View source for Wiki143:Language recognition chart

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This '''language recognition chart''' presents a variety of clues one can use to help determine the language in which a text is written.

==Characters==
The language of a foreign text can often be identified by looking up characters specific to that language.
*ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ([[Latin alphabet]])
**and no other – [[English language|English]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Latin]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] 
**àäèéëïĳöü – [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (Except for the ligature ĳ, these letters are very rare in Dutch.  Even fairly long Dutch texts often have no [[diacritics]].)
**áêéèëïíîôóúû [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
**êôúû – [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
**ÆØÅæøå – [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
**single [[diacritics]], mostly [[Trema (diacritic)|umlauts]]
***ÄÖäö – [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (BCDFGQWXZÅbcfgqwxzå are found only in names and loanwords, occasionally also ŠšŽž<!--lowercase d is found in native words-->)
***ÅÄÖåäö – [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (occasionally é)
***ÄÖÕÜäöõü – [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (BCDFGQWXYZcfqwxyz are found only in names and loanwords, occasionally also ŠšŽž<!--lowercase b, d, g are found in native words-->)
***ÄÖÜẞäöüß – [[German language|German]]
**[[Circumflex]]es
***ÇÊÎŞÛçêîşû – [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]
***ĂÂÎȘȚăâîșț – [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
***ÂÊÎÔÛŴŶÁÉÍÏâêîôûŵŷáéíï – [[Welsh language|Welsh]]; (ÓÚẂÝÀÈÌÒÙẀỲÄËÖÜẄŸóúẃýàèìòùẁỳäëöüẅÿ used also but much less commonly)
***ĈĜĤĴŜŬĉĝĥĵŝŭ – [[Esperanto]]
**Three or more types of diacritics
***ÇĞİÖŞÜçğıöşü – [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
***ÁÐÉÍÓÚÝÞÆÖáðéíóúýþæö – [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
***ÁÐÍÓÚÝÆØáðíóúýæø – [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
***ÁÉÍÓÖŐÚÜŰáéíóöőúüű – [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
***ÀÇÉÈÍÓÒÚÜÏàçéèíóòúüï· – [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
***ÀÂÆÇÉÈÊËÎÏÔŒÙÛÜŸàâæçéèêëîïôœùûüÿ – [[French language|French]]; (Ÿ and ÿ are found only in certain proper names)
***ÁÀÇÉÈÍÓÒÚËÜÏáàçéèíóòúëüï (· only in Gascon dialect) – [[Occitan language|Occitan]]
***ÁÉÍÓÚÂÊÔÀãõçáéíóúâêôà  (ü Brazilian and k, w and y not in native words) – [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
**ÁÉÍÑÓÚÜáéíñóúü ¡¿ – [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
**ÀÉÈÌÒÙàéèìòù – [[Italian language|Italian]]
**ÁÉÍÓÚÝÃẼĨÕŨỸÑG̃áéíóúýãẽĩõũỹñg̃ - [[Guarani language|Guarani]] (the only language to use g̃)
**ÁĄĄ́ÉĘĘ́ÍĮĮ́ŁŃ áąą́éęę́íįį́łń (FQRVfqrv not in native words) – [[Southern Athabaskan languages]]
***’ÓǪǪ́ āą̄ēę̄īį̄óōǫǫ́ǭúū – [[Western Apache language|Western Apache]]
***'ÓǪǪ́ óǫǫ́ – [[Navajo language|Navajo]]
***’ÚŲŲ́ úųų́ – [[Chiricahua language|Chiricahua]]/[[Mescalero language|Mescalero]]
**ąłńóż [[Lechitic languages]]
***ąćęłńóśźż [[Polish language|Polish]]
***ćśůź [[Silesian language|Silesian]]
***ãéëòôù [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
**A, Ą, Ã, B, C, D, E, É, Ë, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ò, Ó, Ô, P, R, S, T, U, Ù, W, Y, Z, Ż – [[Kashubian alphabet|Kashubian]]
**ČŠŽ
***and no other – [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
***ĆĐ – [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] [[Romanization of Serbian|Latin]]
***ÁĎÉĚÍŇÓŘŤÚŮÝáďéěíňóřťúůý – [[Czech language|Czech]]
***ÁÄĎÉÍĽĹŇÓÔŔŤÚÝáäďéíľĺňóôŕťúý – [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
***ĀĒĢĪĶĻŅŌŖŪāēģīķļņōŗū – [[Latvian language|Latvian]]; (ŌŖ and ōŗ no longer used in most modern day Latvian)
***ĄĘĖĮŲŪąęėįųū – [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
**ĐÀẢÃÁẠĂẰẲẴẮẶÂẦẨẪẤẬÈẺẼÉẸÊỀỂỄẾỆÌỈĨÍỊÒỎÕÓỌÔỒỔỖỐỘƠỜỞỠỚỢÙỦŨÚỤƯỪỬỮỨỰỲỶỸÝỴ đàảãáạăằẳẵắặâầẩẫấậèẻẽéẹêềểễếệìỉĩíịòỏõóọồổỗốơờởỡớợùủũúụưừửữứựỳỷỹýỵ&nbsp;– [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
***ꞗĕŏŭo᷄ơ᷄u᷄&nbsp;– [[Middle Vietnamese]]
**ā ē ī ō ū – May be seen in some [[Japanese language|Japanese]] texts in [[Rōmaji]] or transcriptions (see below) or [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and [[Māori language|Māori]] texts.
**é – [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
**ñ - [[Basque language|Basque]]
* أ ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه ؤ و ئ ى ي ء [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]]
**[[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]), [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] (Soranî), [[Punjabi language|Panjabi / Punjabi]], [[Pushtu language|Pashto]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], others.
** پ چ ژ گ – [[Persian language|Persian]] (Farsi)
*[[Brahmic family]] of scripts
**[[Bengali script]]
***অ আ  কা কি কী উ কু ঊ কূ ঋ কৃ এ কে ঐ কৈ ও কো ঔ কৌ ক্ কত্‍ কং কঃ কঁ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য র ৰ ল ৱ শ ষ স হ য় ড় ঢ় ০  ১  ২  ৩ ৪ ৫  ৬  ৭  ৮ ৯
***used to write [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].
**[[Devanāgarī]]
***अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ ऌ ॡ ऍ ऎ ए ऐ  ऑ ऒ ओ ओ  क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल ळ व श ष स ह ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ प् पँ पं पः प़ पऽ
***used to write, either along with other scripts or exclusively, several [[India]]n languages including [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] from [[Nepal]].
**[[Gurmukhi]]
***ਅਆਇਈਉਊਏਐਓਔਕਖਗਘਙਚਛਜਝਞਟਠਡਢਣਤਥਦਧਨਪਫਬਭਮਯਰਲਲ਼ਵਸ਼ਸਹ
***primarily used to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as well as [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Khariboli]] (and other [[Hindustani]] dialects), [[Sanskrit]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].
**[[Gujarati script]]
***અ આ ઇ ઈ ઉ ઊ ઋ ઌ ઍ એ ઐ ઑ ઓ ઔ ક ખ ગ ઘ ઙ ચ છ જ ઝ ઞ ટ ઠ ડ ઢ ણ ત થ દ ધ ન પ ફ બ ભ મ ય ર લ ળ વ શ ષ સ હ ૠ ૡૢૣ
***used to write [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] and [[Kachchi]]
**[[Tibetan script]]
***ཀ ཁ ག ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཉ ཏ ཐ ད ན པ ཕ བ མ ཙ ཚ ཛ ཝ ཞ ཟ འ ཡ ར ལ ཤ ས ཧ ཨ
***used to write [[Standard Tibetan]], [[Dzongkha]] (Bhutanese), and [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
* АБВГДЕЖЗИКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШ ([[Cyrillic alphabet]])
** ЙЩЬЮЯ
*** Ъ – [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
*** ЁЫЭ
**** Ў, no Щ, І instead of И (Ґ in some variants) – [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
**** rarely Ъ – [[Russian language|Russian]]
*** ҐЄІЇ – [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
** ЉЊЏ, Ј instead of Й ([[Vuk Karadžić]]'s reform)
*** ЃЌЅ – [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
*** ЋЂ – [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
** ЄꙂꙀЗІЇꙈОуꙊѠЩЪꙐЬѢЮꙖѤѦѨѪѬѮѰѲѴҀ&nbsp;– [[Old Church Slavonic]], [[Church Slavonic]]
** Ӂ&nbsp;– Romanian in [[Transnistria]] (elsewhere in Latin)
*ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρσςτυφχψω ([[Greek Alphabet]]) – [[Greek language|Greek]]
*אבגדהוזחטיכלמנסעפצקרשת ([[Hebrew alphabet]])
**and maybe some odd dots and lines above, below, or inside characters – [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
**פֿ; dots/lines below letters appearing ''only'' with א,י, and ו – [[Yiddish]]
**no dots or lines around the letters, and more than a few words end with א (i.e., they have it at the leftmost position) – [[Aramaic]]
**[[Ladino language|Ladino]]
*漢字文化圈 – Some East Asian Languages
**and no other – [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
**with あいうえおの [[Hiragana]] and/or アイウエオノ [[Katakana]] – [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
*위키백과에 (note commonplace ellipses and circles) [[Korean language|Korean]]
*ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏ etc. -- ㄓㄨˋㄧㄣㄈㄨˊㄏㄠˋ ([[Bopomofo]])
**ㄪㄫㄬ -- not [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
*កខគឃងចឆជឈញដឋឌឍណតថទធនបផពភមសហយរលឡអវអ្កអ្ខអ្គអ្ឃអ្ងអ្ចអ្ឆអ្ឈអ្ញអ្ឌអ្ឋអ្ឌអ្ឃអ្ណអ្តអ្ថអ្ទអ្ធអ្នអ្បអ្ផអ្ពអ្ភអ្មអ្សអ្ហអ្យអ្រអ្យអ្លអ្អអ្វ អក្សរខ្មែរ  ([[Khmer alphabet]]) - [[Khmer_language|Khmer]]
*Ա Բ Գ Դ Ե Զ Է Ը Թ Ժ Ի Լ Խ Ծ Կ Հ Ձ Ղ Ճ Մ Յ Ն Շ Ո Չ Պ Ջ Ռ Ս Վ Տ Ր Ց Ւ Փ Ք Օ Ֆ ([[Armenian alphabet]]) – [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
*ა ბ გდ ევ ზ ჱ თ ი კ ლ მ ნ ჲ ო პ ჟ რ ს ტ ჳ უ ფ ქ ღ ყ შ ჩ ც ძ წ ჭ ხ ჴ ჯ ჰ ჵ ჶ ჷ ჸ ([[Georgian alphabet]]) – [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
*กขฃคฅฆงจฉชซฌญฎฏฐฑฒณดตถทธนบปผฝพฟภมยรฤลฦวศษสหฬอฮฯะา฿เแโใไๅๆ๏๐๑๒๓๔๕๖๗๘๙๚๛ ([[Thai script]]) - [[Thai language|Thai]]
*AEIOUHKLMNPW' [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian alphabet]] - Hawaiian
*ⴰⴱⴲⴳⴴⴵⴶⴷⴸⴹⴺⴻⴼⴽⴾⴿⵀⵁⵂⵃⵄⵅⵆⵇⵈⵉⵊⵋⵌⵍⵎⵐⵑⵒⵓⵔⵕⵖⵗⵘⵙⵚⵛⵜⵝⵞⵠⵡⵢⵣⵤⵥⵦⵧ [[Tifinagh]], a script used for [[Tamazight]] (Berber)
* ꦄꦅꦆꦇꦈꦉꦊꦋꦌꦍꦎꦏꦐꦑꦒꦓꦔꦕꦖꦗꦘꦙꦚꦛꦜꦝꦞꦟꦠꦡꦢꦣꦤꦥꦦꦧꦨꦩꦪꦫꦬꦭꦮꦯꦰꦱꦲ [[Javanese Script]], also written in Arabic and English script- very similar to [[Balinese script]] in letters 
* ᮃᮄᮅᮆᮇᮈᮉᮊᮋᮌᮍᮎᮏᮐᮑᮒᮓᮔᮕᮖᮗᮘᮙᮚᮛᮜᮝᮞᮟᮠ [[Sundanese script]], also written in Arabic and English script

