general practitioners]] and [[Medical specialist|specialists]] that provide comprehensive healthcare.<ref name="Coombes, B. 1996" />

==Water supply==
With a history of water shortages,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2015 |title=Back from the brink |url=https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/3096507/back-from-the-brink/}}</ref> an {{convert|84|km|abbr=on}} underground water supply pipeline was constructed to pump water from the [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]] in the [[Southern Highlands (New South Wales)|Southern Highlands]] to Goulburn, opening in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=Water pipeline is no 'white elephant,' council says |url=https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/6343107/water-pipeline-is-no-white-elephant-council-says/}}</ref> This pipeline has a capacity of 7.5&nbsp;ML per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goulburn Water Supply Pipeline |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24327 |access-date=7 December 2013 |work=The project involved the design and construction of a pipeline and pump station from the Wingecarribee Reservoir near Moss Vale in New South Wales to the Goulburn treatment plant. The pipeline is 84 kilometres long and is capable of supplying the Goulburn community with up to 7.5 million litres of water per day. |date=June 2009 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref>

The $54 million water supply pipeline was at the time the largest construction project in the history of Goulburn.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2009 |title=June start for Goulburn pipeline |newspaper=ABC news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-07-27/june-start-for-goulburn-pipeline/1367962 |access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Goulburn Railway Station 009.JPG|thumb|[[Goulburn railway station]]]]
Goulburn is approximately two hours' drive from [[Sydney]] via the [[Hume Highway]], or a one-hour drive from [[Canberra]] via the [[Federal Highway (Australia)|Federal]] and Hume Highways. Goulburn benefited from the 1992 Hume Highway bypass, prompting significant civic rejuvenation and removing 23,000 cars from the city each day.<ref name="Parletts">{{cite web |last1=Thistleton |first1=John |title=How generations of Parletts beat the bypass |url=https://the-riotact.com/how-generations-of-parletts-beat-the-bypass/409223 |website=The riotACT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225051843/https://the-riotact.com/how-generations-of-parletts-beat-the-bypass/409223 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |date=6 October 2020}}</ref> Goulburn's city centre was populated by a notable number of eateries owned and operated by Greek migrants,<ref name="greeks fed goulburn">{{cite web |last1=Thistleton |first1=John |title=When the Greeks fed Goulburn, and taught us to dance |url=https://the-riotact.com/when-the-greeks-fed-goulburn-and-taught-us-to-dance/208738 |website=The RiotACT |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125102504/https://the-riotact.com/when-the-greeks-fed-goulburn-and-taught-us-to-dance/208738 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> as part of a broader trend of Greek cafes and milk bars in regional Australia.<ref name="greek cafes transformed">{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Cameron |title=Greek cafes transformed Australian food |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/bushtelegraph/greek-cafes-in-regional-australia/5646272 |publisher=ABC |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716201016/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/bushtelegraph/greek-cafes-in-regional-australia/5646272 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="abc Leonard Janiszewski">{{cite web |title=Leonard Janiszewski with the story of Australia's Greek cafes and milk bars |url=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2016/05/02/4453906.htm |publisher=ABC |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502201919/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2016/05/02/4453906.htm |archive-date=2 May 2017 |date=2 May 2016}}</ref> Years after the bypass, the main street featured numerous neon signs advertising businesses that had since gone out of business some of which are preserved today.<ref name="neon-signs-sun">{{cite web |last1=Thistleton |first1=John |title=Up with the sun to bring down neon signs |url=https://the-riotact.com/up-with-the-sun-to-bring-down-neon-signs/424778 |website=The RiotACT |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615155913/https://the-riotact.com/up-with-the-sun-to-bring-down-neon-signs/424778 |archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

[[Goulburn railway station]] is the southern terminus of the [[Southern Highlands Line]] which reaches from the Sydney suburb [[Campbelltown railway station|Campbelltown]] and is part of the [[NSW TrainLink]] intercity passenger train system. Most services for Goulburn operate to [[Moss Vale railway station|Moss Vale]], some {{convert|65|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north-east, while there are also daily direct express [[Central railway station, Sydney|Sydney Central]] services covered by Sydney's suburban [[Opal card]]. The station is also served by the long distance Southern [[New South Wales XPT|XPT]] and [[New South Wales Xplorer|Xplorer]] trains between [[Central railway station, Sydney|Sydney]] and [[Griffith railway station|Griffith]], [[Canberra railway station|Canberra]] and [[Melbourne]] [[Southern Cross railway station]]. All services are operated by NSW TrainLink.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101315#/ |title=Goulburn Station |website=[[Transport for NSW|transportnsw.info]] |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616120431/https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101315#/ |url-status=live |location=Sloane St, Goulburn}}</ref>

Goulburn also has eight direct return NSW Trainlink buses to Canberra per week giving access to [[Canberra Airport]], city and hospitals.

[[Goulburn Airport]] is approximately {{convert|7|km|0|abbr=on}} south of Goulburn and services light aircraft.

