View source for Celadon

{{short description|Term for ceramics with two different types of glazes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title='''Celadon'''
| pic = File:Song Dynasty Celadon Vase.jpg
| piccap = Chinese [[Longquan celadon]] from [[Zhejiang]], [[Song dynasty]], 13th century
| picsize =
|t=青瓷
|s=青瓷
|l="blue-green porcelain"
|p=qīngcí
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|q|ing|1|ci|2}}
|j=ceng1-ci4
|y=chēngchìh
|ci={{IPAc-yue|c|eng|1|c|i|4}}
}}

'''Celadon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|ə|d|ɒ|n}}) is a term for [[pottery]] denoting both wares [[ceramic glaze|glazed]] in the [[jade]] green [[Shades of green#Celadon|celadon color]], also known as '''greenware''' or "green ware" (the term specialists now tend to use),<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x23072 British Museum glossary]; [https://www.christies.com/features/Celadon-Ware-Collecting-Guide-9455-3.aspx Christie's Collector's Guide]; this is not to be confused with "greenware", meaning [[Pottery#Production stages|unfired clay pottery, as a stage of production]].</ref> and a type of transparent glaze, often with small cracks, that was first used on greenware, but later used on other porcelains. Celadon originated in [[China]], though the term is purely European, and notable kilns such as the [[Longquan celadon|Longquan kiln]] in [[Zhejiang]] province are renowned for their celadon glazes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gotheborg.com/glossary/data/celadon.shtml |title=Chinese Porcelain Glossary: Celadon |website=Gotheborg.com |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Celadon production later spread to other parts of East Asia, such as [[Japan]] and [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cela/hd_cela.htm |title=Goryeo Celadon &#124; Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> as well as Southeast Asian countries, such as [[Thailand]].  Eventually, European potteries produced some pieces, but it was never a major element there. Finer pieces are in [[porcelain]], but both the color and the glaze can be produced in [[stoneware]] and [[earthenware]]. Most of the earlier Longquan celadon is on the border of stoneware and porcelain, meeting the Chinese but not the European definitions of porcelain.

For many centuries, celadon wares were highly regarded by the Chinese imperial court, before being replaced in fashion by painted wares, especially the new [[blue and white porcelain]] under the [[Yuan dynasty]].  The similarity of the color to jade, traditionally the most highly valued material in China, was a large part of its attraction. Celadon continued to be produced in China at a lower level, often with a conscious sense of reviving older styles. In Korea, the celadon produced during [[Goryeo]] period (918–1392) are regarded as classic wares of [[Korean porcelain]].

The celadon color is classically produced by firing a glaze containing a little [[iron oxide]] at a high temperature in a [[Reducing atmosphere|reducing]] kiln. The materials must be refined, as other chemicals can alter the color completely. Too little iron oxide causes a blue color (sometimes a desired effect), and too much gives olive and finally black; the right amount is between 0.75% and 2.5%.  The presence of other chemicals may have effects; [[titanium dioxide]] gives a yellowish tinge.<ref name="Vainker, S.J. 1991, pp.53-55">Vainker, S. J., ''Chinese Pottery and Porcelain'', 1991, British Museum Press, pp. 53–55, {{Isbn|9780714114705}}.</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Boddhisattva Guanyin, China, Ming dynasty, 1300-1400 AD, porcelain - Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm - DSC09644.JPG|thumb|Ming shrine, the figure left unglazed in the "biscuit" state]]
The term "celadon" for the pottery's pale [[jade]]-green glaze was coined by European connoisseurs of the wares. The most commonly accepted theory is that the term first appeared in [[France]] in the 17th century and that it is named after the shepherd Celadon in [[Honoré d'Urfé]]'s [[French culture|French]] pastoral romance ''[[L'Astrée]]'' (1627),<ref>Gompertz, 21</ref> who wore pale green ribbons. (D'Urfé, in turn, borrowed his character from [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' V.144.) Another theory is that the term is a [[corruption (linguistics)|corruption]] of the name of [[Saladin]] (Salah ad-Din), the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] Sultan, who in 1171 sent forty pieces of the ceramic to [[Nur ad-Din Zengi]], Sultan of [[Syria]].<ref>[http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/why_throwing.htm Dennis Krueger. "Why On Earth Do They Call It Throwing?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203065817/http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/why_throwing.htm |date=2007-02-03 }} from Ceramics Today</ref>

