View source for World Wide Web Consortium

{{Short description|International standards organization}}
{{Redirect|WWWC|the radio station|WWWC (AM)}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[World Wide Web Foundation]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = World Wide Web Consortium
| image                    = W3C® Icon.svg
| image_border             = 
| size                     = frameless
| caption                  = Logo since 1997
| map                      = 
| msize                    = 
| mcaption                 = 
| abbreviation             = W3C
| formation                = {{start date and age|1994|10|1|df=m}}
| extinction               = 
| founder                  = [[Tim Berners-Lee]]
| type                     = [[Standards organization]]
| status                   = 
| purpose                  = Developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web
| headquarters             = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]
| location                 = {{collapsible list|
 |titlestyle = background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em;
  |liststyle  = padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left;
  |framestyle = line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0;
  |title      = 4 offices
| Main Office: [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]/[[CSAIL]], US
| ERCIM, France
| [[Keio University]]/[[Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus|SFC]], Japan
| [[Beihang University]], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2013/01/china-host.html.en |title=W3C Invites Chinese Web Developers, Industry, Academia to Assume Greater Role in Global Web Innovation |publisher=W3C |date=2013-01-20 |access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref><br/>
}}
| coords                   = {{coord|42|21|43|N|71|05|26|W|region:US-MA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| region_served            = Worldwide
| membership               = 460 member organizations<ref name="MembersList2"/>
| leader_title             = CEO
| leader_name              = Seth Dobbs
| main_organ               = 
| parent_organization      = 
| affiliations             = 
| num_staff                = 53
| num_volunteers           = 
| budget                   = 
| key_people               = 
| website                  = {{Official URL}}
| remarks                  = 
}}
The '''World Wide Web Consortium''' ('''W3C''') is the main international [[standards organization]] for the [[World Wide Web]]. Founded in 1994 by [[Tim Berners-Lee]], the [[consortium]] is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. {{As of|2025|May||post=,}} W3C has 350 members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our members |url=https://www.w3.org/membership/list/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=W3C |language=en}}</ref> The organization has been led by CEO Seth Dobbs since October 2023.<ref name="1:1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) welcomes Seth Dobbs as new Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.w3.org/press-releases/2023/w3c-welcomes-seth-dobbs-as-new-ceo/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=W3C |language=en}}</ref> W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.

==History==
{{See also|History of the World Wide Web}}
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in 1994 by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) in October 1994.<ref>{{cite news |last1=R |first1=Valsala |title=Can we imagine life without the World Wide Web? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/can-we-imagine-life-without-the-world-wide-web-1123051.html |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 July 2022}}</ref> It was founded at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) [[Laboratory for Computer Science]] with support from the [[European Commission]], and the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]], which had pioneered the [[ARPANET]], the most direct predecessor to the modern [[Internet]].<ref name="consortium">{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321165722/https://www.w3.org/Consortium/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=W3C}}</ref> It was located in [[Technology Square (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Technology Square]] until 2004, when it moved, with the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, to the Stata Center.<ref>Michael Blanding, "[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/540206/the-past-and-future-of-kendall-square/ The Past and Future of Kendall Square]", ''MIT Technology Review'' August 18, 2015.</ref>

The organization tries to foster compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards defined by the W3C. Incompatible versions of [[HTML]] are offered by different vendors, causing inconsistency in how web pages are displayed. The consortium tries to get all those vendors to implement a set of core principles and components that are chosen by the consortium.

It was originally intended that CERN host the European branch of W3C; however, CERN wished to focus on [[particle physics]], not [[information technology]]. In April 1995, the [[French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation]] became the European host of W3C, with [[Keio University]] Research Institute at [[Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus|SFC]] becoming the Asian host in September 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/Press/Keio-PR.html|title=Press release: Keio University joins the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and INRIA in Hosting the International World Wide Web Consortium |website=W3C|date=9 September 1996 |access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> Starting in 1997, W3C created regional offices around the world. As of September 2009, it had eighteen World Offices covering Australia, the [[Benelux]] countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg), Brazil, China, Finland, Germany, Austria, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, South Korea, Morocco, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and, as of 2016, the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref name="Offices">{{cite web|url = http://www.w3.org/Consortium/org#offices|title = W3C Offices|access-date =14 September 2009|last = Jacobs|first = Ian|date=June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906065319/http://www.w3.org/Consortium/org#offices |archive-date=Sep 6, 2009 }}</ref>

In October 2012, W3C convened a community of major web players and publishers to establish a [[MediaWiki]] wiki that seeks to document open web standards called the [[WebPlatform]] and WebPlatform Docs.

