View source for Apollo–Soyuz

{{Short description|First international crewed spaceflight mission}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = Apollo–Soyuz
| image              = Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg
| image_caption      = A 1973 artist's conception of the docking of the two spacecrafts
| mission_type       = Cooperative/scientific
| operator           = [[NASA]]<br>[[Soviet space program]]
| COSPAR_ID          = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{COSPAR|1975-065A}}|Apollo: {{COSPAR|1975-066A}}}}
| SATCAT             = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 8030|Apollo: 8032}}
| mission_duration   = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 5d 22h 30m|Apollo: 9d 01h 28m}}
| orbits_completed   = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 96|Apollo: 148}}
| spacecraft         = {{Unbulleted list|[[Soyuz 7K-TM]] No. 75|[[Apollo command and service module|Apollo CSM-111]]|Docking Module}}
| manufacturer       = [[Energia (corporation)|NPO Energia]]<br />[[Rockwell International|North American Rockwell]]
| launch_mass        = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{cvt|6790|kg}}|Apollo: {{cvt|14768|kg}}|Docking Module: {{cvt|2012|kg}}}}
| crew_size          = Soyuz: 2<br />Apollo: 3
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|'''Soyuz:'''|[[Alexei Leonov]]|[[Valery Kubasov]]|'''Apollo:'''|[[Thomas P. Stafford]]|[[Vance D. Brand]]|[[Deke Slayton]]}}
| crew_photo         = Portrait of ASTP crews - restoration.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Back Row: [[Thomas P. Stafford|Stafford]], [[Alexei Leonov|Leonov]]<br>Front Row: [[Deke Slayton|Slayton]], [[Vance D. Brand|Brand]], [[Valery Kubasov|Kubasov]]
| launch_date        = {{Unbulleted list |Soyuz: {{start-date|15 July 1975, 12:20:00|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[UTC]]|Apollo: {{start-date|15 July 1975, 19:50:00|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}UTC}}
| launch_rocket      = Soyuz: [[Soyuz-U]]<br />Apollo: [[Saturn IB]] (SA-210)
| launch_site        = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Gagarin's Start|Site&nbsp;1/5]]|Apollo: [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC{{nbhyph}}39B]]}}
| landing_date       = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{end-date|21 July 1975, 10:50:51|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}UTC|Apollo: {{end-date|24 July 1975, 21:18:24|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}UTC}}
| landing_site       = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: [[Kazakh Steppe]] ({{Coord|50|47|N|67|7|E|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project landing|type:landmark}})|Apollo: [[Pacific Ocean]], near Hawaii ({{Coord|22|0|36|N|163|0|45|W|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project landing|type:landmark}})}}
| recovery_by        = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: [[Soviet Armed Forces]]|Apollo: {{USS|New Orleans|LPH-11|6}}}}
| orbit_reference    = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{cvt|217.0|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{cvt|231.0|km}}
| orbit_inclination  = 51.8°<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mannedspaceops.org/missions/apollo-soyuz/|title=Apollo Soyuz Program Summary|website=mannedspaceops.org|access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref>
| orbit_period       = 88.91 minutes
| apsis              = gee
| docking            = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
  | docking_type     = dock
  | docking_target   = <!-- Soyuz 19 -->
  | docking_date     = 17 July 1975, 16:09:09{{nbsp}}UTC
  | undocking_date   = 19 July 1975, 12:12:00{{nbsp}}UTC
  | time_docked      = {{time interval|17 July 1975, 16:09:09|19 July 1975, 12:12:00|show=hms}}
  }}{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
  | docking_type     = dock
  | docking_target   = <!-- Soyuz 19 -->
  | docking_date     = 19 July 1975, 12:33:39{{nbsp}}UTC
  | undocking_date   = 19 July 1975, 15:26:12{{nbsp}}UTC
  | time_docked      = {{time interval|19 July 1975, 12:33:39|19 July 1975, 15:26:12|show=dhms}}
  }}
| insignia           = 
| insignia_caption   = Official emblems of Apollo–Soyuz used by [[NASA]] and the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|АН СССР]] respectively
| programme          = [[Apollo program]]
| previous_mission   = [[Apollo 17]]
| next_mission       = 
| programme2         = [[Soyuz programme]]
| previous_mission2  = [[Soyuz 18]]
| next_mission2      = [[Kosmos 772]]
}}

