View source for Virginia Woolf


{{Short description|English modernist writer (1882–1941)}}
{{About|the British modernist author|the American children's author|Virginia Euwer Wolff|the British rock band|Virginia Wolf}}
{{Redirect|Woolf}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Overly detailed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| image            = George Charles Beresford - Virginia Woolf in 1902 - Restoration.jpg
| alt              = Photograph of Virginia Woolf in 1902; photograph by George Charles Beresford
| caption          = Woolf in 1902
| birth_name       = Adeline Virginia Stephen
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1882|1|25}}
| birth_place      = [[South Kensington]], London, England
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1941|3|28|1882|1|25}}
| death_place      = [[River Ouse, Sussex|River Ouse]], [[East Sussex]], England
| occupation       = {{hlist|Novelist|essayist|publisher|critic}}
| parents          = {{ubl|[[Leslie Stephen]]|[[Julia Stephen|Julia Prinsep Jackson]]}}
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Leonard Woolf]]|10 August 1912}}
| alma_mater       = [[King's College London]]
| notableworks     = {{plainlist|
*''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'' (1925)
*''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' (1927)
*''[[Orlando: A Biography|Orlando]]'' (1928)
*''[[A Room of One's Own]]'' (1929)
*''[[The Waves]]'' (1931)}}
| relatives        = {{plainlist|
* [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa Stephen]] (sister)
* [[Thoby Stephen]] (brother)
* [[Adrian Stephen]] (brother)
* [[George Herbert Duckworth]] (half-brother)
* [[Gerald Duckworth]] (half-brother)
* [[Bella Sidney Woolf]] (sister-in-law)
* [[Katharine Stephen]] (cousin)}}
| signature        = Virginia Woolf signature.svg
| module           = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = On Craftsmanship - the only surviving recording of Virginia Woolf.flac |title = Woolf's voice |type = speech |description   =[[BBC Radio]] broadcast 29 April 1937{{sfn|Woolf|1937}}}}
}}

'''Adeline Virginia Woolf''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ʊ|l|f}};{{sfn|Collins|2018}} {{née|'''Stephen'''}}; 25 January 1882{{snd}} 28 March 1941) was an English writer and one of the most influential 20th-century [[Modernist literature|modernist]] authors. She helped to pioneer the use of [[stream of consciousness]] narration as a literary device.

Virginia Woolf was born in [[South Kensington]], [[London]], into an affluent and intellectual family as the seventh child of [[Julia Stephen|Julia Prinsep Jackson]] and [[Leslie Stephen]]. She grew up in a blended household of eight children, including her sister, the painter [[Vanessa Bell]]. Educated at home in English classics and [[Victorian literature]], Woolf later attended [[King's College London|King’s College London]], where she studied [[classics]] and [[history]] and encountered early advocates for [[Women's rights|women’s rights]] and education.

After the death of her father in 1904, Woolf and her family moved to the bohemian [[Bloomsbury]] district, where she became a founding member of the influential [[Bloomsbury Group]]. She married [[Leonard Woolf]] in 1912, and together they established the [[Hogarth Press]] in 1917, which published much of her work. They eventually settled in [[Sussex]] in 1940, maintaining their involvement in literary circles throughout their lives.

Woolf began publishing professionally in 1900 and rose to prominence during the interwar period with novels like ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'' (1925), ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' (1927), and ''[[Orlando: A Biography|Orlando]]'' (1928), as well as the [[Feminism|feminist]] essay ''[[A Room of One’s Own]]'' (1929). Her work became central to 1970s [[Feminist literary criticism|feminist criticism]] and remains influential worldwide, having been translated into over 50 languages. Woolf’s legacy endures through extensive scholarship, cultural portrayals, and tributes such as memorials, societies, and university buildings bearing her name.{{TOC limit|3}}

== Life ==
=== Early life ===
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| image1 = Leslie Stephen c1860.jpg
| caption1 = [[Leslie Stephen]], 1860
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| caption2 = [[Julia Stephen]], 1867
| alt2 = Photo of her mother, Julia Stephen 1867
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Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January 1882, in [[South Kensington]], London,{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} to [[Julia Stephen|Julia (née Jackson)]] and [[Leslie Stephen|Sir Leslie Stephen]]. Her father was a writer, historian, essayist, biographer, and mountaineer, while her mother was a noted philanthropist.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}}{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Woolf's maternal relatives include [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], a celebrated photographer, and [[Lady Henry Somerset]], a campaigner for women's rights.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Originally named after her aunt Adeline, Woolf did not use her first name due to her aunt's recent death.{{sfn|Harris|2011|pp=12-13}}

Both Virginia's parents had children from previous marriages. Julia's first marriage, to barrister [[Herbert Duckworth]], produced three children: [[George Herbert Duckworth|George]], Stella, and [[Gerald Duckworth|Gerald]].{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Leslie's first marriage, to Minny Thackeray, daughter of [[William Makepeace Thackeray]], resulted in one daughter, Laura.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} Leslie and Julia Stephen had four children together: [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa]], [[Thoby Stephen|Thoby]], Virginia, and [[Adrian Stephen|Adrian]].{{sfn|Gordon|2004}}

[[File:Duckworth Stephen Family 1892.jpg|thumb|Duckworth/Stephen Family {{circa|1892}}. Back row: Gerald Duckworth, Virginia, Thoby and Vanessa Stephen, George Duckworth. Front row: Adrian, Julia, Leslie Stephen.]]

Virginia showed an early affinity for writing. By the age of five, she was writing letters, and her fascination with books helped form a bond with her father.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} From the age of 10, she began an illustrated family newspaper, the ''Hyde Park Gate News'', chronicling life and events within the Stephen family,{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=18}} and modelled on the popular magazine ''[[Tit-Bits]]''.{{sfn|Lowe|2005|p=vii}} Virginia would run the ''Hyde Park Gate News'' until 1895.{{sfn|Lowe|2005|p=ix}} In 1897, Virginia began her first diary,{{sfn|Woolf|1990|loc=1 January 1898|p=134}} which she kept for the next twelve years.{{sfn|Woolf|1990}}

==== Talland House ====

In the spring of 1882, Leslie rented a large white house in [[St Ives, Cornwall]].{{sfn|Eagle|Carnell|1981|p=232}}{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} The family spent three months each summer there for the first 13 years of Virginia's life.{{sfn|Harris|2011|pp=19-20}} Despite its limited amenities, the house's main attraction was the view of Porthminster Bay overlooking the [[Godrevy Lighthouse]].{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} The happy summers spent at Talland House would later influence Woolf's novels ''[[Jacob's Room]]'', ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' and ''[[The Waves]]''.{{sfn|Wright|2011|p=22}}

At both Talland House and her family home, the family engaged with many literary and artistic figures. Frequent guests included literary figures such as [[Henry James]], [[George Meredith]], and  [[James Russell Lowell]].{{cn|date=June 2024}} The family did not return after 1894; a hotel was constructed in front of the house which blocked the sea view, and Julia Stephen died in May the following year.{{sfn|Harris|2011|pp=21-22}}

{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 700 | float = none
|image1=Talland House, c1882–1894.jpg |caption1=Talland House, [[St Ives, Cornwall]], {{circa|1882}}–1895|alt1=Photo of Talland House, St Ives during period when the Stephen family leased it
|image2=Virginia Adrian Stephen cricket.1886.jpg |caption2 = Virginia and Adrian Stephen playing [[cricket]], 1886|alt2= Virginia and Adrian Stephen playing cricket at Talland House in 1886
|image3=Julia Leslie Virginia.jpg|caption3=Julia, Leslie and Virginia, Library, Talland House, 1892|alt3=Julia, Leslie and Virginia reading in the library at Talland House. Photography by Vanessa Bell
|image4= Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell children.jpg|caption4= Virginia and Vanessa, 1894| alt4= Virginia playing cricket with Vanessa 1894
|image5=GodrevyLightHouse.JPG |caption5=[[Godrevy Lighthouse]], 2005|alt5=View of Godrevy Lighthouse in 2005
}}

==== Sexual abuse ====
In the 1939 essay "A Sketch of the Past", Woolf first disclosed that she had experienced sexual abuse by Gerald Duckworth during childhood.<ref>Virginia Woolf, "A Sketch of the Past", in ''Moments of Being'' (London: Hogarth Press, 1985), p. 69.</ref><ref>Roger Poole, ''The Unknown Virginia Woolf'' (Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 27–34.</ref> There is speculation that this contributed to her mental health issues later in life.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=123-124}} There are also suggestions of sexual impropriety from George Duckworth during the period that he was caring for the Stephen sisters when they were teenagers.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=151-156}}

==== Adolescence ====
[[File:Virginia Woolf with her father, Sir Leslie Stephen.jpg|thumb|Virginia and Leslie Stephen, 1902|alt=Portrait of Virginia Woolf with her father Leslie Stephen in 1902, by Beresford]]
Her mother's death precipitated what Virginia later identified as her first "breakdown"{{emdash}}for months afterwards she was nervous and agitated, and she wrote very little for the subsequent two years.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=25}} 

Stella Duckworth took on a parental role in the household.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} She married in April 1897 but remained closely involved with the Stephens, moving to a house very close to the Stephens to continue to support the family. However, she fell ill on her honeymoon and died in July of that same year.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=28}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Chronology|p=191}} After Stella's death, George Duckworth took on the role of head of the household, and sought to [[debut (society)|bring Vanessa and Virginia into society]].{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=29}}<ref name=MP230/> However, this experience did not resonate with either sister. Virginia later reflected on this societal expectation, stating: "Society in those days was a very competent, perfectly complacent, ruthless machine. A girl had no chance against its fangs. No other desires{{emdash}}say to paint, or to write{{emdash}}could be taken seriously."{{sfn|Woolf|1940|p=157}} For Virginia, writing remained a priority.<ref name=MP230/> She began a new diary at the start of 1897 and filled notebooks with fragments and literary sketches.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Chronology|p=190}}{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=35}}

In February 1904 Leslie Stephen died, which caused Virginia to suffer another period of mental instability, lasting from April to September. During this time she experienced a severe psychological crisis, which led to at least one suicide attempt.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=36}} Woolf later described the period between 1897 and 1904 as "the seven unhappy years".{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=32}}

==== Education ====
[[File:Julia and the children at lessons 1894.jpg|thumb|Virginia (third from left) with her mother and the Stephen children at their lessons, Talland House, {{circa|1894}}|alt=Julia Stephen at Talland House supervising Thoby, Vanessa, Virginia and Adrian doing their lessons, summer 1894]]

As was common at the time, Virginia's mother did not believe in formal education for her daughters.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=18}} Instead, Virginia was educated in a piecemeal fashion by her parents. She also received piano lessons.<ref name=Curtis58/>{{sfn|Harris|2011|pp=18-19}} Virginia had unrestricted access to her father's vast library, exposing her to much of the literary canon.<ref name=hauntedintro/> This resulted in a greater depth of reading than any of her Cambridge contemporaries.<ref name="Rosenbaum1/130"/> She later recalled: {{blockquote|Even today there may be parents who would doubt the wisdom of allowing a girl of fifteen the free run of a large and quite unexpurgated library. But my father allowed it. There were certain facts – very briefly, very shyly he referred to them. Yet "Read what you like", he said, and all his books...were to be had without asking.{{sfn|Woolf|1932a|p=72}}}}

Beginning in 1897, Virginia received private tutoring in Classical Greek and Latin. One of her tutors was [[Clara Pater]], who was instrumental to her classical education, while another, [[Janet Elizabeth Case|Janet Case]], became a lasting friend and introduced her to the [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|suffrage movement]].{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=141,275-276}} Virginia also attended lectures at the [[King's College London|King's College]] Ladies' Department.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=33}}

Although Virginia could not attend Cambridge, she was profoundly influenced by her brother Thoby's experiences there. When Thoby went to Trinity in 1899 he became part of an intellectual circle of young men, including [[Clive Bell]], [[Lytton Strachey]], [[Leonard Woolf]] (whom Virginia would later marry), and [[Saxon Sydney-Turner]]. He introduced his sisters to this circle at the [[Trinity May Ball]] in 1900.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=12}} This circle formed a reading group that they named the Midnight Society, to which the Stephen sisters would later be invited.<ref name=Moggridge217/>

=== Bloomsbury (1904–1912) ===

==== Gordon Square ====
[[File:46 Gordon Square London.jpg|thumb|upright|46 Gordon Square| alt=Photograph of 46 Gordon Square, Virginia's home from 1904 to 1907]]

After their father's death, Vanessa and Adrian Stephen decided to sell their family home in South Kensington and move to [[Bloomsbury]], a more affordable area. The Duckworth brothers did not join the Stephens in their new home; Gerald did not wish to, and George married and moved with his wife during the preparations.{{sfn|Bell|1972|pp=94-96}} Virginia lived in the house for brief periods in the autumn{{snd}}she was sent away to Cambridge and Yorkshire for her health. She eventually settled there permanently in December 1904.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=199-201}}

From March 1905 the Stephens hosted gatherings with Thoby's intellectual friends at their home. Their social gatherings, referred to as "Thursday evenings", aimed to recreate the atmosphere at Trinity College.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=204,206}} This circle formed the core of the intellectual circle of writers and artists known as the [[Bloomsbury Group]].{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=12}} Later, it would include [[John Maynard Keynes]], [[Duncan Grant]], [[E. M. Forster]], [[Roger Fry]], and [[David Garnett]].{{efn|In the 1960s Leonard Woolf listed those people he considered to be "Old Bloomsbury" as: Vanessa and Clive Bell, Virginia and Leonard Woolf, Adrian and [[Karin Stephen]], Lytton Strachey, Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant, E. M. Forster, Sydney Saxon-Turner, Roger Fry, Desmond and [[Molly MacCarthy]] and later David Garnett and [[Julian Bell|Julian]], [[Quentin Bell|Quentin]] and [[Angelica Garnett|Angelica Bell]]. Others add [[Ottoline Morrell]], [[Dora Carrington]] and [[James Strachey|James]] and [[Alix Strachey]]. The "core" group are considered to be the Stephens and Thoby's closest Cambridge friends, Leonard Woolf, Clive Bell, Lytton Strachey and Saxon Sydney-Turner.{{sfn|Wade|2015}}{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=259}}}}{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=259}} The group went on to gain notoriety for the [[Dreadnought hoax|''Dreadnought'' hoax]], in which they posed as a royal Abyssinian entourage. Among them, Virginia assumed the role of Prince Mendax.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=278-283}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Oldfield |first=Sybil |title=Women against the Iron Fist. Alternatives to Militarism 1900-1989. |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1989 |isbn=0-631-14879-5 |location=Oxford |pages=96–130 |chapter=The Elegaic Artist: Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)}}</ref>

{{multiple image | header = The Stephens and their Bloomsbury Friends| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 770 | float = none
| image1 =George-Beresford,-Vanessa-Bell.jpg| caption1 = Vanessa Stephen 1902|alt1=Portrait of Vanessa Stephen in 1902, by George Beresford
| image2 = Thoby Stephen by George Charles Beresford.jpeg |caption2 = Thoby Stephen 1902| alt2=Photograph of Thoby Stephen in 1902
| image3 = Adrian Karin 1914.jpg|caption3 = Adrian Stephen<br />Karin Stephen 1914 |alt3=Photograph of Adrian Stephen with his wife Karin Costelloe in 1914, the year they were married
| image4 = Clive-bell-c-1913.jpg| caption4= Clive Bell 1910|alt4=Photo of Clive Bell, seated, around 1910
| image5 = Lytton Sydney17.jpg| caption5= Lytton Strachey, {{nowrap|Sydney Saxon-Turner}} 1917|alt5=Snapshot by Ray Strachey of her brother, Lytton Strachey with Sydney Saxon-Turner, reclining at the beach
| image6 = Desmond MacCarthy 1912a.jpg| caption6= Desmond MacCarthy 1912|alt6=Photograph of Desmond MacCarthy sitting on steps, from 1912
}}