==Latin alphabet (possibly extended)== 
===[[Romance languages]]===
Lots of [[Latin]] roots.

====[[French language|French]] ([[:fr:Français|Français]])====
* Accented letters: ''â ç è é ê î ô û'', rarely ''ë ï'' ; ''ù'' only in the word ''où'', ''à'' only at the ends of a few words (including ''à''). Never ''á í ì ó ò ú''.
* Angle quotation marks: « » (though "curly-Q" quotation marks are also used); dialogue traditionally indicated by means of dashes.
* Common short words: ''la'', ''le'', ''les'', ''un'', ''une'', ''des'', ''de'', ''du'', ''à'', ''au'', ''et'', ''ou'', ''où'', ''sur'', ''il'', ''elle'', ''ils'', ''se'', ''je'', ''vous'', ''que'', ''qui'', ''y'', ''en'', ''si'', ''ne'', ''est'', ''sont'', ''a'', ''ont''.
* Many apostrophised contractions for common pronouns and particles, i.e. words ''l{{'}}'' or ''d{{'}}'', less often ''c{{'}}'', ''j{{'}}'', ''m{{'}}'', ''n{{'}}'', ''s{{'}}'', ''t{{'}}'', or rarely ''z{{'}}'' — only before a word starting by a vowel or, in some cases, an ''h''.
* Common digraphs and trigraphs:
** Vowels digraphs: ''au'', ''ai'', ''ei'', ''ou''. Word-final ''-ez''.
** Vowels digraphs (nasals): ''an'', ''en'', ''in'', ''on'', rarely ''un''. For all of these, the ''n'' become ''m'' before ''b'', ''p'' or ''m'' (e.g. ''embouchure'', never *''enbouchure'').
** Vowel trigraphs: ''eau'', ''ein'', ''ain'', ''oin''.
** Consonant digraphs: ''ch'', ''gu-''. Rarely ''sh''. Semi-consonant ''-ill-''.
* Letters ''w'' and ''k'', are rare and used only in loanwords, most often from Germanic languages (e.g ''whisky'').
* Ligatures ''œ'' and ''æ'' are conventional but are rarely used (a few words are well known, e.g. ''œil'', ''œuf(s)'', ''bœuf(s)'', most other are scientific/technical and borrowed from Latin).
* Words ending in ''-aux'', ''-eux'', or ''-oux''.

====[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[:es:Idioma español|Español]])====
*Characters: ¿ ¡ (inverted question and exclamation marks), ñ
*All vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú) may take an acute accent
*The letter ''u'' can take a diaeresis (ü), but only after the letter g
*Some words frequently used: de, el, del, los, la(s), uno(s), una(s), y
*No apostrophised contractions
*No use of grave accent
*Letters ''k'' and ''w'' are rare and only used in loanwords (e.g. ''walkman'')
*Word beginnings: ll- (check not Welsh or Catalan) double L (ll)
*Word endings: -o, -a, -ción, -miento, -dad
*Angle quotation marks: « » (though "curly-Q" quotation marks are also used); dialogue often indicated by means of dashes

====[[Italian language|Italian]] ([[:it:Lingua italiana|Italiano]])====

*Almost every native word ends in a vowel. Example exceptions include ''non'', ''il'', ''per'', ''con'', ''del''.
*Common one-letter word: ''è''.
*Common word: ''perché''.
*Letter sequences: ''gli'', ''gn'', ''sci''.
*Letters ''j'', ''k'', ''w'', ''x'' and ''y'' are rare and used only in loanwords (e.g. ''whisky'').
*Word endings: ''-o'', ''-a'', ''-zione'', ''-mento'', ''-tà'', ''-aggio''.
*Grave accent (e.g., on à) almost always occurs in the last letter of words.
*Double consonants (''tt'', ''zz'', ''cc'', ''ss'', ''bb'', ''pp'', ''ll'', etc.) are frequent.

====[[Catalan language|Catalan]] ([[:ca:Català|Català]])====
*Characters: à, è, é, í, ï, ò, ó, ú, ü, ç, ·
*Character combination ''tz'' (also common in Basque, however) and ''l·l''
*Syllables and words ending in ''-aig'', ''-eig'', ''-oig'', ''-uig'', ''-aix'', ''-eix'', ''-oix'', ''-uix''
*Letter sequences: ''tx'' (also common in Basque, however) and ''tg''
*Letter ''y'' is only used in the combination ''ny'' and loanwords
*Letters ''k'' and ''w'' are rare and only used in loanwords (e.g. ''walkman'')
*Word endings: ''-o'', ''-a'', ''-es'', ''-ció'', ''-tat'', ''-ment''
*Word beginning: ''ll-'' (also common in Spanish and Welsh, however)
*Common words: ''això'', ''amb'', ''mateix'', ''tots'', ''que''

====[[Romanian language|Romanian]] ([[:ro:Limba română|Română]])====
*Characters: ă â î ș ț
*Common words: și, de, la, a, ai, ale, alor, cu
*Word endings: -a, -ă, -u, -ul, -ului, -ție (or -țiune), -ment, -tate; names ending in -escu
*Double and triple i: copii, copiii
*Note that Romanian is sometimes written online with no diacritics, making it harder to identify. A cedilla is sometimes used on S (ş) and on T (ţ) instead of the correct diacritic, the comma (above).

====[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ([[:pt:Língua portuguesa|Português]])====
*Characters: ã, õ, â, ê, ô, á, é, í, ó, ú, à, ç
*Common one-letter words: a, à, e, é, o
*Common two-letter words: ao, as, às, da, de, do, em, os, ou, um
*Common three-letter words: aos, com, das, dos, ele, ela, mas, não, por, que, são, uma
*Common endings: -ção, -dade, -ismo, -mente
*Common digraphs: ch, nh, lh; examples: chave, galinha, baralho.
*The letters k, w and y are rare. They are found mostly in loanwords, e.g.: ''keynesianismo'', ''walkie-talkie'', ''nylon''.
*Most singular words end in a vowel, l, m, r, or z.
*Plural words end in -s.