'''Apollo–Soyuz''' was the first crewed international [[Space exploration|space mission]], carried out jointly by the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as an American [[Apollo command and service module|Apollo]] spacecraft [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docked]] with a Soviet [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] capsule. The project, and its "handshake" in space, was a symbol of [[détente]] between the two superpowers amid the [[Cold War]].

The Americans officially called the mission the '''Apollo–Soyuz Test Project''' (ASTP) while the Soviets called it '''Experimental flight "Soyuz"–"Apollo"''' ({{langx|ru|Экспериментальный полёт «Союз»–«Аполлон»|translit=Eksperimentalniy polyot "Soyuz"–"Apollon"}}) and '''Soyuz 19'''. The unnumbered American spacecraft was left over from [[canceled Apollo missions]] and was the last Apollo module to fly.

The mission consisted of three American astronauts ([[Thomas P. Stafford]], [[Vance D. Brand]], and [[Deke Slayton]]) and two Soviet cosmonauts ([[Alexei Leonov]] and [[Valery Kubasov]]) who performed both joint and separate scientific experiments, including an arranged [[Solar eclipse|eclipse of the Sun]] by the Apollo module to allow instruments on the Soyuz to take photographs of the [[Stellar corona|solar corona]]. The pre-flight work provided useful experience for later joint American–Russian space flights, such as the [[Shuttle–Mir program|Shuttle–''Mir'' program]] and the [[International Space Station]].

Apollo–Soyuz was the last crewed United States spaceflight for nearly six years until [[STS-1|the first launch]] of the [[Space Shuttle]] on 12 April 1981, and the last crewed United States spaceflight in a [[space capsule]] until [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]] on 30 May 2020.

== Historical background ==
{{stack|[[File:Nixon Kosygin May 1972.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] Richard Nixon and [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] (seated) sign an agreement in Moscow paving the way for the Apollo–Soyuz mission, May 1972.]]}}
The purpose and catalyst of Apollo–Soyuz was the policy of [[détente]] between the two [[Cold War]] superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Tensions ran high between the two world superpowers while the United States was engaged in the [[Vietnam War]]. Meanwhile, the Soviet press was highly critical of the Apollo space missions, printing "the armed intrusion of the United States and [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] puppets into [[Laos]] is a shameless trampling underfoot of international law" over a photograph of the [[Apollo 14]] launch in 1971.<ref name="Space Sciences 1976">Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Soviet Space Programs, 1971–75. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. {{PD-notice}}</ref> Although Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] made the Soviet Union's policy of détente official in his 1956 doctrine of peaceful coexistence at the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], the two nations seemed to be in perpetual conflict.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

After [[John Glenn]]'s 1962 [[Mercury-Atlas 6|orbital flight]], an exchange of letters between President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] led to a series of discussions led by NASA Deputy Administrator [[Hugh Latimer Dryden|Hugh Dryden]] and Soviet scientist [[Anatoly Blagonravov]]. Their 1962 talks led to the [[Dryden-Blagonravov agreement]], which was formalized in October of that year, the same time the two countries were in the midst of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. The agreement was formally announced at the United Nations on 5 December 1962. It called for cooperation on the exchange of data from weather satellites, a study of the [[Earth's magnetic field]], and joint tracking of the NASA [[Project Echo|Echo II balloon satellite]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The First Dryden-Blagonravov Agreement – 1962|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch2-3.htm|website=NASA History Series|publisher=NASA|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801185734/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch2-3.htm|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Kennedy interested Khrushchev in a joint crewed [[Moon landing]],<ref name="Launius 2019 pp. 167–168">{{cite journal | last=Launius | first=Roger D. | title=First Moon landing was nearly a US–Soviet mission | journal=Nature | volume=571 | issue=7764 | date=2019-07-10 | doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02088-4 | pages=167–168 | pmid=31292553 | bibcode=2019Natur.571..167L | s2cid=195873630 | doi-access=free }}</ref> but after the assassination of Kennedy in November 1963 and Khrushchev's removal from office in October 1964, the competition between the two nations' crewed space programs heated up, and talk of cooperation became less common, due to tense relations and military implications.

