View source for Banjo

{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Banjo
| names                 =
| image                 = Bluegrass banjo.png
| image_capt            = A five-string banjo
| background            = string
| hornbostel_sachs      = [[List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.312|321.312]] (resonator) or [[List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.314|321.314]] (open-backed)
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Composite [[chordophone]] with a neck that passes diametrically through the resonator, sounded by plectrum, finger picks, or the [[Pizzicato|bare fingers]]
| developed             = 18th century, United States
| range                 =
| related               =
| articles              =
| sound sample          = {{Listen|filename=Don'tLetYourDealGoDown2.ogg|title=Don't let your deal go down|description=[[Flatt and Scruggs]] song that opens with Bluegrass banjo, using the modern banjo-picking style with fingerpicks known as [[Scruggs style]].}}

{{Listen|filename=Tom Turpin - Vess L. Ossman - The Buffalo Rag.ogg|title=The Buffalo Rag|description=[[Tom Turpin]]'s 1904 composition ''The Buffalo Rag'', in a 1906 performance by [[Vess Ossman]]. Although this is a ragtime piece, Ossman played with classic banjo style. He fingerpicked gut strings using a technique similar to classical guitarists.}}
}}

The '''banjo''' is a stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity to form a resonator. The membrane is typically circular, and in modern forms is usually made of plastic, where early membranes were made of animal skin. 

Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by [[African Americans]] and had African antecedents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibma.org/about.bluegrass/history/index.asp |title=Bluegrass Music: The Roots |publisher=[[International Bluegrass Music Association|IBMA]] |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822015618/http://www.ibma.org/about.bluegrass/history/index.asp |archive-date=22 August 2006<!-- disappears after 30 April 2011-->}}</ref><ref name=grove>{{cite web|last1=Odell|first1=Jay Scott|title=Banjo |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2256043|website=Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online.|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=23 February 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> In the 19th century, interest in the instrument was spread across the United States and United Kingdom by traveling shows of the 19th-century [[minstrel show]] fad, followed by mass production and mail-order sales, including instructional books. The inexpensive or home-made banjo remained part of rural folk culture, but 5-string and 4-string banjos also became popular for home [[parlor music]] entertainment, college music clubs, and early 20th century [[jazz]] bands. By the early 20th century, the banjo was most frequently associated with [[folk music|folk]], [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]] and [[country music]], but was also used in some [[rock music|rock]], [[pop music|pop]] and even [[hip-hop music|hip-hop]] music.<ref>[https://www.yesweekly.com/news/greensboro-rapper-brings-banjo-to-hip-hop/article_b1d96a6d-88fd-5a54-88da-1d0c12a51b54.html "Greensboro rapper brings banjo to hip-hop"] Adamian, John, Jan 23, 2019. Yes! Weekly. Retrieved Apr 9, 2023</ref> Among [[Rock n Roll|rock]] bands, [[Eagles (band)|the Eagles]], [[Led Zeppelin]], and [[Grateful Dead|the Grateful Dead]] have used the five-string banjo in some of their songs. Some famous pickers of the banjo are [[Ralph Stanley]] and [[Earl Scruggs]].

Historically, the banjo occupied a central place in [[Black American music|Black American traditional music]] and rural folk culture before entering the mainstream via the [[minstrel show]]s of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Banjo Roots and Branches|last1=Winans|first1=Bob|last2=Gibson|first2=George|publisher=University of Illinois|year=2018|location=Urbana|pages=226, 231, 242–246|chapter=Black Banjo, Fiddle and Dance in Kentucky and the Amalgamation of Black American Folk Music}}</ref><ref>Winship, David.[http://www.birthplaceofcountrymusic.org/index.cgi?CONTEXT=cat&cat=10043 "The Black American Music Tradition in Country Music] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204113038/http://www.birthplaceofcountrymusic.org/index.cgi?CONTEXT=cat&cat=10043 |date=February 4, 2007 }}." BCMA, Birthplace of Country Music Alliance. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Cecelia|last=Conway|year=2005|title=African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia |page=424|publisher=The University of Tennessee Press}}</ref><ref>
[http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/whatisoldtime/old-time-music-definition.htm "Old-time (oldtimey) Music What is it?]." TML, A Traditional Music Library. Retrieved 02-08-2007.</ref> Along with the [[fiddle]], the banjo is a mainstay of American styles of music, such as bluegrass and [[old-time music]]. It is also very frequently used in [[Dixieland jazz]], as well as in [[List of Caribbean music genres|Caribbean genres]] like [[biguine]], [[Calypso music|calypso]], [[mento]] and [[twoubadou|troubadour]].

==History==
{{See also|American Banjo Museum}}
{{hatnote|Note: This article uses [[Helmholtz pitch notation]] to define banjo tunings.}}

===Early origins===
[[File:SlaveDanceand Music.jpg|thumb|''[[The Old Plantation]]'', {{circa|1785–1795}}, the earliest known American painting to picture a banjo-like instrument, which shows a four-string instrument with its 4th (thumb) string shorter than the others; thought to depict a plantation in [[Beaufort County, South Carolina]]]]
[[File:Surinamese Creole, c 1770-1777.png|thumb|The oldest extant banjo, {{circa|1770–1777}}, from the [[Suriname]]se [[Creole peoples|Creole]] culture.]]

The modern banjo derives from instruments that have been recorded to be in use in [[North America]] and the Caribbean since the 17th&nbsp;century by enslaved people taken from West and Central Africa, such as the [[Kora (instrument)|kora]]. Their African-style instruments were crafted from split [[gourd]]s with animal skins stretched across them. Strings, from gut or vegetable fibers, were attached to a wooden neck.<ref name=banjojstor>{{cite journal |last=Epstein |first=Dena J. |title=The folk banjo: A documentary history |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=347–371 |jstor=850790 | date = September 1975|doi=10.2307/850790 }}</ref> Written references to the banjo in North America and the [[Caribbean]] appear in the 17th and 18th&nbsp;centuries.<ref name=banjojstor/>

The earliest written indication of an instrument akin to the banjo is in the 17th&nbsp;century: Richard Jobson (1621) in describing [[The Gambia]], wrote about an instrument which some consider to be similar to the banjo.

<blockquote>They have little varietie of instruments, that which is most common in use, is made of a great gourd, and a necke thereunto fastned, resembling, in some sort, our Bandora; but they have no manner of fret, and the strings they are either such as the place yeeldes or their invention can attaine to make, being very unapt to yeeld a sweete and musicall sound, notwithstanding with pinnes they winde and bring to agree in tunable notes, having not above sixe strings upon their greatest instrument.<ref name=banjojstor/></blockquote>

The term ''banjo'' has several etymological origins. One theory links it to the [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] language which gives the name of [[Banjul]], capital of The Gambia. Another claim is a connection to the West African ''[[akonting]]'': it is made with a long bamboo neck called a ''bangoe''. The material for the neck, called ''ban julo'' in the Mandinka language, again gives ''banjul''. In this interpretation, ''banjul'' became a sort of eponym for the akonting as it crossed the Atlantic. The instrument's name might also derive from the [[Kimbundu]] word ''mbanza'',<ref>{{cite web |title=How did banjos get their name? |website=The Banjo Guru |url=http://www.thebanjoguru.com/music/276-how-did-banjos-get-their-name/ |access-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071335/http://www.thebanjoguru.com/music/276-how-did-banjos-get-their-name/ |archive-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> which is a loan word to the Portuguese language resulting in the term ''banza'',<ref name=banjojstor/> which was used by early French travelers in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Confidence and Admiration: The Enduring Ringing of the Banjo |first=Robert Lloyd |last=Webb |url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/pdfs/Banjo_on_Record.pdf|title=Banjo on Record: A Bio-Discography|editor=Heier, Uli |editor2=Lotz, Rainer E.|page=8|year=1993|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780313284922|series=UCSB Historical Discography Series|accessdate=13 February 2024}}</ref> Its earliest recorded use was in 1678<ref name=banjojstor/> by the Sovereign Council of Martinique which reinstated a 1654 decree that placed prohibitions and restrictions on "dances and assemblies of negroes" deemed to be ''[[calinda|kalenda]]'', which was defined as the gathering of enslaved Africans who danced to the sound of a drum and an instrument called the banza.<ref name=banjojstor/><ref name=Dessalles_Vonglis>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhczAQAAMAAJ |title=Les annales du conseil souverain de la Martinique |volume=2. Introduction, sources, bibliographies et notes |author=Dessalles, Pierre-François-Régis |editor=Vonglis, Bernard |page=260 |year=1786 |publisher=L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-7384-2366-5 |accessdate=13 February 2024}}</ref>