====[[Walloon language|Walloon]] ([[:wa:Walon|Walon]])====
*Characters: å, é, è, ê, î, ô, û
*Common digraphs and trigraphs: ai, ae, én, -jh-, tch, oe, -nn-, -nnm-, xh, ou
*Common one-letter words: a, å, e, i, t', l', s', k'
*Common two-letter words: al, ås, li, el, vs, ki, si, pô, pa, po, ni, èn, dj'
*Common three-letter words: dji, nén, rén, bén, pol, mel
*Common endings: -aedje, -mint, -xhmint, -ès, -ou, -owe, -yî, -åcion
*Apostrophes are followed by a space (preferably non breaking one), eg: ''l'&nbsp;ome'' instead of ''l'ome''.

====[[Galician language|Galician]] ([[:gl:Lingua galega|Galego]])====
*Similar to Portuguese; the indefinite article "unha" (fem. plural), the suffix -ción and a heavier usage of the letter "x" usually sign Galician.
*Definite articles o (masc. sing.), os (masc. plural), a (fem. sing.), as (fem. plural)
*Common diagraphs: nh (ningunha)
*The letters j, k, w and y are not in the alphabet, and appear only in loanwords

===[[Germanic languages]]===
====[[English language|English]]====
*words: ''a'', ''an'', ''and'', ''in'', ''of'', ''on'', ''the'', ''that'', ''to'', ''is'', ''what'', ''I'' (''I'' is always capital when talking about oneself)
*letter sequences: ''th'', ''ch'', ''sh'', ''wh'', ''ough'', ''augh'', ''qu''
*word endings: ''-ing'', ''-tion'', ''-ed'', ''-age'', ''-s'', ''-’s'', ''-’ve'', ''-n’t'', ''-’d''
*vast majority of words end with a consonant, or sometimes with an e. Some common exceptions: ''who,'' ''to,'' ''so,'' ''no,'' ''do,'' ''a,'' and a few names like ''Julia.'' 
*diacritics or accents only in loanwords (piñata)

====[[Dutch language|Dutch]] ([[:nl:Nederlands|Nederlands]])====
*letter sequences ''ij'' (capitalized as ''IJ'', and also found as a ligature, ''Ĳ'' or ''ĳ''), ''ei'', ''ou'', ''au'', ''oe'', doubled vowels (but not ''ii''), ''kw'', ''ch'', ''sch'', ''oei'', ''ooi'', ''aai'' and ''uw'' (especially ''eeuw'', ''ieuw'', ''auw'', and ''ouw'').
*all consonants, except ''h'', ''j'', ''q'', ''v'', ''w'', ''x'' and ''z'' can be doubled.
*the letters ''c'' (except in the sequence ''(s)ch''), ''q'', ''x'' and ''y'' are almost only found in loanwords.
*words: ''het, op, en, een, voor'' (and compounds of ''voor'').
*word endings: ''-tje'', ''-sje'', ''-ing'', ''-en'', ''-lijk'',
*at the start of words: ''z-, v-, ge-''
*''t/m'' occasionally occurs between two points in time or between numbers (e.g. house numbers).

====[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] ([[:fy:Frysk|Frysk]])====
*letter sequences: ''ij'', ''ei'', ''oa''
*words: yn

====[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] ([[:af:Afrikaans (taal)|Afrikaans]])====
*Words: ''<nowiki>'n</nowiki>'', ''as'', ''vir'', ''nie''.
*Similar to [[#Dutch (Nederlands)|Dutch]], but:
**the common Dutch letters ''c'' and ''z'' are rare and used only in loanwords (e.g. ''chalet'');
**the common Dutch vowel ''ij'' is not used; instead, ''i'' and ''y'' are used (e.g. ''-lik'', ''sy'');
**the common Dutch word ending ''-en'' is rare, being replaced by ''-e''.

====[[German language|German]] ([[:de:Deutsche Sprache|Deutsch]])====
*umlauts (ä, ö, ü), ess-zett (ß)
*letter sequences: ''ch'', ''ck'', ''sch'', ''tsch'', ''tz'', ''ss'',
*common words: ''der'', ''die'', ''das'', ''den'', ''dem'', ''des'', ''er'', ''sie'', ''es'', ''ist'', ''ich'', ''du'', ''aber''
*common endings: ''-en'', ''-er'', ''-ern'', ''-st'', ''-ung'', ''-chen'', ''-tät''
*rare letters: ''x'', ''y'' (except in loanwords)
*letter ''c'' rarely used except in the sequences listed above and in loanwords
*long compound words
*a period (.) after ordinal numbers, e.g. ''3. Oktober''
*many capitalised words in the middle of sentences since German capitalizes all nouns.

====[[Swedish language|Swedish]] ([[:sv:Svenska|Svenska]])====
*letters å, ä, ö, rarely é
*common words: ''och'', ''i'', ''att'', ''det'', ''en'', ''som'', ''är'', ''av'', ''den'', ''på'', ''om'', ''inte'', ''men''
*common endings: ''-ning'', ''-lig'', ''-isk'', ''-ande'', ''-ade'', ''-era'', ''-rna''
*common surname endings: ''-sson'', ''-berg'', ''-borg'', ''-gren'', ''-lund'', ''-lind'', ''-ström'', ''-kvist/qvist/quist''
*long compound words
*letter sequences: ''stj'', ''sj'', ''skj'', ''tj'', ''ck'', ''än''
*no use of characters ''w'', ''z'' except for foreign proper nouns and some loanwords but ''x'' is used, unlike Danish and Norwegian, which replace it with ''ks''
*doubling of consonants common, but doubling of vowels very rare

====[[Danish language|Danish]] ([[:Da:Dansk|Dansk]])====
*letters æ, ø, å
*common words: ''af, og, til, er, på, med, det, den'';
*common endings: ''-tion'', ''-ing'', ''-else'', ''-hed'';
*long compound words;
*no use of character ''q'', ''w'', ''x'' and ''z'' except for foreign proper nouns and some loanwords;
*to distinguish from Norwegian: uses letter combination ''øj''; frequent use of ''æ''; spellings of borrowed foreign words are retained (in particular use of ''c''), such as ''centralstation''.
*doubling of consonants common (but not at the end of words, unlike Norwegian and Swedish), but doubling of vowels very rare
*pre-1948 orthography: ''aa'' was used instead of ''å''; all nouns were capitalized

====[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:no:Norsk|Norsk]])====
*letters æ, ø, å
*common words: ''av, ble, er, og, en, et, men, i, å, for, eller'';
*common endings: ''-sjon'', ''-ing'', ''-else'', ''-het'';
*long compound words;
*no use of character ''c'', ''w'', ''z'' and ''x'' except for foreign proper nouns and some loanwords;
*two versions of the language: [[Bokmål]] (much closer to Danish) and  [[Nynorsk]] – for example ''ikke, lørdag, Norge'' (Bokmål) vs. ''ikkje, laurdag, Noreg'' (Nynorsk); Nynorsk uses the word ''òg''; printed materials almost always published in Bokmål only;
*to distinguish from Danish: uses letter combination ''øy''; less frequent use of ''æ'' (mainly but not exclusively before ''r''); spellings of borrowed foreign words are ‘Norsified’ (in particular removing use of ''c''), such as ''sentralstasjon''.
*doubling of consonants common (including the end of words), but doubling of vowels very rare

====[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ([[:is:Íslenska|Íslenska]])====
*letters ''á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö''
*common beginnings: ''fj-'', ''gj-'', ''hj-'', ''hl-'', ''hr-'', ''hv-'', ''kj-'', and ''sj-'',
*common endings: ''-ar'' (especially ''-nar''), ''-ir'' (especially ''-nir''), ''-ur'', ''-nn'' (especially ''-inn'')
*no use of character ''c'', ''q'', ''w'', or ''z'' except for foreign proper nouns, some loanwords, and, in the case of ''z'', older texts.
*doubling of consonants common, but doubling of vowels very rare

====[[Faroese language|Faroese]] ([[:fo:Føroyskt|Føroyskt]])====
*letters ''á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø''
*letter combinations: ''ggj'', ''oy'', ''skt''
*to distinguish from Icelandic: does not use é or þ, uses ø instead of ö (occasionally rendered as ö on road signs, or even ő).
*doubling of consonants common, but doubling of vowels very rare

===[[Baltic languages]]===
==== [[Latvian language|Latvian]] ([[:lv:Latviešu valoda|Latviešu]])====
*uses [[diacritics]]: ā, č, ē, ģ, ī, ķ, ļ, ņ, ō, ŗ, š, ū, ž
* no use of character ''q'', ''w'', ''x'', or ''y'' except for foreign brand names, international symbols, some loanwords (e.g. ''{{lang|lv|queer}}''), and, in the case of ''w'', older texts.
*no longer uses ō or ŗ in modern language
*extremely rare doubling of [[vowels]]
*rare doubling of [[consonants]]
*a period (.) after ordinal numbers, e.g. ''2005. gads''
*common words: ''ir'', ''bija'', ''tika'', ''es'', ''viņš''

==== [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ([[:lt:Lietuvių kalba|Lietuvių]])====
*visual abundance of letters ą, č, ę, ė, į, š, ų, ū, ų
*does not have letters q, w, x
*extremely rare doubling of [[vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s
*many varying forms (usually endings) of the same word, e.g. namas, namo, namus, namams, etc.
*generally long words (absence of articles and fewer prepositions in comparison to Germanic languages)
*common words: ''ir'', ''yra'', ''kad'', ''bet''.