During this period, Virginia began teaching evening classes on a voluntary basis at [[Morley College]] and continued intermittently for the next two years. Her experience here would later influence themes of class and education in her novel ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]''.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=218-220}} She also made some money from reviews, including some published in church paper ''[[The Guardian (Anglican newspaper)|The Guardian]]'' and the ''[[National Review (London)|National Review]]'', capitalising on her father's literary reputation in order to earn commissions.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=211}} 

Vanessa added another event to their calendar with the "Friday Club", dedicated to the discussion of the fine arts.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=216}} This gathering attracted some new members into their circle, including [[Henry Lamb]], [[Gwen Darwin]], and [[Katherine Laird Cox|Katherine Laird ("Ka") Cox]].{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=216}} Cox was to become Virginia's intimate friend. These new members brought the Bloomsbury Group into contact with another, slightly younger, group of Cambridge intellectuals whom Virginia would refer to as the "Neo-Pagans". The Friday Club continued until 1912 or 1913.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=216}}

In the autumn of 1906, the siblings travelled to Greece and Turkey with Violet Dickinson.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=223}} During the trip both Violet and Thoby contracted [[typhoid fever]], which led to Thoby's death on 20 November of that year.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=225-226}} Two days after Thoby's death, Vanessa accepted a previous proposal of marriage from Clive Bell.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=210,226}} As a couple, their interest in [[avant-garde]] art would have an important influence on Virginia's further development as an author.{{sfn|Briggs|2006a|pp=69–70}}

==== Fitzroy Square and Brunswick Square ====
[[File:Virginia Woolf and George Bernard Shaw (5025918683).jpg|thumb|upright|29 Fitzroy Square|alt=Photo of 29 Fitzroy Square, Virginia's home from 1907 to 1910]]
After Vanessa's marriage, Virginia and Adrian moved into [[Fitzroy Square]], still very close to Gordon Square.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=233}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=196}} The new house had previously been occupied by [[George Bernard Shaw]], and the area had been populated by artists since the previous century.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=233}} Virginia resented the wealth that Vanessa's marriage had given her; Virginia and Adrian lived more humbly by comparison.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=233-235}}

The siblings resumed the Thursday Club at their new home.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=235}} During this period, the Bloomsbury group increasingly explored progressive ideas, with open discussions of sexuality. Virginia, however, appears not to have shown interest in practising the group's ideologies, finding an outlet for her sexual desires only in writing.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=238-241}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=170}} Around this time she began work on her first novel, ''Melymbrosia'', which eventually became ''[[The Voyage Out]]'' (1915).{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=232,274}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=196}}

In November 1911 Virginia and Adrian moved to a larger house in [[Brunswick Square]], and invited John Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant and Leonard Woolf to become lodgers there.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=267,300}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=180}} Virginia saw it as a new opportunity: "We are going to try all kinds of experiments", she told [[Ottoline Morrell]].{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=288}} 

=== Asham House (1911–1919) ===
[[File:VStephenKCox.jpg|thumb|upright|Virginia Stephen (L) with [[Katherine Laird Cox|Katherine Cox]], Asham 1912|alt=Virginia Stephen with Katherine Cox at Asham in 1912]]

During the later Bloomsbury years, Virginia travelled frequently with friends and family, to Dorset, Cornwall, and farther afield to Paris, Italy and Bayreuth. These trips were intended to prevent her from suffering exhaustion due to extended periods in London.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=236}} The question arose of her needing a quiet country retreat close to London to support her still-fragile mental health.{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=166}} In the winter of 1910 she and Adrian stayed at [[Lewes]] and started exploring Sussex's surrounding area.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=236}} She soon found a property in nearby [[Firle]], which she named "Little Talland House"; she maintained a relationship with that region for the rest of her life, spending her time either in Sussex or London.{{efn|Virginia was somewhat disparaging about the exterior of Little Talland House, describing it as an "eyesore" (Letter to Violet Dickinson 29 January 1911) and "inconceivably ugly, done up in patches of post-impressionist colour" (Letters, no. 561, April 1911).{{sfn|Wilkinson|2001}}}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|pp=166–167,227-252}}

In September 1911 she and Leonard Woolf found Asham House{{efn|Sometimes spelt "Asheham" or "Ascham".{{sfn|Woolf|1964|p=56}}}} nearby, and she and Vanessa took a joint lease on it.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=311}} Located at the end of a tree-lined road, the house was in a Regency-Gothic style, "flat, pale, serene, yellow-washed", remote, without electricity or water and allegedly haunted.{{sfn|Eagle|Carnell|1981|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=311-312}} The sisters had two housewarming parties in January 1912.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=311}}

Virginia recorded the weekends and holidays she spent there in her Asham Diary, part of which was later published as ''A Writer's Diary'' in 1953. Creatively, ''[[The Voyage Out]]'' was completed there, as was much of ''[[Night and Day (Woolf novel)|Night and Day]]''.{{sfn|Asham|2018}} The house itself inspired the short story "A Haunted House", published in ''[[A Haunted House and Other Short Stories]]''.{{sfn|Woolf|1964|p=57}} Asham provided Virginia with much-needed relief from the London's fast-paced life and was where she found happiness that she expressed in her diary on 5 May 1919: "Oh, but how happy we've been at Asheham! It was a most melodious time. Everything went so freely; – but I can't analyse all the sources of my joy".{{sfn|Asham|2018}}

{{multiple image |header = Houses in Sussex| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width =800 | float = none
|image1= Little Talland House.jpg|caption1= Little Talland House, [[Firle]] | alt1=Photo of Little Talland House, Firle, East Sussex. Leased by Virginia Woolf in 1911
|image2=Asheham House, nr Beddingham ca. 1914.jpg| caption2 = Asham House, [[Beddingham]] | alt2= Photo of Asham house in 1914
|image3=The Round House, Lewes, 2017.jpg|caption3=The Round House, Lewes |alt3=The Round House in Lewes
|image4=Monk's House, Rodmell, UK.jpg|caption4=[[Monk's House]], Rodmell |alt4=Monk's House in Rodmell}}
While at Asham, in 1916 Leonard and Virginia found a farmhouse about four miles away that they thought would be ideal for her sister. Eventually, Vanessa visited to inspect it, and took possession in October of that year, establishing it as a summer home for her family. The [[Charleston Farmhouse]] was to become the summer gathering place for the Bloomsbury Group.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Vol II: 1915–1918}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Marriage and war (1912–1920) ===
[[File:Virginia and Leonard Woolf, 1912 (borderless crop).jpg|thumb|upright|Engagement photograph, Virginia and Leonard Woolf, 23 July 1912|alt=Virginia and Leonard on their engagement in July 1912]]
[[Leonard Woolf]] was one of Thoby Stephen's friends at Trinity College, Cambridge, and had encountered the Stephen sisters in Thoby's rooms while visiting for [[May Week]] between 1899 and 1904. He recalled that in "white dresses and large hats, with parasols in their hands, their beauty literally took one's breath away".{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=204-205}} In 1904 Leonard left Britain for a civil service position in [[Ceylon]],{{sfn|Wright|2011|p=40}} but returned for a year's leave in 1911 after letters from Lytton Strachey, describing Virginia's beauty enticed him back.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=47}}{{sfn|Wright|2011|p=50}} He and Virginia attended social engagements together, and he moved into Brunswick Square as a tenant in December of that year.

Leonard proposed to Virginia on 11 January 1912.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=300-301}} Initially she expressed reluctance, but the two continued courting. Leonard decided not to return to Ceylon and resigned from his post. On 29 May Virginia declared her love for Leonard,{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=301-304}} and they married on 10 August at [[Camden Town Hall|St Pancras Town Hall]]. The couple spent their honeymoon first at Asham and the [[Quantock Hills]] before travelling to the south of France, Spain and Italy. Upon returning, they moved to [[Clifford's Inn]],{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=317-318}} and began to divide their time between London and Asham.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=49}} Though Virginia wanted to have children, Leonard refused, as he believed Virginia was not mentally strong enough to be a mother, and worried that having children might worsen her mental health.{{sfn|Haynes|2019b}}

Virginia had completed a penultimate draft of her first novel ''[[The Voyage Out|The Voyage Out]]'' before her wedding but made large-scale alterations to the manuscript between December 1912 and March 1913. The work was later accepted by her half-brother Gerald Duckworth's publishing house, and she found the process of reading and correcting the proofs extremely emotionally difficult.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=321-322}} This led to one of several breakdowns over the next two years; Virginia attempted suicide on 9 September 1913 with an overdose of [[Veronal]], being saved with the help of surgeon [[Geoffrey Keynes]].{{sfn|Harris|2011|pp=52,54}} Virginia's illness led to Duckworth delaying the publication of ''The Voyage Out'' until 26 March 1915.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=322}}

In the autumn of 1914 the couple moved to a house on [[Richmond Green]].{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=325}} In late March 1915 they moved to Hogarth House, after which they named [[Hogarth Press|their publishing house]] in 1917.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=346-347, 358}} The decision to move to London's suburbs was made for the sake of Virginia's health.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=346}} Many of Virginia's friends were against the war, and Virginia herself opposed it from a standpoint of pacifism and anti-censorship.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=339-341,345}} Leonard was exempted from the [[Military Service Act 1916|introduction of conscription in 1916]] on medical grounds.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}} The Woolfs employed two servants at the recommendation of [[Roger Fry]] in 1916; Lottie Hope worked for some other Bloomsbury Group members, and [[Nellie Boxall]] would stay with them until 1934.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=349-350}}

The Woolfs spent parts of the World War I era in Asham but were obliged by the owner to leave in 1919.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=346,416}} "In despair" they purchased the Round House in Lewes. No sooner had they bought the Round House, than [[Monk's House]] in nearby [[Rodmell]] came up for auction, a [[weatherboarded]] house with oak-beamed rooms, said to date from the 15th or 16th century.{{sfn|Woolf|1964|p=61}} The Woolfs sold the Round House and purchased Monk's House for £700.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=67}} Monk's House also lacked running water but came with an acre of garden, and had a view across the Ouse towards the hills of the [[South Downs]]. Leonard Woolf describes this view as being unchanged since the days of [[Chaucer]].{{sfn|Eagle|Carnell|1981|p=228}} The Woolfs would retain Monk's House until the end of Virginia's life; it became their permanent home after their London home was bombed, and it was where she completed ''[[Between the Acts]]'' in early 1941, which was followed by her final breakdown and suicide in the nearby River Ouse on 28 March.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}}

=== Further works (1920{{ndash}}1940) ===
==== Memoir Club ====
{{main|Memoir Club}}
{{multiple image | header = ''Bloomsberries''| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | float = none
| image1 = Mary ('Molly') MacCarthy1915 (3x4 crop).jpg| caption1 = [[Mary MacCarthy]] and son 1915|alt1=Photo of Mary MacCarthy with her son Michael in 1915. Taken by Lady Ottoline Morrell |width1=
| image2 = EMForster1917.jpg| caption2 = [[E. M. Forster]] 1917| alt2 =Portrait of E M Forster 1917| width2=
| image3 = Duncan Grant with John Maynard Keynes.jpg| caption3 = [[Duncan Grant]] (L)<br />[[John Maynard Keynes]] 1912| alt3=Photo of Duncan Grant talking to John Maynard Keynes in 1912| width3=
| image4 = Roger Fry (Coburn) 1913 (cropped).jpg| caption4 = [[Roger Fry]] 1913|alt4= Portrait of Roger Fry in 2013| width4=
| image5 = David Garnett.jpg| caption5 = [[David Garnett]] {{circa|1902}}|alt5= Portrait of David Garnett, aged about 20|width5=
}}
1920 saw a postwar reconstitution of the Bloomsbury Group, under the title of the [[Memoir Club]], which as the name suggests focussed on self-writing, in the manner of [[Proust]]'s ''[[A La Recherche]]'', and inspired some of the more influential books of the 20th century. The Group, which had been scattered by the war, was reconvened by [[Molly MacCarthy|Mary ('Molly') MacCarthy]] who called them "Bloomsberries", and operated under rules derived from the [[Cambridge Apostles]], an elite university debating society of which some of them had been members. These rules emphasised candour and openness. Among the 125 memoirs presented, Virginia contributed three that were published posthumously in 1976, in the autobiographical anthology ''[[Moments of Being]]''. These were ''22 Hyde Park Gate'' (1921), ''Old Bloomsbury'' (1922) and ''Am I a Snob?'' (1936).{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Haule|2014}}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}

==== Vita Sackville-West ====
[[File:Vita Sackville-West at Monk's House.jpg|thumb|[[Vita Sackville-West]] at Monk's House {{circa|1934}}|alt=Photo of Vita Sackville-West in armchair at Virginia's home at Monk's House, smoking and with dog on her lap]]
On 14 December 1922{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Vol. II |p=235}} Woolf met the writer and gardener [[Vita Sackville-West]],{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}} wife of [[Harold Nicolson]]. This period was to prove fruitful for both authors, Woolf producing three novels, ''To the Lighthouse'' (1927), ''Orlando'' (1928), and ''The Waves'' (1931) as well as a number of essays, including "[[Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown]]" (1924) and "[[A Letter to a Young Poet]]" (1932).{{sfn|Hussey|2006}} The two women remained friends until Woolf's death in 1941.

Virginia Woolf also remained close to her surviving siblings, Adrian and Vanessa.{{sfn|Briggs|2006a|p=13}}

==== Further novels and non-fiction ====
Between 1924 and 1940 the Woolfs returned to Bloomsbury, taking out a ten-year lease at 52 [[Tavistock Square]],{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}} from where they ran the [[Hogarth Press]] from the basement, where Virginia also had her writing room.{{sfn|Garnett|2011|pp=52–54}} 

1925 saw the publication of ''Mrs Dalloway'' in May followed by her collapse while at Charleston in August. In 1927, her next novel, ''To the Lighthouse'', was published, and the following year she lectured on ''Women & Fiction'' at Cambridge University and published ''Orlando'' in October. 