The [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] claims that the term ''banjo'' comes from a [[dialect]]al pronunciation of Portuguese ''bandore'' or from an early anglicisation of Spanish ''[[bandurria]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Banjo |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/15231?redirectedFrom=banjo& |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> Contrary evidence shows that the terms ''bandore'' and ''bandurria'' were used when Europeans encountered the instrument or its kin varieties in use by people of African descent, who used  names for the instrument such as ''banza'',<ref name=banjojstor/> as it was called in places such as [[Haiti]], varieties that were built around a [[gourd]] body with a wooden plank for the neck. [[François Richard de Tussac]], a former planter from [[Saint-Domingue]], details its construction in the book ''Le Cri des Colons'', published in 1810, stating:<ref name="RichardTussac">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgoUAAAAIAAJ|title=Le Cri des Colons|author=Richard Tussac, François|page=292|year=1810|publisher=Delaunay, libraire|accessdate=13 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="HaitianBanza">{{cite web |url=https://sites.duke.edu/banjology/the-banjo-in-haiti/the-haitian-banza/ |title=The Haitian Banza |date=13 February 2013 |editor=Press |publisher=Duke University |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>

<blockquote>As for the guitars, which the negroes call ''banzas'', this is what they consist of: they cut lengthwise, through the middle, a fresh [[calabash]] [the fruit of a tree called the [[Crescentia cujete|callebassier]]]. This fruit is sometimes eight inches or more in diameter. The stretch across it the skin of a goat, which they attach on the edges with little nails; they put two or three little holes on this surface, and then a kind of plank or piece of wood that is rudely flattened makes the neck of the instrument; they stretch three strings made of pitre [a kind of string taken from the [[agave]] plant, commonly known as pitre] across it; and so the instrument is built. On this instrument they play [[Air (music)|air]]s composed of three or four notes, which they repeat constantly.<ref name="RichardTussac"/><ref name="HaitianBanza"/></blockquote>

[[Michel Étienne Descourtilz]], a naturalist who visited Haiti in the early 1800s, described it as ''banzas'', a Negro instrument, that the natives prepare by sawing one of the calabashes or a large gourd lengthwise, to which they attach a neck and sonorous strings made from the filament" of aloe plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Haitian Banza |url=https://sites.duke.edu/banjology/the-banjo-in-haiti/the-haitian-banza/ |website=Banjology |access-date=14 February 2024 |date=13 February 2013}}</ref> It was played during any occasion, from boredom to joyous parties and [[Calinda|calendas]] to funeral ceremonies. It was the custom to also combine this sound with the more noisy ''[[bamboula]]'', a type of drum made from a stick of bamboo covered on both sides with a skin that was played with fingers and knuckles while sitting astride.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/florepittoresque05desc/page/n7/mode/2up|title=Flore Pittoresque Et Médicale Des Antilles|author=Descourtilz, Michel-Etienne|page=85-86|year=1821–1829|volume=5|publisher=Paris Pichard|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="HaitianBanza"/>

Various instruments in Africa, chief among them the [[Kora (instrument)|''kora'']], feature a skin [[drumhead]] and [[gourd]] (or similar shell) body.<ref name=Pestcoe-Adams-2010>{{cite web |author1=Pestcoe, Shlomoe |author2=Adams, Greg C. |year=2010 |title=Banjo roots research: Exploring the banjo's African American origins & west African heritage |type=blog |website=Myspace.com |url=http://www.myspace.com/banjoroots/blog |url-status=dead |access-date=19 April 2021 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121229072104/http://www.myspace.com/banjoroots/blog |archive-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> These instruments differ from early African-American banjos in that the necks do not possess a Western-style fingerboard and tuning pegs; instead they have stick necks, with strings attached to the neck with loops for tuning.<ref name=Pestcoe-Adams-2010/>

Another likely relative of the banjo is the aforementioned ''akonting'', a spike folk lute which is constructed using a gourd body, a long wooden neck, and three strings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baileyandbanjo.com/what-is-an-akonting/ |title=What is an Akonting? |date=16 May 2023 }}</ref> played by the [[Jola people|Jola tribe]] of [[Senegambia]], and the ''ubaw-akwala'' of the [[Ibo people|Igbo]].<ref name=Chambers-2009>{{cite book |first=Douglas B. |last=Chambers |year=2009 |title=Murder at Montpelier: Ibo Africans in Virginia |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |page=180 |isbn=978-1-60473-246-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqpoxEl_0_4C&pg=PA180}}</ref> Similar instruments include the ''[[xalam]]'' of [[Senegal]]<ref name=FischerKelly2000>{{cite book |author1=Fischer, David Hackett |author2=Kelly, James C. |collaboration=Virginia Historical Society |year=2000 |title=Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-1774-0 |pages=66ff  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFa7KVPWmKwC&pg=PA66}}</ref> and the ''[[Ngoni (instrument)|ngoni]]'' of the [[Wassoulou]] region that includes parts of [[Mali]], [[Guinea]], and [[Ivory Coast]], as well as a larger variation of the ''ngoni'',  known as the ''gimbri'', developed in [[Morocco]] by sub-Saharan Africans ([[Gnawa]] or [[Haratin#Morocco|Haratin]]).

Banjo-like instruments seem to have been independently invented in several different places, in addition to the many African instruments mentioned above, since instruments similar to the banjo are known from a diverse array of distant countries. For example, the Chinese ''[[sanxian]]'', the Japanese ''[[shamisen]]'', the Persian ''[[Tar (lute)|tar]]'', and the Moroccan ''[[sintir]]''.<ref name=Chambers-2009/>

Banjos with fingerboards and tuning pegs are known from the Caribbean as early as the 17th&nbsp;century.<ref name=Pestcoe-Adams-2010/> Some 18th- and early 19th-century writers transcribed the name of these instruments variously as ''bangie'', ''banza'', ''bonjaw'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Cynric R. |year=1827 |title=Hamel, the Obeah Man |edition=1st |publisher=Hunt and Clarke |place=London, UK |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/stream/hamelobeahman00hamegoog#page/n26/mode/2up |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> ''banjer''<ref>{{cite news |title=Entertainment at the [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum]] featuring stage character, 'The Negro and his Banjer' |newspaper=[[The Times]] |place=London, UK |date=5 October 1790 |page=1}}</ref> and ''banjar''.

The instrument became increasingly available commercially from around the second quarter of the 19th century due to [[minstrel show]] performances.<ref name=grove/>

===Minstrel era, 1830s–1870s===
[[File:Medley of minstrel songs by Ruby Brooks 1897-1899.ogg|thumb|right|Medley of minstrel songs played on the banjo by [[Ruby Brooks]]. The playing style is [[clawhammer]] or frailing.]]

In the [[antebellum South]], many enslaved Africans played the banjo, spreading it to the rest of the population.<ref name="banjojstor"/> In his memoir ''With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon'', the Confederate veteran and surgeon [[John Allan Wyeth]] recalls learning to play the banjo as a child from an enslaved person on his family plantation.<ref name="banjojstor"/> Another man who learned to play from African-Americans, probably in the 1820s, was [[Joel Walker Sweeney]], a [[minstrel show|minstrel]] performer from [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox Court House]], [[Virginia]].<ref name=Voloshin>Metro Voloshin, ''The Banjo, from Its Roots to the Ragtime Era: An Essay and Bibliography'' Music Reference Services Quarterly, Vol. 6(3) 1998.</ref><ref name=2009Banjo>{{cite web |url=http://www.banjomuseum.org/banjohistory.htm |title= Banjo History |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= banjomuseum.org |publisher= American Banjo Museum |access-date= 10 February 2020|quote= [Taken from a May 15, 2009 archived version of the American Banjo Museums website.]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090515200646/http://www.banjomuseum.org/banjohistory.htm |archive-date= 15 May 2009 }}</ref> Sweeney has been credited with adding a string to the four-string African-American banjo, and popularizing the five-string banjo.<ref name=Voloshin/><ref name=2009Banjo/> Although [[Robert McAlpin Williamson]] is the first documented white banjoist,<ref>Gibson, George R. and Robert B. Winans. "Black Banjo Fiddle and Dance in Kentucky and the Amalgamation of African American and Anglo-American Folk Music." In ''Banjo Roots and Branches'', 224. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018.</ref> in the 1830s Sweeney became the first white performer to play the banjo on stage.<ref name=Voloshin /> Sweeney's musical performances occurred at the beginning of the minstrel era, as banjos shifted away from being exclusively homemade folk instruments to instruments of a more modern style.<ref name=AmerRhytm>{{cite magazine |last= Tutwiler |first= Edward |date=18 November 2016 |title= About That Banjo |url= http://www.americanamusicmagazine.com/featured-articles/about-that-banjo/ |magazine= Americana Rhythm Music Magazine |access-date= 9 February 2020 }}</ref> Sweeney participated in this transition by encouraging drum maker William Boucher of [[Baltimore]] to make banjos commercially for him to sell.<ref name=2009Banjo/>

[[Image:Dandy Jim from Caroline.jpg|alt=Drawing of man in blackface playing the banjo with exaggerated movements and a wide-eyed expression; a smaller, similar figure is in each corner.|thumb|right|200px|Sheet music cover for "Dandy Jim from Caroline", featuring [[Dan Emmett]] (center) and the other [[Virginia Minstrels]], c. 1844]]