== Production and characteristics ==
[[File:Grès chinois Guimet 231102.jpg|thumb|[[Yaozhou ware]] bowl with carved and combed decoration, [[Northern Song dynasty]]]] 
Celadon [[Ceramic glaze|glaze]] refers to a family of usually partly transparent but colored glazes, many with pronounced (and sometimes accentuated) "crackle", or tiny cracks in the glaze produced in a wide variety of colors, generally used on stoneware or porcelain pottery bodies.

So-called "true celadon", which requires a minimum {{convert|1260|°C}} furnace temperature, a preferred range of {{convert|1285|to|1305|°C|-1}}, and firing in a [[reducing atmosphere]], originated at the beginning of the [[Northern Song dynasty]] (960–1127),<ref name="dewar 2002 42">Dewar, Richard. (2002). ''Stoneware''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1837-X}}, p. 42.</ref> at least on one strict definition.  The unique grey or green celadon glaze is a result of [[iron oxide]]'s transformation from [[ferric]] to [[ferrous]] iron (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> → FeO) during the firing process.<ref name="dewar 2002 42"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hagras |first=Hamada |date=2022-01-01 |title=Chinese Islamic Ceramics at the Museum of Niujie Mosque "An analytical Study" |url=https://jarch.journals.ekb.eg/article_212076.html |journal=مجلة کلية الآثار . جامعة القاهرة |volume=12 |issue=2022 |pages=319–341 |doi=10.21608/jarch.2022.212076 |issn=1110-5801}}</ref> Individual pieces in a single firing can have significantly different colors, from small variations in conditions in different parts of the kiln.  Most of the time, green was the desired color, reminding the Chinese of [[jade]], always the most valued material in Chinese culture.

Celadon glazes can be produced in a variety of colors, including white, grey, blue and yellow, depending on several factors:

# the thickness of the applied glaze, 
# the type of clay to which it is applied, 
# the exact chemical makeup of the glaze, 
# the firing temperature 
# the degree of reduction in the kiln atmosphere and 
# the degree of opacity in the glaze.

The most famous and desired shades range from a very pale green to deep intense green, often meaning to mimic the green shades of jade.  The main color effect is produced by [[iron oxide]] in the glaze recipe or clay body. Celadons are almost exclusively fired in a [[Reducing environment|reducing atmosphere]] [[kiln]] as the chemical changes in the iron oxide which accompany depriving it of free oxygen are what produce the desired colors.

==East Asia==
===Chinese celadons===
[[File:北宋汝窯青瓷無紋水仙盆 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Narcissus basin with light bluish-green glaze, [[Ru ware]], [[National Palace Museum]].]]

Greenwares are found in earthenware from the [[Shang dynasty]] onwards.<ref name="Vainker, S.J. 1991, pp.53-55"/>  Archaeologist [[Wang Zhongshu]] states that shards with a celadon [[Chinese ceramics|ceramic glaze]] have been recovered from [[Eastern Han dynasty]] (AD&nbsp;25–220) tomb excavations in [[Zhejiang]], and that this type of ceramic became well known during the [[Three Kingdoms]] (220–265).<ref>Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). ''Han Civilization''. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-02723-0}}.</ref> These are now often called [[proto-celadon]]s, and tend to browns and yellows, without much green.

The earliest major type of celadon was [[Yue ware]],<ref>Gompertz, Ch. 1</ref> which was succeeded by a number of kilns in north China producing wares known as [[Northern Celadon]]s, sometimes used by the imperial court.  The best known of these is [[Yaozhou ware]].<ref>Gompertz, Ch. 4</ref>  All these types were already widely exported to the rest of East Asia and the Islamic world.