On 19 April, 1971, the USSR launched the first piloted orbital space station, [[Salyut 1]]. Meanwhile, the United States had launched the [[Apollo 14]] mission several months prior, the third mission to land on the Moon. Each side gave the other little coverage of their achievements.<ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/>

With the close of the [[Vietnam War]], relations between the United States and the USSR began to improve, as did the prognosis for a potential cooperative space mission.<ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/> Apollo–Soyuz was made possible by the thaw in these relations, and the project itself endeavoured to amplify and solidify the improving relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. According to Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]]: <ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/><blockquote>The Soviet and American spacemen will go up into outer space for the first major joint scientific experiment in the history of mankind. They know that from outer space our planet looks even more beautiful. It is big enough for us to live peacefully on it, but it is too small to be threatened by nuclear war. </blockquote>Thus, both sides recognized ASTP as a political act of peace.<ref name="Battaglia" />

In October 1970, [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]] president [[Mstislav Keldysh]] responded to [[NASA Administrator]] [[Thomas O. Paine]]'s letter proposing a cooperative space mission, and there was subsequently a meeting to discuss technical details. At a meeting in January 1971, U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]'s Foreign Policy Adviser [[Henry Kissinger]] enthusiastically espoused plans for the mission, and expressed these views to NASA administrator [[George Low]]: "As long as you stick to space, do anything you want to do. You are free to commit—in fact, I want you to tell your counterparts in Moscow that the President has sent you on this mission".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ezell|first1=Edward|last2=Ezell|first2=Linda|title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|date=1978|chapter=Chapter 5. Proposal for a Test Flight|chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/ch5-1.htm|publisher=NASA|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> 

Both sides had severe criticisms of the other side's engineering. Soviet spacecraft were designed with automation in mind; the [[Lunokhod 1]] and [[Luna 16]] were both uncrewed probes, and each [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] had been designed to minimize risk due to human error by having fewer manual controls with which human operators would have to contend during flight. By contrast, the Apollo spacecraft was designed to be operated by humans and required highly trained astronauts to operate. The Soviet Union criticized the Apollo spacecraft as being "extremely complex and dangerous".<ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/>

The Americans also had concerns about Soviet spacecraft. [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr.|Christopher C. Kraft]], director of the [[Johnson Space Center]], criticized the design of the Soyuz: <blockquote>"We in [[NASA]] rely on redundant components — if an instrument fails during flight, our crews switch to another in an attempt to continue the mission. Each Soyuz component, however, is designed for a specific function; if one fails, the cosmonauts land as soon as possible. The Apollo vehicle also relied on astronaut piloting to a much greater extent than did the Soyuz machine."<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Ezell |first1=Edward|last2=Ezell|first2=Linda|title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|date=1978|chapter=Foreword|chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/forwrd.htm |publisher=NASA|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm}} {{PD-notice}}</ref></blockquote> The American astronauts had a very low opinion for the Soyuz spacecraft as it was a craft that was designed to be controlled from the ground. This was in contrast with the Apollo module that was meant to be flown from the capsule. Eventually [[Glynn Lunney]], the Manager of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Program, warned them about talking to the press about their dissatisfaction as they had offended the Soviets.<ref name=":0" /> NASA was worried that any slight would cause the Soviets to pull out and the mission to be scrapped.