In 1949, Arthur Woodward credited Sweeney with replacing the gourd with a wooden sound box covered in skin, and adding a short fifth string around 1831.<ref name=Bluestein>{{cite journal |last1= Bluestein|first1= Gene|date=October 1964 |title= America's Folk Instrument: Notes on the Five-String Banjo |journal= Western Folklore |volume= 23 |issue=4 |pages=243–244, 247 |doi= 10.2307/1520666 |jstor= 1520666}}</ref> However, modern scholar [[Gene Bluestein]] pointed out in 1964 that Sweeney may not have originated either the 5th string or sound box.<ref name=Bluestein/> This new banjo was at first tuned d'Gdf♯a, though by the 1890s, this had been transposed up to g'cgbd'. Banjos were introduced in Britain by Sweeney's group, the American [[Virginia Minstrels]], in the 1840s, and became very popular in [[music hall]]s.<ref name=Zither>{{cite web|url=http://www.shlomomusic.com/zitherbanjo.htm |title=The English Zither-Banjo |access-date=24 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703164949/http://www.shlomomusic.com/zitherbanjo.htm |archive-date=3 July 2008 }}</ref>

The instrument grew in popularity during the 1840s after [[Joel Sweeney|Sweeney]] began his traveling minstrel show.<ref name=RTB6>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=Robert Lloyd |date=1984 |title= Ring the Banjar! The Banjo in America from Folklore to Factory |location= Anaheim Hills, California|publisher=Centerstream Publishing |page=16 }}</ref> By the end of the 1840s the instrument had expanded from Caribbean possession to take root in places across America and across the Atlantic in England.<ref name=BOB1>{{cite book |last=Carlin |first=Bob |date=2007 |title=The Birth of the Banjo |location= Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland and Company |page=145 }}</ref><ref name=banjoentc>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=64 }}</ref> It was estimated in 1866 that there were probably 10,000 banjos in New York City, up from only a handful in 1844. People were exposed to banjos not only at minstrel shows, but also medicine shows, Wild-West shows, variety shows, and traveling vaudeville shows.<ref name=RTB1>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=162 }}</ref> The banjo's popularity also was given a boost by the Civil War, as servicemen on both sides in the Army or Navy were exposed to the banjo played in minstrel shows and by other servicemen.<ref name=RTB2>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=Robert Lloyd |date=1984 |title= Ring the Banjar! The Banjo in America from Folklore to Factory |location= Anaheim Hills, California|publisher=Centerstream Publishing |page=12 }}</ref> A popular movement of aspiring banjoists began as early as 1861.<ref name=Kansas>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2140271/banjo-craze-dog-and-cat-skins/|title=Banjo craze dog and cat skins|date=19 January 1961|pages=9|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The enthusiasm for the instrument was labeled a "banjo craze" or "banjo mania."<ref name=Kansas/>
[[File:Briggs' banjo instructor (music) - containing the elementary principles of music, together with examples and lessons, to which is added a choice collection of pieces, numbering over fifty popular (14781476931).jpg|thumb|left| The ''Briggs' Banjo Instructor'' was the first [[Method (music)|method]] for the banjo.  It taught the ''stroke style'' and had notated music.  Publication date - 1855]]

By the 1850s, aspiring banjo players had options to help them learn their instrument.<ref name=banjoentb>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |pages=83–84 }}</ref> There were more teachers teaching banjo basics in the 1850s than there had been in the 1840s.<ref name=banjoentb/> There were also instruction manuals and, for those who could read it, printed music in the manuals.<ref name=banjoenta>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |pages=85–86 }}</ref> The first book of notated music was ''The Complete Preceptor'' by Elias Howe, published under the pseudonym ''Gumbo Chaff'', consisting mainly of [[Christy's Minstrels]] tunes.<ref name=banjoenta/> The first banjo method was the ''Briggs' Banjo instructor'' (1855) by Tom Briggs.<ref name=banjoenta/> Other methods included ''Howe's New American Banjo School'' (1857), and ''Phil Rice's Method for the Banjo, With or Without a Master'' (1858).<ref name=banjoenta/> These books taught the "stroke style" or "banjo style", similar to modern "frailing" or "[[clawhammer]]" styles.<ref name=banjoenta/>

By 1868, music for the banjo was available printed in a magazine, when J. K. Buckley wrote and arranged popular music for ''Buckley's Monthly Banjoist''.<ref name=banjoent5>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=128 }}</ref> Frank B. Converse also published his entire collection of compositions in ''The Complete Banjoist'' in 1868, which included "polkas, waltzes, marches, and clog hornpipes."<ref name=banjoent7>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=127 }}</ref>

In the 1840s, opportunities for work were found not only in minstrel companies and circuses, but also in floating theaters and variety theaters, which served as precursors to the variety show and [[vaudeville]].<ref name=banjoentb/>

===Classic era, 1880s–1910s===
[[File:Carnival of Venice, composed by Julius Benedict, arranged for banjo and played by Alfred A. Farland.flac|thumb|[[Carnival of Venice (song)|Carnival of Venice]], variations on the folk song composed by Julius Benedict, arranged for banjo and played on banjo by [[Alfred A. Farland]]. This song is an example of Farland's use of bare fingers to produce [[tremolo]] to get long notes from the instrument (much as the cornet or violin can naturally play.)]]
The term ''classic banjo'' is used today to talk about a bare-finger "guitar style" that was widely in use among banjo players of the late 19th to early 20th century.<ref name=banjoent1>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=232 }}</ref> It is still used by banjoists today. The term also differentiates that style of playing from the fingerpicking bluegrass banjo styles, such as the [[Scruggs style]] and [[Keith style]].<ref name=banjoent1/>

The ''Briggs Banjo Method'', considered to be the first banjo method and which taught the ''stroke style'' of playing, also mentioned the existence of another way of playing, the ''guitar style.''<ref name=Stewart1/><ref name=banjoent3>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |pages=151, 170 }}</ref> Alternatively known as "finger style", the new way of playing the banjo displaced the stroke method, until by 1870 it was the dominant style.<ref name=RTB3>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=Robert Lloyd |date=1984 |title= Ring the Banjar! The Banjo in America from Folklore to Factory |location= Anaheim Hills, California|publisher=Centerstream Publishing |page=13 }}</ref> Although mentioned by Briggs, it wasn't taught. The first banjo method to teach the technique was ''Frank B. Converse's New and Complete Method for the Banjo with or without a Master'', published in 1865.<ref name=RTB4>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=Robert Lloyd |date=1984 |title= Ring the Banjar! The Banjo in America from Folklore to Factory |location= Anaheim Hills, California|publisher=Centerstream Publishing |page=15 }}</ref><ref name=banjoent4>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=126 }}</ref>

To play in guitar style, players use the thumb and two or three fingers on their right hand to pick the notes. [[Samuel Swaim Stewart]] summarized the style in 1888, saying,

{{blockquote|In the guitar style of Banjo-playing...the little finger of the right hand is rested upon the head near the bridge...[and] serves as a rest to the hand and a resistance to the movement of picking the strings...In the beginning it is best to acquire a knowledge of picking the strings with the use of the first and second fingers and thumb only, allowing the third finger to remain idle until the other fingers have become thoroughly accustomed to their work...the three fingers are almost invariably used in playing chords and accompaniments to songs."<ref name=Stewart1>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Samuel Swaim |date=1888 |title=The Banjo! A Dissertation|location= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|publisher=S. S. Stewart |pages=43–45 }}</ref>}}

[[File:Banjo, from the Musical Instruments series (N82) for Duke brand cigarettes MET DPB883184.jpg|thumb|Banjo, from the Musical Instruments series (N82) for Duke brand cigarettes, 1888]]

The banjo, although popular, carried low-class associations from its role in [[blackface]] minstrel shows, medicine shows, tent shows, and variety shows or vaudeville.<ref name=olive1>{{cite thesis |last=Peters |first=Sean |title= An Olive Branch in Appalachia: The Integration of the Banjo into 19th Century American Folk Music |url= https://twu.edu/media/documents/history-government/An-Olive-Branch-in-Appalachia-Ibid.-Volume-7-Spring-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://twu.edu/media/documents/history-government/An-Olive-Branch-in-Appalachia-Ibid.-Volume-7-Spring-2014.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|pages= 104, 105|access-date=28 March 2020|quote=In America it has always been seen as an instrument of the lower class...}}</ref> There was a push in the 19th century to bring the instrument into "respectability."<ref name=olive1/> Musicians such as [[William A. Huntley]] made an effort to "elevate" the instrument or make it more "artistic," by "bringing it to a more sophisticated level of technique and repertoire based on European standards."<ref name=banjoent11>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |pages=152–153, 230 }}</ref> Huntley may have been the first white performer to successfully make the transition from performing in blackface to being himself on stage, noted by the Boston Herald in November 1884.<ref name=banjoent11/> He was supported by another former blackface performer, Samuel Swaim Stewart, in his corporate magazine that popularized highly talented professionals.<ref name=banjoent8>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |pages=148–149, 169 }}</ref>

As the "raucous" imitations of plantation life decreased in minstrelsy, the banjo became more acceptable as an instrument of fashionable society, even to be accepted into women's parlors.<ref name=RTB6/><ref name=banjoent13>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |pages=152, 230 }}</ref> Part of that change was a switch from the stroke style to the guitar playing style.<ref name=RTB6/><ref name=banjoent13/><ref name=RTB4/> An 1888 newspaper said, "All the maidens and a good many of the women also strum the instrument, banjo classes abound on every side and banjo recitals are among the newest diversions of fashion...Youths and elderly men too have caught the fever...the star strummers among men are in demand at the smartest parties and have the choosing of the society of the most charming girls."<ref name=banjoent9>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=163 }}</ref>

Some of those entertainers, such as [[Alfred A. Farland]], specialized in classical music. However, musicians who wanted to entertain their audiences, and make a living, mixed it in with the popular music that audiences wanted.<ref name=banjoent10>{{cite book |last=Schreyer |first=Lowell H. |date=2007 |title=The Banjo Entertainers |location= Mankato, Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Heritage Publishing |page=175 }}</ref> Farland's pupil [[Frederick J. Bacon]] was one of these. A former medicine show entertainer, Bacon performed classical music along with popular songs such as ''Massa's in de cold, cold ground'', a ''Medley of Scotch Airs'', a ''Medley of Southern Airs'', and Thomas Glynn’s ''West Lawn Polka''.