Public transport within Goulburn consists of the local taxi service that operates twenty-seven taxis, Goulburn Radio Cabs.<ref>{{Official|https://www.goulburnradiocabs.com|Goulburn Radio Cabs}}</ref> A bus service is operated by [[Punchbowl Bus Company|PBC Goulburn]].

==Media==
[[File:Goulburn Penny Post Building 002.JPG|thumb|The Goulburn Penny Post building]]

===Newspapers===
The Goulburn Post, established as the [[Goulburn Evening Penny Post|Goulburn Evening Post]] in 1870<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/969158/goulburn-post-140-years-of-great-stories/|title=GOULBURN POST: 140 years of great stories|date=26 October 2010}}</ref> is Goulburn's local newspaper. It runs three times per week and is owned by [[Australian Community Media]].

=== Radio stations ===
Radio stations with transmitters located in or nearby to Goulburn include:

'''AM:'''
* [[Radio National]] (2RN) 1098 AM

'''FM:'''
* [[Raw FM (Australian radio network)|Raw FM]] 87.6 ''(narrowcast)''
* [[Triple J]] (2JJJ) 88.7 FM
* [[ABC Classic FM]] (2ABCFM) 89.5 FM
* [[ABC Central West]] (2ABCRR) 90.3 FM
* [[Eagle FM (Australia)|Eagle FM]] 93.5 (2SNO) ''(commercial)''
* [[Sky Sports Radio]] 94.3 FM ''(narrowcast)''
* [[ABC NewsRadio]] (2PNN) 99.9 FM
* [[Kix Country Radio]] 100.7 FM ''(narrowcast)''
* [[2GCR]] 103.3 FM ''(community)''
* [[GNFM]] 107.7 FM (2GBN) ''(commercial)''

Depending on location some Illawarra- and/or Canberra-based radio stations can also heard. Commercial radio services from Goulburn are also broadcast to [[Braidwood, New South Wales|Braidwood]].

===Television===
Goulburn receives five free-to-air television networks relayed from Canberra, and broadcast from nearby Mt Gray:

* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]
* [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]
* [[Seven Network|Seven]]
* [[WIN Television]]'s [[Nine Network|Nine]]
* [[10 (Southern Cross Austereo)|Southern Cross 10]]

A much smaller retransmission site also exists to cover residences in the suburb of Eastgrove.

==Landmarks==
[[File:Big Merino Goulburn 2011.jpg|thumb|Goulburn's importance as a wool market is celebrated by this giant sculpture known as Big Merino]]
Goulburn's second court house was built in 1847; designed by [[Mortimer Lewis]], the [[New South Wales Government Architect|colonial architect]].<ref name="court house">{{cite NSW SHR|5001370|Goulburn Court House and Residence|date=20 September 2001|fn=S95/00338/1|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> [[James Barnet]], the colonial architect from 1862 to 1890, built a number of buildings in Goulburn. These included the [[Goulburn Correctional Centre|Goulburn Gaol]] that opened 1884; the [[Goulburn Court House|current court house]] that opened in 1887; and a post office in 1881. Barnet's successor, [[Walter Liberty Vernon]], was responsible for the first buildings of Kenmore Hospital, completed in 1894. St Saviour's Anglican Cathedral and Hall were designed by [[Edmund Blacket]]. Building started in 1874 and it was dedicated in 1884. It was finally consecrated in 1916. A tower was added in 1988 as part of a Bicentennial project but Blacket's plans included a spire which is yet to be added. [[Edmund Manfred|E.C. Manfred]] was a prominent local architect responsible for many of the buildings in the city, including the first public swimming baths opened in 1892; the old Town Hall constructed in 1888; the Goulburn Base Hospital designed in 1886; the old Fire Station built in 1890; the Masonic Temple built in 1928; he also designed the earlier building of 1890 it replaced. Goulburn's first permanent fire station built 1890 and designed by local architect E.C. Manfred. The city was home to Kenmore Hospital, a psychiatric hospital which was finally closed in 2003.<ref name="goulpost">{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Gerard |date=18 February 2013 |title=Last Kenmore artefact in time for 150th b'day |work=Goulburn Post |url=http://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/1308097/last-kenmore-artefact-in-time-for-150th-bday/ |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Goulburn remains a hub for mental health with facilities now located at the [[Goulburn Base Hospital]].

===Goulburn Rail Heritage Centre===
The [[Railway roundhouse|roundhouse]] at Goulburn was a significant locomotive depot both in the steam and early diesel eras. After closure it became the [[Goulburn Rail Heritage Centre]], a railway museum with preserved steam and diesel locomotives as well as many interesting examples of rolling stock. Some minor rail operators such as RailPower have used the site to restore diesel locomotives to working order for main line use. The [https://railwaybarracks.com.au Railway Barracks] built in 1935 is situated opposite the roundhouse. It accommodated the steam engine drivers, and now converted into an accommodation wedding & events centre.
[[File:Goulburn Boer War Memorial 005.JPG|thumb|The Goulburn Boer War Memorial commemorates soldiers from the Goulburn district who fought in the [[Boer War]]]]