Her two Cambridge lectures then became the basis for her major essay ''A Room of One's Own'' in 1929.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}} Virginia wrote only one drama, ''[[Freshwater (play)|Freshwater]]'', based on her great-aunt [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], and produced at her sister's studio on [[Fitzroy Street, London|Fitzroy Street]] in 1935. 1936 saw the publication of ''[[The Years]]'', which had its origin in a lecture Woolf gave to the National Society for Women's Service in 1931, an edited version of which would later be published as "Professions for Women".{{sfn|Woolf|1977|pages=xxvii–xliv}} Another collapse of her health followed the novel's completion ''[[The Years]]''.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}}

The Woolfs' final residence in London was at 37 [[Mecklenburgh Square]] (1939–1940), destroyed during [[the Blitz]] in September 1940; a month later their previous home on Tavistock Square was also destroyed. After that, they made Sussex their permanent home.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=728-730,733}}

=== Death ===
[[File:Handwriting-virginia-woolf-10921544-600-870.jpg|thumb|upright|Woolf's suicide letter to her husband]]
After completing the manuscript of her last novel (posthumously published), ''[[Between the Acts]]'' (1941), Woolf fell into a depression similar to one that she had earlier experienced. The onset of the Second World War, the destruction of her London home during [[the Blitz]], and the cold reception given to [[Roger Fry: A Biography|her biography]] of her late friend [[Roger Fry]] all worsened her condition until she was unable to work.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=725,739}} When Leonard enlisted in the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]], Virginia disapproved. She held fast to her [[pacifism]] and criticised her husband for wearing what she considered to be "the silly uniform of the Home Guard".{{sfn|Gordon|1984|p=269}}

After the Second World War began, Woolf's diary indicates that she was obsessed with death, which figured more and more as her mood darkened.{{sfn|Gordon|1984|p=279}} On 28 March 1941, Woolf drowned herself by walking into the fast-flowing [[River Ouse, Sussex|River Ouse]] near her home, after placing a large stone in her pocket.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=747-748}} Her body was not found until 18 April.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=752}} Her husband buried her cremated remains beneath an elm tree in the garden of [[Monk's House]], their home in [[Rodmell]], Sussex.{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=825}}

In her suicide note, addressed to her husband, she wrote:
{{blockquote|Dearest,
I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of those terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what seems the best thing to do. You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier till this terrible disease came. I can't fight it any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know. You see I can't even write this properly. I can't read. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that—everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been. V.{{sfn|Jones|2013}}{{sfn|Rose|1979|p=243}} }}

== Mental health ==

Much examination has been made of Woolf's mental health. From the age of 13, following the death of her mother, Woolf suffered periodic mood swings.{{sfn|Garnett|2011|p=114}} However, [[Hermione Lee]] asserts that Woolf was not "mad"; she was merely a woman who suffered from and struggled with illness for much of her life, a woman of "exceptional courage, intelligence and stoicism", who made the best use, and achieved the best understanding she could, of that illness.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=171}}

Her mother's death in 1895, "the greatest disaster that could happen",{{sfn|Woolf|1908|p=40}}{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=40}} precipitated a crisis for which their family doctor, Dr Seton, prescribed rest, stopping lessons and writing, and regular walks supervised by Stella.{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=45}} Yet just two years later, Stella too was dead, bringing on Virginia's first expressed wish for death at the age of 15. This was a scenario she would later recreate in "Time Passes" (''To the Lighthouse'', 1927).<ref name="Gordon51" />

The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collapse, on 10 May, when she threw herself out of a window and she was briefly institutionalised{{sfn|Meyer|Osborne|1982}} under the care of her father's friend, the eminent psychiatrist [[George Savage (physician)|George Savage]]. She spent time recovering at the house of Stella's friend Violet Dickinson, and at her aunt [[Caroline Stephen]]'s house in Cambridge,{{sfn|Lewis|2000}} and by January 1905, Savage considered her cured.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=216}} 

Her brother Thoby's death in 1906 marked a "decade of deaths" that ended her childhood and adolescence. 

On Savage's recommendation, Virginia spent three short periods in 1910, 1912, and 1913 at Burley House at 15 Cambridge Park, [[Twickenham]], described as "a private nursing home for women with nervous disorder" run by Miss Jean Thomas.{{sfn|Pearce|2007}}{{sfn|Snodgrass|2015}} By the end of February 1910, she was becoming increasingly restless, and Savage suggested being away from London. Vanessa rented Moat House, outside Canterbury, in June, but there was no improvement, so Savage sent her to Burley for a "rest cure". This involved partial isolation, deprivation of literature, and force-feeding,{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=45}} and after six weeks she was able to convalesce in Cornwall and Dorset during the autumn.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

She loathed the experience; writing to her sister on 28 July,{{sfn|Woolf|1910}} she described how she found the religious atmosphere stifling and the institution ugly, and informed Vanessa that to escape "I shall soon have to jump out of a window".{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} The threat of being sent back would later lead to her contemplating suicide.{{sfn|Harris|2011|p=34}}{{failed verification|date=June 2024}} Despite her protests, Savage would refer her back in 1912 for insomnia and in 1913 for depression.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

On emerging from Burley House in September 1913, she sought further opinions from two other physicians on the 13th: Maurice Wright, and [[Henry Head]], who had been [[Henry James]]'s physician. Both recommended she return to Burley House. Distraught, she returned home and attempted suicide by taking an overdose of 100 [[grain (unit)|grains]] of [[Barbital|veronal]] (a barbiturate) and nearly dying.<ref name="Gordon52" />

On recovery, she went to Dalingridge Hall, George Duckworth's home in [[East Grinstead]], Sussex, to convalesce on 30 September,{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Vol. II |p=17}} returning to ''Asham'' on 18 November. She remained unstable over the next two years, with another incident involving veronal that she claimed was an 'accident', and consulted another psychiatrist in April 1914, [[Maurice Craig (psychiatrist)|Maurice Craig]], who explained that she was not sufficiently psychotic to be certified or committed to an institution.

The rest of the summer of 1914 went better for her, and they moved to Richmond, but in February 1915, just as ''The Voyage Out'' was due to be published, she relapsed once more, and remained in poor health for most of that year.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=347}} Then she began to recover, following 20 years of ill health.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Vol. II |p=228}}<ref name="Gordon53" /> Nevertheless, there was a feeling among those around her that she was now permanently changed, and not for the better.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Vol. II |pp=26–27}}

Over the rest of her life, she suffered recurrent bouts of depression. In 1940, a number of factors appeared to overwhelm her. Her biography of Roger Fry had been published in July, and she had been disappointed in its reception. The horrors of war depressed her, and their London homes had been destroyed in the Blitz in September and October. Woolf had completed ''Between the Acts'' (published posthumously in 1941) in November, and completing a novel was frequently accompanied by exhaustion.{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=224}} Her health became increasingly a matter of concern, culminating in her decision to end her life on 28 March 1941.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2015}}

She also suffered many physical ailments such as headaches, backache, fevers and faints, which related closely to her psychological stress. These often lasted for weeks or even months, and impeded her work: "What a gap! ... for 60 days; & those days spent in wearisome headache, jumping pulse, aching back, frets, fidgets, lying awake, sleeping draughts, sedatives, [[digitalis]], going for a little walk, & plunging back into bed again."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woolf |first=Virginia |title=The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Volume II: 1920-1924 |publisher=The Hogarth Press |year=1978 |isbn=0-7012-0447-8 |location=London |pages=125}}</ref>

Though this instability would frequently affect her social life, she was able to continue her literary productivity with few interruptions throughout her life. Woolf herself provides not only a vivid picture of her symptoms in her diaries and letters but also her response to the demons that haunted her and at times made her long for death:{{sfn|Dalsimer|2004}} "But it is always a question whether I wish to avoid these glooms... These 9 weeks give one a plunge into deep waters... One goes down into the well & nothing protects one from the assault of truth."{{sfn|Woolf|1925–1930|p=112}}

Psychiatry had little to offer Woolf, but she recognised that writing was one of the behaviours that enabled her to cope with her illness:{{sfn|Dalsimer|2004}} "The only way I keep afloat... is by working... Directly I stop working I feel that I am sinking down, down. And as usual, I feel that if I sink further I shall reach the truth."{{sfn|Woolf|1925–1930|p=235}} Sinking underwater was Woolf's metaphor for both the effects of depression and psychosis— but also for finding the truth, and ultimately was her choice of death.{{sfn|Dalsimer|2004}}

Throughout her life, Woolf struggled, without success, to find meaning in her illness: on the one hand, an impediment, on the other, something she visualised as an essential part of who she was, and a necessary condition of her art.{{sfn|Dalsimer|2004}} Her experiences informed her work, such as the character of Septimus Warren Smith in ''Mrs Dalloway'' (1925), who, like Woolf, was haunted by the dead, and ultimately takes his own life rather than be admitted to a sanatorium.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}}

Leonard Woolf relates how during the 30 years they were married, they consulted many doctors in the [[Harley Street]] area, and although they were given a diagnosis of [[neurasthenia]], he felt they had little understanding of the causes or nature. The proposed solution was simple—as long as she lived a quiet life without any physical or mental exertion, she was well. In contrast, any mental, emotional, or physical strain resulted in a reappearance of her symptoms, beginning with a headache, followed by insomnia and thoughts that started to race. Her remedy was simple: to retire to bed in a darkened room, following which the symptoms slowly subsided.{{sfn|Woolf|1964|pp=75–76}}

Modern scholars, including her nephew and biographer, [[Quentin Bell]],{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=44}} have suggested her breakdowns and subsequent recurring depressive periods were influenced by the sexual abuse to which she and her sister Vanessa were subjected by their half-brothers [[George Herbert Duckworth|George]] and [[Gerald Duckworth]] (which Woolf recalls in her autobiographical essays "[[A Sketch of the Past]]" and "22 Hyde Park Gate"). Biographers point out that when Stella died in 1897, there was no counterbalance to control George's predation, and his nighttime prowling.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} "22 Hyde Park Gate" ends with the sentence "The old ladies of Kensington and Belgravia never knew that George Duckworth was not only father and mother, brother and sister to those poor Stephen girls; he was their lover also."{{sfn|Woolf|1921|p=177}}

It is likely that other factors also played a part. It has been suggested that they include [[genetic predisposition]].{{sfn|Boeira et al|2016}} Virginia's father, Leslie Stephen, suffered from depression, and her half-sister Laura was institutionalised. Many of Virginia's symptoms, including persistent headache, insomnia, irritability, and anxiety, resembled those of her father's.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|pp=72,102}} Another factor is the pressure she placed upon herself in her work; for instance, her breakdown of 1913 was at least partly triggered by the need to finish ''The Voyage Out''.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=321}}

Virginia herself hinted that her illness was related to how she saw the repressed position of women in society when she wrote ''A Room of One's Own''.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}}<ref name="Montross61" /><ref name="Hague259" /> in a 1930 letter to [[Ethel Smyth]]:
{{blockquote|As an experience, madness is terrific I can assure you, and not to be sniffed at; and in its lava I still find most of the things I write about. It shoots out of one everything shaped, final, not in mere driblets, as sanity does. And the six months—not three—that I lay in bed taught me a good deal about what is called oneself.{{sfn|Woolf|1929–1931|loc=2194: 22 June 1930; p. 180}} }}

Thomas Caramagno{{sfn|Caramagno|1992}} and others,{{sfn|Koutsantoni|2012}} in discussing her illness, oppose the "neurotic-genius" way of looking at mental illness, where creativity and mental illness are conceptualised as linked rather than antithetical.{{sfn|Jamison|1996}}{{sfn|Caramagno|1992}} [[Stephen Trombley]] describes Woolf as having a confrontational relationship with her doctors, and possibly being a woman who is a "victim of male medicine", referring to the lack of understanding, particularly at the time, about mental illness.{{sfn|Trombley|1980}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}{{sfn|Trombley|1981}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}

== Sexuality ==

The Bloomsbury Group held very progressive views of sexuality and rejected the austere strictness of Victorian society. The majority of its members were homosexual or bisexual.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2018|title=The Bloomsbury Group changed the face of LGBT rights and here's how|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/30/the-bloomsbury-group-lgbt-rights/|first=Helena|last=Kealey|access-date=10 September 2021|website=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Woolf had several affairs with women, the most notable being with [[Vita Sackville-West]]. The two women developed a deep connection; Vita was arguably one of the few people in Virginia's adult life that she was truly close to.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sackville-West |first1=Vita |last2=Woolf |first2=Virginia |title=Love Letters: Vita and Virginia |date=4 February 2021 |publisher=Vintage Classics |isbn=9781473582408 |page=254 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtvgDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=[Virginia Woolf] told Ethel that she only really loved three people: Leonard, Vanessa, and myself, which annoyed Ethel but pleased me – Vita Sackville-West's letter to husband Harold Nicolson, dated 28 September 1939|author=|source=}}

During their relationship, both women saw the peak of their literary careers, with the titular protagonist of Woolf's acclaimed ''[[Orlando: A Biography]]'' being inspired by Sackville-West. The pair remained lovers for a decade and stayed close friends for the rest of Woolf's life.{{sfn|Haynes|2019b}}<ref name="Essen">{{Cite web|last=Essen|first=Leah Rachel von|date=1 July 2021|title=Who Was Virginia Woolf? From Her Craft to Her Lovers|url=https://bookriot.com/who-was-virginia-woolf/|access-date=10 September 2021|website=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US}}</ref> Woolf had said to Sackville-West she disliked masculinity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sackville-West |first1=Vita |last2=Woolf |first2=Virginia |title=Love Letters: Vita and Virginia |date=4 February 2021 |publisher=Vintage Classics |isbn=9781473582408 |page=159 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtvgDwAAQBAJ |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=[Virginia Woolf] dislikes the possessiveness and love of domination in men. In fact, she dislikes the quality of masculinity&nbsp;; says that women stimulate her imagination, by their grace & their art of life – Vita Sackville-West's diary, dated 26 September 1928|author=|source=}}

Among her other notable affairs were those with [[Sibyl Colefax]], [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]], and [[Mary Hutchinson (writer)|Mary Hutchinson]].<ref name="Essen" /> Some surmise that she fell in love with Madge Symonds, the wife of one of her uncles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virginia Woolf Biography: New Friends|url=https://www.sparknotes.com/biography/woolf/section3/|access-date=10 September 2021|website=SparkNotes|language=en}}</ref> Madge Symonds was described as one of Woolf's early loves in Sackville-West's diary.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sackville-West|first1=Vita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtvgDwAAQBAJ|title=Love Letters: Vita and Virginia|last2=Woolf|first2=Virginia|date=4 February 2021 |publisher=Vintage Classics|isbn=9781473582408|publication-date=4 February 2021|pages=160|language=English}}</ref> She also fell in love with Violet Dickinson, although there is some confusion as to whether the two consummated their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Violet Dickinson|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/JdickensonV.htm|access-date=10 September 2021|website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref>

Virginia initially declined marriage proposals from her future husband, Leonard. She even went so far as to tell him that she was not physically attracted to him, but later declared that she did love him, and eventually agreed to marriage.<ref name="Essen" /> Woolf preferred female lovers to male lovers and did not seem to be sexually attracted to men.

{{blockquote|I sometimes think that if I married you, I could have everything—and then—is it the sexual side of it that comes between us? As I told you brutally the other day, I feel no physical attraction in you. – ''Letter to Leonard from Virginia dated May 1, 1912''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=What Passes For Love: On the Marriage of Leonard and Virginia Woolf|url=https://lithub.com/what-passes-for-love-on-the-marriage-of-leonard-and-virginia-woolf/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

Leonard became the love of her life. Although their sexual relationship was questionable, they loved each other deeply and formed a strong and supportive marriage that led to the formation of their publishing house as well as several of her writings. Though Virginia had affairs with and attractions to women during their marriage, she and Leonard maintained a mutual love and respect.{{sfn|Haynes|2019b}}

== Work ==
[[File:Roger Fry - Virginia Woolf.jpg|thumb|upright|A portrait of Woolf by [[Roger Fry]] {{circa|1917}}|alt= Portrait of Woolf in 1917 by Roger Fry]] [[File:StracheyWoolf.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lytton Strachey]] and Woolf at [[Garsington Manor|Garsington]], 1923|alt=Lytton Strachey with Virginia Woolf 1923 ]]
[[File:Virginia Woolf 1927.jpg|thumb|upright|Woolf in 1927|alt=Portrait of Virginia Woolf 1927]]
Woolf is considered to be one of the most important 20th-century novelists.{{sfn|Curtis|2006|p=4}} A [[literary modernism|modernist]], she was one of the pioneers of using [[stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] as a [[narrative device]], alongside contemporaries such as [[Marcel Proust]],{{sfn|Leonard|1981}}{{sfn|Taunton|2016}} [[Dorothy Richardson]] and [[James Joyce]].{{sfn|Rahn|2018}}{{sfn|Goldman|2001}}<ref name=Ross10/> Woolf's reputation was at its greatest during the 1930s, but declined considerably following the Second World War. The growth of [[Feminist literary criticism|feminist criticism]] in the 1970s helped re-establish her reputation.{{sfn|Beja|1985|pp=1, 3, 53}}{{sfn|Snodgrass|2015}}