[[File:Besenval, baron de2.jpg|thumb|''Le [[Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brunstatt|Baron de Besenval]] dans son salon de compagnie'' at the [[Hôtel de Besenval]], the iconic portrait of the baron by [[Henri-Pierre Danloux]] (1791). The green Chinese celadon vases mounted in [[ormolu|gilt bronze]], which are visible on the mantelpiece, were sold together with their identical pendants in three lots by [[Christie's]] on 8 July 2021 in ''The Exceptional Sale'' for a total of GB£1,620,000.]]

[[Longquan celadon]] wares were first made during the Northern Song, but flourished under the Southern Song, as the capital moved to the south and the northern kilns declined.<ref>Gompertz, Ch. 6</ref> This had bluish, blue-green, and olive green glazes and the bodies increasingly had high [[silica]] and [[alkali]] contents which resembled later [[porcelain]] wares made at [[Jingdezhen ware|Jingdezhen]] and [[Dehua]] rather than [[stoneware]]s.<ref name="wood 1999 75 76">Wood, Nigel. (1999). Chinese Glazes: Their Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-3476-6}}, pp. 75–76.</ref>

All the wares mentioned above were mostly in, or aiming to be in, some shade of green. Other wares which can be classified as celadons, were more often in shades of pale blue, very highly valued by the Chinese, or various browns and off-whites. These were often the most highly regarded at the time and by later Chinese connoisseurs, and sometimes made more or less exclusively for the court. These include [[Ru ware]], [[Guan ware]] and [[Ge ware]],<ref>Gompertz, Ch. 4 and 5</ref> as well as earlier types such as the "secret color" (''mi se'') wares,<ref>Gompertz, Ch. 3</ref> finally identified when the crypt at the [[Famen Temple]] was opened.

Large quantities of Longquan celadon were exported throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East in the 13th–15th century. Large celadon dishes were especially welcomed in Islamic nations.  Since about 1420 the Counts of [[Katzenelnbogen]] have owned the oldest European import of celadon, reaching Europe indirectly via the Islamic world.  This is a cup mounted in metal in Europe, and exhibited in Kassel in the Landesmuseum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com/ |title=Katzenelnbogener Weltrekorde: Erster RIESLING und erste BRATWURST! |website=Graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>  After the development of [[blue and white porcelain]] in [[Jingdezhen ware]] in the early 14th century, celadon gradually went out of fashion in both Chinese and export markets, and after about 1500 both the quality and quantity of production was much reduced, though there were some antiquarian revivals of celadon glazes on Jingdezhen porcelain in later centuries.<ref>Gompertz, Ch. 7 & 8</ref>

Decoration in Chinese celadons is normally only by shaping the body or creating shallow designs on the flat surface which allow the glaze to pool in depressions, giving a much deeper color to accentuate the design. In both methods carving, moulding and a range of other techniques may be used. There is very rarely any contrast with a completely different color, except where parts of a piece are sometimes left as unglazed [[biscuit (pottery)|biscuit]] in Longquan celadon.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Yue ware with motif 3rd century Western Jin Zhejiang.jpg|[[Yue ware]] bowl, 3rd century CE, [[Western Jin]], [[Zhejiang]].
File:Pot tripode Musée Guimet 2418.jpg|[[Yaozhou ware]] (Northern Celadon), with carved and engraved decoration, 10th century.
File:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 231103.jpg|Yaozhou ware, Shaanxi province, Song dynasty, 10th–11th century
File:Percival David Collection DSCF3122 17.jpg|Centre areas left unglazed in 'biscuit state', 14th century.
File:北宋汝窯青瓷蓮花式溫碗.tif|Warming Bowl in the Shape of a Flower with Light Bluish-green Glaze, [[Ru ware]]
File:Bowl with foliate rim, Guan ware, China, Southern Song dynasty, 1100s-1200s AD, ceramic, celadon glaze - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08368.jpg|[[Guan ware]], Southern Song dynasty, 1100s–1200s AD
File:Spotted Celadon KONOIKE.JPG|Flower vase with Iron Brown Spots (飛青磁花生), Longquan kiln, Yuan dynasty, 13–14th century (National Treasure)
File:Ceramic planter from the Ming Dynasty.jpg|Longquan celadon from Zhejiang, [[Ming dynasty]], 14–15th century
File:Ewer. Lidded tripod with handles, used for heating certain alcoholic drinks. Stoneware with pale green (celadon) glaze. Six Dynasties, 500-580 CE. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|Ewer, lidded tripod with handles, used for heating certain alcoholic drinks. Stoneware with pale green (celadon) glaze. [[Six Dynasties]], 500-580 CE. [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London
</gallery>