{{Historical populations
|type= Australia
|1921|12715
|1933|14849
|1947|15991
|1954|19183
|1961|20544
|1966|20871
|1971|21606
|1976|21735
|1981|21755
|1986|21552
|1991|21451
|1996|21293
|2001|20846
|2006|20127
|2011|21484
|2016|22419
|2021|23963
|source=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] data.<ref name="ABS Census data">{{cite web |title=21. Historical Censuses (Pre 1996) |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616084827/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Census21"/><ref name="Census16">{{Census 2016 AUS |id=UCL112008 |name=Goulburn |quick=on}}</ref><ref name="Census11">{{Census 2011 AUS |id=1014 |name=Goulburn |quick=on}}</ref><ref name="Census06">{{Census 2006 AUS |id=UCL134800 |name=Goulburn |quick=on}}</ref><ref name="Census01">{{Census 2001 AUS |id=UCL134800 |name=Goulburn |quick=on}}</ref>
}}

==Notable people==
* [[Andrew Blackshaw]], international softball player
* [[Beatrice Bligh]] (1916–1973), gardener at Pejar Park<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |first=Martha |last=Rutledge |title=Rosemary Beatrice (Bea) Bligh (1916–1973) |volume=13 |edition= |year=1993 |id2=bligh-rosemary-beatrice-bea-9527 |access-date=March 31, 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Todd Carney]], (born 1986) rugby league player
* [[Kyle Cranston]], (born 1993) track and field athlete
* [[Jarrod Croker]], (born 1990) rugby league player, captain [[Canberra Raiders]] (2015–)
* [[Bruce Devlin]], former professional golfer who won 8 tournaments on the US PGA Tour
* [[Michael Diamond (sport shooter)|Michael Diamond]], target shooter and Olympic gold medalist
* [[Miles Franklin]], (1879–1954) writer and feminist
* [[Thomas Hazelton]], (born 1999) rugby league footballer
* [[William Hovell]], (1786–1875) English-born Australian explorer is buried in one of the many cemeteries
* [[Rod Jackson (rugby league)|Rod Jackson]], (born 1951) rugby league player
* [[George Lazenby]], (born 1939) the only Australian actor to play [[James Bond]], in ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''<ref>Gordon, Chris. [http://www.goulburnpost.com.au/news/local/news/general/lazenbys-goulburn-bond/1986751.aspx "Lazenby's Goulburn bond"] ''Goulburn Post'', 3 November 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Australian National Portrait Gallery |url=http://www.portrait.gov.au/exhibit/hollywood/content/13.htm |title=Australians in Hollywood |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=2010-11-02}}</ref>
* [[Donald MacDonald (pastoralist)|Donald MacDonald]], (1857–1937) Australian pastoralist
* [[Marc McDermott]], (1871–1929) American silent film star
* [[Peta Murphy]] (1973– Deceased, 2023), [[Australian House of Representatives|federal MP]] for the [[division of Dunkley]], Victoria.
* [[Adam O'Brien (rugby league coach)|Adam O'Brien]], (born 1977) rugby league coach
* [[George Ogilvie]], theatre director, born in Goulburn in 1931
* [[Simon Poidevin]], rugby union player and World Cup winner in 1991
* [[Kate Ritchie]], (born 1978) actress and radio host
* [[Sally Shaw]], (born 1978) cricketer
* [[Ursula Stephens]], senator (2002–2014)
* [[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Glenn Turner]], Kookaburras hockey player

==See also==
{{Portal|New South Wales}}
* [[Goulburn Rugby Union]]
* [[Pejar Dam]]
* [[One Raceway]]
* [[High School, Goulburn]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Goulburn, New South Wales}}
{{wikivoyage|Goulburn}}
*[http://www.goulburn.nsw.gov.au Goulburn Mulwaree Council]
*[http://www.igoulburn.com/ Goulburn Visitor Information Centre]
*{{cite web | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] | title=Goulburn | work=Climate Averages for Australian Sites | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070037.shtml|access-date = 2006-11-29}}
*{{cite web | publisher=[[New South Wales Electoral Commission]] | title=Goulburn Mulwaree | at=Councillor Election |date=21 December 2021 |quote=The following candidates were declared elected on 21 December 2021: Bob KIRK (IND) Michael PREVEDELLO (IND) Daniel STRICKLAND (IND) Jason SHEPHERD ([[New South Wales Labor Party|ALP]]) Carol JAMES Andy WOOD ([[Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party|SFF]]) Peter WALKER ([[Independent politician|IND]]) Andrew BANFIELD (IND) Steven RUDDELL (IND)| url=https://pastvtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/LG2101/goulburn-mulwaree/councillor| access-date=16 June 2024 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616114619/https://pastvtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/LG2101/goulburn-mulwaree/councillor | archive-date=16 June 2024 }} 
*[http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/goulburn-area VisitNSW.com – Goulburn Area]

{{Cities of Australia}}
{{Localities in Goulburn Mulwaree Council}}
{{LGAs Southern Tablelands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Goulburn| ]]
[[Category:Southern Tablelands]]
[[Category:Hume Highway]]