===[[Slavic languages]]===
====[[Polish language|Polish]] ([[:pl:Język polski|Polski]])====
*consonant clusters ''rz, sz, cz, prz, trz''
*includes: ą, ę, ć, ś, ł, ń, ó, ż, ź
*words ''w, z, we, i, na'' (several one-letter words)
*words ''jest, się''
*words beginning with ''był, będzie, jest'' (forms of [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] ''być'', "to be").

====[[Czech language|Czech]] ([[:cs:Čeština|Čeština]])====
*visual abundance of letters ''ž š ů ě ř''
*words ''je, v''
*to distinguish from Slovak: does not use ä, ľ, ĺ, ŕ or ô; ú only appears at the beginning of words.

====[[Slovak language|Slovak]] ([[:sk:Slovenčina|Slovenčina]])====
*visual abundance of letters ''ž š č'';
*uses: ä, ľ, and ô and (very rarely) ĺ and ŕ;
*typical suffixes: ''-cia'', ''-ť'';
*to distinguish from Czech: does not use ě, ř or ů.

====[[Croatian language|Croatian]] ([[:hr:Hrvatski jezik|Hrvatski]])====
*similar to Serbian
*letters-digraphs ''dž, lj, nj''
*does not have q, w, x, y
*typical suffixes: ''-ti'', ''-ći''
*special letters: č, ć, š, ž, đ
*common words: a, i, u, je
*to distinguish from Serbian: sequences ''-ije-'' and ''-je-'' are common; verbs ending in ''-irati'', ''-iran''

====[[Serbian language|Serbian]] ([[:sr:Српски језик|Srpski/Српски]])====

=====[[Serbian Latin alphabet|Serbian Latin]]=====

*similar to Croatian
*letters-digraphs ''dž, lj, nj'' (lj and nj are somewhat more common than dž, although not by much)
*no q, w, x, y
*typical verb suffixes ''-ti'', ''-ći'' (infinitive is much less used than in Croatian)
*foreign words might end in ''-tija'', ''-ovan'', ''-ovati'', ''-uje''
*special letters: đ (rare), č, š (common), ć, ž (less common)
*common words: a, i, u, je, jeste
*[[future tense]] suffix ''-iće'', ''-ićeš'', ''-ićemo'', ''-ićete'' (not found in Croatian)
*vowel sequences ''-ije-'' and ''-je-'' are very often in Serbian that is spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia (ijekavica), but it does not appear in Serbia because each of those sequences are substituted with ''-e-'' (ekavica).

=====[[Serbian Cyrillic]]=====

*uses Џ, Ј, Љ, Њ, Ђ, Ћ
*does not use Щ, Ъ, Ы, Ь, Э, Ю, Я, Ё, Є, Ґ, Ї, І, Ў
*to distinguish from Macedonian: does not use Ѕ, Ѓ, Ќ

===[[Celtic languages]]===
====[[Welsh language|Welsh]] ([[:cy:Cymraeg|Cymraeg]])====
*letters ''Ŵ, ŵ'' used in Welsh
*words ''y, yr, yn, a, ac, i, o''
*letter sequences ''wy, ch, dd, ff, ll, mh, ngh, nh, ph, rh, th, si''
*letters not used: ''k, q, v, x, z''
*letter only used rarely, in loanwords: ''j''
*commonly accented letters: ''â, ê, î, ô, û, ŵ, ŷ'', although acute (''´''), grave (''`''), and dieresis (''¨'') accents can hypothetically occur on all vowels
*word endings: ''-ion, -au, -wr, -wyr''
*''y'' is the most common letter in the language
*''w'' between consonants (''w'' in fact represents a vowel in the Welsh language)
*circumflex accent (''^'') is by far the commonest diacritical mark, although diacritics are often omitted altogether

====[[Irish language|Irish]] ([[:ga:Gaeilge|Gaeilge]])====
*vowels with acute accents: ''á é í ó ú''
*words beginning with letter sequences ''bp dt gc bhf''
*letter sequences ''sc cht''
*no use of the letter J, K, Q, V, W.
*frequent bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, th, sh
*to distinguish from (Scottish) Gaelic: there may be words or names with the second (or even third) letter capitalized instead of the first: ''hÉireann''.

====[[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] ([[:gd:Gàidhlig|Gàidhlig]])====
*vowels with grave accents: ''à è ì ò ù'' (''é'' and ''ó'' still occasionally seen but usage is now discouraged)
*letter sequences ''sg chd''
*frequent bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, th, sh
*to distinguish from Irish: prefixes are hyphenated, so capitals in the middle of words generally do not occur: ''an t-Oban''.

===[[Albanian language|Albanian]] ([[:sq:Shqip|Shqip]])===
*unique letters: ''ë'', ''ç''.
*''ë'' is the most common letter in the language.
*the letter ''w'' is not used except in loanwords.
*''dh'', ''gj'', ''ll'', ''nj'', ''rr'', ''sh'', ''th'', ''xh'', and ''zh'' are considered one letter instead of two.  
*common words: po, jo, dhe, i, të, me

===[[Maltese language|Maltese]] ([[:mt:Lingwa Maltija|Malti]])===
*unique letters: ċ, ġ, ħ, għ, ħ, ż
*semitic origin, fairly intelligible with Arabic
*uses il-xxx for the definite article

===[[Iranian languages]]===
====[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:ku:Zimanê kurdî|Kurdî / كوردی]])====
*uses circumflex ( ^ ): ê, î, û and cedilla ( ¸ ): ç, ş
*the word ''xwe'' (oneself, myself, yourself etc.) appears frequently and is highly specific (''xw'' combination)
*( I, i ) is the most common letter in the language
*uses eight vowels (a, e, ê, i, î, o, u, û)
*impossible to find a word without any vowel
*has lots of compound words

===[[Finno-Ugric languages]]===
==== [[Finnish language|Finnish]] ([[:fi:Suomen kieli|Suomi]])====
*distinct letters ''å'', ''ä'' and ''ö''; but never ''õ'' or ''ü'' (''y'' takes the place of ''ü'')
*''b'', ''f'', ''z'', ''š'' and ''ž'' appear in [[loanwords]] and [[proper names]] only; the last two are substituted with ''sh'' or ''zh'' in some texts
*''c'', ''q'', ''w'', ''x'', ''å'' appear in (typically foreign) proper names only
*outside of loanwords, ''d'' appears only between vowels or in ''hd''
*outside of loanwords, ''g'' only appears in ''ng''
*outside of loanwords, words do not begin with two consonants; this is reflected in the general syllable structure, where consonant clusters only occur across syllable boundaries, except in some loanwords
*common words: ''sinä'', ''on''
*common endings: ''-nen'', ''-ka''/''-kä'', ''-in'', ''-t'' (plural suffix)
*common vowel combinations: ''ai'', ''uo'', ''ei'', ''ie'', ''oi'', ''yö'', ''äi''
*unusually high degree of letter duplication, both vowels and consonants will be geminated, for example ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'', ''kk'', ''ll'', ''ss'', ''yy'', ''ää''
*frequent long words

==== [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ([[:et:Eesti keel|Eesti]])====
*distinct letters: ''õ'', ''ä'', ''ö'' and ''ü''; but never ''ß'' or ''å''
*similar to Finnish, except:
**letter ''y'' is not used, except in loanwords (''ü'' is the corresponding vowel)
**letters ''b'' and ''g'' (without preceding ''n'') are found outside of loanwords
**occasional use of ''š'' and ''ž'', mainly in loanwords (plus combination ''tš'')
**loanwords more common generally than in Finnish, mainly loaned from German
**words end in consonants more frequently than in Finnish, word-final ''b'', ''d'', ''v'' being particularly typical
**letter ''d'' is much more common in Estonian than in Finnish, and in Estonian it is often the last letter of the word (plural suffix), which it never is in Finnish
**double ''öö'' more common than in Finnish; other doubles can include ''õõ'', ''üü'', rarely ''hh'' (for German ''ch'') and even ''šš''
*common words: ''ja'', ''on'', ''ei'', ''ta'', ''see'', ''või''.