=== Japanese celadons ===
[[File:Japanese_Kyoyaki_Celadon_1800s.jpg|thumb|[[Kyō ware]] vase, 19th century]]
The Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters for greenware is {{nihongo|''seiji''|青磁|}}. It was introduced during the Song dynasty (960–1270) from China and via Korea. Even though Japan has arguably the most diverse styles of ceramic art in the modern era, greenware was mostly avoided by potters because of the high loss rate of up to 80%.<ref name="e-yakimono1">{{cite web|url=http://www.e-yakimono.net/guide/html/celadon.html |title=CELADON Menu – EY Net Japanese Pottery Primer |website=E-yakimono.net |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> [[Kaolinite]], the [[ceramic]] material usually used for the production of porcelain, also does not exist in large quantities like in China. One of the sources for kaolin in Japan is from [[Amakusa]] in Kyushu. Nevertheless, a number of artists emerged whose works received critical acclaim in regards to the quality and color of the glazes achieved, as well as later on in the innovation of modern design.

Three pieces originally from China have been registered by the government as [[National Treasure (Japan)|national treasures]]. They are two flower vases from the Longquan kiln dating to the southern Song dynasty in the 13th century, and a flower vase with iron brown spots also from Longquan kiln dating to the Yuan dynasty in the 13–14th century.

Production in the style of Longquan was centered around [[Arita, Saga]] and in the [[Saga Domain]] under the lords of the [[Nabeshima clan]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://exhibition.ceramics.ntpc.gov.tw/celadon/en/b_products_02-3.html |title=Ambient Green Flow _ 青韻流動 |website=Exhibition.ceramics.ntpc.gov.tw |access-date=2017-03-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707123526/http://exhibition.ceramics.ntpc.gov.tw/celadon/en/b_products_02-3.html |archive-date=2015-07-07 }}</ref>
Greenware is also closed entwined with {{nihongo|''[[hakuji]]''|白磁|}} white porcelain. The glaze with a mixed subtle color gradations of icy, bluish white is called ''seihakuji'' (青白磁) porcelain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-yakimono.net/guide/html/porcelain.html |title=PORCELAIN Menu – EY Net Japanese Pottery Primer |website=E-yakimono.net |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> In Chinese this type of glaze is known as [[Qingbai ware]].<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web|url=http://museum.cornell.edu/collections/asian-pacific/japan/pure-pure-seihakuji-bowl |title="Pure-pure" Seihakuji bowl &#124; Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art |website=Museum.cornell.edu |access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref> Qingbai's history goes back to the Song dynasty. It is biscuit-fired and painted with a glaze containing small amounts of iron. This turns a bluish color when fired again. Japanese artists and clients tend to favor the ''seihakuji'' bluish white glaze over the completely green glaze.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Pieces that are produced are normally tea or rice bowls, ''[[sake]]'' cups, vases, and plates, and ''mizusashi'' water jars for tea ceremony, censers and boxes. Some post-modern ceramic artists have however expanded into the area of sculpture and abstract art as well.