Banjo innovation which began in the minstrel age continued, with increased use of metal parts, exotic wood, raised metal frets and a tone-ring that improved the sound.<ref name=museumsign>{{Cite sign |title=The Classic Era |date=n.d. |type=Sign inside museum |publisher= American Banjo Museum |location=[[Oklahoma City]]}}</ref> Instruments were designed in a variety of sizes and pitch ranges, to play different parts in banjo orchestras.<ref name=museumsign/> Examples on display in the museum include [[banjorine]]s and piccolo banjos.

New styles of playing, a new look, instruments in a variety of pitch ranges to take the place of different sections in an orchestra – all helped to separate the instrument from the rough minstrel image of the previous 50–60 years.<ref name=museumsign/> The instrument was modern now, a bright new thing, with polished metal sides.<ref name=museumsign/>

===Ragtime era (1895–1919) and Jazz Age era (1910s–1930s)===
In the early 1900s, new banjos began to spread, four-string models, played with a plectrum rather than with the minstrel-banjo clawhammer stroke or the classic-banjo fingerpicking style. The new banjos were a result of changing musical tastes. New music spurred the creation of "evolutionary variations" of the banjo, from the five-string model current since the 1830s to newer four-string [[#Plectrum banjo|plectrum]] and [[#Tenor banjo|tenor banjos]].<ref name=mushistpage>{{cite web |url= http://www.banjomuseum.org:80/banjohistory.htm |title= Banjo History |author= <!--Not stated--> |publisher= The National Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Museum |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080520074724/http://www.banjomuseum.org/banjohistory.htm |archive-date= 20 May 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref>

The instruments became ornately decorated in the [[Roaring Twenties|1920s]] to be visually dynamic to a theater audience.<ref name=mushistpage/> The instruments were increasingly modified or made in a new style – necks that were shortened to handle the four steel (not fiber as before) strings, strings that were sounded with a pick instead of fingers, four strings instead of five and tuned differently.<ref name=mushistpage/> The changes reflected the nature of post-World-War-I music.<ref name=mushistpage/> The country was turning away from European classics, preferring the "upbeat and carefree feel" of jazz, and American soldiers returning from the war helped to drive this change.<ref name=mushistpage/>

The change in tastes toward dance music and the need for louder instruments began a few years before the war, however, with ragtime.<ref name=mushistpage/> That music encouraged musicians to alter their 5-string banjos to four, add the louder steel strings and use a pick or plectrum, all in an effort to be heard over the brass and reed instruments that were current in dance-halls.<ref name=mushistpage/> The four string plectrum and tenor banjos did not eliminate the five-string variety. They were products of their times and musical purposes—ragtime and jazz dance music and theater music.

The Great Depression is a visible line to mark the end of the [[Jazz Age]].<ref name=mushistpage/> The economic downturn cut into the sales of both four- and five-stringed banjos, and by World War 2, banjos were in sharp decline, the market for them dead.<ref name=2009Banjo2>{{cite web |url=  http://www.banjomuseum.org/banjohistory.htm |title= Banjo History |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= banjomuseum.org |publisher= American Banjo Museum |access-date= 10 February 2020|quote= The resulting catastrophic collapse of the stock market and Great Depression which followed marked the end of the jazz age – the final years in which the banjo held a place of prominence in American popular music.  By 1940, for all practical purposes, the banjo was dead.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090515200646/http://www.banjomuseum.org/banjohistory.htm |archive-date= 15 May 2009 }}</ref>

===Modern era===
[[File:Hubby Jenkins October 2 2021 Raleigh NC.jpg|thumb|[[Hubby Jenkins]] performing on solo banjo at the [[International Bluegrass Music Association|IBMA]] Bluegrass Live! festival in Raleigh, North Carolina on October 2, 2021]]

In the years after World War II, the banjo experienced a resurgence, played by music stars such as [[Earl Scruggs]] (bluegrass), [[Bela Fleck]] (jazz, rock, world music), [[Gerry O'Connor (banjo player)|Gerry O'Connor]] (Celtic and Irish music), [[Perry Bechtel]] (jazz, big band), [[Pete Seeger]] (folk), and [[Otis Taylor (musician)|Otis Taylor]] (African-American roots, blues, jazz).<ref name=entrydisplay>{{cite AV media |title=Entry display at the American Banjo Museum |medium=motion picture, music, signs, 3-dimensional displays, posters, voiceover |location= Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|publisher= American Banjo Museum}}</ref>

Pete Seeger "was a major force behind a new national interest in folk music."<ref name=2009Banjo/> Learning to play a fingerstyle in the Appalachians from musicians who never stopped playing the banjo, he wrote the book, ''How to Play the Five-String Banjo'', which was the only banjo method on the market for years.<ref name=2009Banjo/> He was followed by a movement of folk musicians, such as [[Dave Guard]] of [[The Kingston Trio]] and [[Erik Darling]] of the [[The Weavers|Weavers]] and [[The Tarriers|Tarriers]].<ref name=2009Banjo/>

Earl Scruggs was seen both as a legend and a "contemporary musical innovator" who gave his name to his style of playing, the ''Scruggs Style''.<ref name=Scruggssign>{{Cite sign |title=Earl Scruggs.... Bluegrass Pioneers... New Traditions |date=n.d. |type=Sign inside museum |publisher= American Banjo Museum |location=[[Oklahoma City]]|quote= [This ref takes from three signs from the same area in the museum]}}</ref> Scruggs played the banjo "with heretofore unheard of speed and dexterity," using a picking technique for the 5-string banjo that he perfected from 2-finger and 3-finger picking techniques in rural North Carolina.<ref name=Scruggssign/> His playing reached Americans through the [[Grand Ole Opry]] and into the living rooms of Americans who didn't listen to country or bluegrass music, through the theme music of ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'' TV [[sitcom]].<ref name=Scruggssign/>

For the last one hundred years, the tenor banjo has become an intrinsic part of the world of Irish traditional music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theirishplace.com/traditional-irish-music/the-irish-banjo/ |title=The Irish Banjo |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> It is a relative newcomer to the genre.

The banjo has also been used more recently in the [[hardcore punk]] scene, most notably by [[Show Me the Body]] on their debut album, ''[[Body War (album)|Body War]]''.

== Technique ==
[[File:Banjo forward roll on G major chord.png|thumb|right|175px|Forward roll<ref name="Davis">Davis, Janet (2002). ''[Mel Bay's] Back-Up Banjo'', p.54. {{ISBN|0-7866-6525-4}}. Emphasis original.</ref> {{audio|Banjo forward roll on G major chord.mid|Play}}.]]
[[File:Banjo drone in Yankee Doodle.png|thumb|300px|right|Melody to ''[[Yankee Doodle]]'', on the banjo, without and with drone notes<ref name="Erbsen"/> {{audio|Banjo Yankee Doodle.mid|Play without}} and {{audio|Banjo drone in Yankee Doodle.mid|with drone}}.]]

Two techniques closely associated with the five-string banjo are [[banjo roll|rolls]] and [[drone (music)|drones]]. Rolls are right hand [[accompaniment]]al fingering patterns that consist of eight (eighth) notes that [[subdivision (music)|subdivide]] each [[bar (music)|measure]].<ref name="Davis"/> Drone notes are quick little notes [typically eighth notes], usually played on the 5th (short) string to fill in around the melody notes [typically eighth notes].<ref name="Erbsen">Erbsen, Wayne (2004). ''Bluegrass Banjo for the Complete Ignoramus'', p.13. {{ISBN|1-883206-44-8}}.</ref> These techniques are both [[instrumental idiom|idiomatic]] to the banjo in all styles, and their sound is characteristic of bluegrass.