Virginia submitted her first article in 1890, to a competition in ''[[Tit-Bits]]''. Although it was rejected, this shipboard romance by the eight-year-old would presage her first novel 25 years later, as would contributions to the ''Hyde Park News'', such as the model letter "to show young people the right way to express what is in their hearts", a subtle commentary on her mother's legendary matchmaking.{{sfn|Licence|2015|p=20}}<ref name=Alexander46/> She transitioned from juvenilia to professional journalism in 1904 at the age of 22. Violet Dickinson introduced her to [[Kathleen Lyttelton]], the editor of the ''Women's Supplement'' of ''[[The Guardian (Anglican newspaper)|The Guardian]]'', a Church of England newspaper. Invited to submit a 1,500-word article, Virginia sent Lyttelton a review of [[William Dean Howells]]' ''The Son of Royal Langbirth'' and an essay about her visit to [[Haworth]] that year, ''Haworth, November 1904''.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} The review was published anonymously on 4 December, and the essay on the 21st.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Chronology |p=194}}<ref name=Koutsantoni5/> In 1905, Woolf began writing for ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' (TLS);{{sfn|Liukkonen|2008}} in 2019, the ''TLS'' would publish a collection of her essays entitled ''Genius and Ink: Virginia Woolf on How to Read'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/21/genius-and-ink-virginia-woolf-how-to-read-review|title=Genius and Ink by Virginia Woolf review – essays on 'how to read'|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Aida|last=Edemariam|author-link=Aida Edemariam|date=21 December 2019|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> which originally appeared anonymously, as did all their reviews.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/literature/literary-criticism/genius-and-ink-virginia-woolf|title=Genius and ink: An introduction to Virginia Woolf's writing for the TLS|first=Francesca|last=Wade|magazine=TLS|date=15 November 2019|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

Woolf went on to publish novels and essays as a public intellectual to both critical and popular acclaim. Much of her work was self-published through the [[Hogarth Press]]. "Virginia Woolf's peculiarities as a fiction writer have tended to obscure her central strength: she is arguably the major [[lyric poetry|lyrical]] novelist in the English language. Her novels are highly experimental: a narrative, frequently uneventful and commonplace, is refracted—and sometimes almost dissolved—in the characters' receptive consciousness. Intense lyricism and stylistic virtuosity fuse to create a world overabundant with auditory and visual impressions."<ref name=Shukla51/> "The intensity of Virginia Woolf's poetic vision elevates the ordinary, sometimes banal settings"—often wartime environments—"of most of her novels."<ref name=Shukla51/>

Though at least one biography of Virginia Woolf appeared in her lifetime, the first authoritative study of her life was published in 1972 by her nephew Quentin Bell. [[Hermione Lee]]'s 1996 biography ''Virginia Woolf''{{sfn|Lee|1997a}} provides a thorough and authoritative examination of Woolf's life and work, which she discussed in an interview in 1997.{{sfn|Lee|1997b}} In 2001, [[Louise DeSalvo]] and Mitchell A. Leaska edited ''The Letters of Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf''. Julia Briggs's ''Virginia Woolf: An Inner Life'' (2005) focuses on Woolf's writing, including her novels and her commentary on the creative process, to illuminate her life. The sociologist Pierre Bourdieu also uses Woolf's literature to understand and analyse gender domination. Woolf biographer [[Gillian Gill]] notes that Woolf's traumatic experience of sexual abuse by her half-brothers during her childhood influenced her advocacy for the protection of vulnerable children from similar experiences.{{sfn|Haynes|2019a}} [[Biljana Dojčinović]] has discussed the issues surrounding translations of Woolf to Serbian as a "border-crossing".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dojčinović-Nešić |first=Biljana |date=1 February 2010 |title=Translation as Border-Crossing: Virginia Woolf's Case |url=https://journals.openedition.org/trans/417 |journal=TRANS-. Revue de littérature générale et comparée |volume=9 |language=en |issue=9 |doi=10.4000/trans.417 |issn=1778-3887}}</ref>

=== Themes ===
Woolf's fiction has been studied for its insight into many themes including war, shell shock, witchcraft, and the role of social class in contemporary modern British society.{{sfn|Harrington|2018}} In the postwar ''Mrs Dalloway'' (1925), Woolf addresses the moral dilemma of war and its effects{{sfn|Floyd|2016}}{{sfn|Bradshaw|2016}} and provides an authentic voice for soldiers returning from the First World War, suffering from shell shock, in the person of Septimus Smith.{{sfn|Church|2016}} In ''A Room of One's Own'' (1929) Woolf equates historical accusations of witchcraft with creativity and genius among women "When, however, one reads of a witch being ducked, of a woman possessed by devils...then I think we are on the track of a lost novelist, a suppressed poet, of some mute and inglorious Jane Austen".<ref name=ROO3/> Throughout her work Woolf tried to evaluate the degree to which her privileged background [[framing (social sciences)|framed]] the lens through which she viewed class.{{sfn|Madden|2006}} She examined her own position as someone who would be considered an elitist snob but attacked the class structure of Britain as she found it. In her 1936 essay ''Am I a Snob?'' she examined her values and those of the privileged circle she existed in. She concluded she was, and subsequent critics and supporters have tried to deal with the dilemma of being both elite and a social critic.{{sfn|Hite|2004}}{{sfn|Latham|2003}}{{sfn|Bas|2008}}

The sea is a recurring motif in Woolf's work. Noting Woolf's early memory of listening to waves break in Cornwall, [[Katharine Smyth]] writes in ''[[The Paris Review]]'' that "the radiance [of] cresting water would be consecrated again and again in her writing, saturating not only essays, diaries, and letters but also ''Jacob's Room'', ''The Waves'', and ''To the Lighthouse''."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/01/29/where-virginia-woolf-listened-to-the-waves/|work=The Paris Review|title=Where Virginia Woolf Listened to the Waves|date=29 January 2019|first=Katharine|last=Smyth|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232339/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/01/29/where-virginia-woolf-listened-to-the-waves/|url-status=live}}</ref> Patrizia A. Muscogiuri explains that "seascapes, sailing, diving and the sea itself are aspects of nature and of human beings' relationship with it which frequently inspired Virginia Woolf's writing."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muscogiuri|first=Patrizia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvMwDgAAQBAJ|title=Virginia Woolf and the Natural World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=9781942954149|edition=First|location=UK|pages=258|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818052523/https://books.google.com/books?id=CvMwDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> This trope is deeply embedded in her texts' structure and grammar; James Antoniou notes in ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' how "Woolf made a virtue of the [[semicolon]], the shape and function of which resembles the wave, her most famous motif."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/the-punctuation-mark-that-causes-so-much-angst-20190919-p52t17.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=The punctuation mark that causes so much angst|date=27 September 2019|first=James|last=Antoniou|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204063951/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/the-punctuation-mark-that-causes-so-much-angst-20190919-p52t17.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the considerable conceptual difficulties, given Woolf's idiosyncratic use of language,{{sfn|Brassard|2016}} her works have been translated into over 50 languages.{{sfn|Harrington|2018}}{{sfn|Pratt|2017}} Some writers, such as the Belgian [[Marguerite Yourcenar]], had rather tense encounters with her, while others, such as the Argentinian [[Jorge Luis Borges]], produced versions that were highly controversial.{{sfn|Brassard|2016}}{{sfn|Snodgrass|2015}}

=== Drama ===
{{main|Freshwater (play)}}
Virginia Woolf researched the life of her great-aunt, the photographer [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], publishing her findings in an essay titled "Pattledom" (1925),<ref name="WoolfEssay4/280"/> and later in her introduction to her 1926 edition of Cameron's photographs.{{sfn|Cameron|1926}}{{sfn|Swenson|2017}} She had begun work on a play based on an episode in Cameron's life in 1923 but abandoned it. Finally, it was performed on 18 January 1935 at the studio of her sister, [[Vanessa Bell]] on Fitzroy Street in 1935.{{sfn|Wilson |Barrett|2003}} Woolf directed it herself, and the cast were mainly members of the Bloomsbury Group, including herself. ''Freshwater'' is a short three act comedy satirising the [[Victorian era]], only performed once in Woolf's lifetime. Beneath the comedic elements, there is an exploration of both generational change and artistic freedom. Both Cameron and Woolf fought against the class and gender dynamics of Victorianism{{sfn|Usui|2007}} and the play shows links to both ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' and ''[[A Room of One's Own]]'' that would follow.{{sfn|Swenson|2017}}

=== Non-fiction ===
Woolf wrote a body of autobiographical work and more than 500 essays and reviews,{{sfn|Hussey|2006}} some of which, like ''A Room of One's Own'' (1929) were of book-length. Not all were published in her lifetime. Shortly after her death, Leonard Woolf produced an edited edition of unpublished essays titled ''The Moment and other Essays'', published by the Hogarth Press in 1947. Many of these were originally lectures that she gave,{{sfn|Trilling|1948}} and several more volumes of essays followed, such as ''The Captain's Death Bed: and other essays'' (1950).

==== ''A Room of One's Own'' ====
{{main|A Room of One's Own}}
Among Woolf's non-fiction works, one of the best known is ''A Room of One's Own'' (1929), a book-length essay divided into six chapters. Considered a key work of feminist literary criticism, it was written following two lectures she delivered on "Women and Fiction" at Cambridge University the previous year. In it, she examines the historical disempowerment women have faced in many spheres, including social, educational and financial. One of her more famous dicta is contained within the book "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". Much of her argument ("to show you how I arrived at this opinion about the room and the money") is developed through the "unsolved problems" of women and fiction writing to arrive at her conclusion, although she claimed that was only "an opinion upon one minor point".{{sfn|British Library|2018a}} In doing so, she states a good deal about the nature of women and fiction, employing a quasi-fictional style as she examines where women writers failed because of lack of resources and opportunities, examining along the way the experiences of the [[Brontë family|Brontës]], [[George Eliot]] and [[George Sand]], as well as the fictional character of [[Shakespeare]]'s sister, equipped with the same genius but not position. She contrasts these women who accepted a deferential status with [[Jane Austen]], who wrote entirely as a woman.{{sfn|Kronenberger|1929}}

=== Hogarth Press ===
{{main|Hogarth Press}}
[[File:Shakespeare Plays hand bound by Virginia Woolf.JPG|thumb|Shelf of [[Shakespeare]] plays hand-bound by Virginia Woolf in her bedroom at [[Monk's House]]{{efn|It has been suggested that Woolf bound books to help cope with her depression, as is hinted at in her writing: "A great part of every day is not lived consciously. One walks, eats, sees things, deals with what has to be done; the broken vacuum cleaner; ... cooking dinner; bookbinding."{{sfn|Sim|2016}}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}]]
Virginia had taken up book-binding as a pastime in October 1901, at the age of 19.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Chronology |p=192}}{{sfn|Heyes|2016}} The Woolfs had been discussing setting up a publishing house for some time{{snd}}Leonard intended for it to give Virginia a rest from the strain of writing, and thereby help her fragile mental health. Additionally, publishing her works under their own outfit would save her from the stress of submitting her work to an external company, which contributed to her breakdown during the process of publishing her first novel ''The Voyage Out''.{{efn|Her second novel, ''[[Night and Day (Woolf novel)|Night and Day]]'' (1919), was also published by Duckworth's, but ''[[Jacob's Room]]'' (1922) was published by Hogarth.{{sfn|Heyes|2016}}}} The Woolfs obtained their own hand-printing press in April 1917 and set it up on their dining room table at Hogarth House, thus beginning the [[Hogarth Press]].{{sfn|Heyes|2016}}{{sfn|Zakaria|2017}}

The first publication was ''Two Stories'' in July 1917, consisting of "The Mark on the Wall" by Virginia Woolf (which has been described as "Woolf's first foray into modernism"{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|p=67}}) and "Three Jews" by Leonard Woolf. The accompanying illustrations by [[Dora Carrington]] were a success, leading Virginia to remark that the press was "specially good at printing pictures, and we see that we must make a practice of always having pictures." The process took two and a half months with a production run of 150 copies.{{sfn|British Library|2018c}} Other short stories followed, including ''[[Kew Gardens (short story)|Kew Gardens]]'' (1919) with a [[woodblock printing|woodblock]] by Vanessa Bell as [[book frontispiece|frontispiece]].{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=13}} Subsequently Bell added further illustrations, adorning each page of the text.{{sfn|British Library|2018d}}

Unlike its contemporary small printers, who specialised in expensive artisanal reprints, the Woolfs concentrated on living avant-garde authors,{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|p=63}} and over the subsequent five years printed works by authors including [[Katherine Mansfield]], [[T.S. Eliot]], [[E. M. Forster]], Clive Bell and Roger Fry. They also produced translations of Russian works with [[S. S. Koteliansky]], and the first translation of the complete works of [[Sigmund Freud]].{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|p=68}}{{sfn|Heyes|2016}} They acquired a larger press in 1921 and began to sell directly to booksellers.{{sfn|Heyes|2016}} In 1938 Virginia sold her share of the company to [[John Lehmann]],{{sfn|Bell|1972|p=250}} who had started working for Hogarth Press seven years previously.{{sfn|Lee|1997a|p=590}} The Press eventually became Leonard's only source of income, but his association with it ended in 1946, after publishing 527 titles, and Hogarth is now an imprint of [[Penguin Random House]].{{sfn|Zakaria|2017}}{{sfn|Heyes|2016}}

The Press also produced explicitly political works. Pamphlets had fallen out of fashion due to the high production costs and low revenue, but the Hogarth Press produced several series on contemporary issues of international politics, challenging colonialism and critiquing Soviet Russia and Italian fascism.{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|pp=72,74}} The Woolfs also published political fiction, including ''Turbott Wolfe'' (1926) by [[William Plomer]] and ''In a Province'' (1934) by [[Laurens van der Post]], which concern South African racial policies and revolutionary movements respectively.{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|p=75}} Virginia Woolf saw a link between international politics and feminism, publishing a biography of Indian feminist activist [[Saroj Nalini Dutt]] and the memoirs of [[suffragette]] [[Elizabeth Robins]].{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|p=71}} Scholar Ursula McTaggart argues that the Hogarth Press shaped and represented Woolf's later concept of an "Outsiders' Society", a non-organised group of women who would resist "the patriarchal fascism of war and nationalism" by exerting influence through private actions, as described in ''Three Guineas''. In this view, the readers and authors form a loose network, with the Press providing the means to exchange ideas.{{sfn|McTaggart|2010|pp=63,65,66,70}}

=== Influences ===

Sybil Oldfield examines Woolf's convinced pacifism, its sources and its expression in her life and works.<ref name=":0" />

Michel Lackey argues that a major influence on Woolf, from 1912 onward, was Russian literature and Woolf adopted many of its aesthetic conventions.{{sfn|Lackey|2012}} The style of [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] with his depiction of a fluid mind in operation helped to influence Woolf's writings about a "discontinuous writing process", though Woolf objected to Dostoyevsky's obsession with "psychological extremity" and the "tumultuous flux of emotions" in his characters together with his right-wing, monarchist politics as Dostoyevsky was an ardent supporter of the autocracy of the [[Russian Empire]].{{sfn|Lackey|2012}} In contrast to her objections to Dostoyevsky's "exaggerated emotional pitch", Woolf found much to admire in the work of [[Anton Chekhov]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]].{{sfn|Lackey|2012}} Woolf admired Chekhov for his stories of ordinary people living their lives, doing banal things and plots that had no neat endings.{{sfn|Lackey|2012}} From Tolstoy, Woolf drew lessons about how a novelist should depict a character's psychological state and the interior tension within.{{sfn|Lackey|2012}} Lackey notes that, from [[Ivan Turgenev]], Woolf drew the lessons that there are multiple "I's" when writing a novel, and the novelist needed to balance those multiple versions of him- or herself to balance the "mundane facts" of a story vs. the writer's overarching vision, which required a "total passion" for art.{{sfn|Lackey|2012}}