In January 2013, [[Beihang University]] became the Chinese host.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beihang University Becomes Newest Institution to Host W3C|url=https://www.w3.org/2013/01/china-host.html.en|website=W3C|date=20 January 2013 }}</ref>

In 2022 the W3C WebFonts Working Group won an Emmy Award from the [[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]] for standardizing font technology for custom downloadable fonts and typography for web and TV devices.<ref>Pedersen, Erik, [https://deadline.com/2022/04/2021-technology-engineering-emmys-winners-list-1235009756/ "Technology & Engineering Emmys Winners Unveiled"]. ''Deadline.'' April 25, 2022.
</ref>

On 1 January 2023, it reformed as a public-interest [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=W3C re-launched as a public-interest non-profit organization |url=https://www.w3.org/press-releases/2023/w3c-le-launched/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=W3C |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=World Wide Web Consortium is now a public-interest nonprofit organization |url=https://news.mit.edu/2023/world-wide-web-consortium-is-now-public-interest-nonprofit-organization-0202 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology News |first=Rachel |last=Gordon |language=en}}</ref> In October 2023, Seth Dobbs was named as the organization's chief executive officer.<ref name="1:1" />

==Specification maturation==
W3C develops technical specifications for [[HTML5]], [[CSS]], [[SVG]], [[Web Open Font Format|WOFF]], the [[Semantic Web Stack|Semantic Web stack]], [[XML]], and other technologies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standards |url=https://www.w3.org/standards/ |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> Sometimes, when a specification becomes too large, it is split into independent modules that can mature at their own pace. Subsequent editions of a module or specification are known as levels and are denoted by the first integer in the title (e.g. CSS3 = Level 3). Subsequent revisions on each level are denoted by an integer following a decimal point (for example, CSS2.1 = Revision 1).

The W3C standard formation process is defined within the W3C process document, outlining four maturity levels through which each new standard or recommendation must progress.<ref name="W3CDevProc">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#rec-advance |title= Development Process |publisher=W3C |date=2005-04-12 |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref>

=== Working draft (WD) ===
After enough content has been gathered from 'editor drafts' and discussion, it may be published as a working draft (WD) for review by the community. A WD document is the first form of a standard that is publicly available. Commentary by virtually anyone is accepted, though no promises are made with regard to action on any particular element commented upon.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

At this stage, the standard document may have significant differences from its final form. As such, anyone who implements WD standards should be ready to significantly modify their implementations as the standard matures.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

=== Candidate recommendation (CR) ===
A candidate recommendation is a version of a more mature standard than the WD. At this point, the group responsible for the standard is satisfied that the standard meets its goal. The purpose of the CR is to elicit aid from the development community on how implementable the standard is.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

The standard document may change further, but significant features are mostly decided at this point. The design of those features can still change due to feedback from implementors.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

=== Proposed recommendation (PR) ===
A proposed recommendation is the version of a standard that has passed the prior two levels. The users of the standard provide input. At this stage, the document is submitted to the W3C Advisory Council for final approval.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

While this step is important, it rarely causes any significant changes to a standard as it passes to the next phase.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

=== W3C recommendation (REC) ===
This is the most mature stage of development. At this point, the standard has undergone extensive review and testing, under both theoretical and practical conditions. The standard is now endorsed by the W3C, indicating its readiness for deployment to the public, and encouraging more widespread support among implementors and authors.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

Recommendations can sometimes be implemented incorrectly, partially, or not at all, but many standards define two or more levels of conformance that developers must follow if they wish to label their product as W3C-compliant.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

=== Later revisions ===
A recommendation may be updated or extended by separately-published, non-technical [[Erratum|errata]] or editor drafts until sufficient substantial edits accumulate for producing a new edition or level of the recommendation. Additionally, the W3C publishes various kinds of informative notes which are to be used as references.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