Historically, the banjo was played in the [[claw-hammer]] style by the Africans who brought their version of the banjo with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluegrassbanjo.org/banhist.html|title=History of the Banjo|website=Bluegrassbanjo.org|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> Several other styles of play were developed from this. Clawhammer consists of downward striking of one or more of the four main strings with the index, middle or both fingers while the drone or fifth string is played with a 'lifting' (as opposed to downward pluck) motion of the thumb. The notes typically sounded by the thumb in this fashion are, usually, on the off beat. Melodies can be quite intricate adding techniques such as double thumbing and drop thumb. In old time Appalachian Mountain music, a style called two-finger up-pick is also used, and a three-finger version that [[Earl Scruggs]] developed into the [[Scruggs style|"Scruggs" style]] picking was nationally aired in 1945 on the [[Grand Ole Opry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princetontraditional.org/Articles/Art1502.htm |publisher=Princeton Traditional Music Festival |title=Banjoes Rang Out |access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> In this style the instrument is played by plucking individual notes. Modern fingerstyle is usually played using [[fingerpicks]], though early players and some modern players play either with nails or with a technique known as on the flesh. In this style the strings are played directly with the fingers, rather than any pick or intermediary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://robmackillop.net/banjo/early-fingerstyle-banjo/|first=Rob|last=MacKillop|title=Early Fingerstyle Banjo |date=22 January 2011 |access-date=2022-10-29}}</ref>

While five-string banjos are traditionally played with either fingerpicks or the fingers themselves, [[#Tenor banjo|tenor banjo]]s and [[plectrum banjo]]s are played with a pick, either to strum full chords, or most commonly in [[Irish traditional music]], play single-note melodies.

== Modern forms ==
The modern banjo comes in a variety of forms, including four- and five-string versions. A six-string version, tuned and played similarly to a guitar, has gained popularity. In almost all of its forms, banjo playing is characterized by a fast [[arpeggiated]] plucking, though many different playing styles exist.

The body, or "pot", of a modern banjo typically consists of a circular rim (generally made of wood, though metal was also common on older banjos) and a tensioned head, similar to a drum head. Traditionally, the head was made from animal skin, but today is often made of various synthetic materials. Most modern banjos also have a metal "tone ring" assembly that helps further clarify and project the sound, but many older banjos do not include a tone ring.

The banjo is usually tuned with friction [[tuning peg]]s or [[planetary gear]] tuners, rather than the [[worm gear]] [[machine head]] used on guitars. Frets have become standard since the late 19th century, though fretless banjos are still manufactured and played by those wishing to execute [[glissando]], play quarter tones, or otherwise achieve the sound and feeling of early playing styles.

Modern banjos are typically strung with metal strings. Usually, the fourth string is [[Strings (music)#Winding|wound]] with either steel or bronze-phosphor alloy. Some players may string their banjos with nylon or gut strings to achieve a more mellow, old-time tone.

Some banjos have a separate resonator plate on the back of the pot to project the sound forward and give the instrument more volume. This type of banjo is usually used in bluegrass music, though resonator banjos are played by players of all styles, and are also used in old-time, sometimes as a substitute for electric amplification when playing in large venues.

Open-back banjos generally have a mellower tone and weigh less than resonator banjos. They usually have a different setup than a resonator banjo, often with a higher [[Action (music)|string action]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicinternational.co.uk/ozark-2102g-5-string-open-back-banjo-2102g/dp/3108|title=Ozark 2102G 5-String Open Back Banjo : Pro Music International|website=Promusicinternational.co.uk|access-date=2 December 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060339/http://www.promusicinternational.co.uk/ozark-2102g-5-string-open-back-banjo-2102g/dp/3108|archive-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Five-string banjo === <!-- This section is linked from redirect "[[Five-string banjo]]" -->
The modern five-string banjo is a variation on Sweeney's original design. The fifth string is usually the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three-quarters the length of the other strings. This lets the string be tuned to a higher open pitch than possible for the full-length strings. Because of the short fifth string, the five-string banjo uses a [[reentrant tuning]] – the string pitches do not proceed lowest to highest across the fingerboard. Instead, the fourth string is lowest, then third, second, first, and the fifth string is highest.

The short fifth string presents special problems for a [[Capo (musical device)|capo]]. For small changes (going up or down one or two semitones, for example), simply retuning the fifth string is possible. Otherwise, various devices called "fifth-string capos" effectively shorten the vibrating part of the string. Many banjo players use model-railroad spikes or titanium spikes (usually installed at the seventh fret and sometimes at others), under which they hook the string to press it down on the [[fret]].

Five-string banjo players use many tunings. (Tunings are given in left-to-right order, as viewed from the front of the instrument with the neck pointing up for a right-handed instrument. Left handed instruments reverse the order of the strings.) Probably the most common, particularly in bluegrass, is the Open-G tuning G4 D3 G3 B3 D4. In earlier times, the tuning G4 C3 G3 B3 D4 was commonly used instead, and this is still the preferred tuning for some types of folk music and for [[classic banjo]]. Other tunings found in old-time music include double C (G4 C3 G3 C4 D4), "sawmill" (G4 D3 G3 C4 D4) also called "mountain modal" and open D (F#4 D3 F#3 A3 D4). These tunings are often taken up a tone, either by tuning up or using a capo. For example, "double-D" tuning (A4 D3 A3 D4 E4) – commonly reached by tuning up from double C – is often played to accompany fiddle tunes in the key of D, and Open-A (A4 E3 A3 C#4 E4) is usually used for playing tunes in the key of A. Dozens of other banjo tunings are used, mostly in old-time music. These tunings are used to make playing specific tunes easier, usually fiddle tunes or groups of fiddle tunes.

The size of the five-string banjo is largely standardized, with a scale length of {{cvt|26.25|in|mm}}, but smaller and larger sizes exist, including the long-neck or "Seeger neck" variation designed by [[Pete Seeger]]. Petite variations on the five-string banjo have been available since the 1890s. S.S. Stewart introduced the [[banjeaurine]], tuned one fourth above a standard five-string. Piccolo banjos are smaller, and tuned one octave above a standard banjo. Between these sizes and standard lies the A-scale banjo, which is two frets shorter and usually tuned one full step above standard tunings. Many makers have produced banjos of other scale lengths, and with various innovations.

[[File:Don Wayne Reno playing the banjo with fingerpicks.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A five-string banjo]]

American [[old-time music]] typically uses the five-string, open-back banjo. It is played in a number of different styles, the most common being [[clawhammer]] or frailing, characterized by the use of a downward rather than upward stroke when striking the strings with a fingernail. Frailing techniques use the thumb to catch the fifth string for a [[drone (music)|drone]] after most [[strums]] or after each stroke ("double thumbing"), or to pick out additional melody notes in what is known as drop-thumb. Pete Seeger popularized a [[Folk music|folk]] style by combining clawhammer with up picking, usually without the use of [[fingerpick]]s. Another common style of old-time banjo playing is fingerpicking banjo or classic banjo. This style is based upon [[parlor-style guitar]].<ref name="Trischka">Trischka, Tony (1992). ''Banjo Songbook'', p.20. {{ISBN|0-8256-0197-5}}.</ref>

Bluegrass music, which uses the five-string resonator banjo almost exclusively, is played in several common styles. These include Scruggs style, named after Earl Scruggs; melodic, or [[Keith style]], named for [[Bill Keith (musician)|Bill Keith]]; and three-finger style with single-string work, also called Reno style after [[Don Reno]]. In these styles, the emphasis is on arpeggiated figures played in a continuous eighth-note rhythm, known as [[banjo roll|rolls]]. All of these styles are typically played with fingerpicks.

The first five-string, electric, solid-body banjo was developed by [[Buck Trent|Charles Wilburn (Buck) Trent]], Harold "Shot" Jackson, and David Jackson in 1960.

The five-string banjo has been used in classical music since before the turn of the 20th century. [[contemporary classical music|Contemporary and modern]] works have been written or arranged for the instrument by Don Vappie, [[Jerry Garcia]], Buck Trent, [[Béla Fleck]], [[Tony Trischka]], [[Ralph Stanley]], George Gibson, [[Steve Martin]], Clifton Hicks, [[George Crumb]], [[Tim Lake]], [[Modest Mouse]], [[Jo Kondo]], [[Paul Elwood]], [[Hans Werner Henze]] (notably in his [[Symphony No. 6 (Henze)|''Sixth Symphony'']]), Daniel Mason, [[Beck]], [[the Water Tower Bucket Boys]], [[Todd Taylor (banjo player)|Todd Taylor]], [[J.P. Pickens]], Peggy Honeywell, [[Norfolk & Western]], Putnam Smith, [[Iron & Wine]], [[The Avett Brothers]], [[The Well Pennies]], [[Punch Brothers]], [[Julian Koster]], [[Sufjan Stevens]], and [[Sarah Jarosz]].

[[George Gershwin]] includes a banjo in his opera ''[[Porgy and Bess]]''

[[Frederick Delius]] wrote for a banjo in his opera ''[[Koanga]]''.

[[Ernst Krenek]] includes two banjos in his ''Kleine Symphonie'' (''Little Symphony'').

[[Kurt Weill]] has a banjo in his opera ''[[The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny]]''.

[[Viktor Ullmann]] included a tenor banjo part in his ''Piano Concerto'' (op. 25).

[[Virgil Thomson]] includes a banjo in his orchestral music to accompany the film ''[[The Plow That Broke the Plains]]'' (1936).