The American writer [[Henry David Thoreau]] also influenced Woolf. In a 1917 essay, she praised Thoreau for his statement "The millions are awake enough for physical labor, but only one in hundreds of millions is awake enough to a poetic or divine life. To be awake is to be alive." They both aimed to capture 'the moment'––as Walter Pater says, "to burn always with this hard, gem-like flame."<ref>Walter Pater. The Renaissance Studies in Art and Poetry. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2398/2398-h/2398-h.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428025903/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2398/2398-h/2398-h.htm |date=28 April 2021 }}</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|1969}} Woolf praised Thoreau for his "simplicity" in finding "a way for setting free the delicate and complicated machinery of the soul".{{sfn|Majumdar|1969}} Like Thoreau, Woolf believed that it was silence that set the mind free to really contemplate and understand the world.{{sfn|Majumdar|1969}} Both authors believed in a certain transcendental, mystical approach to life and writing, where even banal things could be capable of generating deep emotions if one had enough silence and the presence of mind to appreciate them.{{sfn|Majumdar|1969}} Woolf and Thoreau were both concerned with the difficulty of human relationships in the modern age.{{sfn|Majumdar|1969}}

Woolf's preface to [[Orlando: A Biography|''Orlando'']] credits [[Daniel Defoe]], [[Sir Thomas Browne]], [[Laurence Sterne]], [[Sir Walter Scott]], [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]], [[Emily Brontë]], [[Thomas de Quincey]], and [[Walter Pater]] as influences.{{sfn|Woolf|1928}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}} Among her contemporaries, Woolf was influenced by [[Marcel Proust]], writing to [[Roger Fry]], "Oh if I could write like that!"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shore |first=Elizabeth M. |date=Summer 1979 |title=Virginia Woolf, Proust, and Orlando |journal=[[Comparative Literature]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=232–245 |doi=10.2307/1770923 |jstor=1770923}}</ref>

==== Virginia Woolf and her mother ====
The intense scrutiny of Virginia Woolf's literary output has led to speculation as to her mother's influence, including psychoanalytic studies of mother and daughter.<ref name=MP67/>{{sfn|Rosenman|1986}}<ref name=MH91/><ref name=Hirsch108/> Her memories of her mother are memories of an obsession,<ref name=Birrento69/> starting with her first major breakdown on her mother's death in 1895, the loss having a profound lifelong effect.<ref name=Simpson12/> In many ways, her mother's profound influence on Virginia Woolf is conveyed in the latter's recollections, "there she is; beautiful, emphatic ... closer than any of the living are, lighting our random lives as with a burning torch, infinitely noble and delightful to her children".{{sfn|Woolf|1908|p=40}}

Woolf's understanding of her mother and family evolved considerably between 1907 and 1940, in which the somewhat distant, yet revered figure, becomes more nuanced and complete.{{sfn|Schulkind|1985|p=13}} She described her mother as an "invisible presence" in her life, and Ellen Rosenman argues that the mother-daughter relationship is a constant in Woolf's writing.{{sfn|Rosenman|1986|loc=cited in {{harvtxt|Caramagno|1989}}}} She describes how Woolf's [[modernism]] needs to be viewed in relationship to her ambivalence towards her Victorian mother, the centre of the former's female identity, and her voyage to her own sense of autonomy. To Woolf, "Saint Julia" was both a martyr whose perfectionism was intimidating and a source of deprivation, by her absences real and virtual and premature death.{{sfn|Caramagno|1989}} Julia's influence and memory pervade Woolf's life and work. "She has haunted me", she wrote.{{sfn|Woolf|1923–1928|p=374}}

=== Historical feminism ===
According to the 2007 book ''Feminism: From Mary Wollstonecraft to Betty Friedan'' by Bhaskar A. Shukla, "Recently, studies of Virginia Woolf have focused on feminist and lesbian themes in her work, such as in the 1997 collection of critical essays, ''Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings'', edited by Eileen Barrett and Patricia Cramer."<ref name=Shukla51/> In 1928, Woolf took a grassroots approach to informing and inspiring feminism. She addressed undergraduate women at the ODTAA Society at [[Girton College, Cambridge]], and the Arts Society at Newnham College, with two papers that eventually became ''[[A Room of One's Own]]'' (1929).

Woolf's best-known nonfiction works, ''[[A Room of One's Own]]'' (1929) and ''[[Three Guineas]]'' (1938), examine the difficulties that female writers and intellectuals faced because men held disproportionate legal and economic power, as well as the future of women in education and society.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2018|title=The 1930s: 'Women had the vote, but the old agitation went on'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/04/the-1930s-women-had-the-vote-but-the-old-agitation-went-on|access-date=24 January 2022|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In ''[[The Second Sex]]'' (1949), [[Simone de Beauvoir]] counts, of all women who ever lived, only three female writers—[[Emily Brontë]], Woolf and "sometimes" [[Katherine Mansfield]]—who have explored "the given".<ref name=Beauvoir53/>

== Views ==
In her lifetime, Woolf was outspoken on many topics that were considered controversial, some of which are now considered progressive, others regressive.<ref name=Ellisfront/> She was an ardent [[feminist]] at a time when women's rights were barely recognised, and [[anti-colonialist]], anti-imperialist, anti-militarist and a [[pacifist]] when [[chauvinism]] was popular. On the other hand, she has been criticised for her views on class and race in her private writings and published works. Like many of her contemporaries, some of her writing is now considered offensive. As a result, she is considered polarising, a revolutionary feminist and socialist hero or a purveyor of [[hate speech]].<ref name=Ellisfront/>{{sfn|Lee|1995}}

Works such as ''A Room of One's Own'' (1929) and ''Three Guineas'' (1938) are frequently taught as icons of feminist literature in courses that would be very critical of some of her views expressed elsewhere.{{sfn|McManus|2008}} She has also been the recipient of considerable [[homophobic]] and [[misogynist]] criticism.{{sfn|Hussey|2012}}

=== Humanist views ===
Virginia Woolf was born into a non-religious family and is regarded, along with fellow members of the Bloomsbury group [[E. M. Forster]] and [[G. E. Moore]], as a [[humanism|humanist]]. Both her parents were prominent [[agnostic atheism|agnostic atheists]] although a significant influence was her aunt [[Caroline Stephen]]. [[Caroline Stephen]] was a convert to Quakerism, the Religious Society of Friends, and was a strong English exponent for its peace testimony in 1890.<ref name=":0" /> Her father, [[Leslie Stephen]], had become famous in polite society for his writings which expressed and publicised reasons to doubt the veracity of religion and abhorred military service. Stephen was also President of the [[West London Ethical Society]], an early [[secular humanism|humanist]] organisation, and helped to found the [[Humanists UK|Union of Ethical Societies]] in 1896. Woolf's mother, [[Julia Stephen]], wrote the book ''Agnostic Women'' (1880), which argued that agnosticism (defined here as something more like atheism) could be a highly moral approach to life.

Woolf was a critic of Christianity. In a letter to [[Ethel Smyth]], she gave a scathing denunciation of the religion, seeing it as self-righteous "egotism" and stating "my Jew [Leonard] has more religion in one toenail—more human love, in one hair".{{sfn|Woolf|1932–1935|p=321}} Woolf stated in her private letters that she thought of herself as an atheist.{{sfn|Streufert|1988}}

{{blockquote|She thought there were no Gods; no one was to blame; and so she evolved this atheist's religion of doing good for the sake of goodness.|Woolf characterises Clarissa Dalloway, the title character of ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]''{{sfn|Woolf|1925|p=76}}}}

=== Controversies ===
[[Hermione Lee]] cites a number of extracts from Woolf's writings that many, including Lee, would consider offensive, and these criticisms can be traced back as far as those of [[Wyndham Lewis]] and [[Q. D. Leavis]] in the 1920s and 1930s.{{sfn|Lee|1995}} Other authors provide more nuanced contextual interpretations and stress the complexity of her character and the apparent inherent contradictions in analysing her apparent flaws.{{sfn|McManus|2008}} She could certainly be off-hand, rude and even cruel in her dealings with other authors, translators and biographers, such as her treatment of [[Ruth Gruber]].{{Citation needed|reason=I cannot find any sources on any relationship between Woolf and Gruber, or any comments Woolf may have made about Gruber|date=June 2022}} Some authors, including [[David Daiches]], Brenda Silver, Alison Light and other [[postcolonial]] feminists, dismiss her (and modernist authors in general) as privileged, elitist, [[classist]], racist, and [[antisemitic]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Mills |first=Jean |title=Virginia Woolf and the Politics of Class |date=14 March 2016 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118457917.ch16 |work=A Companion to Virginia Woolf |pages=219–220 |editor-last=Berman |editor-first=Jessica |access-date=31 March 2023 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118457917.ch16 |isbn=978-1-118-45788-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Woolf's tendentious expressions, including prejudicial feelings against disabled people, have often been the topic of academic criticism:{{sfn|Lee|1995}}
{{blockquote| The first quotation is from a diary entry of September 1920 and runs: "The fact is the lower classes are detestable." The remainder follow the first in reproducing stereotypes standard to upper-class and upper-middle class life in the early 20th century: "imbeciles should certainly be killed"; "Jews" are greasy; a "crowd" is both an ontological "mass" and is, again, "detestable"; "Germans" are akin to vermin; some "baboon faced intellectuals" mix with "sad green dressed negroes and negresses, looking like chimpanzees" at a peace conference; Kensington High St. revolts one's stomach with its innumerable "women of incredible mediocrity, drab as dishwater".{{sfn|McManus|2008}}}}

=== Antisemitism ===
Often accused of [[antisemitism]],{{sfn|Edel|1979}} the treatment of [[Judaism]] and [[Jews]] by Woolf is far from straightforward.{{sfn|Schröder|2003}} She was happily married to an irreligious Jewish man ([[Leonard Woolf]]) who had no connection with or knowledge of his people while she generally characterised Jewish characters with negative stereotypes. For instance, she described some of the Jewish characters in her work in terms that suggested they were physically repulsive or dirty. On the other hand, she could criticise her own views: "How I hated marrying a Jew — how I hated their nasal voices and their oriental jewellery, and their noses and their wattles — what a snob I was: for they have immense vitality, and I think I like that quality best of all" (Letter to Ethel Smyth, 1930).{{sfn|Woolf|1929–1931|loc=2215: 2 Aug.}}{{sfn|Snodgrass|2015}}{{sfn|Gross|2006}} These attitudes have been construed to reflect, not so much antisemitism, but social status; she married outside her social class. Leonard, "a penniless Jew from Putney", lacked the material status of the Stephens and their circle.{{sfn|Edel|1979}}

While travelling on a cruise to Portugal, she protested at finding "a great many [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Portuguese Jews]] on board, and other repulsive objects, but we keep clear of them".<ref name=Forrester49/> Furthermore, she wrote in her diary: "I do not like the Jewish voice; I do not like the Jewish laugh." Her 1938 short story, written during Hitler's rule, "[[The Duchess and the Jeweller]]" (originally titled "The Duchess and the Jew") has been considered antisemitic.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2001–2002}}

Some believe that Woolf and her husband Leonard came to despise and fear the 1930s' [[fascism]] and antisemitism. Her 1938 book ''[[Three Guineas]]'' was an indictment of fascism and what Woolf described as a recurring propensity among [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] societies to enforce repressive societal mores by violence.{{sfn|Young|2002}} And yet, her 1938 story "The Duchess and the Jeweller" was so deeply hateful in its depiction of Jews that ''Harper's Bazaar'' asked her to modify it before publication; she reluctantly complied.<ref>Wilson, Jonathan (14 May 2022). "Virginia and the Woolf". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</ref>

== {{anchor|Legacy}}Legacy ==
{{multiple image
| header = Memorials
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| float = none
| image1 = Virginia Woolf mural.jpg
| caption1 = Plaque honouring Virginia Woolf on the Virginia Woolf Building at [[King's College London]], [[Kingsway, London|Kingsway]]
| alt1 = Plaque describing Virginia's time at King's College London, on the Virginia Woolf Building there
| image2 = Virginia Woolf, Tavistock Square, London.JPG
| caption2 = Woolf's [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] in [[Tavistock Square]], London, by [[Stephen Tomlin]], 1931. Erected by the Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain, 2004.
| alt2 = Bronze cast of Stephen Tomlin's bust of Virginia Woolf (1931) in Tavistock Square
}}
Virginia Woolf is known for her contributions to 20th-century literature and her essays, as well as the influence she has had on literary, particularly feminist criticism. A number of authors have stated that their work was influenced by her, including [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Michael Cunningham]],{{efn|"Like my hero Virginia Woolf, I do lack confidence. I always find that the novel I'm finishing, even if it's turned out fairly well, is not the novel I had in my mind."{{sfn|Brockes|2011}}}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]],{{efn|"after having read Ulysses in English as well as a very good French translation, I can see that the original Spanish translation was very bad. But I did learn something that was to be very useful to me in my future writing—the technique of the interior monologue. I later found this in Virginia Woolf, and I like the way she uses it better than Joyce."{{sfn|Stone|1981}}}} and [[Toni Morrison]].{{efn|"I wrote on Woolf and Faulkner. I read a lot of Faulkner then. You might not know this, but in the '50s, American literature was new. It was renegade. English literature was English. So there were these avant-garde professors making American literature a big deal. That tickles me now."{{sfn|Bollen|2012}}}} Her iconic image{{sfn|Silver|1999}} is instantly recognisable from the portrait of her aged 20 by [[George Charles Beresford]] (at the top of this page) to the Beck and Macgregor portrait in her mother's dress in ''Vogue'' at 44 (see {{harvtxt|Fry|1913}}) or [[Man Ray]]'s cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine (see {{harvtxt|Ray|1937}}) at 55.<ref name=License8/> More postcards of Woolf are sold by London's [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] than of any other person.{{sfn|Stimpson|1999}} Her image is ubiquitous and can be found on products ranging from tea towels to T-shirts.<ref name=License8/>

Virginia Woolf is studied around the world, with organisations devoted to her, such as the Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain,{{sfn|VWS|2017}} and The Virginia Woolf Society of Japan.{{sfn|VWSJ|2023}} In addition, trusts—such as the Asham Trust—encourage writers in her honour.{{sfn|Asham|2018}}

In January 2025 Sophie Oliver, a lecturer of modernism at the [[University of Liverpool]], discovered two previously unknown poems by Woolf, at the [[Harry Ransom Center]], at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]. Oliver estimated the date of the poems, which reveal "a different shade" to Woolf, as sometime after March 1927.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/17/nx-s1-5260964/virginia-woolf-poems-niece-nephew |title=Newly discovered poems show Virginia Woolf as a fun aunt |first=Andrew |last=Limbong |publisher=npr.org |date=17 January 2025 |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Monuments and memorials ===
[[File:Richmond Riverside, statue of Virginia Woolf (3).jpg|thumb|Statue of Virginia Woolf in Richmond-upon-Thames created by Laury Dizengremel]]
In 2013, Woolf was honoured by her alma mater King's College London with the opening of the Virginia Woolf Building on [[Kingsway, London|Kingsway]],{{sfn|King's College, London|2013}} together with an exhibit depicting her accompanied by the quotation "London itself perpetually attracts, stimulates, gives me a play & a story & a poem" from her 1926 diary.<ref name=Squier204/> The [[University of Kent]] also named a college after her—[[Woolf College, Kent|Woolf College]], which was built in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woolf College |url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/woolf-college/ |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=University of Kent}}</ref>

Busts of Virginia Woolf have been erected at her home in Rodmell, Sussex, and at Tavistock Square, London, where she lived between 1924 and 1939. She is also honoured at Tavistock Square by the Woolf & Whistle, a bar that is located near where her house once stood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Woolf & Whistle |url=https://www.imperialhotels.co.uk/hotels/tavistock-hotel/restaurants-bars/the-woolf--whistle/57-7/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.imperialhotels.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> 

In 2014, she was one of the inaugural honorees in the [[Rainbow Honor Walk]], a [[List of halls and walks of fame|walk of fame]] in [[San Francisco]]'s [[Castro District, San Francisco|Castro neighbourhood]] noting [[LGBTQ]] people who have "made significant contributions in their fields".{{sfn|Barmann|2014}}