American and Soviet engineers settled their differences for a possible docking of American and Soviet spacecraft in meetings between June and December 1971 in [[Houston]] and [[Moscow]], including Bill Creasy's design of the [[Androgynous Peripheral Attach System]] (APAS) between the two ships that would allow either to be active or passive during docking.<ref name="Battaglia">Debbora Battaglia, "Arresting Hospitality: the Case of the 'Handshake in Space'," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute vol. 18 issue 1 June 2012. pp. S76-S89</ref>

By April 1972, both the United States and the USSR signed an [[Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes]],<ref name="Jennifer Ross-Nazzal 2010, pp. 29–34">Jennifer Ross-Nazzal,"Détente on Earth and in Space: The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project", ''Organization of American Historians Magazine of History'', September 2010, Volume 24, Issue 3, pp. 29–34.</ref> committing both the USSR and the United States to the launch of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975.<ref>Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: Moscow, 24 May 1972. Moscow: NASA, 1972. {{PD-notice}}</ref>

ASTP was particularly significant for the USSR's policy of keeping the details of their space program secret from the Soviet people and the world at large, especially Americans. The ASTP was the first Soviet space mission to be televised  live during the launch, while in space, and during the landing.<ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/> Soyuz 19 was also the first Soviet spacecraft to which a foreign flight crew had access before flight; the Apollo crew were permitted to inspect it and the launch and crew training site, which was an unprecedented sharing of information with Americans about any Soviet space program.<ref name=":0" />

Not all reactions to ASTP were positive. Many Americans feared<ref name=":0" /> that ASTP was giving the USSR too much credit in their space program, putting them on equal footing with the sophisticated space exploration efforts of NASA. More feared that the apparent peaceful cooperation between the USSR and the United States would lull people into believing there was no conflict at all between the two superpowers.<ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/> Some Soviet publicists called American critics of the mission "demagogues who stand against scientific cooperation with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]".<ref name="Space Sciences 1976"/> In general, tensions between the United States and the USSR had softened, and the project set a precedent for future cooperative projects in space.<ref name="Jennifer Ross-Nazzal 2010, pp. 29–34"/>

== Apollo crew ==
[[File:Portrait of the American ASTP prime crewmen.jpg|thumb|Left to right: Slayton, Brand, Stafford]]
[[File:ASTP patch.png|thumb|American crew insignia for the Apollo/Soyuz mission]]

{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut

|position1   = Commander
|crew1_up    = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Thomas P. Stafford]]
|flights1_up = Fourth and last

|position2   = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up    = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vance D. Brand]]
|flights2_up = First

|position3   = Docking Module Pilot
|crew3_up    = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Deke Slayton|Donald K. "Deke" Slayton]]
|flights3_up = Only
}}

=== Backup crew ===
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut

|position1   = Commander
|crew1_up    = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alan Bean]]

|position2   = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up    = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]]

|position3   = Docking Module Pilot
|crew3_up    = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jack Lousma]]
}}

=== Crew notes ===
It was American astronaut [[Deke Slayton]]'s only space flight. He was chosen as one of the original [[Mercury Seven]] astronauts in April 1959, but had been grounded until 1972 for medical reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slayton |first=Donald K. |url=http://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay |title=Deke! |date=1994 |publisher=Forge |isbn=978-0-312-85503-1 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

[[Jack Swigert]] had originally been assigned as the command module pilot for the ASTP prime crew, but he was removed before the official announcement as punishment for his involvement in the [[Apollo 15 postal covers incident]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle|last1=Slayton|first1=Donald|authorlink1=Deke Slayton|last2=Cassutt|first2=Michael|authorlink2=Michael Cassutt |year=1994|publisher=Forge|location=New York|isbn=0-312-85503-6|lccn=94-2463|oclc=29845663|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/278 278–279]|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/278}}</ref>

;Support crew
:[[Karol J. Bobko]], [[Robert Crippen]], [[Robert F. Overmyer]], [[Richard H. Truly]]