===Four-string banjos{{anchor|four_string}}===
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2014}}
[[File:Item-ps-250-(plectrum-special)-1458 lg.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Plectrum banjo from Gold Tone]]

The four-string plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string. It usually has 22 frets on the neck and a scale length of 26 to 28&nbsp;inches, and was originally tuned C3 G3 B3 D4. It can also be tuned like the top four strings of a guitar, which is known as "Chicago tuning".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Witt |first1=Lawrence |title=What is a Plectrum Banjo |url=https://blog.deeringbanjos.com/what-is-a-plectrum-banjo |website=Deering Banjos |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> As the name suggests, it is usually played with a guitar-style [[plectrum|pick]] (that is, a single one held between thumb and forefinger), unlike the five-string banjo, which is either played with a [[thumbpick]] and two fingerpicks, or with bare fingers. The plectrum banjo evolved out of the five-string banjo, to cater to styles of music involving strummed chords. The plectrum is also featured in many early jazz recordings and arrangements.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History Of The Plectrum Banjo |url=https://baileyandbanjo.com/the-history-of-the-plectrum-banjo/ |website=Bailey And Banjo |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

Four-string banjos can be used for chordal accompaniment (as in early jazz), for single-string melody playing (as in Irish traditional music), in "chord melody" style (a succession of chords in which the highest notes carry the melody), in tremolo style (both on chords and single strings), and a mixed technique called duo style that combines single-string tremolo and rhythm chords.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldrep |first1=Barry |title=Sweet Sounds of the Banjo: The History of the Banjo |url=https://banjo.com/sweet-sounds-of-the-banjo-the-history-of-the-banjo/ |website=Banjo.com |date=13 July 2015 }}</ref>

Four-string banjos are used from time to time in musical theater. Examples include: ''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', ''[[Mame (musical)|Mame]]'', ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'', ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'', ''[[Oklahoma!]]'', ''[[Half a Sixpence]]'', ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'', ''[[Barnum (musical)|Barnum]]'', ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'', ''[[Monty Python's Spamalot]]'', and countless others. [[Joe Raposo]] had used it variably in the imaginative seven-piece orchestration for the long-running TV show ''[[Sesame Street]]'', and has sometimes had it overdubbed with itself or an electric guitar. The banjo is still (albeit rarely) in use in the show's arrangement currently.

====Tenor banjo====
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 |header= Tenor banjos
 | align = left
 | image1 = Riverside Stompers - Peter Schwanzer solo - Dieter Bietak 2007.jpg
 | width1 = 154
 | alt1 =Man playing a four-string banjo.
 | caption1 = Man playing a four-string banjo.
 | image2 = Gibson Tenor Banjos at the American Banjo Museum.jpg
 | width2 = 154
 | alt2 = Bacon and Day banjo in American Banjo Museum.
 | caption2  =Two Gibson tenor banjos from the early 20th century at the [[American Banjo Museum]]. (Right) A 15 fret tenor banjo. (Left) A 19 fret tenor banjo.}}

The shorter-necked, tenor banjo, with 17 ("short scale") or 19 frets, is also typically played with a plectrum. It became a popular instrument after about 1910. Early models used for melodic picking typically had 17 frets on the neck and a scale length of 19{{frac|2}} to 21{{frac|2}}&nbsp;inches. By the mid-1920s, when the instrument was used primarily for strummed chordal accompaniment, 19-fret necks with a scale length of 21{{frac|3|4}} to 23&nbsp;inches became standard. The usual tuning is the [[all-fifths tuning]] C3 G3 D4 A4, in which exactly seven [[semitone]]s (a [[perfect fifth]]) occur between the [[open note]]s of consecutive [[open string (music)|string]]s; this is identical to the tuning of a [[viola]]. Other players (particularly in Irish traditional music) tune the banjo G2 D3 A3 E4 like an [[octave mandolin]], which lets the banjoist duplicate fiddle and mandolin fingering.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deeringbanjos.com/blogs/banjo-playing-tips/10152829-the-symmetrical-tuning-of-the-tenor-banjo | title=The Tenor Banjo | publisher=Deering Banjo Company | date=14 November 2013 | access-date=27 June 2014 | author=Bandrowski, David}}</ref> The popularization of this tuning is usually attributed to the late [[Barney McKenna]], banjoist with [[The Dubliners]].<ref name=meade>{{cite web | url=http://blarneystar.com/BANJO_030912X.pdf | title=The Irish Tenor Banjo|website=Blarneystar.com | access-date=27 June 2014 | author=Meade, Don}}</ref>

The tenor banjo was a common rhythm instrument in early 20th-century dance bands. Its volume and timbre suited early jazz (and jazz-influenced popular music styles) and could both compete with other instruments (such as [[brass instruments]] and saxophones) and be heard clearly on acoustic recordings. [[George Gershwin]]'s ''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'', in [[Ferde Grofe]]'s original jazz-orchestra arrangement, includes tenor banjo, with widely spaced chords not easily playable on plectrum banjo in its conventional tunings. With development of the archtop and electric guitar, the tenor banjo largely disappeared from jazz and popular music, though keeping its place in traditional "Dixieland" jazz.

Some 1920s Irish banjo players picked out the melodies of jigs, reels, and hornpipes on tenor banjos, decorating the tunes with snappy triplet ornaments. The most important Irish banjo player of this era was Mike Flanagan of the New York-based [[Flanagan Brothers]], one of the most popular Irish-American groups of the day. Other pre-WWII Irish banjo players included Neil Nolan, who recorded with Dan Sullivan's Shamrock Band in Boston, and Jimmy McDade, who recorded with the Four Provinces Orchestra in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, in Ireland, the rise of ''ceili'' bands provided a new market for a loud instrument like the tenor banjo. Use of the tenor banjo in Irish music has increased greatly since the folk revival of the 1960s.<ref name=meade/>

===Six-string banjos===
[[File:Banjo.png|left|thumb|300px|Old six-string zither banjo]]
The six-string banjo began as a British innovation by William Temlett, one of England's earliest banjo makers. He opened a shop in London in 1846, and sold seven-string banjos which he marketed as "zither" banjos from his 1869 patent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creekdontrise.com/acoustic/zither_banjo/zither_banjo.htm|work=Creek Don't Rise|title=What is a Zither Banjo?|first=Paul|last=Race|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> A zither banjo usually has a closed back and sides with the drum body and skin tensioning system suspended inside the wooden rim, the neck and string tailpiece mounted on the outside of the rim, and the drone string led through a tube in the neck so that the tuning peg can be mounted on the head. They were often made by builders who used guitar tuners that came in banks of three, so five-stringed instruments had a redundant tuner; these banjos could be somewhat easily converted over to a six-string banjo.

American Alfred Davis Cammeyer (1862–1949), a young violinist turned concert banjo player, devised the six-string zither banjo around 1880. British opera diva [[Adelina Patti]] advised Cammeyer that the zither banjo might be popular with English audiences as it had been invented there, and Cammeyer went to London in 1888. With his virtuoso playing, he helped show that banjos could make more sophisticated music than normally played by [[blackface]] minstrels. He was soon performing for London society, where he met Sir [[Arthur Sullivan]], who recommended that Cammeyer progress from arranging the music of others for banjo to composing his own music.

Modern six-string bluegrass banjos have been made. These add a bass string between the lowest string and the drone string on a five-string banjo, and are usually tuned G4 G2 D3 G3 B3 D4. [[Sonny Osborne]] played one of these instruments for several years. It was modified by luthier Rual Yarbrough from a Vega five-string model. A picture of Sonny with this banjo appears in Pete Wernick's ''Bluegrass Banjo'' method book.<ref>Wernick, Pete; ''Bluegrass Banjo''; Oak Publications; Oakland, California: 1992, p. 27. 0-825-60148-7</ref>

Six-string banjos known as [[banjo guitar]]s basically consist of a six-string guitar neck attached to a bluegrass or plectrum banjo body, which allows players who have learned the guitar to play a banjo sound without having to relearn fingerings. This was the instrument of the early jazz great [[Johnny St. Cyr]], jazzmen [[Django Reinhardt]], [[Danny Barker]], [[Papa Charlie Jackson]] and [[Clancy Hayes]], as well as the blues and gospel singer [[Reverend Gary Davis]]. Today, musicians as diverse as [[Keith Urban]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], [[Joe Satriani]], [[David Hidalgo]], [[Larry Lalonde]] and [[Doc Watson]] play the six-string guitar banjo. They have become increasingly popular since the mid-1990s.