Artists from the early Showa era are Itaya Hazan (1872–1963), Tomimoto Kenkichi (1886–1963), Kato Hajme (1900–1968), {{nihongo|Tsukamoto Kaiji|塚本快示}} (1912–1990), and Okabe Mineo (1919–1990), who specialized in [[Guan ware]] with its crackled glaze. Tsukamoto Kaiji was nominated a [[List of Living National Treasures of Japan (crafts)|Living National Treasure]] in 1983 for his works in ''seihakuji''. Artists from the mid- to late Showa era were Shimizu Uichi (1926–?), who also specialized in crackled glaze, Suzuki Osamu (1926–2001), Miura Koheiji (1933–?),<ref name="e-yakimono1"/> Suzuki Sansei (b. 1936), [[Fukami Sueharu]] (b. 1947), and Takenaka Ko (b. 1941). During the Heisei era artists are Masamichi Yoshikawa (b. 1946),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirviss.com/artists/yoshikawa-masamichi |title=Yoshikawa Masamichi – Artists – Joan B Mirviss LTD &#124; Japanese Fine Art |website=Mirviss.com |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Kawase Shinobu (b. 1950),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-yakimono.net/html/kawase-shinobu.html |title=Kawase Shinobu, Japanese Celadon Artist |website=E-yakimono.net |date=2000-04-19 |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Minegishi Seiko (b. 1952),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-yakimono.net/html/s-minegishi.html |title=Minegishi Seiko, Celadon Artist from Japan |website=E-yakimono.net |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Kubota Atsuko (b. 1953), Yagi Akira (b. 1955) and {{nihongo|Kato Tsubusa|加藤委}} (b. 1962).

Artists such as Fukami Sueharu, Masamichi Yoshikawa, and Kato Tsubusa also produce abstract pieces, and their works are part of a number of national and international museum collections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!/search?artist=Fukami%20Sueharu$Fukami%20Sueharu |title=Collection &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |website=Metmuseum.org |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Kato Tsubusa works with kaolin from New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-yakimono.net/html/kato-tsubusa.html |title=Kato Tsubusa – White Porcelain Artist |website=E-yakimono.net |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>

=== Korean celadons ===
{{main|Goryeo ware}}
[[File:Korea - Seoul - National Museum - Incense Burner 0252-06a.jpg|thumb|[[Censer]] with kingfisher glaze, [[Goryeo dynasty]] (National Treasure No. 95)]]
[[File:Korea-Ganggin_Goryeo_Celadon_Kiln_Sanggam_4801%262-06a.jpg|thumb|''Sanggam'' engraving inlaid design of a crane (left), scraping off excess clay slip, used to fill in the engraving (right)]]

Korean celadon has its own tradition of greenware production, dating back to the Three Kingdoms period. Korea has a tradition of making jewels and crowns with jade in [[gogok]] shapes as a symbol of creativity, universe, divinity, and leadership. Chinese greenwares inspired local potters as well.  Exceptional high-quality celadons were produced in Korea during the [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]] dynasties.<ref name="google1">{{Cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AzVsGaRQmvMIJ%3Anewjournal.kcsnet.or.kr%2Fmain%2Fj_search%2Fj_download.htm%3Fcode%3DB021110+inlaid+celadon+was+invented+in+Korea&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShBUBUWD0Km75q2gckukaYxMo9ikOk0Vvk2UBxSA9v-hoVD_gsNgmTOCLwfiiS0CPJ0f2yKkEj0plOYuLonmRnIwF2FhHHrgkoLGTCWcEMb4zt_A-srslc-2Vyw1mQILmmoDtbB&sig=AHIEtbSqCQyjutgrgBWIo0TmOsr-wZwLgQ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234323/http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AzVsGaRQmvMIJ%3Anewjournal.kcsnet.or.kr%2Fmain%2Fj_search%2Fj_download.htm%3Fcode%3DB021110+inlaid+celadon+was+invented+in+Korea&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShBUBUWD0Km75q2gckukaYxMo9ikOk0Vvk2UBxSA9v-hoVD_gsNgmTOCLwfiiS0CPJ0f2yKkEj0plOYuLonmRnIwF2FhHHrgkoLGTCWcEMb4zt_A-srslc-2Vyw1mQILmmoDtbB&sig=AHIEtbSqCQyjutgrgBWIo0TmOsr-wZwLgQ |archive-date=2016-04-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An inlaid greenware technique known as ''sanggam'', where potters would engrave semi-dried pottery with designs and place black or white clay materials within the engraving, was invented in Korea during this time.<ref name="google1"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=The Rotarian |page=15 |date= December 1988|access-date=2017-03-17|last1=International |first1=Rotary }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mabcHwmAD5oC&pg=PA719 |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical … |author1=Rose Kerr |author2=Joseph Needham |author3=Nigel Wood |page=719 |date=2004-10-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2017-03-17|isbn=9780521838337 }}</ref>