;Flight directors
:Pete Frank (Orange team), Neil Hutchinson (Silver team), [[Don Puddy]] (Crimson team), Frank Littleton (Amber team)

== Soyuz crew ==
[[File:Alexey Leonov and Valeriy Kubasov 1974.jpg|thumb|Leonov (left) and Kubasov]]

{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Cosmonaut

|position1   = Commander
|crew1_up    = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Alexei Leonov]]
|flights1_up = Second and last

|position2   = Flight Engineer
|crew2_up    = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Valery Kubasov]]
|flights2_up = Second
}}

It was the last space mission for Soviet cosmonaut [[Alexei Leonov]], who had become the first person to [[spacewalk|walk in space]] during the March 1965 [[Voskhod 2]] mission.

=== Backup crew ===
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Cosmonaut

|position1   = Commander
|crew1_up    = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Anatoly Filipchenko]]

|position2   = Flight Engineer
|crew2_up    = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Nikolai Rukavishnikov]]
}}

== Mission summary ==
=== Background ===
[[File:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Saturn IB launch.jpg|thumb|A [[Saturn IB]] launch launches from the "milkstool" platform on LC-39B and lifts the American ASTP crew into orbit.]]

[[File:Soyuz Spacecraft in Orbit - GPN-2002-000155.jpg|thumb|Soyuz as seen from Apollo CM]]

The ASTP entailed the docking of an American [[Apollo command and service module]] (CSM) with a Soviet [[Soyuz 7K-TM]] spacecraft. Although the Soyuz was given a mission designation number (Soyuz 19) as part of the ongoing [[Soyuz programme]], its radio call sign was simply "Soyuz" for the duration of the joint mission. The Apollo mission was not a numbered mission of the [[Apollo program]], and similarly bore the call sign "Apollo." Despite this, the press and NASA have referred to the mission as "Apollo 18," but this should not be confused with the [[Canceled Apollo missions|canceled lunar mission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/apollo/soyuz.html|title=Apollo–Soyuz|work=nasa.gov}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/journal/missions6.html|title=HEASARC Missions |website=nasa.gov}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/StaffordTP/TPS_BIO.pdf NASA.gov] {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/BrandVD/BrandVD_Bio.pdf NASA.gov] {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="kennedy19850429">{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=J. Michael|date=1985-04-29|title=Shuttle Flight Is Lind's First Mission : Astronaut's 19-Year Wait for Space Trip Ends Today |work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-29-mn-12831-story.html|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>

The Apollo spacecraft was launched with a docking module specially designed to enable the two spacecraft to dock with each other, used only once for this mission. The [[Saturn IB]] launch vehicle and [[Apollo command and service module|CSM]] were surplus material. Like the [[Apollo Lunar Module]], the docking module [[Transposition, docking, and extraction|had to be retrieved]] from the [[S-IVB]] upper-stage of the [[Saturn IB]] rocket after launch. The docking module was designed as both an airlock — as the Apollo was pressurized at about {{cvt|5|psi}} using [[Oxygen|pure oxygen]], while the Soyuz used a [[nitrogen]]/[[oxygen]] atmosphere at [[Atmospheric pressure|sea level pressure]] (about {{cvt|15|psi}}) — and an adapter, since the surplus Apollo hardware used for the ASTP mission was not equipped with the [[Androgynous Peripheral Attach System|APAS]] docking collar jointly developed by [[NASA]] and the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] for the mission. One end of the docking module was attached to the Apollo using the same "probe-and-[[drogue]]" docking mechanism used on the Lunar Module and the [[Skylab]] space station, while its other end had the APAS docking collar, which Soyuz 19 carried in place of the standard Soyuz/Salyut system of the time. The APAS collar fitted onto Soyuz 19 was releasable, allowing the two spacecraft to separate in case of malfunction.