==Other banjos==
===Low banjos===
[[File:Cello banjo from Gold Tone.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Cello banjo from Gold Tone]]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in vogue in plucked-string instrument ensembles – guitar orchestras, [[mandolin orchestra]]s, banjo orchestras – was when the instrumentation was made to parallel that of the string section in symphony orchestras. Thus, "violin, viola, 'cello, bass" became "mandolin, mandola, mandocello, mandobass", or in the case of banjos, "banjolin, banjola, banjo cello, bass banjo". Because the range of pluck-stringed instrument generally is not as great as that of comparably sized bowed-string instruments, other instruments were often added to these plucked orchestras to extend the range of the ensemble upwards and downwards.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The banjo cello was normally tuned C2-G2-D3-A3, one octave below the tenor banjo like the cello and mandocello. A five-string cello banjo, set up like a bluegrass banjo (with the short fifth string), but tuned one octave lower, has been produced by the Goldtone company.<ref>{{cite web  |url=http://www.goldtone.com/products/details/w/instrument/374/CEB-5 |title=CEB-5 {{pipe}} Gold Tone Music Group |publisher=Goldtone.com |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124803/http://www.goldtone.com/products/details/w/instrument/374/CEB-5 |archive-date=17 April 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:1930's Gibson bass banjo ad.jpg|thumb|140px|Bass banjo]]
Bass banjos have been produced in both upright bass formats and with standard, horizontally carried banjo bodies. Contrabass banjos with either three or four strings have also been made; some of these had headstocks similar to those of bass violins. Tuning varies on these large instruments, with four-string models sometimes being tuned in 4ths like a bass violin (E1-A1-D2-G2) and sometimes in 5ths, like a four-string cello banjo, one octave lower (C1-G1-D2-A2).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minstrelbanjo.ning.com/photo/contra-bass-banjo?xg_source=activity |title=Contra bass banjo – Minstrel Banjo |publisher=Minstrelbanjo.ning.com |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Long neck banjos ===
[[File:Gold Tone Long Neck Banjo.jpg|alt=An banjo lying flat on a table. It has a longer neck than a usual banjo, and three extra frets. It is open-backed.|left|thumb|320x320px|Long neck banjo by Gold Tone]]
Also called Seeger banjos for having been invented by [[Pete Seeger]], these banjos feature three extra frets, giving the instrument a longer neck and greater playing versatility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding Longneck Banjos |url=https://www.deeringbanjos.com/pages/understanding-longneck-banjos?srsltid=AfmBOopF27rrXIUnBreraw7ovn5WQ37HDEDioAFNnUqm9ABrkBrEsfR5 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Deering® Banjo Company |language=en}}</ref> With three extra frets, these banjos can be played one-and-a-half steps lower than a regular banjo, which some players find advantageous for singing or playing along. They are almost always open-backed. Notably, the drone strings on Seeger banjos are not pushed three frets back, so the tuning peg for the 5th string is in line with the 8th fret instead of the 5th fret. 

===Banjo hybrids and variants===
A number of hybrid instruments exist, crossing the banjo with other stringed instruments. Most of these use the body of a banjo, often with a resonator, and the neck of the other instrument. Examples include the [[banjo mandolin]] (first patented in 1882)<ref name=paper>{{cite web|url=http://blarneystar.com/BANJO_030912X.pdf |title=The Irish Tenor Banjo |author=Don Meade |website=Blarneystar.com |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> and the [[banjo ukulele]], most famously played by the English comedian [[George Formby]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4029395.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509094311/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4029395.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 May 2009 | location=London (subscription required)| work=The Times | title=George Formbys Little Strad banjolele up for sale | date=30 May 2008}}</ref> These were especially popular in the early decades of the 20th century, and were probably a result of a desire either to allow players of other instruments to jump on the banjo bandwagon at the height of its popularity, or to get the natural amplification benefits of the banjo resonator in an age before electric amplification.

Conversely, the [[tenor guitar|tenor and plectrum guitars]] use the respective banjo necks on guitar bodies. They arose in the early 20th century as a way for banjo players to double on guitar without having to relearn the instrument entirely.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.tenorguitar.com/what.html| title= What is a tenor guitar| access-date= September 1, 2020| archive-date= 30 June 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153754/http://www.tenorguitar.com/what.html| url-status= dead}}</ref>

Instruments that have a five-string banjo neck on a wooden body (for example, a guitar, [[bouzouki]], or [[dobro]] body) have also been made, such as the [[banjola]]. A 20th-century [[Music of Turkey|Turkish]] instrument similar to the banjo is called the ''[[cümbüş]]'', which combines a banjo-like resonator with a neck derived from an [[oud]]. At the end of the 20th century, a development of the five-string banjo was the [[BanSitar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helmutrheingans.co.uk/bansitar |title=Bansitar |website=Helmutrheingans.co.uk |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> This features a bone bridge, giving the instrument a [[sitar]]-like resonance.

The Brazilian samba banjo is basically a [[cavaquinho]] neck on a banjo body, thereby producing a louder sound than the cavaquinho. It is tuned the same as the top 4 strings of a 5-string banjo up an octave (or any cavaquinho tuning).

==Noted banjoists==
{{Main|List of banjo players}}
{{See also|American Banjo Museum Hall of Fame members}}
* [[Joel Sweeney]] (1810–1860), also known as Joe Sweeney, was a musician and early [[blackface]] [[Minstrel show|minstrel]] performer. He is known for popularizing the playing of the banjo and has often been credited with advancing the physical development of the modern five-string banjo.
* [[Vess Ossman]] (1868–1923) was a leading five-string banjoist who started playing banjo at age 12. He was a popular recording artist, and in fact one of the first recording artists ''ever'', when audio recording first became commercially available. He formed various recording groups, his most popular being the Ossman-Dudley trio.<ref name="Gracyk">Gracyk, Tom (2000). ''Popular American Recording Pioneers: 1895–1925''; Routledge (Haworth Popular Culture series); p. 106ff. {{ISBN|0-789012-20-0}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tichenor|first1=Trebor Jay|title=Ossman, Vess L.|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/41387|access-date=23 February 2015|website=Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
* [[Clifford Essex]] (1869–1946), a British banjoist, who was also a musical instrument manufacturer
* [[Uncle Dave Macon]] (1870–1952) was a banjo player and comedian from Tennessee known for his "plug hat, gold teeth, chin whiskers, gates ajar collar and that million dollar Tennessee smile".
* [[Fred Van Eps]] (1878–1960) was a noted five-string player and banjo maker who learned to play from listening to cylinder recordings of Vess Ossman. He recorded for Edison's company, producing some of the earliest disk recordings, and also the earliest ragtime recordings in any medium other than player piano.<ref name="Gracyk=-2">{{cite web|last=Gracyk |first=Tim |url=http://www.gracyk.com/fredvaneps.shtml |title=Tim Gracyk's Phonographs, Singers, and Old Records – Fred Van Eps, Banjoist |website=Gracyk.com |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Frank Lawes]] (1894–1970), of the United Kingdom, developed a unique fingerstyle technique on the four-string plectrum instrument, and was a prolific composer of four-string banjo music, much of which is still performed and recorded today.
* [[Pasquale Troise]] (1895-1957), Italian emigrant to the UK in the 1920s. Formed Troise and his Banjoliers in 1933, which recorded with [[Decca Records|Decca]] and performed regularly on the BBC's long-running series [[Music While You Work]].<ref>'[http://www.mastersofmelody.co.uk/troise.htm Troise and his Banjoliers]', at ''Masters of Melody</ref>  
* [[Harry Reser]] (1896–1965), plectrum and tenor banjo, was regarded by some as the best tenor banjoist of the 1920s. He wrote a large number of works for tenor banjo, as well as instructional material including numerous banjo method books,<ref>e.g., ''Harry Reser's Manual for Tenor Banjo Technique'' (Robbins Music Corporation, 1927); ''Harry Reser's Let's Play the Tenor Banjo'' (Remick Music Crop, 1959); ''Picture-Chords for Tenor Banjo'' (Remick Music Crop, 1960); ''et al''</ref> over a dozen other instrumental method books (for guitar, ukulele, mandolin etc.), and was well known in the banjo community. Reser's accomplished single string and "chord melody" technique set a "high mark" that many subsequent tenor players still endeavor to attain.
* [[Eddie Peabody]] (1902–1970) was a great proponent of the plectrum banjo who performed for nearly five decades (1920–1968) and left a considerable legacy of recordings.<ref>''The Banjo Wizardry of Eddie Peabody'', Dot Records DLP-3023 (mono) (date not known), liner notes</ref> An early reviewer dubbed him "King of the Banjo", and his was a household name for decades. He went on to develop new instruments, produce records, and appear in movies.
* [[Ola Belle Reed]] (1916–2002) was an American folk singer, songwriter and banjo player.
* [[Pete Seeger]] (1919–2014), a singer-songwriter who performed solo as well as with folk group [[the Weavers]], included five-string banjo among his instruments. His 1948 method book ''How to Play the Five-String Banjo'' has been credited by thousands of banjoists, including prominent professionals, with sparking their interest in the instrument. He is also credited with inventing the [[Pete Seeger#Banjo and 12-string guitar|long-neck banjo]] (also known as the "Seeger Banjo"), which adds three lower frets to the five-string banjo's neck, and tunes the four main strings down by a minor third, to facilitate playing in singing keys more comfortable for some folk guitarists.
* [[Earl Scruggs]] (1924–2012), whose career ranged from the end of World War II into the 21st century, is widely regarded as the father of the bluegrass style of banjo playing.<ref name="Willis">Willis, Barry R.; ''America's Music: Bluegrass : A History of Bluegrass Music in the Words of Its Pioneers''; Pine Valley Music, 1997. {{ISBN|0-965240-70-3}}</ref> The three-finger style of playing he developed while playing with [[Bill Monroe]]'s band is known by his name: ''[[Scruggs Style]]''.<ref name="trischka">Trischka, Tony, "Earl Scruggs", ''Banjo Song Book'', Oak Publications, 1977</ref>
* [[Ralph Stanley]] (1927–2016) had a long career, both with his brother as the Stanley Brothers and with his band the Clinch Mountain Boys. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of music by [[Lincoln Memorial University]], is a member of the [[Bluegrass Hall of Fame]] and the [[Grand Ole Opry]]. He won a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Best Male Country Vocal Performance]] in the movie [[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]].
* [[Roy Clark]] (1933–2018)
* [[John Hartford]] (1937–2001)
* [[Sonny Osborne]] (1937-2021)
* [[Ben Eldridge]] (1938-2024)
* [[Barney McKenna]] (1939–2012) was an Irish musician and a founding member of The Dubliners. He played the tenor banjo, violin, mandolin, and melodeon. He was most renowned as a banjo player. Barney used GDAE tuning on a 19-fret tenor banjo, an octave below fiddle/mandolin and, according to musician Mick Moloney, was single-handedly responsible for making the GDAE-tuned tenor banjo the standard banjo in Irish music. Due to his skill level on the banjo, fans all around the world and other members of [[The Dubliners]] nicknamed him "Banjo Barney".
* [[Bill Keith (musician)|Bill Keith]] (1939–2015)
* [[Pete Wernick]] (b. 1946)
* [[Tony Trischka]] (b. 1949)
* [[Béla Fleck]] (b. 1958) is widely acknowledged as one of the world's most innovative and technically proficient banjo players.<ref name="Rhapsody">{{cite web|url=http://www.rhapsody.com/bela-fleck |title=Bela Fleck |publisher=Rhapsody |access-date=8 August 2013}}</ref> His work spans many styles and genres, including jazz, bluegrass, classical, R&B, avant garde, and "world music", and he has produced a substantial discography and videography. He works extensively in both acoustic and electric media. Fleck has been nominated for Grammy Awards in more categories than any other artist, and has received 13 {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wendell.norman/awards.htm |title=Awards : Grammy Awards and Nominations |publisher=Mywebpages.comcast.net |access-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818004347/http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wendell.norman/awards.htm |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Noam Pikelny]] (b. 1981) is an American banjoist who plays eclectic styles including traditional bluegrass, classical, rock, and jazz music. He has won the Steve Martin Prize for Excellence in Banjo and Bluegrass in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noam Pikelny Wins the Steve Martin Prize for Excellence in Banjo and Bluegrass |url=https://www.stevemartin.com/stevemartin/2010/09/noam-pikelny-wins-the-steve-martin-prize-for-excellence-in-banjo-and-bluegrass.html |work=SteveMartin.com |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> He has been nominated for eight Grammy Nominations and has been awarded one with his band, the Punch Brothers, in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artist: Noam Pikelny |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/noam-pikelny |work=[[Grammy Award]] |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
* Other important four-string performers were [[Mike Pingitore]], who played tenor for the [[Paul Whiteman Orchestra]] through 1948, and [[Roy Smeck]], early radio and recording pioneer, author of many instructional books, and whose influential performances on many fretted instruments earned him the nickname "Wizard of the Strings", during his active years (1922–1950). Prominent tenor players of more recent vintage include [[Narvin Kimball]] (d. 2006) (left-handed banjoist of [[Preservation Hall Jazz Band]] fame).
* Noted four-string players currently active include [[ragtime]] and [[dixieland]] stylists [[Charlie Tagawa]] (1935–2017) and Bill Lowrey (b. 1963). Jazz guitarist [[Howard Alden]] (b. 1958) began his career on tenor banjo and still plays it at traditional jazz events. [[Cynthia Sayer]] (b. 1962) is regarded as one of the top jazz plectrum banjoists. Rock and country performer [[Winston Marshall]] (b. 1988) plays banjo (among other instruments) for the British [[folk rock]] group [[Mumford and Sons]], a band that won the 2013 [[Grammy Award]] for "Best Album of the Year".