A campaign was launched in 2018 to erect a statue of Woolf in Richmond-upon-Thames, where she lived for 10 years.{{sfn|Flood|2020}} In November 2022 the statue, created by sculptor Laury Dizengremel, was unveiled. It depicts Woolf on a bench overlooking the River Thames and is the first full-size statue of Woolf.{{sfn|Guest|2022}}{{sfn|Temple|2022}}

=== Portrayals ===
[[File:Stamps of Romania, 2007-013.jpg|thumb|Virginia Woolf on a 2007 [[Postage stamps and postal history of Romania|Romanian postage stamp]]|alt=Virginia Woolf portrayed on Romanian postage stamp in 2007]]

* Michael Cunningham's 1998 [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning novel ''[[The Hours (novel)|The Hours]]'' focused on three generations of women affected by Woolf's novel ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]''. In 2002, a [[The Hours (film)|film version]] of the novel was released, starring [[Nicole Kidman]] as Woolf. Kidman won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b864d95e5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811121554/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b864d95e5|archive-date=August 11, 2016|title=The Hours|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>
* Susan Sellers's novel ''Vanessa and Virginia'' (2008) explores the close sibling relationship between Woolf and her sister, Vanessa Bell. It was adapted for the stage by Elizabeth Wright in 2010 and first performed by Moving Stories Theatre Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa and Virginia |url=http://movingstories.org.uk/vanessa-and-virginia |url-status=live |website=Moving Stories}}</ref>
* Priya Parmar's 2014 novel ''Vanessa and Her Sister'' also examined the Stephen sisters' relationship during the early years of their association with what became known as the Bloomsbury Group.{{sfn|Parmar|2015}}
* In the 2014 novel ''The House at the End of Hope Street'', Woolf is featured as one of the women who has lived in the titular house.{{sfn|van Praag|2014}}
* Virginia is portrayed by both [[Lydia Leonard]] and [[Catherine McCormack]] in the BBC's three-part drama series ''[[Life in Squares]]'' (2015).{{sfn|Coe|2015}}
* The 2018 film ''[[Vita and Virginia]]'' depicts the relationship between [[Vita Sackville-West]] and Woolf, portrayed by [[Gemma Arterton]] and [[Elizabeth Debicki]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=2019-07-04 |title=Vita & Virginia review – a hothouse of patrician passion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jul/04/vita-virginia-review-gemma-arterton-elizabeth-debicki-isabella-rossellini |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* In 2022, an [[The Hours (opera)|opera of ''The Hours'']] by composer [[Kevin Puts]] and librettist Greg Pierce premiered at the Metropolitan Opera to acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=David |date=2022-11-23 |title=Metropolitan Opera 2022-23 Review: The Hours |url=https://operawire.com/metropolitan-opera-2022-23-review-the-hours/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=OperaWire |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Adaptations ===
* [[Sally Potter]] adapted ''Orlando'' (1928) for the screen in 1992, starring [[Tilda Swinton]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pronger |first=Rachel |date=September 20, 2022 |title=Orlando: The most subversive history film ever made |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220913-orlando-the-most-subversive-history-film-ever-made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120030204/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220913-orlando-the-most-subversive-history-film-ever-made |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |access-date=March 7, 2025 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
* Woolf's play ''Freshwater'' (1935) is the basis for a 1994 [[chamber opera]], ''[[Freshwater (opera)|Freshwater]]'', by [[Andy Vores]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/440608353/?clipping_id=171542757|title='Freshwater' is lightsome opera|first=Richard|last=Dyer|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|page=47|date=2 December 1994|access-date=2 May 2025|via=newspapers.com}}</ref>
* ''Septimus and Clarissa'', a stage adaptation of ''Mrs Dalloway'', was created and produced by the New York-based ensemble Ripe Time in 2011. It was adapted by [[Ellen McLaughlin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2011/09/theater/the-mindscape-of-septimus-and-clarissa-ripe-time-adapts-virginia-woolfs-mrs-dalloway/|title=The Mindscape of ''Septimus and Clarissa'': Ripe Time Adapts Virginia Woolf's ''Mrs. Dalloway''|first=Patricia|last=Laurence|website=[[The Brooklyn Rail]]|date=September 2011|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/16/theater/reviews/septimus-and-clarissa-an-adaptation-of-mrs-dalloway-review.html|title=The Dance of the City on a Day in June|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Eric|last=Grode|date=15 September 2011|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
* In 2014, artist Kabe Wilson produced a novella and artwork entitled ''Of One Woman Or So'', created over five years by rearranging the words of Woolf's 1929 essay ''A Room of One's Own''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artkabe.com/#/other-projects/|title=Selected Projects (2009-) {{!}} Olivia N'Gowfri - Of One Woman or So (2009-2014)|website=A T Kabe Wilson|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/sep/26/virginia-woolf-a-room-of-ones-own-kabe-wilson-of-one-woman-or-so|title=Kabe Wilson rearranges words of Woolf's 1929 essay to produce novella anagrammatically entitled Of One Woman Or So|first=Alison|last=Flood|newspaper=The Guardian|date=26 September 2014|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/theconveyor/kabe-wilson-of-one-woman-or-so-virginia-woolf-remixed/|title=Kabe Wilson 'Of One Woman or So': Virginia Woolf Remixed {{!}} from Dennis Duncan|first=Andrew|last=Bonnie|website=The Bodleian Conveyor|publisher=Bodleian Libraries|date=8 May 2015|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Woolf Works]]'', a contemporary ballet inspired by Woolf's novels, letters, essays and diaries, choreographed by [[Wayne McGregor]], premiered in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/may/02/royal-ballet-virginia-woolf-works-wayne-mcgregor|title=Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf? Not the Royal Ballet|first=Judith|last=Mackrell|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 May 2025|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
* The final segment of the 2018 [[anthology film]] ''[[London Unplugged]]'' is adapted from Woolf's short story "[[Kew Gardens (short story)|Kew Gardens]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmuforia.com/london-unplugged-2018/|title=London Unplugged (2018) ***|website=Filmuforia|date=14 January 2019|first=Meredith|last=Taylor|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
{{main|Virginia Woolf bibliography}}
{{Wikisource author|wslink=Virginia Woolf}}

Woolf's most notable works include the following.{{sfn|Reid|2024}}
<!-- This is a list of *selected* works, not a complete bibliography, and reflects the cited source. -->
=== Novels ===
{{div col}}
* ''[[The Voyage Out]]'' (1915)
* ''[[Jacob's Room]]'' (1922)
* ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'' (1925)
* ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Orlando: A Biography]]'' (1928)
* ''[[The Waves]]'' (1931)
* ''[[The Years]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Between the Acts]]'' (1941)
{{div col end}}

=== Essays and essay collections ===
{{div col}}
* "[[Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown]]" (1924)
* "[[Modern Fiction (essay)|Modern Fiction]]" (1925)
* ''The Common Reader'' (1925)
* "The Art of Fiction" (1927)
* "The New Biography" (1927)
* ''[[A Room of One's Own]]'' (1929)
* ''The Common Reader: Second Series'' (1932)
* ''[[Three Guineas]]'' (1938)
{{div col end}}

=== Other ===
* "[[Kew Gardens (short story)|Kew Gardens]]" (1919), short story
* ''[[Flush: A Biography]]'' (1933)
* ''[[Freshwater (play)|Freshwater]]'' (1935)

== Notes ==
{{notelist|1}}

==References==
<!-- Citations with URLs go here to avoid cluttering wikitext -->
<!-- Alphabetical -->
{{reflist|colwidth=20em|refs=
<ref name="Alexander46">{{harvnb|Alexander|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=odBIxjAhjbsC&pg=PA46 46]}}</ref>
<ref name="Beauvoir53">{{harvnb|Beauvoir|1949|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KuMtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 53]}}</ref>
<ref name="Birrento69">{{harvnb|Birrento|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l_j4ln5cEI8C&pg=PA69 69]}}</ref>
<ref name="Curtis58">{{harvnb|Curtis|2002b|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC&pg=PA58 Introduction p. 58]}}</ref>
<ref name="Ellisfront">{{harvnb|Ellis|2007|loc=[http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/82897/frontmatter/9780521882897_frontmatter.pdf Front Matter]}}</ref>
<ref name="Forrester49">{{harvnb|Forrester|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AXipBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47]}}</ref>
<ref name="Gordon51">{{harvnb|Gordon|1984|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NLDSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 51]}}</ref>
<ref name="Gordon52">{{harvnb|Gordon|1984|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NLDSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 52]}}</ref>
<ref name="Gordon53">{{harvnb|Gordon|1984|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NLDSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 53]}}</ref>
<ref name="Hague259">{{harvnb|Hague|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=95_C3LCSrCEC&pg=PA259 259]}}</ref>
<ref name="Hirsch108">{{harvnb|Hirsch|1989|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVMW_cN8Q8C&pg=PA108 108''ff'']}}</ref>
<ref name="Koutsantoni5">{{harvnb|Koutsantoni|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wt3ivsDLyPQC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref>
<ref name="License8">{{harvnb|Licence|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfGCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 8]}}</ref>
<ref name="MH91">{{harvnb|Hussey|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 91]}}</ref>
<ref name="MP67">{{harvnb|Minow-Pinkney|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 67, 75]}}</ref>
<ref name="MP230">{{harvnb|Minow-Pinkney|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vJgkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 230]}}</ref>
<ref name="Moggridge217">{{harvnb|Moggridge|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DFsctHxvFhoC&pg=PA217 217]}}</ref>
<ref name="Montross61">{{harvnb|Montross|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lw2aAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 61]}}</ref>
<ref name="Ross10">{{harvnb|Richardson|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ9bBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]}}</ref>
<ref name="Rosenbaum1/130">{{harvnb|Rosenbaum|1987|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtS-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 130]}}</ref>
<ref name="Shukla51">{{harvnb|Shukla|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgfmJBJjfIcC&pg=PA51 51]}}</ref>
<ref name="Simpson12">{{harvnb|Simpson|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lPE8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 12]}}</ref>
<ref name="Squier204">{{harvnb|Squier|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JYU6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 204]}}</ref>
<ref name="hauntedintro">{{harvnb|Woolf|2016a|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XgojDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 Introduction pp. 5–6]}}</ref>
<ref name="WoolfEssay4/280">{{harvnb|Woolf|1925–1928|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8VFODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2918 280]}}</ref>
<ref name="ROO3">{{harvnb|Woolf|1929|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080304161901/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91r/chapter3.html Chapter 3]}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

=== Books and theses ===
* {{cite book|editor-last=Batchelor|editor-first=John|title=The Art of Literary Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEvQ1_1YPCQC|year=1995|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-818289-4|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611184022/https://books.google.com/books?id=YEvQ1_1YPCQC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Beauvoir|first=Simone de|author-link=Simone de Beauvoir|title=The Second Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuMtBQAAQBAJ|date=2015|orig-date=1949|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-1-4735-2191-9|ref={{harvid|Beauvoir|1949}}|edition=Vintage Feminism Short|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611225834/https://books.google.com/books?id=KuMtBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} see also ''[[The Second Sex]]''
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Eagle|editor1-first=Dorothy S.|editor2-last=Carnell|editor2-first=Hilary|title=The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to Great Britain and Ireland|year=1981|orig-date=1977|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198691254|ol=4116730M}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirsch|first=Marianne|author-link=Marianne Hirsch|title=The Mother / Daughter Plot: Narrative, Psychoanalysis, Feminism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVMW_cN8Q8C|date=1989|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=0-253-11575-2|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611193100/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVMW_cN8Q8C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Lowe |editor1-first=Gill |title=Hyde Park Gate News: The Stephen Family Newspaper |date=2005 |publisher=Hesperus Press |location=London |ol=17189258M}}
* {{cite book|last=Parmar|first=Priya|title=Vanessa and Her Sister|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfQYBAAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Doubleday Canada]]|isbn=978-0-385-68134-6|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611231233/https://books.google.com/books?id=tfQYBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Dorothy|author-link=Dorothy Richardson|editor1-last=Ross|editor1-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Thomson|editor2-first=Tara|title=Pointed Roofs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ9bBAAAQBAJ|date=2014|orig-date=1915|publisher=[[Broadview Press]]|isbn=978-1-77048-538-9|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612002455/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ9bBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Shukla|first=Bhaskar A.|title=Feminism:From Mary Wollstonecraft To Betty Friedan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgfmJBJjfIcC|year=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-754-1|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612005959/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgfmJBJjfIcC|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=van Praag|first=Menna|year=2014|title=The house at the end of Hope Street: a novel |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0143124948 |oclc=852829959}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Scott|title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-1-4766-2599-7|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002183657/https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|editor1-last=Leaska|editor1-first=Mitchell A.|year=1977 |title=The Pargiters: The Novel-Essay Portion of The Years|location=New York|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=0-15-671380-2}}

==== Biography: Virginia Woolf ====
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=Quentin |author-link=Quentin Bell |title=Virginia Woolf: A Biography  |year=1972 |publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]] |isbn=978-0-15-693580-7 |ol=26650778M}}
* {{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Julia|title=Virginia Woolf: An Inner Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fn2kILpMkoC|year=2006a|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-15-603229-2|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611202335/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fn2kILpMkoC|url-status=live |ol=7350841M}}
* {{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Vanessa|title=Virginia Woolf's Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC|year=2002b|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-18340-0|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611163944/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Samuel Curtis|title=Virginia Woolf: Bloomsbury & Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJJlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=[[Haus Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-904950-23-3|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611182843/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJJlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Forrester|first=Viviane|author-link=Viviane Forrester|title=Virginia Woolf: A Portrait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXipBgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-53512-0|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010244/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXipBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Lyndall|author-link=Lyndall Gordon|title=Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qp1bAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-811723-0|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611225037/https://books.google.com/books?id=qp1bAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Harris|first=Alexandra|author-link=Alexandra Harris|title=Virginia Woolf|date=2011|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|location=New York|isbn=9780500515921|ol=25269825M}}
* {{cite book|last=Humm|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Humm|title=Snapshots of Bloomsbury: The Private Lives of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stgZzIQAYyEC|year=2006|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-3706-1|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611204945/https://books.google.com/books?id=stgZzIQAYyEC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Lee|first=Hermione|author-link=Hermione Lee|title=Virginia Woolf|year=1997a|orig-date=1996|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=0-679-44707-5|ol=708461M}}
* {{cite book|last=Licence|first=Amy|title=Living in Squares, Loving in Triangles: The Lives and Loves of Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfGCQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-4579-7|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611183156/https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfGCQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Virginia Woolf (1882–1941)| url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vwoolf.htm |website=Books and Writers |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128025206/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vwoolf.htm |year=2008|archive-date=28 January 2015 |access-date=8 February 2016 }}
* {{cite book|last=Pearce|first=Brian Louis|title=Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Group in Twickenham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2zeoAEACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Borough of Twickenham Local History Society|isbn=978-0-903341-80-6|page=7|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611235824/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2zeoAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Phyllis|author-link=Phyllis Rose|title=Woman of Letters: A Life of Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFPdky63WGkC|date=1979|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-502621-4|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222545/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFPdky63WGkC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosenman|first=Ellen Bayuk|title=The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-daughter Relationship|url=https://archive.org/details/invisiblepresenc0000rose|url-access=registration|year=1986|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8071-1290-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Silver|first=Brenda R.|title=Virginia Woolf Icon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR4CF9x1o0gC|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-75746-9|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611224811/https://books.google.com/books?id=NR4CF9x1o0gC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Snaith|editor-first=Anna|title=Palgrave Advances in Virginia Woolf Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|isbn=978-0-230-20604-5|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612020631/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Squier|first=Susan Merrill|title=Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYU6DwAAQBAJ|date=1985|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-4696-3991-8|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611213403/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYU6DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Streufert |first=Mary J. |date=8 June 1988 |title=Measures of reality: the religious life of Virginia Woolf |type=[[Master of Arts|MA]] thesis |url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/7d278z05s |publisher=[[Oregon State University]] |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084406/https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/7d278z05s |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=E. H. |title=Brief Lives: Virginia Woolf |date=2011 |publisher=Hesperus Press |location=London |ol=11907594M}}