Korean greenware, also known as "[[Goryeo ware|Goryeo celadon]]" is usually a pale green-blue in color. The glaze was developed and refined during the 10th and 11th centuries during the Goryeo period, from which it derives its name. Korean greenware reached its zenith between the 12th and early 13th centuries, however, the [[Mongol invasions of Korea]] in the 13th century and persecution by the Joseon dynasty government destroyed the craft.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

The [[Gangjin Kiln Sites]] produced a large number of Goryeo wares and were a complex of 188 kilns. The kiln sites are located in [[Gangjin County]], [[South Jeolla Province]] near the sea. Mountains in the north provided the necessary raw materials such as firewood, [[kaolin]] and [[silicon dioxide]] for the master potters while a well established system of distribution transported pottery throughout Korea and facilitated export to China and Japan. The sites are tentatively listed as a [[World Heritage]] by the South Korean government.  Celadon was used as a "spirit vessel" or Chy- Tang to summon spirits to bring positivity, in many Korean temples from the 14th century.

Traditional Korean greenware has distinctive decorative elements. The most distinctive are decorated by overlaying glaze on contrasting clay bodies. With inlaid designs, known as ''sanggam'' in Korean, small pieces of colored clay are inlaid in the base clay. Carved or [[slip (ceramics)|slip]]-carved designs require layers of a different colored clay adhered to the base clay of the piece. The layers are then carved away to reveal the varying colors.

A number of items dating from the Goryeo dynasty have been registered by the government as a [[National Treasure (South Korea)|National Treasure of South Korea]], such as a Dragon kettle from the 12th century (National Treasure No. 61), a ''[[maebyeong]]'' vase with ''sanggam'' engraved cranes (National Treasure No. 68), an elaborate [[censer]] with kingfisher glaze (National Treasure No. 95), and a pitcher in the shape of a [[Dragon Turtle]] (National Treasure No. 96).

Beginning in the early 20th century, potters, using modern materials and tools, attempted to recreate the techniques of ancient Korean Goyeo celadons. Playing a leading role in its revival was [[Yu Geun-Hyeong]] ({{Korean|hangul=유근형|hanja=柳根瀅|labels=no}}), a [[Living National Treasure (South Korea)|Living National Treasure]] whose work was documented in the 1979 short film, [[Koryo Celadon]]. Another notable potter and Living National Treasure was [[Ji Suntaku]] (1912–1993). Today, hundreds of potters showcase their work at the Icheon Ceramics Village, which features contemporary work from Sugwang-ri, Sindun-myeon, and Saeum-dong, [[Icheon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264363 |title=Icheon Ceramics Village (이천도예마을) |website=[[VisitKorea.or.kr]] |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>

In the late 20th century ceramists like [[Shin Sang-ho]] and [[Kim Se-yong (ceramist)|Kim Se-yong]] created their own styles based upon traditional Goryeo ware. Kim came to prominence for his [[Openwork|double-openwork]] his highly detailed which sometimes featured more than 1500 individually formed chrysanthemum flowers.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Seong |first=Chang-hee |title=Sechang master Kim Se-yong, life and soul captured in celadon for 50 years... Ceramic art blooms [명장을 찾아서] 세창 김세용 명장, 50년 청자에 담은 삶과 혼…도자예술 꽃 피우다:동아경제 |url=http://www.daenews.co.kr/9528 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.daenews.co.kr}}</ref>