== See also ==
* [[Akonting]]
* [[Banjo (samba)]]
* [[Banjo ukulele]]
* [[Benju]]
* [[Bulbul tarang]]
* [[Cuatro (instrument)]]
* [[Guitjo (double-neck)|Double-neck guitjo]]
* [[Sanshin]]
* [[Stringed instrument tunings]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
=== Banjo history ===

* Castelnero, Gordon and Russell, David L. ''Earl Scruggs: Banjo Icon.'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2017

* Conway, Cecelia (1995). ''African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Traditions'', University of Tennessee Press. Paper: {{ISBN|0-87049-893-2}}; cloth: {{ISBN|0-87049-892-4}}. A study of the influence of African Americans on banjo playing throughout U.S. history.
* De Smaele G. (1983). "Banjo a cinq cordes". Brussels: Musée Instrumental (MIM), Brussels. D 1983-2170-1
* De Smaele G. (2015). "Banjo Attitudes." Paris: L'Harmattan, 2015.
* De Smaele G. (2019). "A Five-String Banjo Sourcebook." Paris: L'Harmattan, 2019.
* Dubois, Laurent (2016). ''The Banjo: America's African Instrument.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.
* Epstein, Dena (1977). ''Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War''. University of Illinois Press, 2003. Winner of the Simkins Prize of the Southern Historical Association, 1979. Winner of the Chicago Folklore Prize. The anniversary edition of a classic study of black slave music in America.
* Gaddy, Kristina (2022). ''Well of Souls: Uncovering the Banjo's Hidden History''. W. W. Norton & Company, 2022. {{ISBN|978-0393866803}}. The author uncovers the banjo's key role in Black spirituality, ritual, and rebellion. 
* Gibson, George R. (2018). "Black Banjo, Fiddle and Dance in Kentucky and the Amalgamation of African American and Anglo-American Folk Music." ''Banjo Roots and Branches''(Winans, 2018). University of Illinois Press, 2018. Gibson's historiographic chapter uncovers much new information about black banjo and fiddle players, and dance, in Kentucky, and their influence on white musicians, from the 1780s.
* Gura, Philip F. and James F. Bollman (1999). ''America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century''. The University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2484-4}}. The definitive history of the banjo, focusing on the instrument's development in the 1800s.
* Katonah Museum of Art (2003). ''The Birth of the Banjo''. Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York. {{ISBN|0-915171-64-3}}.
* Linn, Karen (1994). ''That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture''. University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-06433-X}}. Scholarly cultural history of the banjo, focusing on how its image has evolved over the years.
* Tsumura, Akira (1984). ''Banjos: The Tsumura Collection''. Kodansha International Ltd. {{ISBN|0-87011-605-3}}. An illustrated history of the banjo featuring the world's premier collection.
* Webb, Robert Lloyd (1996). ''Ring the Banjar!''. 2nd edition. Centerstream Publishing. {{ISBN|1-57424-016-1}}. A short history of the banjo, with pictures from an exhibition at the MIT Museum.
* Winans, Robert (2018). ''Banjo Roots and Branches''. University of Illinois Press, 2018. The story of the banjo's journey from Africa to the western hemisphere blends music, history, and a union of cultures. In Banjo Roots and Branches, Robert B. Winans presents cutting-edge scholarship that covers the instrument's West African origins and its adaptations and circulation in the Caribbean and United States.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Banjos}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Banjo |volume=3 |short=x}}
* [https://www.theirishplace.com/traditional-irish-music/the-irish-banjo/ The Banjo in Irish Traditional Music]
* [http://www.vintagebanjomaker.com 200 banjo makers pre 2nd WW]
* [http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=48796 BANJO ATTITUDES - Le banjo à cinq cordes : son histoire générale, sa documentation, Gérard De Smaele - livre, ebook, epub]
* [http://elib.hamilton.edu/banjo-tutors 19th Century Banjo Instruction Manuals]
* [https://archive.org/details/to_hear_your_banjo_play ''To Hear Your Banjo Play''], 1947 Alan Lomax film (16 minutes)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160110220432/http://mirekpatek.com/ Fingerstyle Tenor Banjo]
* [https://banjonews.com/ Banjo Newsletter]
* [http://www.banjohangout.org/ Banjo Hangout]
* Dr Joan Dickerson, [[Sparky Rucker]], and George Gibson with host [[Michael Johnathon]] explore the ''African-American History of the Banjo'' through conversation and music on show 350 of the [[WoodSongs Old-Time Radio Hour]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080320095521/http://www.woodsongs.com/showlist.asp Both audio and video are provided].
* [http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/the-physics-of-banjos-part-i "The Physics of Banjos – A Conversation with David Politzer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104012407/http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/the-physics-of-banjos-part-i |date=4 November 2016 }}, ''Ideas Roadshow'', 2016
* Banjo Physics 411 https://www.its.caltech.edu/~politzer/

{{Banjo}}
{{Jazz}}
{{Bluegrass music}}
{{Music of Ireland}}
{{Authority control}}

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