=== Certification ===
Unlike the [[Internet Society]] and other international standards bodies, the W3C does not have a certification program. The W3C has decided, for now, that it is not suitable to start such a program, owing to the risk of creating more drawbacks for the community than benefits.<ref name="W3CDevProc" />

==Administration==
In January 2023, after 28 years of being jointly administered by the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] (located in [[Stata Center]]) in the United States, the{{clarify|reason=word salad|date=July 2024}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=ERCIM – the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics|url=https://www.ercim.eu/|access-date=2021-09-21|website= ercim.eu}}</ref> (in [[Sophia Antipolis]], France), [[Keio University]] (in Japan) and [[Beihang University]] (in China), the W3C incorporated as a legal entity, becoming a [[Public interest|public-interest]] [[not-for-profit organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/facts|title=Facts about W3C|publisher=W3C|access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref>

The W3C has a staff team of 70–80 worldwide {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/all |title=W3C people list |publisher=W3C |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> W3C is run by a management team which allocates resources and designs strategy, led by CEO Jeffrey Jaffe<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Jeffrey Jaffe, W3C CEO|url=https://www.w3.org/People/Jeff/Overview.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=W3C}}</ref> (as of March 2010), former CTO of [[Novell]]. It also includes an advisory board that supports strategy and legal matters and helps resolve conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itworld.com/business/99440/w3c-pulls-former-novell-cto-ceo-spot |title=W3C pulls former Novell CTO for CEO spot |publisher=Itworld.com |date=2010-03-08 |access-date=2012-04-03 |first1=Joab |last1=Jackson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306025801/http://www.itworld.com/business/99440/w3c-pulls-former-novell-cto-ceo-spot |archive-date=Mar 6, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The World Wide Web Consortium: Building a Better Internet|url=https://www.maysdigital.co.uk/w3c/|publisher=Mays Digital|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818123647/https://www.maysdigital.co.uk/w3c/|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The majority of standardization work is done by external experts in the W3C's various working groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Working Groups|url=https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=W3C}}</ref>

==Membership==
The Consortium is governed by its membership. The list of members is available to the public.<ref name="MembersList2">{{cite web |title=Current Members & Testimonials |url=https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Member/List |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305123855/https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Member/List |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023 |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> Members include businesses, nonprofit organizations, universities, governmental entities, and individuals.<ref name="membershipreq">{{cite web|url = http://www.w3.org/Consortium/membership-faq|title = Membership FAQ |website=W3C|access-date =7 August 2010 |year = 2010}}</ref>

Membership requirements are transparent except for one requirement: An application for membership must be reviewed and approved by the W3C. Many guidelines and requirements are stated in detail, but there is no final guideline about the process or standards by which membership might be finally approved or denied.<ref name="membershipjoin">{{cite web|url = http://www.w3.org/Consortium/join|title = Join W3C|access-date =14 September 2008|last = Jacobs| first = Ian |year = 2008}}</ref>

The cost of membership is given on a sliding scale, depending on the character of the organization applying and the country in which it is located.<ref>[https://www.w3.org/Consortium/fees.php?showall=1 W3C Membership Fee Calculator]</ref> Countries are categorized by the [[World Bank]]'s most recent grouping by [[gross national income]] per capita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20420458~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html |title=World Bank Country Classification |publisher=Web.worldbank.org |access-date=3 July 2010}}</ref>