==== [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ([[:hu:Magyar nyelv|Magyar]])====
*letters ő and ű ([[double acute accent]]) unique to Hungarian
*accented letters ''á'' and ''é'' frequent
*letter combinations: ''cs, dz, dzs, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs'' (all classed as separate letters), ''leg‐, ‐obb'' (note: ''sz'' also common in [[#Polish_.28Polski.29|Polish]])
*common words: ''a, az, ez, egy, és, van, hogy''
*letter ''k'' very frequent (plural suffix)
*letter ''q'' extremely ''in''frequent (no use of the letter aside from clearly foreign words and a few proper names)

===[[Eskimo–Aleut languages]]===
====[[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]] ([[:kl:Kalaallisut|Kalaallisut]])====
*long polysynthetic words (a single word can number 30+ letters)
*relatively abundant ''n'', ''q'' (not necessarily followed by ''u''), ''u''
*ubiquitous double consonants and vowels (''aa'', ''ii'', ''qq'', ''uu'', more rarely ''ee'', ''oo'')
*vowels ''a'', ''i'', ''u'' conspicuously more frequent than ''e'', ''o'' (which are only found before ''q'' and ''r'')
*no diphthongs except occasional word-final ''ai'', only consonant combinations besides double consonants and ''(n)ng'' consist of ''r'' + consonant
*old spellings (now abolished in the spelling reform of 1973) sometimes included acute accent, circumflex, tilde, and/or the letter [[kra]] (''Kʼ ĸ''): ''Kʼânâĸ'' vs. ''Qaanaaq''.

===[[Southern Athabaskan languages]]===

*vowels with acute accent, [[ogonek]] (nasal hook), or both: á, ą, ą́
*doubled vowels: aa, áá, ąą, ą́ą́
*slashed ''l'': ł (check not Polish!) 
*''n'' with acute accent: ń
*quotation mark: ' or ’
*sequences: dl, tł, tł’, dz, ts’, ií, áa, aá
*may have rather long words

====[[Navajo language|Navajo]] ([[:nv:Diné bizaad|Diné bizaad]])====
In addition to the above,
*does <u>not</u> use ''u'', ''ú'', or ''ų''

====([[Mescalero-Chiricahua language|Mescalero / Chiricahua]]) (Mashgaléń / Chidikáágo)====
In addition to the above,
*uses: u, ú, ų
*does <u>not</u> use ''o'', ''ó'', or ''ǫ''

===[[Guarani language|Guaraní]]===
*lots of tildes over vowels (including y) and n
*tilde over g: g̃—it's the only language in the world to use it. Example words: ''hagũa'' and ''g̃uahẽ''.
*b, d, and g usually do not occur without m or n before (mb, nd, ng) unless they're Spanish loan words.
*f, l, q, w, x, z extremely rare outside loan words
*does not use c without h: ch

=== [[Japanese language|Japanese]] in [[Romaji]] ([[:ja:日本語|Nihongo/日本語]])===
*words: ''desu, aru, suru'', esp. at end of sentences;
*word endings: ''-masu, -masen, -shita'';
*letters: Japanese almost always alternates between a consonant and a vowel. Exceptions are [[digraph]]s ''shi'' and ''chi'', [[affricate]] ''tsu'', [[gemination]] (two of the same consonant in a row) and [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] (a consonant followed by the letter ''y''). 
*a macron or circumflex may be used to indicate doubled vowels, eg. ''Tōkyō''
*common words: ''no, o, wa, de, ni''
(Note: Romaji is not often used in Japanese script. It is most often used for foreigners learning the pronunciation of the Japanese language.)

===[[Hmong language|Hmong]] ([[:hmn:Hmoob|Hmoob]]) written in [[Romanized Popular Alphabet]]===
*Almost all written words are quite short (one syllable).
*Syllables (unless they are pronounced with mid tone) end in a tone letter: one of ''b s j v m g d'', leading to apparent "consonant clusters" such as ''-wj''
*'''w''' can be the main vowel of a syllable (e.g. ''tswv'')
*Syllables can begin with sequences such as ''hm-, ntxh-, nq-''.
*Syllables ending in double vowels (especially ''-oo, -ee'') possibly followed by a tone letters (as in ''Hmoob'' "Hmong").

===[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ([[:vi:Tiếng_Việt|tiếng Việt]])===
*Roman characters with more than one diacritical mark on the same vowel. See [[#Characters|above]].
*Almost all written words are quite short (one syllable, mostly less than six characters long).
*Words beginning with ''ng'' or ''ngh''
*Words ending with ''nh''
*common words: ''cái, không, có, ở, của, và, tại, với, để, đã, sẽ, đang, tôi, bạn, chúng, là''

====Vietnamese Quoted-Readable ([[VIQR]])====
*The following characters (often in combination) after vowels: ^ ( + ' ` ? ~ .
*DD, Dd, or dd
*The following character before punctuation: \

====Vietnamese [[VNI]] encoding====
*The digits 1-8 after vowels
*The digit 9 after a D or d
*The following character before numbers: \

====Vietnamese [[Telex_(IME)|Telex]]====
*The following characters after vowels: s f r x j
*The following vowels, doubled up: a e o
*The letter ''w'' after the following characters: a o u
*DD, Dd, or dd

===Chinese, Romanized===
====[[Standard Mandarin|Standard Mandarin]] ([[:zh:現代標準漢語|現代標準漢語]])====
*In general, Mandarin syllables end only in vowels or n, ng, r; never in p, t, k, m
=====[[Pinyin]]=====
*Words beginning with x, q, zh
*Tone marks on vowels, such as ā, á, ǎ, à
**For convenience while using a computer, these are sometimes substituted with numbers, e.g. a1, a2, a3, a4
=====[[Wade–Giles]]=====
*Words do not begin with ''b, d, g, z, q, x, r''
*Words beginning with ''hs''
*Many hyphenated words
*Apostrophes after initial letters or digraphs, e.g. ''t'a, ch'i''

=====[[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]]=====
*Many unusual vowel combinations such as ae, eei, ii, iee, oou, yy, etc.
*Insertion of r, e.g. arn, erng, etc.
*Words ending in nn, nq

==== [[Southern_Min|Southern Min / Min-Nan]] ([[:zh-min-nan:Bân-lâm-gú|Bân-lâm-gí/Bân-lâm-gú]]) in [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] ====
*Many hyphenated words.
*Words can end in p, t, k, m, n, ng, h; never r
*Roman characters with many diacritical marks on vowels.  Unlike Vietnamese, each character has at most one such mark.
*Unusual combining characters, namely · (middle dot, always after ''o'') and | (vertical bar). ¯ ([[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) is also common.

=== [[Austronesian languages]] ===
====[[Malay language|Malay]] ([[:ms:Bahasa_Melayu|bahasa Melayu]]) and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] ([[:id:Bahasa_Indonesia|bahasa Indonesia]])====
May contain the following:<br>
Prefixes: ''me-, mem-, memper-, pe-, per-, di-, ke-''<br>
Suffixes: ''-kan, -an, -i''<br>
Others (these almost always written in lowercase): ''yang, dan, di, ke, oleh, itu''<br>

[[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] are mutually intelligible to proficient speakers, although translators and interpreters will generally be specialists in one or other language. See [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian]].

Frequent use of the letter 'a' (comparable to the frequency of the English 'e').

==== [[Polynesian languages]] ====
Most Polynesian languages use A E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V and [[ʻOkina|ʻ]] (sometimes written ' or Q)
** L : Nuclear Polynesian languages ([[Tongan language|Tongan]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]], [[Tokelauan language|Tokelauan]]...) as in ''fale''
** R : Eastern Polynesian languages ([[Māori language|NZ Māori]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Cook Islands Māori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]]...) as in ''fare''
** K : most Polynesian languages except [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], Samoan, Tahitian
** H : most Polynesian languages except Samoan  
** WH : NZ Māori (''whenua'')
*Consonants always separated by one or more vowels (''fenua'', ''Haʻapai'', ''ʻolelo'')
*Short and long vowels, written either with a macron (āēīōū) or by replication (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu)
*Frequent diphtongs (''oiaue'', ''māori'')
*Words always end with a vowel 
*Loanwords are translitterated (like in Japanese): ''Sesu Kilisito''=Jesus Christ, ''polokalama''=program)
*Frequent English or French loanwords (depending on colonial history)

===== [[Tongan language|Tongan]] (lea fakatonga) =====
* A E F H I K L M N NG O P S T U V ʻ
*ng (''Tonga''), h, endings in -onua (''fonua'')
*article ''te''
*frequent words: 'o, te, ki, mei, i, faka-
*English loanwords

===== [[Samoan language|Samoan]] (gagana samoa) =====
* A E F G I L M N O P S T U V ʻ
*no K letter, uses okina (ʻ) or nothing instead (''faka'' in Tongan is ''faʻa'' in Samoan)
*frequent use of L (''le'')
*frequent words: ''o'', ''e'', ''le'', ''se'', ''a'', ''i'', ''ma''

===== [[Wallisian]] (lea faka'uvea) =====
* A E F G H I K L M N O P S T U V ʻ
*distinguish from Tongan: g instead of ng (''tokaga'')
*article ''te''
*h is more frequent than s (''tahi'')
*frequent words: ko, te, ki, mai, i, o, ne'e, e, mo, faka-
*French loanwords

===== [[East Futunan]] (lea fakafutuna) =====
* A E F G H I K L M N O P S T U V ʻ
*article ''le''
*frequent words: ko, le, ki, mei, i, o, mo, faka-
*distinguish from Wallisian: S is more frequent than H (''tasi'')
*distinguish from Samoan: letter K
*French loanwords

===[[Turkic languages]]===

Note that some Turkic languages like [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] use a similar [[Latin alphabet]] (often [[Jaŋalif]]) and similar words, and might be confused with Turkish.
Azeri has the letters Əə, Xx and Qq not present in the Turkish alphabet, and Türkmen has Ää, Žž, Ňň, Ýý and Ww.
Latin Characters uniquely (or nearly uniquely) used for Turkic languages: Əə, Ŋŋ, Ɵɵ, Ьь, Ƣƣ, Ğğ, İ, and ı.
All Turkic languages can form long words by adding multiple suffixes.