===== Mental health =====
* {{cite book|last=Caramagno|first=Thomas C.|title=The Flight of the Mind: Virginia Woolf's Art and Manic-Depressive Illness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvTdFfPOYdAC|date=1992|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-93512-9|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611161248/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvTdFfPOYdAC|url-status=live}} (summary)
* {{cite book|last=Jamison|first=Kay Redfield|author-link=Kay Redfield Jamison|title=Touched With Fire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VMM61KHiVIC|date=1996|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-4391-0663-1|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611221536/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VMM61KHiVIC|url-status=live}} see also ''[[Touched with Fire (book)|Touched with Fire]]''
* {{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Robert G.|last2=Osborne|first2=Yvonne Hardaway|title=Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior|url=https://archive.org/details/casestudiesinabn00meye|url-access=registration|year=1982|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|isbn=978-0-205-07744-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Montross|first=Christine|author-link=Christine Montross|title=Falling into the Fire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw2aAgAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1-78074-367-7|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611183158/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw2aAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Trombley|first1=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Trombley|title=Virginia Woolf and her doctors|date=October 1980|publisher=[[University of Nottingham]]|url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30895/1/290837.pdf|type=PhD thesis|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090128/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30895/1/290837.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Trombley|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Trombley|title=All that Summer She was Mad: Virginia Woolf and Her Doctors|url=https://archive.org/details/allthatsummershe0000trom|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Junction Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-86245-039-7}}

==== Biography: Other ====
* {{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Vanessa|editor-last=Marler|editor-first=Regina|author-link=Vanessa Bell|title=The Selected Letters of Vanessa Bell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=burVAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|isbn=978-0-679-41939-6|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010306/https://books.google.com/books?id=burVAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{harvc|last1=Marler|first1=Regina|c=Biographical introduction|pp=xvii–xviii|in=Bell|year=1993}}
* {{cite book|last=Garnett|first=Angelica|author-link=Angelica Garnett|title=Deceived With Kindness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOh2CsS6MlsC|date=2011|orig-date=1985|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-1-4464-7525-6|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611202518/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOh2CsS6MlsC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Moggridge|first=Donald Edward|title=Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFsctHxvFhoC|year=1992|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-0-415-05141-5|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611104328/https://books.google.com/books?id=DFsctHxvFhoC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Woolf|title=Beginning Again: An Autobiography of the Years 1911 to 1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNsPAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|orig-date=1964|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|isbn=978-0-15-611680-0|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1964}}|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611233234/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNsPAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}

==== Literary commentary ====
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Alexander|editor1-first=Christine|editor2-last=McMaster|editor2-first=Juliet|title=The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odBIxjAhjbsC|date=2005|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-81293-1|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612020633/https://books.google.com/books?id=odBIxjAhjbsC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Beja|first=Morris|title=Critical essays on Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6snAQAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=[[G. K. Hall & Co.|G. K. Hall]]|isbn=978-0-8161-8753-9|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611163948/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6snAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Berman|editor-first=Jessica|title=A Companion to Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wERcCwAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1-118-45790-0|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611231235/https://books.google.com/books?id=wERcCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Steve|title=Virginia Woolf and the Victorians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2XHm0iR8-QC|date=2007|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-46896-1|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612002500/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2XHm0iR8-QC|url-status=live}} (additional excerpts)
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Jane|title=The Feminist Aesthetics of Virginia Woolf: Modernism, Post-Impressionism, and the Politics of the Visual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlfnMhfkmPYC|date=2001|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-79458-9|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612022817/https://books.google.com/books?id=AlfnMhfkmPYC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Hague|first=Angela|title=Fiction, Intuition, & Creativity: Studies in Brontë, James, Woolf, and Lessing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95_C3LCSrCEC|year=2003|publisher=[[CUA Press]]|isbn=978-0-8132-1314-9|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612005700/https://books.google.com/books?id=95_C3LCSrCEC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Koutsantoni|first=Dr Katerina|title=Virginia Woolf's Common Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wt3ivsDLyPQC|date=2013|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]], Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-7526-2|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611223241/https://books.google.com/books?id=wt3ivsDLyPQC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Latham|first=Sean|title="Am I a Snob?": Modernism and the Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOIkfPVVYNIC|year=2003|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=0-8014-8841-9|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230459/https://books.google.com/books?id=LOIkfPVVYNIC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Madden|first1=Mary C|title=Virginia Woolf and the persistent question of class: The protean nature of class and self|date=31 March 2006|publisher=Department of English, [[University of South Florida]]|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3611&context=etd|type=PhD thesis|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134139/http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3611&context=etd|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Rahn|first=Josh|title=Modernism|url=http://www.online-literature.com/periods/modernism.php|website=The Literature Network|publisher=Jalic|year=2018|access-date=21 February 2018}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Randall|editor1-first=Bryony|editor2-last=Goldman|editor2-first=Jane|title=Virginia Woolf in Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iNred5Ctn4C|date=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-00361-3|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612000333/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iNred5Ctn4C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sim|first=Lorraine|title=Virginia Woolf: The Patterns of Ordinary Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QeOCwAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-00160-7|chapter=Introduction|pages=1–26|chapter-url=http://docshare01.docshare.tips/files/8192/81926159.pdf|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611211055/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QeOCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Kathryn|title=Woolf: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPE8CwAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4725-9068-8|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611095300/https://books.google.com/books?id=lPE8CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Chris|title=Introduction: Virginia Woolf (1882‒1941)|url=http://users.clas.ufl.edu/snod/WoolfIntroductionNB.103115.pdf|publisher=Department of English, [[University of Florida]]|type=Course materials|year=2015|access-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316024434/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/snod/WoolfIntroductionNB.103115.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2018 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Zamith|editor1-first=Maria Cândida|editor2-last=Flora|editor2-first=Luísa|title=Virginia Woolf: Three Centenary Celebrations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_j4ln5cEI8C|year=2007|publisher=[[Universidade do Porto]]|isbn=978-972-8932-23-7|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611102106/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_j4ln5cEI8C|url-status=live}} [http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/21533/1/Moments%20of%20Being.pdf additional excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219014852/http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/21533/1/Moments%20of%20Being.pdf |date=19 February 2018 }}

==== Bloomsbury ====
* {{cite book|last=Rosenbaum|first=S.P.|title=Victorian Bloomsbury: Volume 1: The Early Literary History of the Bloomsbury Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtS-DAAAQBAJ|date=2016|orig-date=1987|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-349-13368-0|ref={{harvid|Rosenbaum|1987}}|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611225522/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtS-DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} (additional excerpts)
* {{cite book|last1=Rosenbaum|first1=S.|last2=Haule|first2=J.|title=The Bloomsbury Group Memoir Club|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv3MCwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|isbn=978-1-137-36036-6|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611225837/https://books.google.com/books?id=kv3MCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Todd |first=Pamela |title=Bloomsbury at Home |year=1999 |publisher=[[Pavilion Books|Pavilion]] |isbn=9780810941113 |ol=39418M}}

==== Chapters and contributions ====
* {{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=Christine|title=Play and apprenticeship: the culture of family magazines|date=2005|pages=31–50}}, in {{harvtxt|Alexander|McMaster|2005}}
* {{cite book|last1=Birrento|first1=Ana Clara|title=Virginia Woolf: Moments of Being|pages=61–72|url=http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/21533/1/Moments%20of%20Being.pdf|ref={{harvid|Birrento|2007}}|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219014852/http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/21533/1/Moments%20of%20Being.pdf|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Zamith|Flora|2007}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brassard|first1=Geneviève|title=Woolf in translation|date=2016|pages=441–452|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wERcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|isbn=9781118457900|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611233236/https://books.google.com/books?id=wERcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Berman|2016}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hussey|first1=Mark|title=Preface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waY3ksumjxUC&pg=PT9|date=2006|pages=ix–xviii|isbn=9780547543161|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909152501/https://books.google.com/books?id=waY3ksumjxUC&pg=PT9|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Woolf|1928}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hussey|first1=Mark|title=Biographical approaches|date=2007|pages=83–97}}, in {{harvtxt|Snaith|2007}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hussey|first1=Mark|title=Woolf: After Lives|date=2012|pages=13–27|publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iNred5Ctn4C&pg=PA13|isbn=9781107003613|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611192333/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iNred5Ctn4C&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Randall|Goldman|2012}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Hermione|author-link=Hermione Lee|title=Virginia Woolf and Offence|date=1995|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182894.001.0001/acprof-9780198182894-chapter-10|pages=129–150|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191673917|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164540/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182894.001.0001/acprof-9780198182894-chapter-10|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Batchelor|1995}}
* {{cite book|last1=Minow-Pinkney|first1=Makiko|title=Psychonalytic approaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60E|date=2007|pages=60–82|publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230206045|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611211434/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60e|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Snaith|2007}}
* {{cite book|last1=Minow-Pinkney|first1=Makiko|title=Domestic Arts: Virginia Woolf and entertaining|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJgkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|pages=227–244|date=2006|isbn=9780748635535}}, in {{harvtxt|Humm|2006}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stimpson|first1=Catherine R|title=Foreword|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR4CF9x1o0gC&pg=PR11|pages=xi–xiv|date=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226757469|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611231239/https://books.google.com/books?id=NR4CF9x1o0gC&pg=PR11|url-status=live}}, in {{harvtxt|Silver|1999}}

=== Articles ===
==== Journals ====
* {{cite journal|last1=Boeira|first1=Manuela V.|last2=Berni|first2=Gabriela de Á.|last3=Passos|first3=Ives C.|last4=Kauer-Sant'Anna|first4=Márcia|last5=Kapczinski|first5=Flávio|title=Virginia Woolf, neuroprogression, and bipolar disorder|journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria|date=14 June 2016|volume=39|issue=1|pages=69–71|doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1962|pmid=27304258|pmc=7112729|ref={{harvid|Boeira et al|2016}}|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Caramagno|first1=Thomas C.|title=Review of Virginia Woolf and the Real World; The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship|journal=[[Modern Philology]] |year=1989 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=324–328|jstor=438044|type=Review|doi=10.1086/391719}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Church|first1=Johanna|title=Literary Representations of Shell Shock as a Result of World War I in the Works of Virginia Woolf and Ernest Hemingway|journal=[[Peace & Change]]|date=January 2016 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=52–63|doi=10.1111/pech.12172}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dalsimer|first1=Katherine|title=Virginia Woolf (1882–1941)|journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]|date=May 2004|volume=161|issue=5|pages=809|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.809|pmid=15121644}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Floyd|first1=Riley H.|title="Must Tell the Whole World": Septimus Smith as Virginia Woolf's Legal Messenge|journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]]|date=Summer 2016|volume=91|issue=4 (9)|pages=14721492|url=http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol91/iss4/9|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004726/https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol91/iss4/9/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hite|first1=Molly|title=Am I a Snob? Modernism and the Novel|journal=[[Modernism/Modernity]]|date=11 March 2004|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190–192|doi=10.1353/mod.2004.0011|s2cid=143644837|issn=1080-6601 |type=Review}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Koutsantoni|first1=Katerina|title=Manic depression in literature: the case of Virginia Woolf|journal=[[Medical Humanities]]|date=June 2012|volume=38|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1136/medhum-2011-010075 |pmid=22389442 |s2cid=32059883}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lackey |first1=Michael |title=Virginia Woolf and British Russophilia |journal=[[Journal of Modern Literature]] |year=2012 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=150 |doi=10.2979/jmodelite.36.1.150 |s2cid=161783820 |url=https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=eng_facpubs |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505112732/https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=eng_facpubs |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Alison M|title=Caroline Emelia Stephen (1834-1909) and Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): A Quaker Influence on Modern English Literature|journal=Quaker Theology|date=Autumn 2000|issue=3|url=http://quakertheology.org/issue3-3.html|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112003505/http://quakertheology.org/issue3-3.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Diane R.|title=Proust and Virginia Woolf, Ruskin and Roger Fry: Modernist Visual Dynamics|journal=[[Comparative Literature Studies]]|year=1981|volume=18|issue=3|pages=333–343|jstor=40246272}}
* {{cite journal|last1=McManus|first1=Patricia|title=The "Offensiveness" of Virginia Woolf: From a Moral to a Political Reading|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-219520177/the-offensiveness-of-virginia-woolf-from-a-moral|journal=Woolf Studies Annual|volume=14|year=2008|pages=92–138|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231630/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-219520177/the-offensiveness-of-virginia-woolf-from-a-moral|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=McTaggart|first1=Ursula|title="Opening the Door": The Hogarth Press as Virginia Woolf's Outsiders' Society|journal=[[Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=63–81 |year=2010 |doi=10.1353/tsw.2010.a435428 |jstor=41337032|s2cid=142575214 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Majumdar|first1=Raja|title=Virginia Woolf and Thoreau|journal=The Thoreau Society Bulletin|date=Fall 1969|issue=109|pages=4–5|url=https://archive.org/details/thoreausociety1969109unse}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Laura María Lojo|title=Contradiction and ambivalence: Virginia Woolf and the aesthetic experience in "The Duchess and the Jeweller"|journal=Journal of English Studies|date=2001–2002|volume=3|pages=115–129|doi=10.18172/jes.73|doi-access=free|url=https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/jes/article/viewFile/73/53|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143629/https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/jes/article/viewFile/73/53|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Schröder|first1=Leena Kore|title=Tales of Abjection and Miscegenation: Virginia Woolf's and Leonard Woolf's "Jewish" Stories|journal=Twentieth Century Literature|volume=49|issue=3 |pages=298–327|date=Autumn 2003 |doi=10.2307/3175983|jstor=3175983}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Swenson|first1=Kristine|title=Hothouse Victorians: Art and Agency in Freshwater|journal=Open Cultural Studies|date=26 October 2017|volume=1|issue=1|pages=183–193|doi=10.1515/culture-2017-0017|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Usui|first1=Masami|title=Julia Margaret Cameron as a Feminist Precursor of Virginia Woolf|journal=Doshisha Studies in English|year=2007|volume=80|issue=3|pages=59–83|url=https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/13075/020000800003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413032023/https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/13075/020000800003.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2016}}

==== Dictionaries and encyclopaedias ====
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Bell|first= Alan |id=36271|title=Stephen, Sir Leslie (1832–1904)|date=24 May 2012}}
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Garnett|first=Jane |id=46943|title=Stephen [née Jackson], Julia Prinsep (1846–1895) |date=23 September 2004}}
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Gordon|first=Lyndall|author-link=Lyndall Gordon|title=Woolf [née Stephen], (Adeline) Virginia|id=37018|year=2004}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Reid|first1=Panthea|title=Virginia Woolf|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Virginia-Woolf|access-date=3 June 2024|year=2024}}