=={{Anchor|A-EME}}Criticism==
In 2012 and 2013, the W3C started considering adding [[Digital rights management|DRM]]-specific [[Encrypted Media Extensions]] (EME) to [[HTML5]], which was criticised as being against the openness, interoperability, and vendor neutrality that distinguished websites built using only W3C standards from those requiring proprietary [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]] like [[Adobe Flash Player|Flash]].<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/mar/12/tim-berners-lee-drm-cory-doctorow
 |title       = What I wish Tim Berners-Lee understood about DRM
 |author      = Cory Doctorow
 |author-link      = Cory Doctorow
 |work        = Technology blog at [[The Guardian|guardian.co.uk]]
 |date        = 2013-03-12
 |access-date  = 2013-03-20
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130319103742/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2013/mar/12/tim-berners-lee-drm-cory-doctorow
 |archive-date = 19 March 2013
 |url-status  = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/02/bbc-attacks-the-open-web-gnulinux-in-danger/index.htm
 |title       = BBC Attacks the Open Web, GNU/Linux in Danger
 |author      = Glyn Moody
 |author-link      = Glyn Moody
 |work        = Open Enterprise blog at [[Computerworld|ComputerworldUK.com]]
 |date        = 2013-02-13
 |access-date  = 2013-03-20
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064114/http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/02/bbc-attacks-the-open-web-gnulinux-in-danger/index.htm
 |archive-date = 20 April 2013
 |url-status  = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.webmonkey.com/2013/02/drm-for-the-web-say-it-aint-so/
 |title       = DRM for the Web? Say It Ain't So
 |author      = Scott Gilbertson
 |work        = [[Webmonkey]]
 |publisher   = Condé Nast
 |date        = 2013-02-12
 |access-date  = 2013-03-21
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130324134750/http://www.webmonkey.com/2013/02/drm-for-the-web-say-it-aint-so
 |archive-date = 24 March 2013
 |url-status  = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.defectivebydesign.org/no-drm-in-html5
 |title       = Tell W3C: We don't want the Hollyweb
 |work        = [[Defective by Design]]
 |publisher   = [[Free Software Foundation]]
 |date        = March 2013
 |access-date  = 2013-03-25
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130403124524/http://www.defectivebydesign.org/no-drm-in-html5
 |archive-date = 3 April 2013
 |url-status  = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url        = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/10/lowering-your-standards
 | title      = Lowering Your Standards: DRM and the Future of the W3C
 | author     = Danny O'Brien
 | publisher  = [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]
 | date       = October 2013
 | access-date = 2013-10-03
}}</ref> On 18 September 2017, the W3C published the EME specification as a recommendation, leading to the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]'s resignation from W3C.<ref>{{cite web
 | url        = https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/09/drm-for-html5-published-as-a-w3c-recommendation-after-58-4-approval/
 | title      = HTML5 DRM finally makes it as an official W3C Recommendation
 | author     = Peter Bright
 | author-link     = Peter Bright
 | work       = [[Ars Technica]]
 | date       = 2017-09-18
 | access-date = 2017-09-18
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url        = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/09/open-letter-w3c-director-ceo-team-and-membership
 | title      = An open letter to the W3C Director, CEO, team and membership
 | author     = Cory Doctorow
 | author-link     = Cory Doctorow
 | work       = Blog at [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]
 | date       = 2017-09-18
 | access-date = 2017-09-18
}}</ref> As feared by the opponents of EME, {{asof|2020|lc=y}}, none of the widely used [[Encrypted Media Extensions#Content Decryption Modules|Content Decryption Modules]] used with EME are available for licensing without a per-browser licensing fee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-08|title=Three years after the W3C approved a DRM standard, it's no longer possible to make a functional indie browser|url=https://boingboing.net/2020/01/08/rip-open-web-platform.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Boing Boing|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Doctorow|first=Cory|title=After years of insisting that DRM in HTML wouldn't block open source implementations, Google says it won't support open source implementations|url=https://boingboing.net/2019/04/03/i-hate-being-right-2.html|access-date=2019-07-25|website=Boing Boing| date=3 April 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Standards==<!-- Please respect alphabetial order -->
W3C/[[Internet Engineering Task Force]] standards (over [[Internet protocol suite]]):