====[[Turkish language|Turkish]] ([[:tr:Türkçe|Türkçe/Türkiye_Türkçesi]])====
=====Turkish Alphabet=====
Lowercase: a b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y z

Uppercase: A B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ö P R S Ş T U Ü V Y Z

=====Common words=====
*''bir'' — one, a
*''bu'' — this
*''ancak'' — but
*''oldu'' — was (happened)
*''şu'' — that

=====Misc.=====
*The letter "j" is only used in loanwords.
*Words never begin with "ğ"
*Look for common word endings. Tense changes in Turkish verbs are created by adding suffixes to the end of the verb. Pluralizations occur by adding ''-lar'' and ''-ler''.
**Common Tense Changes: ''-yor'' ''-mış'' ''-muş''  ''-sun''
**Possessivity/person: ''-im'' ''-un'' ''-ın'' ''-in'' ''-iz'' ''-dur'' ''-tır''
**Example: ''Yap'''tı ''''', "[He] did it"; ''Yap'' is the verb stem meaning "to do", ''-mış'' indicates the perfect tense, ''-tır'' indicates the third person (he/she/it).
**Example: [[Adalar|''Ada'''lar''''']], "Islands"; ''Ada'' is a noun meaning "island", ''-lar'' makes it plural.)
**Example: ''Ev'''imiz''''', "Our house"; ''Ev'' is a noun meaning "house", ''-im'' indicates the first-person possessor, which ''-iz'' then makes plural.)

====[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] ([[:az:Azərbaycan_dili|Azərbaycanca]])====
Azeri can be easily recognized by the frequent use of ''[[ə]]''. This letter is not used in any other officially recognized modern Latin alphabet. In addition, it uses the letters ''x'' and ''q'', which are not used in Turkish.

*Common words: ''və'', ''ki'', ''ilə'', ''bu'', ''o'', ''isə'', ''görə'', ''da'', ''də''
*Frequent use of diacritics: ''ç'', ''ğ'', ''ı'', ''İ'', ''ö'', ''ş'', ''ü''
*Words ending in ''-lar'', ''-lər'', ''-ın'', ''-in'', ''-da'', ''-də'', ''-dan'', ''-dən''
*Words never beginning with ''ğ'' or ''ı''
*Words rarely beginning with two or more consonants
*Transliteration of foreign words and names, e.g. ''Audrey Hepburn'' = ''Odri Hepbern''

==[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:zh:汉语|中文]])==

*No spaces, except between punctuation marks and (sometimes) foreign words.
*Arabic numerals (0-9) sometimes used
*Punctuation:
**Period 。(not .)
**Serial comma 、(distinguished from the regular comma ，)
**Ellipse …… (six dots)
*No [[hiragana]], [[katakana]], or [[hangul]]
*May be written vertically

===[[Simplified Chinese|Simplified Chinese]] ([[:zh:简体中文|简体]]) vs [[Traditional Chinese|Traditional Chinese]] ([[:zh-tw:繁体中文|繁體]])===
Note: Many characters were not simplified. As a result, it is common for a short word or phrase to be identical between Simplified and Traditional, but it is rare for an entire sentence to be identical as well.

Common radicals different between Traditional and Simplified:
*Simplified: <big>讠钅饣纟门</big>(e.g. <big>语 银 饭 纪 问</big>)
*Traditional: <big>訁釒飠糹門</big>(e.g. <big>語 銀 飯 紀 問</big>)

Common characters different between Traditional and Simplified:
*Simplified: <big>国 会 这 来 对 开 关 门 时 个 书 长 万 边 东 车 爱 儿</big>
*Traditional: <big>國 會 這 來 對 開 關 門 時 個 書 長 萬 邊 東 車 愛 兒</big>

===Standard written Chinese (based on Mandarin) vs written Vernacular Cantonese===
{{see also|zh:粵語}}

Note: Apart from Hong Kong, there are also Cantonese-speakers in southern Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore<ref>https://www.oakton.edu/user/4/billtong/chinaclass/Language/cantonese.htm</ref>, so written Cantonese can be written in either Simplified or Traditional characters.



Common characters in Vernacular Cantonese that do not occur or seldom occur in Mandarin:

*<big>嘅 咗 咁 嚟 啲 唔 佢 乜 嘢 嗰 冇 睇</big>

Some of the above characters are not supported in all character encodings, so sometimes the 口 radical on the left is substituted with a ''0'' or ''o'', e.g.

*<big>o既 0既</big>



Sometimes, different Chinese characters are used to express the same meaning in Cantonese and Mandarin. If you use the one commonly used in Cantonese to express the same meaning when you are speaking or writing Mandarin, a native speaker may be confused or even find it difficult to understand, and vice versa. Some examples are:
(Cantonese vs Mandarin)

*<big>食vs吃(eat) 飲vs喝(drink) 企vs站(stand) 凍vs冷(cold) 落vs下(down) 著vs穿(wear) 讀vs唸(read) 鬧vs罵(scold) 計vs算(calculate) 咪vs別(do not) 行vs走(walk/go) 先vs才(then)</big>



There are Chinese words used to construct vocabularies used in Cantonese that are not or seldomly implemented in modern Mandarin. Some examples are:
(Cantonese vs Mandarin)

*<big>成日vs整天(always) 傾計vs聊天(talk) 返工vs上班(go to work) 溫書vs溫習(study) 影片vs視頻(video) 隔離vs旁邊(nearby) 起屋vs蓋樓(build a house) 聽日vs明天(tomorrow) 巴閉vs囂張(arrogant) 搞掂vs完成(finished) 定係vs還是(or) 靚仔vs帥哥(handsome male) 鍾意vs喜歡(like) 犀利vs厲害(powerful) 同埋vs和/及(and) 黐綫vs瘋的(crazy) 雪櫃vs冰箱(fridge)</big>



Cantonese vocabularies constructed by Cantonese words are used in daily life in southern China and are not used in modern Mandarin. Some examples are:

*<big>咪咁(don't be like this) 好冇(ok?) 玩嘢(to play tricks) 做嘢(to work) 睇戲(to watch a film/movie) 唔知(don't know) 埋嚟(come) 嗰個(that) 咁嘅嘢(such thing) 佢哋(they) 咩事/乜事(what?) 冇嘢(nothing) 嗰陣(at that moment) 越嚟越多(more and more) 我嘅(mine) 梗係(of course) 𥄫(to peek) 冧佢(love him/her) 拎畀我(take it to me) 嘥曬(everything is wasted) 你啱(you are right) 𢫏住(to cover something) 冚唪唥(all) 撳實(to press something tightly) 瞓覺(to sleep) 掟石仔(to throw a tiny stone) 唓[a modal word to express comtemption] 噃[a modal word for reminding or warning someone] 詏交(to argue) 好嬲(very angry) 心悒(feeling depressed in heart) 𧨾女仔(to please a girl) 得咁多咋(only this much) 做好咗(done something well)</big>



Finally, when terms are introduced from other countries(especially the US and the UK) to China, Cantonese and Mandarin often get different translations, where Cantonese often translates according to pronunciation of the terms in English and Mandarin often translates according to the meaning of the terms. Some examples are:
(Cantonese vs Mandarin)

*<big>的士(dik1 si2, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation.) vs 出租車(chū zū chē, meaning cars for renting.), translated from Taxi. </big>
*<big>巴士(baa1 si2, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation.) vs 公車(gōng chē, meaning public cars.), translated from Bus.</big> 
*<big>多士(do1 si2, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation.) vs 土司(tǔ sī, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation.), translated from Toast. </big> 
*<big>騷(sou1, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation.)  vs 秀(xìu, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation), translated from Show. </big>  
*<big>士多(si2 do1, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation) vs 小店(xiǎo diàn, meaning small shop), translated from Store. </big>
*<big>𨋢(lip1, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation) vs 升降機(shēng jiàng jī, meaning machine that elevates and lowers itself), translated from Lift/Elevator. </big>
*<big>掰拜(baai1 baai3, has no direct meaning, translated according to the English pronunciation) vs 再見(zài jiàn, meaning see you again), translated from Byebye/Goodbye. </big>

==[[Japanese language|Japanese]] ([[:ja:日本語|日本語]])==

*[[Katakana]] (カタカナ) and  [[hiragana]] (ひらがな) characters mixed with [[kanji]] (漢字)
*No spaces
*Number system = Arabic Numerals (1,2,3 etc.)
*Punctuation:
**Period 。
**Comma 、(，also used in double byte)
**Quotation marks 「」
*Occasional small characters beside large ones, eg. しゃ　りゅ　しょ　って　シャ　リュ　ショ　 ッテ
*Double tick marks (known as daku-on) appearing at upper right of characters, eg. で　が　ず　デ　ガ　ズ
*Empty circles (known as handaku-on) appearing at upper right of characters, eg. ぱ　ぴ　パ　ぴ
*Frequent characters: の　を　は　が
*Originally written vertically(books, school, etc.) but mostly appears horizontal online.