The [[National Museum of Korea]] in Seoul houses important celadon works and national treasures. The [[Haegang Ceramics Museum]] and the [[Goryeo Celadon Museum]] are two regional museums that focus on Korean greenware.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:청자 어룡 모양 주전자.jpg|Dragon turtle kettle, Goryeo dynasty, 12th century (National Treasure No. 61)
File:Goryeo Celadon.jpg|''Maebyeong'' vase with ''sanggam'' engraved cranes, hand carved 12th century Goryeo dynasty, (National Treasure No. 68)
File:Celadon Bowl with Inlaid Flower and Insect Design.jpg| Goryeo dynasty bowl with sanggam inlay
File:Celadon Incense Burner with Girin Decoration.jpg|Goryeo celadon incense burner with Girin mystic sacred animal lid on it
File:청자 참외 모양 병.jpg|Goryeo celadon of Korean Chamoe (yellow water melon) shaped motif, 12th century
File:Celadon Cup and Saucer with Inlaid Chrysanthemum Design.jpg|tea cup with flower inlays, Goryeo dynasty
File:Buan Celadon Museum 13-04867.JPG|horibyeong, Korea celadon of Goryeo period
File:Celadon Lotus-shaped Water Dropper.jpg|creative design of baby bamboo, virtue for scholars, water dropper for calligraphy, Seoye
File:Goryeo celadon ewer.jpg|Goryeo celadon ewer or tea pot inside a cup
File:백자 상감모란문 매병.jpg|a step to the white porcelain, Goryeo celadon
File:청자 거북이 모양 주자.jpg|Pitcher in the shape of a [[Dragon Turtle]], Goryeo dynasty, (National Treasure No. 96)
File:청자 양각연화당초 상감모란문 은테 발.jpg|inlay carved tea cup with silver lining, Goryeo celadon
File:청자 양각갈대기러기문 정병.jpg|Celadon Buddhist [[aspergillum|ritual sprinkler]] with [[phragmites]] and wild [[goose]] design in relief
File:Celadon Square Incense Burner with Ogre Mask Design in Relief.jpg|incense burner, Goryeo Celadon
File:Celadon Incense Burner with Ogre Mask Design in Relief.jpg|incense burner of Goryeo, celadon
File:Buan Celadon Museum 13-04863.JPG|pillow, celadon example of Goryeo period single-wall [[openwork]]
File:Celadon Dish with Inlaid Grape and Scroll Design.jpg|celadon hand-carved inlaid and colored red, decorated with grapes
File:Goryeo dynasty box with crane & cloud design, Honolulu Museum of Art 3600.1.JPG|Goryeo incense keeping case hand carved and inlaid with white and black, white cranes decorated
File:Korea-Goryeo Dynasty-Wine ewer in the shape of a seated immortal-01.jpg|Korea Goryeo dynasty object of a seated immortal
File:Korea, Goryeo period - Melon-shaped Ewer with Incised Peony Design - 1921.618 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Korean water melon Chamowe shape tea pot or ewer became popular
File:Buan Celadon Museum 13-04875.JPG|Celadon [[openwork]] chairs, objects for calligraphy ceremony Seoye
File:Korea, Goryeo period - Bowl with Incised Parrot Design - 1924.136 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|lighter glazed tea cup Goryeo celadon, incised parrot
File:Dinastia goryeo, bottiglia con decoro a canne di bambù, ceramica celadon, xiii secolo.jpg
File:Korea, Goryeo period - Vase - 1917.1049 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|celadon vase, Goryeo period
File:Covered box containing oil bottle and four small covered boxes, Honolulu Museum of Art, 4939.1-6.JPG|aromatic oil container with four other incense boxed
File:Bowl with molded and carved design of lotus, Korea, Gangjin kilns, Goryeo period, 1100-1250 AD, stoneware, celadon, glaze - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC04936.jpg|molded and carved lotus, Gangjin kilns, 1100–1250 celadon
File:Korea, Goryeo period - Dish with Inlaid Chrysanthemum Design - 1924.135 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|[[face washing]] plate called sesoodaeya, Goryeo celadon
File:청자 유개항아리.jpg|Lidded Jar, Joseon dynasty (National Treasure No. 1071)
File:Goryeo celadon 12C Korean incense burner with a duck lid and lotus.jpg|Goryeo celadon incense burner with duck lid on, 12th century, duck symbolizes a sacred guide to the sky on the way across a hwangcheon river after death
</gallery>