{{columns-list|colwidth=26em|
* [[ActivityPub]], decentralized social networking protocol
* [[Common Gateway Interface]], dynamic server-side content standard
* [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]]
** [[CSS animations]]
** [[CSS box model]]
** [[CSS Flexible Box Layout]]
** [[CSS grid layout]]
* [[Data Catalog Vocabulary]]
* [[Document Object Model]]
* [[Efficient XML Interchange]], [[binary XML]] format
* [[Emotion Markup Language]]
* [[Encrypted Media Extensions]], DRM modules integration standard
* [[EPUB]], an [[ebook]] file format
* [[GRDDL]]
* [[HTML]], standard web markup language
* [[JSON-LD]], [[linked data]] JSON extension
* [[MathML]], mathematical notation markup language
* [[Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces]]
* [[Web Ontology Language]]
* [[Platform for Privacy Preferences Project|P3P]]
* [[PROV (Provenance)|PROV]]<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Groth | first1 = Paul
 | last2 = Moreau | first2 = Luc
 | title = PROV-Overview: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents
 | website = World Wide Web Consortium
 | date = April 30, 2013
 | url = https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/NOTE-prov-overview-20130430/
 | access-date = April 8, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF), family of metadata standards and associated serialization formats
** [[N-Triples]] and [[N-Quads]]
** [[RDF Schema]]
** [[RDF/XML]]
** [[TriG (syntax)|TriG]]
** [[Turtle (syntax)|Turtle]]
* [[Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition]]
* [[Simple Knowledge Organization System]]
* [[Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language]]
* [[SOAP (protocol)|SOAP]]
* [[SPARQL]]
* [[Speech Recognition Grammar Specification]]
* [[Speech Synthesis Markup Language]]
* [[State Chart XML]]
* [[Scalable Vector Graphics]], vector image format
* [[Timed Text Markup Language]]
* [[VoiceXML]]
* [[WAI-ARIA]]
* [[Web Content Accessibility Guidelines]]
* [[WebAssembly]], portable binary format and assembly language
* [[Web Authentication]]
* [[WebDriver]], a platform based on language-neutral wire protocol to remotely instruct the behavior of web browsers<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Simon Stewart | first1 = (Apple) | last2 = David Burns | first2 = (BrowserStack) | title = WebDriver | website = WebDriver W3C Working Draft 24 June 2022 | date = June 24, 2022 | url = https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver2/ | access-date = June 28, 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Web of Things]]
* [[Web Open Font Format]]
* [[WebRTC]], [[real-time communication]] standard
* [[Web Services Description Language]]
* [[Web Share API]]
* [[WebVTT]]
* [[WebXR|WebXR Device API]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://immersive-web.github.io/webxr/ |title=WebXR Device API — W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot |date=2022-03-31 |website=The Immersive Web Working Group/Community Group |accessdate=2023-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523102055/https://immersive-web.github.io/webxr/ |archive-date=2023-05-23 }}</ref>
* [[XHTML]]
** [[XHTML+RDFa]]
** [[XHTML+Voice]]
* [[XML]] and related specifications
** [[XForms]]
** [[XML Encryption]]
** [[XML Events]]
** [[XML Information Set]]
** [[XML Namespaces]]
** [[W3C XML Schema|XML Schema]]
** [[XPath]]
** [[XML Signature]]
** [[XQuery]]
* [[XSL Formatting Objects]]
* [[XSL Transformations|XSLT]]
* [[XTiger]]<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2010/XMLPrague10.pdf |title=Authoring XML all the time, everywhere and by everyone |last1=Sire |first1=Stéphane |last2=Vanoirbeek |first2=Christine |last3=Quint|first3=Vincent |last4=Roisin |first4=Cécile |date=2010 |conference=XML Prague 2010 |conference-url=https://archive.xmlprague.cz/2010/index.html |publisher=Center of Excellence - Institute for Theoretical Computer Science |publication-place=Prague |via=Project {{Abbr|WAM|Web Adaptation Multimédia}}
 |citeseerx=10.1.1.660.6575 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121015634/http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2010/XMLPrague10.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-format=PDF }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Kia | first1 = Émilien
 | last2 = Quint | first2 = Vincent
 | last3 = Vatton | first3 = Irène
 | title = XTiger language specification
 | website = World Wide Web Consortium
 | date = December 15, 2009
 | url = https://www.w3.org/Amaya/Templates/XTiger-spec.html
 | access-date = April 12, 2020 }}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.w3.org/Consortium/ About the World Wide Web Consortium]
* [https://www.w3.org/TR/ W3C Technical Reports and Publications]
* [https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process/ W3C Process Document]
* [https://www.w3.org/Consortium/facts#history W3C History]
* [https://alistapart.com/article/readspec/ How to read W3C specs]

{{W3C Standards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1994 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:World Wide Web Consortium| ]]
[[Category:Internet Standard organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1994]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Standards organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Technology consortia]]
[[Category:Web development]]
[[Category:Web services]]
[[Category:Tim Berners-Lee]]