==[[Korean language|Korean]] ([[:ko:한국어|한국어/조선말]])==

*Western-style punctuation marks
*Western-style spacing
*[[Hangul]] letters(phonetic) ex: ㅂ(b in book) ㅈ(j in jump) ㅅ(s in sock)ㅊ(ch in champion) ㅍ(p in pox)
*Hangul letters used to form syllable blocks; e.g. ㅅ s + ㅓ o + ㅇ ng = 성 song
*Circles and ellipses are commonplace in Hangul; are exceedingly rare in Chinese.
*General appearance has relatively-uniform complexity, as contrasted with Chinese or Japanese.

==[[Khmer language]] [[ភាសារខ្មែរ]]==
Khmer is written using the distinctive [[Khmer alphabet]].

*rarely uses spaces
*Letters have a distinctively "taller" shape than other Brahmic scripts.
*Uses [[Khmer numerals]] in writing ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩.
*Has smaller version of consonants placed below main consonants that may appear clustered
*Has 24 diacritics denoting syllable rhymes - ា ិ ី ឹ ឺ ុ ូ ួ ើ ឿ ៀ េ ែ ៃ េា ៅ ុំ ំ ាំ ះ ុះ េះ ោះ 
*Uses this as a full stop: ។

==[[Greek language|Greek]] ([[:el:Ελληνική γλώσσα|Ελληνικά]])==
Modern Greek is written with [[Greek alphabet]] in [[Monotonic orthography|monotonic]], [[Polytonic orthography|polytonic]] or [[atonic]], either according to Demotic ([[Manolis Triantafyllidis|Triantafyllidis]]') grammar or [[Katharevousa]] grammar. Some people write in [[Greeklish]] (Greek with Latin script) which is either Visual-based, [[orthographic]] or [[phonetic]] or just messed-up (mixed). The only official orthographic forms of Greek language are Monotonic and Polytonic.
===Normal Modern Greek (Greek Monotonic)===
*words ''και, είναι'';
*Each multi-syllable word has one accent/tone mark (''oxia''): ά έ ή ί ό ύ ώ
*The only other diacritic ever used is the tréma: ϊ/ΐ, ϋ/ΰ, etc.

===Pre-1980s Greek (Greek Polytonic)===
''[[Katharevousa]]'', ''[[Dimotiki]]'' ([[Manolis Triantafyllidis|Triantafylidis]]' grammar)
* Diacritics: ά, ᾶ, ἀ, ἁ, and combinations, also with other vowels.
* Some texts, especially in Katharevousa, also have ὰ, ᾳ, in combination with other diacritics. 
===Ancient Greek===
*Diacritics: ά, ὰ, ᾶ, ἀ, ἁ, ᾳ, and combinations, also with other vowels; ῥ; tilde (ᾶ) often appears more like a rounded circumflex
*some texts feature lunate sigma (looks like c) instead of σ/ς

===Greek Atonic===
*Was common in some Greek media (television);
*You will see Greek characters without accents/tones;
*words: ''και, ειναι, αυτο''.
===Greek in [[Greeklish]]===
*Automated conversion software for Greeklish->Greek conversion exists. If you notice a Greeklish text it may be useful for the Greek el.wikipedia (after conversion).
*Keep in mind: in Greeklish more than one character may be used for one letter. (example: th for [[Θ]] ([[theta]])).
====Orthographic Greeklish====
*words ''kai, einai''.
====Phonetic Greeklish====
*words ''ke, ine'';
*omega appears as o;
*ei, oi appear as i;
*ai appears as e.
====Visual-based Greeklish====
*omega (Ω or ω) may appear as W or w;
*epsilon (E) may appear as ''3'';
*alpha (A) may appear as ''4'';
*theta (Θ) may appear as ''8'';
*upsilon (Y) may appear as ''\|/'';
*gamma (γ) may appear as ''y''
*More than one character may be used for one letter.

====Messed-up (Mixed) Greeklish====
*words ''kai, eine'';
*combines principles of phonetic, visual-based and orthographic Greeklish according to writer's [[idiosyncrasy]];
*The most commonly used form of Greeklish.

==[[Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:hy:Հայերեն|Հայերեն]])==

Armenian can be recognized by its unique 39-letter alphabet:

Ա Բ Գ Դ Ե Զ Է Ը Թ Ժ Ի Լ Խ Ծ Կ Հ Ձ Ղ Ճ Մ Յ Ն Շ Ո Չ Պ Ջ Ռ Ս Վ Տ Ր Ց Ւ Փ Ք ԵՎ(և) Օ Ֆ

==[[Georgian language|Georgian]] ([[:ka:ქართული ენა|ქართული]]) and [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] (მარგალური)==

Georgian can be recognised by its unique alphabet (note some characters have fallen out of use).

<big>ა ბ გ დ ე ვ ზ (ჱ) თ ი კ ლ მ ნ (ჲ) ო პ ჟ რ ს ტ (ჳ) უ ფ ქ ღ ყ შ ჩ ც ძ წ ჭ ხ (ჴ) ჯ ჰ (ჵ ჶ)</big>

Mingrelian rarely appears written, but uses the Georgian alphabet with the additional letters ჸ ჷ.

==[[Cyrillic alphabet]]==
Bolding denotes letters unique to the language

===[[Slavic languages]]===
====[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:be:Беларуская мова|беларуская]])====
*uses: ё, і, й, ў, ы, э, ’
*features: ''шч'' used instead of ''щ''
*the only Cyrillic language not to feature и.

====[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] ([[:bg:Български език|български]])====
*uses: ъ, щ, я, ю, й
*the only Slavic language to use ъ as a vowel; therefore it often appears between consonants
*words: със, в
*features: many words end in definite article –ът, –ят, –та, –то, –те

====[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ([[:mk:Македонски јазик|македонски]])====
*uses: ј, љ, њ, џ, '''ѓ''', '''ќ''', '''ѕ''' 
*words: во, со
*features: ''р'' is usually found between consonants, for example ''првин''

====[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]====
* uses: З́, С́

====[[Russian language|Russian]] ([[:ru:Русский язык|русский]])====
* uses: ё (optional), й, ъ (rarely), ы, э, щ
* does not use: ґ, є, і, ї, љ, њ
* pre-1918 Russian orthography used і, ѣ, ѳ (rare), ѵ (very rare); ъ appeared frequently, mainly at the end of words

====[[Serbian language|Serbian]] ([[:sr:Српски језик|српски]])====
*uses: ј, љ, њ, џ, '''ђ''', '''ћ'''
*does not use: ё, й, щ, ъ, ы, ь, э, ю, я
*words: је, у
*features: large consonant clusters, for example ''српски''

====[[Ukrainian language |Ukrainian]] ([[:uk:Українська мова|українська]])====
* uses: є, и, і, ї, й, ґ, щ, ’
*does not use: ъ, ё, ы, э

===[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]===
* uses: ө, ү
* used only in names or borrowed words: к, ф, щ

===[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]===
* uses: ӕ

==Arabic alphabet==
* All languages using the Arabic alphabet are written right-to-left.
* A number of other languages have been written in the Arabic alphabet in the past, but now are more commonly written in Latin characters; examples include [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Swahili language|Swahili]].

===[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ([[:ar:لغة عربية|العربية]])===
*reversed question mark: ؟
*short vowels are not written, so many words are written with no vowel at all
*common prefix: -الـ
*common suffix:  ة -ـة-
*words: إلى، من، على

===[[Persian language|Persian]] ([[:fa:فارسی|فارسی]])===
Except in very rare case, verbs are at the end of a phrase.
*common verbs: کرد، بود، شد، است، می‌شود
*uses: پ، چ، ژ، گ
*words: که، به

===[[Urdu]] ([[:ur:اردو|اردو]])===
*uses: ‮ٹ‎، ڈ‎، ڑ‎، ں، ے
*many words ending in ے
*words: اور، ہے
*to distinguish from Arabic: in many texts, Urdu is written stylistically with words ‘slanting’ downwards from top-right to bottom-left (unlike the ‘linear’ style of Arabic, Persian etc.).