The Apollo flew with a three-man crew on board: [[Thomas P. Stafford|Tom Stafford]], [[Vance D. Brand|Vance Brand]], and [[Deke Slayton]]. Stafford had already flown into space three times, including within eight [[nautical mile]]s of the lunar surface as Commander of [[Apollo 10]], and was the first [[general officer]] to fly into space. He was a [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[United States Air Force]] at the time of the flight; he would retire with three stars in 1979. Slayton was one of the original [[Mercury Seven]] astronauts selected in 1959, but an irregular heartbeat grounded him until 1972. He became head of NASA's astronaut office and, after a lengthy medical program, selected himself for this mission. At the time, Slayton was the oldest person to fly in space and the one with the longest gap between selection as an astronaut and first flight into space. Brand, meanwhile, had trained with the Apollo spacecraft during his time as a backup [[Apollo 15]] command module pilot, and had served two stints as a backup Skylab commander. The closest he had come to flying prior to ASTP was as commander for the [[Skylab Rescue]] mission mustered to potentially retrieve the crew of [[Skylab 3]] due to a fuel leak on that mission's Apollo CSM.

The Soyuz flew with two men: [[Alexei Leonov]] and [[Valery Kubasov]]. Leonov became the first man to [[spacewalk|walk in space]] on [[Voskhod 2]] in March 1965. Kubasov, who flew on [[Soyuz 6]] in 1969, ran some of the earliest [[space manufacturing]] experiments. Both were to have flown on the ill-fated [[Soyuz 11]] in 1971 (Leonov as commander, Kubasov as the flight engineer), but were grounded because Kubasov was suspected of having [[tuberculosis]]. The two-man crew on the Soyuz was a result of the modifications needed to allow the cosmonauts to wear the [[Sokol space suit]] during launch, docking, and reentry.

The ASTP-class [[Soyuz 7K-TM]] spacecraft used was a variation of the post-Soyuz 11 two-man design, with the batteries replaced by [[solar panel]]s enabling "solo" flights (missions not docking to one of the [[Salyut]] space stations). It was designed to operate, during the docking phase, at a reduced nitrogen/oxygen pressure of {{cvt|10.2|psi}}, allowing easier transfers between the Apollo and Soyuz. Six ASTP-class Soyuz spacecraft were built in total, including the one used. Before the actual mission, two craft were launched uncrewed as Kosmos satellites. The third was launched as the crewed [[Soyuz 16]] flight as a rehearsal in order to test the APAS docking mechanism. Another craft was used fully fueled as a "hot backup" at the launch site – later it was disassembled. And the sixth craft was available as a "cold" backup; it was later used on the [[Soyuz 22|last "solo" Soyuz flight]] in 1976, but with the APAS docking adapter replaced by the [[MKF-6 (multispectral camera)|MKF-6]] multispectral camera.

=== Launch and mission ===
The Soyuz and Apollo flights launched within seven-and-a-half hours of each other on 15 July 1975, and docked on 17 July 1975. Three hours later, the two mission commanders, Stafford and Leonov, exchanged the first international handshake in space through the open hatch of the Soyuz. NASA had calculated that the historic handshake would have taken place over the British seaside resort of [[Bognor Regis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somewhere.org.uk/broadcast/pilgrims/phil/blast.htm|title=Blast-off to Bognor|last=Jones|first=Phillip|access-date=4 May 2011}}</ref> but a delay resulted in its occurrence being over the city of [[Metz]] in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch11-3.htm|title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|author1=Edward Clinton Ezell|author2=Linda Neuman Ezell|year=1978|publisher=NASA|access-date=4 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524064713/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch11-3.htm|archive-date=24 May 2011|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> During the first crew exchange, the crews were read a statement from Soviet [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]], and received a phone call from [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Gerald Ford]].