==Southeast Asia==
===Thai celadon===
{{main|Sangkhalok ceramic ware}}
[[Thai ceramics]] has its own tradition of greenware production. Medieval Thai wares were initially influenced by Chinese greenware, but went on to develop its own unique style and technique. One of the most famous kilns during the [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] were at S(r)i Satchanalai, around [[Si Satchanalai District]] and [[Sawankhalok District]], [[Sukhothai Province]], north-central Thailand. Production started in the 13th century CE and continued until the 16th century. The art reached its apex in the 14th century.<ref>Roxanna M. Brown: ''The Sukhothai and Sawankhalok Kilns''. In: Dies.: ''The Ceramics of South-East Asia: Their Dating and Identification''. 2nd edition. Art Media Resources, Chicago, 2000, {{ISBN|1-878529-70-6}}, S.&nbsp;56–80.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Bowl with Incised Peony Designs LACMA AC1997.252.1.jpg|Bowl with incised peony designs, Sri Satchanalai, 15th century
File:Bottle with Two Shoulder Lugs LACMA M.84.213.59.jpg|Bottle with two shoulder lugs, Sawankhalok, 15th century
</gallery>

===Vietnamese celadon===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Teapot, crackled white glaze ceramic - Lý dynasty, 11th-12th century AD - Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC05394.JPG|Teapot, [[Lý dynasty]] period, 11th–12th century
File:MET 1996 476 O1.jpg|Tea cup, Lý dynasty period, 11th–12th century
File:Vietnam 14th C - Celadon jar Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg|Green celadon jar, [[Trần dynasty]] period, 14th century
</gallery>

==Others==
[[File:Golakowska 001.jpg|thumb|Ceramic ware covered with celadon glaze, by Wanda Golakowska, Poland, 2nd half of 20th century]]

Outside of East Asia, a number of artists also worked with greenware to varying degrees of success in regard to purity and quality. These include [[Thomas Bezanson]] of [[Weston Priory]] in the US and [[Wanda Golakowska]] (1901–1975) of Poland, whose works are part of the collection of the [[National Museum, Warsaw]] and [[National Museum, Kraków]].
{{Clear|right}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references ==
* Gompertz, G. St. G. M., ''Chinese Celadon Wares'', 1980 (2nd ed.), Faber & Faber, {{ISBN|0571180035}}.

==Further reading==
* Yong-i Yun; Regina Krahl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DCuAD6cofjYC ''Korean Art from the Gompertz and Other Collections in the Fitzwilliam Museum''].
* Valenstein, Suzanne G. (1975): [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/A_Handbook_of_Chinese_Ceramics ''A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics'']. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Celadon}}
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/945/ Korean Celadon Pottery]—[[World History Encyclopedia]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100220235248/http://portlandartmuseum.org/collections/presentations/Eternal-Celadon-Ceramics-and-Jades-from-East-Asia Eternal Celadon: Ceramics and Jades from East Asia]

{{Chinese ceramics}}
{{Japanese ceramics}}
{{Korean ceramics}}

[[Category:Ceramic glazes]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Chinese pottery]]
[[Category:Japanese pottery]]
[[Category:Korean pottery]]
[[Category:Porcelain]]
[[Category:Shades of green]]
[[Category:Stoneware]]
[[Category:Thai pottery]]
[[Category:Types of pottery decoration]]