==== Newspapers and magazines ====
* {{cite news|last1=Bas|first1=Marcel|title=Virginia Woolf's Class Consciousness: Snubbing or uplifting the masses?|url=http://roepstem.net/woolf.html|work=Die Roepstem|date=23 January 2008|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807095740/http://roepstem.net/woolf.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Bollen|first1=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Bollen|title=Toni Morrison|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/toni-morrison|access-date=23 February 2018|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=1 May 2012|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053212/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/toni-morrison|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Brockes|first1=Emma|author-link=Emma Brockes|title=Michael Cunningham: A life in writing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/feb/07/michael-cunningham-life-writing|access-date=23 February 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 February 2011|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153313/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/feb/07/michael-cunningham-life-writing|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Edel|first1=Leon|author-link=Leon Edel|title=Triumphs and Symptoms|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-letters4.html|access-date=13 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 March 1979|type=Review|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011425/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-letters4.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Gross|first=John|author-link=John Gross|title=Mr. Virginia Woolf|magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/mr-virginia-woolf/|date=1 December 2006|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185556/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/mr-virginia-woolf/|url-status=live}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228055659/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/cm/main/viewArticle.aip?id=10801&page=2 ''archived version'']
* {{cite magazine |last=Haynes |first=Suyin |date=17 December 2019a |title='It Had a Lifelong Effect on Her.' A New Virginia Woolf Biography Deals With the Author's Experience of Childhood Sexual Abuse |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://time.com/5750614/virginia-woolf-biography/ |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104124707/https://time.com/5750614/virginia-woolf-biography/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Haynes |first=Suyin |date=23 August 2019b |title=What to Know About Virginia Woolf's Love Affair With Vita Sackville-West |url=https://time.com/5655270/virginia-woolf-vita-sackville-west-relationship/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Kronenberger|first1=Louis|author-link=Louis Kronenberger|title=Virginia Woolf Discusses Women and fiction|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-room.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 November 1929|type=Review|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322082056/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-room.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Stone|first1=Peter H.|author-link=Peter Hess Stone|title=Gabriel García Márquez, The Art of Fiction No. 69|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3196/gabriel-garcia-marquez-the-art-of-fiction-no-69-gabriel-garcia-marquez|access-date=23 February 2018|magazine=[[The Paris Review]]|issue=82|date=Winter 1981|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225104343/https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3196/gabriel-garcia-marquez-the-art-of-fiction-no-69-gabriel-garcia-marquez|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Trilling|first1=Diana|author-link=Diana Trilling|title=Virginia Woolf's Special Realm|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-moment.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 March 1948|type=Review|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211712/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-moment.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Wade|first1=Francesca|title=Dangerous liaisons among the Bloomsbury set|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/11698239/Dangerous-liaisons-among-the-Bloomsbury-set.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=26 June 2015|type=Review|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426015056/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/11698239/Dangerous-liaisons-among-the-Bloomsbury-set.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Zakaria |first1=Rafia |title=A Publisher of One's Own: Virginia and Leonard Woolf and the Hogarth Press |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/24/a-publisher-of-ones-own-virginia-and-leonard-woolf-and-the-hogarth-press |website=The Guardian |access-date=9 July 2024 |date=24 April 2017}}

=== Websites and documents ===
* {{Cite web |last=Barmann |first=Jay |title=Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today |date=2 September 2014 |website=SFiST |url=https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/ |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810075052/https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/ }}
* {{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Virginia Woolf statue fundraiser flooded with donations after Wollstonecraft controversy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/13/virginia-woolf-statue-fundraiser-flooded-with-donations-after-wollstonecraft-controversy |website=The Guardian |access-date=29 May 2024 |date=13 November 2020}}
* {{cite web |last1=Guest |first1=Katy |title=A Statue of One's Own: the new Virginia Woolf sculpture that's challenging stereotypes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/16/virginia-woolf-sculpture-laury-dizengremel |website=The Guardian |access-date=29 May 2024 |date=16 November 2022}}
* {{cite web|last=Jones|first=Josh|title=Virginia Woolf's Handwritten Suicide Note: A Painful and Poignant Farewell (1941)|url=http://www.openculture.com/2013/08/virginia-woolfs-handwritten-suicide-note.html|website=Open Culture|date=26 August 2013|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224121612/http://www.openculture.com/2013/08/virginia-woolfs-handwritten-suicide-note.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Temple |first1=Emily |title=You can finally take a selfie with a full-size statue of Virginia Woolf. |url=https://lithub.com/you-can-finally-take-a-selfie-with-a-full-size-statue-of-virginia-woolf/ |website=Literary Hub |date=16 November 2022}}
* {{cite web|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=J.J.|editor2-last=Barrett|editor2-first=Eileen|title=Lucio Ruotolo 1927–2003|url=https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/vwm63summer2003.pdf|website=Virginia Woolf Miscellany|publisher=Southern Connecticut State University|access-date=24 March 2018|date=Summer 2003|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309045547/https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/vwm63summer2003.pdf|url-status=live}} (includes invitation to first performance in 1935 and Lucio Ruotolo's introduction to the 1976 Hogarth Press edition)
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Woolf|encyclopedia=Collins English Dictionary|publisher= Harper Collins Publishers |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/woolf|access-date=2 February 2018|ref={{harvid|Collins|2018}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf honoured by new Strand Campus building |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/study/international/yourcountry/usa/News/Woolf-building.aspx |website=News|publisher=King's College London |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713190253/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/study/international/yourcountry/usa/News/Woolf-building.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2015|date=2 May 2013|ref={{harvid|King's College, London|2013}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain |url=http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017|ref={{harvid|VWS|2017}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218033823/http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/index.html |archive-date=18 December 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=日本ヴァージニア・ウルフ協会 / The Virginia Woolf Society of Japan |url=http://www.vwoolfsociety.jp/index_en.html |website=The Virginia Woolf Society of Japan |access-date=18 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|VWSJ|2023}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf Around The World |website=Exhibitions|publisher=[[E. J. Pratt Library]], [[Victoria University, Toronto]]. 2018. |date=January 2017 |url=http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/collections/exhibitions/virginia_woolf_around_the_world|access-date=14 March 2018 |ref={{harvid|Pratt|2017}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf – First Editions |url=https://www.harringtonbooks.co.uk/pages/author/306/virginia-woolf/ |publisher=[[Adrian Harrington]] Rare Books|access-date=14 March 2018|ref={{harvid|Harrington|2018}}}}

==== British Library ====
* {{cite web|last1=Bradshaw|first1=David|title=Mrs Dalloway and the First World War|url=https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/mrs-dalloway-and-the-first-world-war|website=Discovering Literature: 20th century|publisher=[[British Library]]|access-date=14 March 2018|date=25 May 2016|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502164648/http://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/mrs-dalloway-and-the-first-world-war|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last1=Heyes|first1=Duncan|title=The Hogarth Press|url=https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/the-hogarth-press|website=Discovering Literature: 20th century|publisher=[[British Library]]|access-date=7 March 2018|date=25 May 2016|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327093814/http://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/the-hogarth-press|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last1=Taunton|first1=Matthew|title=Modernism, time and consciousness: the influence of Henri Bergson and Marcel Proust|url=https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/modernism-time-and-consciousness-the-influence-of-henri-bergson-and-marcel-proust|website=Discovering Literature: 20th century|publisher=[[British Library]]|date=25 May 2016|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503215145/http://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/modernism-time-and-consciousness-the-influence-of-henri-bergson-and-marcel-proust|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last=British Library|author-link=British Library|title=A Room of One's Own by Virginia Woolf|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/a-room-of-ones-own-by-virginia-woolf|website=20th century collection|date=2018a|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729142711/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/a-room-of-ones-own-by-virginia-woolf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last=British Library|author-link=British Library|title=Kew Gardens by Virginia Woolf, 1927|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/kew-gardens-by-virginia-woolf-1927|website=20th century collection|date=2018d|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826195037/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/kew-gardens-by-virginia-woolf-1927|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last=British Library|author-link=British Library|title=Two Stories, written and printed by Virginia and Leonard Woolf|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/two-stories-written-and-printed-by-virginia-and-leonard-woolf|website=20th century collection|date=2018c|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327085203/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/two-stories-written-and-printed-by-virginia-and-leonard-woolf|url-status=dead}}

==== Virginia Woolf's homes and venues ====
* {{cite web|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Sheila M|title=Firle Village, Sussex |year=2001 |url=http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/vw_res.firle.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407201043/http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/vw_res.firle.htm |archive-date=7 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=The Woolfs at Asham House|url=http://www.ashamaward.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=71 |website=The Asham Award|publisher=The Asham Trust|access-date=5 March 2018|ref={{harvid|Asham|2018}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306023300/http://www.ashamaward.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=71 |archive-date=6 March 2018}}

=== Images ===
* {{cite web|last1=Fry|first1=Roger|author-link=Roger Fry|title=Landscape at Asheham House, near Lewes, Sussex|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/landscape-at-asheham-house-near-lewes-sussex-220642|website=[[Art UK]] |publisher=[[Arts Council England]]|access-date=10 March 2018|format=Painting|year=1913}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Ray|first1=Man|author-link=Man Ray|title=Virginia Woolf|date=12 April 1937 |url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19370412,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=10 March 2018}}

=== Audiovisual media ===
* {{cite AV media|last=Coe|first=Amanda (Producer)|author-link=Amanda Coe|title=Life in Squares|year=2015 |medium = T.V. series (3)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0649cyj|location=UK|publisher=BBC}} see also ''[[Life in Squares]]''
* {{cite AV media|last=Lee|first=Hermione|author-link=Hermione Lee|date=13 June 1997b|title=Virginia Woolf |medium=TV |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?87703-1/virginia-woolf|access-date= 7 March 2018|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]}}
* {{cite AV media |last=Young|first=Eric Neal (Director) |title=The Mind and Times of Virginia Woolf |year=2002|medium=Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457593/ |location= USA |publisher= Miramax}} [https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/mind-and-times-virginia-woolf-directed-eric-neal-young-2002 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228081505/https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/mind-and-times-virginia-woolf-directed-eric-neal-young-2002 |date=28 December 2017 }}
* {{cite AV media |last=Woolf|first=Virginia |date=29 April 1937|title=Craftmanship|medium=Radio |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-28231055/rare-recording-of-virginia-woolf|access-date=7 March 2018|publisher= [[BBC Radio]] Words Fail Me}}

=== By Woolf ===
==== Novels ====
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|author-mask=1|title=Mrs. Dalloway|date=2012|orig-date=1925|publisher=[[Broadview Press]]|isbn=978-1-55111-723-2|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1925}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkcJa8oaEosC|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611225515/https://books.google.com/books?id=RkcJa8oaEosC|url-status=live}} see also ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'' & [https://web.archive.org/web/20100905042908/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91md/complete.html Complete text] 
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|author-mask=1|editor-last=DiBattista|editor-first=Maria|title=Orlando (Annotated): A Biography|date=2006|orig-date=1928|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|HMH]]|isbn=978-0-547-54316-1|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1928}}|url=https://archive.org/details/orlandobiography00wool_0|url-access=registration}} see also ''[[Orlando: A Biography]]'' & [https://web.archive.org/web/20110222111144/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91o/complete.html Complete text] 

==== Short stories ====
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title=The Short Stories of Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgojDgAAQBAJ|date=2016a|orig-date=1944|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4733-6304-5|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611233227/https://books.google.com/books?id=XgojDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} see also ''[[A Haunted House and Other Short Stories]]'' & [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017215237/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/ Complete text] 

==== Essays ====
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|author-mask=1|title=A Room of One's Own|date=2016|orig-date=1929|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4733-6305-2|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1929}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgwjDgAAQBAJ|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612005649/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgwjDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} see also ''[[A Room of One's Own]] ''& [https://web.archive.org/web/20080304121949/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91r/complete.html Complete text] 

===== Essay collections =====
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-mask=1|editor1-last= McNeillie|editor1-first=Andrew|editor2-last= Clarke|editor2-first=Stuart N.|title=The Essays of Virginia Woolf Volume Four 1925–1928|year=1994|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|isbn=978-0-7012-0666-6|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1925–1928}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cxkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612002326/https://books.google.com/books?id=6cxkAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Virginia|first1=Woolf|author-link=Virginia Woolf|author-mask=1|title=Leslie Stephen |year=1932|pages=67–73|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1932a}}}} & [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc0pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT831 also here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611202331/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc0pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT831 |date=11 June 2020 }}
* — (1934). [https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks12/1203801h.html "Walter Sickert: A Conversation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306223815/https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks12/1203801h.html |date=6 March 2022 }}

==== Contributions ====
* {{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Julia Margaret|author-link=Julia Margaret Cameron|editor-last=Powell|editor-first=Tristram|editor-link=Tristram Powell|others=Introductions by Virginia Woolf and [[Roger Fry]]|title=Victorian photographs of famous men & fair women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK4lAQAAIAAJ|date=1973|orig-date=1926 Hogarth Press, edited by [[Leonard Woolf|Leonard]] and Virginia Woolf|edition=Revised|publisher=D. R. Godine|isbn=978-0-87923-076-0|ref={{harvid|Cameron|1926}}|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611231228/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK4lAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} (Digital edition)

==== Autobiographical writing ====
* {{cite book |last=Woolf |first=Virginia |author-link=Virginia Woolf |editor-last=Schulkind |editor-first=Jeanne |title=Moments of Being |year=1985 |orig-date=1976 |edition=2nd |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=San Diego |isbn=0156619180 |ol=3028051M }}
** {{cite book |last=Schulkind |first=Jeanne |title=Introduction |pages=11–24 |ref={{harvid|Schulkind|1985}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Woolf|1985}}
** {{cite book |title=Reminiscences |date=1908 |pages=25–60 |ref={{harvid|Woolf|1908}}}}
** {{cite book |title=A Sketch of the Past |date=1940 |pages=61–160 |ref={{harvid|Woolf|1940}}}}
** {{cite book|title=22 Hyde Park Gate|date=1921|pages=162–177|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1921}}}}

==== Diaries and notebooks ====
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|editor-last=Leaska|editor-first=Mitchell A|title=A passionate apprentice: the early journals, 1897–1909|year=1990|publisher=[[Hogarth Press]]|isbn=9780701208455|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbRbAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216212725/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbrbAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Virginia Woolf|author-mask=1|title=The Diary of Virginia Woolf Volume Three 1925–1930|year=1978|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=9780151255993|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1925–1930}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gijuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611235821/https://books.google.com/books?id=gijuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}

==== Letters ====
* {{cite web|title=Shut up in the Dark (Letter 531: Vanessa Bell, July 28, 1910)|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/01/25/107074/|work=[[The Paris Review]]|first=Dan|last=Piepenbring|access-date=10 April 2018|date=25 January 2017|ref={{harvid|Woolf| 1910}}|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025830/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/01/25/107074/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|author-mask=1|title=The Letters of Virginia Woolf Volume Three 1923–1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j0JAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-150926-3|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1923–1928}}|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611224806/https://books.google.com/books?id=9j0JAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|author-mask=1|title=The Letters of Virginia Woolf Volume Four 1929–1931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zifuAAAAMAAJ|date=1979|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-150927-0|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1929–1931}}|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612002328/https://books.google.com/books?id=zifuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-mask=1|title=The Letters of Virginia Woolf Volume Five 1932–1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u980QwAACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-650886-5|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1932–1935}}|access-date=22 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611193056/https://books.google.com/books?id=u980QwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=39385478}}
=== Written works ===
* {{Gutenberg author | id=89}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/virginia-woolf}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Woolf, Virginia|name=Virginia Woolf|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Virginia Woolf}}

=== Archival material ===
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf: Author and publisher |url=http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/collections/special_collections/f65_virginia_woolf |publisher=E. J. Pratt Library, [[Victoria University, Toronto]] |year=2018}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf collection of papers 1882–1984 |url=http://archives.nypl.org/brg/19159 |website=Archives and Manuscripts: [[Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature]] |publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|access-date=11 March 2018|year=2018}}
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/3/resources/405 Virginia Woolf Papers] at the [[Mortimer Rare Book Collection]], Smith College Special Collections
* [https://www.woolfnotes.com/ Woolfnotes]

=== Audio media ===
* {{Librivox author |id=843}}
* {{cite web|title=The Legacy |url=http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/litterature/litterature-britannique/the-legacy-1944- |website=La Clé des Langues [en ligne]: Littérature britannique |publisher=[[École normale supérieure de Lyon]] |year=1944}}
* {{cite web|title=The Searchlight |url=http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/litterature/litterature-britannique/the-searchlight-1944- |website=La Clé des Langues [en ligne]: Littérature britannique |publisher=[[École normale supérieure de Lyon]]|year=1944}}

=== Visual media ===
* {{IMDb name|941173}}
** {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf (Character)|website=Character|publisher=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0009867/|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227091430/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0009867/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}

{{Virginia Woolf|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Bloomsbury Group}}
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 |portal1        = Biography
 |portal2        = England
 |portal3        = Literature
}}
{{Authority control}}
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