While the two ships were docked, the three Americans and two Soviets conducted joint scientific experiments, exchanged flags and gifts (including tree seeds which were later planted in the two countries), listened to each other's music (examples include "[[Nezhnost'|Tenderness]]" by [[Maya Kristalinskaya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/81212073/|title=From Amur Waves to Pink Floyd: The music preferences of Soviet cosmonauts|website=Moscow City official website|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130095845/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/81212073/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and "[[Why Can't We Be Friends? (song)|Why Can't We Be Friends?]]" by [[War (American band)|War]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-12-23/music/war-lonnie-jordan-grove-of-anaheim/ |title=WAR Is the Answer (and the Question) for Lonnie Jordan |author=Gabriel San Roman |work=[[OC Weekly]] |date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=November 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002135431/http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-12-23/music/war-lonnie-jordan-grove-of-anaheim/|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>), signed certificates, visited each other's ships, ate together, and conversed in each other's languages. (Because of Stafford's pronounced drawl when speaking Russian, Leonov later joked that there were three languages spoken on the mission: Russian, English, and "Oklahomski".) There were also docking and redocking maneuvers, during which the two spacecraft reversed roles and the Soyuz became the "active" ship.

American scientists developed four of the experiments performed during the mission. Embryologist [[Jane M. Oppenheimer|Jane Oppenheimer]] analyzed the effects of weightlessness on fish eggs at various stages of development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/23/us/jane-oppenheimer-dies-at-84-expert-on-embryos-and-space.html|title=Jane Oppenheimer Dies at 84; Expert on Embryos and Space|first=Wolfgang |last=Saxon|date=23 March 1996|work=[[The New York Times]]|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

After 44 hours together, the two ships separated, and maneuvered to use the Apollo to create an artificial [[solar eclipse]] to allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the [[Stellar corona|solar corona]]. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for two more days, and the Americans for five, during which the Apollo crew also conducted [[Earth]] observation experiments.

<gallery mode="packed">

File:Soyuz 19 (Apollo Soyuz Test Project) spacecraft.jpg|Soyuz 19 as seen from the Apollo
File:Apollo Soyuz Test Project Mission Control.jpg|Mission control center in Houston during ASTP
File:ASTP handshake - cropped.jpg|The historic handshake between Stafford and Leonov
File:President Ford talks to ASTP crew.jpg|U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] speaks to the Soviet and American crews on 18 July 1975.
File:Astronaut Donald K. Slayton and cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov in the Soyuz Orbital Module.jpg|Deke Slayton (right) with Leonov in the Soyuz spacecraft
File:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Commemorative Plaque.jpg|The astronauts and cosmonauts assembled this commemorative plaque in orbit as a symbol of the international cooperation.
</gallery>

=== Re-entry and aftermath ===
The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]] and [[splashdown]] of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic [[monomethylhydrazine]] and [[nitrogen tetroxide]] fumes, caused by unignited [[reaction control system]] (RCS) [[hypergolic propellant]]s venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and the toxic fumes were sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ezell, Edward Clinton|author2=Ezell, Linda Neuman|year=1978|title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|journal=NASA History Series|issue=NASA Special Publication-4209 |publisher=NASA|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch11-9.htm|access-date=2009-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch11-9.htm|archive-date=2007-08-23}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believed he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and begun drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RBgsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kMgEAAAAIBAJ&dq=apollo%20gas&pg=993%2C1384026 "Brand Takes Blame For Apollo Gas Leak"], ''Florence, AL – Times Daily newspaper'', 10 August 1975</ref>

The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]] and the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] at [[Kennedy Space Center]] for use by the [[Space Shuttle]], the United States' next crewed spacecraft program. [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]] had already been closed after the launch of [[Skylab]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Legacy ==
=== Technical ===
[[File:S74-24913.jpg|thumb|Apollo–Soyuz painting]]

A derivative (but mechanically incompatible) docking collar, [[Androgynous Peripheral Attach System|APAS-89]], was launched as part of the [[Kristall]] module of the Soviet [[Mir]] space station. Originally intended as the docking port for the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] Soviet space shuttle, the APAS-89 unit was used for the next Russian-American docking mission, [[STS-71]], twenty years later as part of the [[Shuttle–Mir program]] (though not before the docking port was tested by the last APAS-equipped Soyuz, [[Soyuz TM-16]], in 1993).