==Syriac Alphabet==
===[[Syriac language|Syriac]] ([[:arc:ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ|ܐܬܘܪܝܐ]])===
*short vowels are not usually written so many words are written with no vowel at all
*three styles of writing (estrangela, serto, mahdnaya) and two different ways of representing vowels
*basic alphabet in Estrangela style is: ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܣ ܬ
*basic alphabet in Serto style is: {{Script/Serto|ܬ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܫ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܪ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܩ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܨ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܦ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܥ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܣ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܢ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܡ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܠ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܟ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܝ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܛ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܚ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܙ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܘ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܗ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܕ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܓ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܒ}}, {{Script/Serto|ܐ}}
*basic alphabet in Madnhaya style is: {{Script/Mdnh|ܬ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܫ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܪ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܩ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܨ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܦ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܥ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܣ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܢ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܡ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܠ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܟ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܝ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܛ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܚ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܙ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܘ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܗ}}, {{Script/Mdnh|ܕ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܓ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܒ}},{{Script/Mdnh|ܐ}}
==Dravidian languages==
*All Dravidian languages are written from left to right.
*All Dravidian languages have different scripts. But similarity can be found in their orthography.
===Kannada===
*Kannada has a 49 letter alphabet.

===Tamil===
*common word endings :ள்ளது, கிறது, கின்றன, ம்
*common words: தமிழ், அவர், உள்ள, சில
*Tamil has a unique 30-letter alphabet. With the help of diacritics, as many as 247 letters can be written.
அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ க ங ச ஞ ட ண த ந ப ம ய ர ல வ ழ ள ற ன

===Telugu===
Telugu has 56 characters (Aksharamulu) including vowels (Achchulu) and consonants (Hallulu).
Telugu uses eighteen vowels, each of which has both an independent form and a diacritic form used with consonants to create syllables. The language makes a distinction between short and long vowels.

అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఌ ౡ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అం అః
క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ
చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
త థ ద ధ న
ప ఫ బ భ మ
య ర ఱ ల ళ వ శ ష స హ

౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯

==Bengali==
The Bengali alphabet or Bangla alphabet (Bengali: বাংলা বর্ণমালা, bangla bôrnômala) or Bengali script (Bengali: বাংলা লিপি, bangla lipi) is the writing system, originating in the Indian subcontinent, for the Bengali language and is the fifth most widely used writing system in the world. The script is used for other languages like Assamese, Maithili, Meithei and Bishnupriya Manipuri, and has historically been used to write Sanskrit within Bengal.
===Bengali===
Bengali has unique 50 letter Alphabet. 
*The Bengali script has a total of 11 vowel graphemes, each of which is called a স্বরবর্ণ swôrôbôrnô "vowel letter". The swôrôbôrnôs represent six of the seven main vowel sounds of Bengali, along with two vowel diphthongs. All of them are used in both Bengali and Assamese languages.
অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ এ ঐ ও ঔ
*The Bengali script has a total of 39 Consonants. Consonant letters are called ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ bænjônbôrnô "consonant letter" in Bengali. The names of the letters are typically just the consonant sound plus the inherent vowel অ ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (the name of the letter ঘ is itself ghô, not gh).
ক খ গ ঘ ঙ
চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ
ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ
ত থ দ ধ ন
প ফ ব ভ ম
য র ল শ ষ 
স হ ড় ঢ় য়
ৎ ঃ ং ঁ
* has 10 diacritics denoting syllable rhymes - 
া ি ী  ু  ূ ৃ ে ৈ ো ৌ

===Assamese===
*The Assamese script has a total of 11 vowel graphemes, each of which is called a স্বরবর্ণ swôrôbôrnô "vowel letter" too.
অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ এ ঐ ও ঔ

*has a total of 39 Consonants. Consonant letters are called ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ bænjônbôrnô "consonant letter" in Bengali.
ক খ গ ঘ ঙ
চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ
ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ
ত থ দ ধ ন
প ফ ব ভ ম
য ৰ ল শ ষ 
স হ ড় ঢ় য়
ৎ ঃ ং ঁ
* has 10 diacritics denoting syllable rhymes - 
া ি ী  ু  ূ ৃ ে ৈ ো ৌ

==[[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]]==
In modern writing, [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]] are indicative of [[Cree language]]s, [[Inuktitut]], or [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], though the latter two are also written in alternative scripts. The basic glyph set is ᐁ ᐱ ᑌ ᑫ ᒉ ᒣ ᓀ ᓭ ᔦ, each of which may appear in any of four orientations, boldfaced, superscripted, and with diacritics including ᑊ ᐟ ᐠ ᐨ ᒼ ᐣ ᐢ ᐧ ᐤ ᐦ ᕽ ᓫ ᕑ. This [[abugida]] has also been used for [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]].

==Other North American syllabics== 
===[[Cherokee language|Cherokee]]===
Cherokee writing features a unique syllabary consisting of the following characters:

ᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩᎪᎫᎬᎭᎮᎯᎰᎱᎲᎳᎴᎵᎶᎷᎸᎹᎺᎻᎼᎽᎾᎿᏀᏁᏂᏃᏄᏅᏆᏇᏈᏉᏊᏋᏌᏍᏎᏏᏐᏑᏒᏓᏔᏕᏖᏗᏘᏙᏚᏛᏜᏝᏞᏟᏠᏡᏢᏣᏤᏥᏦᏧᏨᏩᏪᏫᏬᏭᏮᏯᏰᏱᏲᏳᏴ.

==Artificial languages==
===[[Esperanto|Esperanto]] ([[:eo:Esperanto|Esperanto]])===
*words: ''de'', ''la'', ''al'', ''kaj''
*Six accented letters: ''ĉ Ĉ ĝ Ĝ ĥ Ĥ ĵ Ĵ ŝ Ŝ ŭ Ŭ'', their corresponding [[Esperanto_orthography#H-system|H-system]] representation ''ch Ch gh Gh hh Hh jh Jh sh Sh u U'' or their corresponding [[Esperanto_orthography#X-system|X-system]] representation ''cx Cx gx Gx hx Hx jx Jx sx Sx ux Ux''
*words ending in ''o'', ''a'', ''oj'', ''aj'', ''on'', ''an'', ''ojn'', ''ajn'', ''as'', ''os'', ''is'', ''us'', ''u'', ''i'', ''aŭ''

===[[Klingon language|Klingon]] ([[wikia:klingon:tlhIngan Hol|tlhIngan Hol]])===
*When written in the Latin alphabet Klingon has the unusual property of a distinction in case; ''q'' and ''Q'' are different letters, and other letters are either always (e.g. D, I, S) or never (e.g. ch, tlh, v) written in upper case.  This causes a large number of words that look quite strange to people who aren't used to it, for example: ''yIDoghQo{{'}}'', ''tlhIngan Hol'' (with mixed case).
*The apostrophe is fairly frequent, especially at the end of a word or syllable.
*Common suffixes: ''-be', -'a{{'}}''
*Common words: ''{{'}}oH'', ''Qapla{{'}}''
*May use one or more apostrophes in the middle of a word: ''SuvwI{{''}}a{{'}}''

===[[Lojban|Lojban]] ([[:jbo:lojban.|lojban.]])===
*(almost) all lowercase;
*common words ''lo'', ''mi'', ''cu'', ''la'', ''nu'', ''do'', ''na'', ''se'';
*paragraphs delimited with ''ni'o'' and sentences delimited with ''.i'' (or ''i'');
*many five-letter words in consonant-vowel shape ''CCVCV'' or ''CVCCV'';
*many short words with apostrophes between vowels, like ''ko'a'' ''pi'o'' etc.;
*usually no punctuation except for dots;
*may use commas in the middle of words (typically proper nouns).

===[[Toki Pona|Toki Pona]] ([[toki pona|toki pona]])===
* alphabet is all lowercase except names/loanwords
*no diacritics
*only uses [[unvoiced consonant]]s in writing, e.g. ''p'', ''t'', ''k''
Full alphabet:
p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w, a, e, i, o, u
*common words ''li'', ''mi'', ''e'', ''sina'', ''ona'', ''jan''
*often sounds like a simplified and phonetic form of English or Swedish
*many two-syllable words

==External links==
*[http://www.whatlanguage.net Language Identification Web Service], language detection API, 100+ languages supported
*[http://translate.google.com/ Google Translate], Google's translation service.
*[http://legacy.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/tools/guesser.en.html Xerox], an online language identifier, 47 languages supported
*[http://languid.cantbedone.org/ Language Guesser], a statistical language identifier, 74 languages recognized
* [http://ntextcat.codeplex.com NTextCat - free Language Identification API for .NET (C#)]: 280+ languages available out of the box. Recognizes language and encoding ([[UTF-8]], [[Cp1252|Windows-1252]], [[Big5]], etc.) of text. [[Mono_(software)|Mono]] compatible.

[[Category:Languages on Wikipedia]]