The American [[Space Shuttle]] continued to use the same APAS-89 docking hardware through the end of the [[Space Shuttle program]] to dock to Mir and then the [[International Space Station]], the latter through the [[Pressurized Mating Adapter]]s (PMAs).

The PMAs are equipped with the later [[Androgynous Peripheral Attach System|APAS-95]] adapters, which differ from the APAS-89 adapters in that they are no longer androgynous; while compatible with the APAS-89 docking collars, they are not capable of acting as the "active" partner in docking.

The first PMA, PMA-1, remains in use as the interface connecting the Russian-built, NASA-owned [[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]] module to the [[US Orbital Segment|US segment of the ISS]] (USOS), and so the APAS continues in use to this day (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A timeline of ISS missions |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_chronology_flights.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref>

=== Political ===
[[File:The United States 1975 Sn 1569-1570 horizontal se-tenant pair (Apollo Soyuz space test project (Russo-American cooperation)).jpg|thumb|[[U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps|Apollo–Soyuz, Issue of 1975, USA]]]]Apollo–Soyuz was the first joint US–Soviet space mission. At the time it was thought that space would become either more international or competitive as a result, but it became both. The mission became symbolic of each country's goals of scientific cooperation, while their news reports downplayed the technical prowess of the other. Soviet press implied that it was leading the United States in space flight, tying it to the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] ideology, while the United States reported that the Soyuz was technically primitive.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8533/8533.PDF|pages=80–81|publisher=US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment|title=U.S.-Soviet Cooperation in Space|date=July 1985|access-date=13 June 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> High-profile space cooperation declined after the successful mission and became entangled in [[Linkage (policy)|linkage politics]], but it set a precedent of cooperation that continued in the [[Shuttle–Mir Program]].<ref name=cnn>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/15/world/space-handshake-anniversary/index.html|title=How historic handshake in space brought superpowers closer |author=Kellie Morgan|publisher=CNN|date=15 July 2015|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_B_VvVp0SIC&pg=PA181|author=James Moltz|title=The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests|date=29 June 2011|page=181|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7858-9}}</ref>

=== Cultural ===
The American and Soviet commanders, Stafford and Leonov, became lasting friends. Leonov was the godfather of Stafford's younger children.<ref name=cnn/><ref name=ns>{{cite web|publisher=New Scientist |title=Apollo–Soyuz: A cold war handshake in space, 40 years on|date=17 July 2015|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn27910-apollosoyuz-a-cold-war-handshake-in-space-40-years-on/|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> Stafford gave a eulogy at Leonov's funeral in October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=MSN|title=Russia bids farewell to first man who walked in space|date=15 October 2019|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/russia-bids-farewell-to-first-man-who-walked-in-space/ar-AAIOaK1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101020428/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/russia-bids-farewell-to-first-man-who-walked-in-space/ar-AAIOaK1|archive-date=1 November 2019}}</ref>

An [[asteroid]], [[2228 Soyuz-Apollo]], discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer [[Nikolai Chernykh]], is named after the mission.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|page=181|edition=5th|year=2003|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=New York|isbn=3-540-00238-3}}</ref>

To commemorate Apollo–Soyuz, renowned British/Irish bartender [[Joe Gilmore]] of [[Savoy Hotel|The Savoy Hotel]]'s American Bar created the '[[Link Up|Link-Up]]' cocktail. When the astronauts were told the cocktail was being flown out from London to be enjoyed on their return, they said, "Tell Joe we want it up here".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-16 |title=Cocktail king Joe Gilmore, Belfast's barman to the stars |url=http://www.irishnews.com/notices/livesremembered/2016/01/16/news/cocktail-king-joe-gilmore-belfast-s-barman-to-the-stars-382007/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Irish News |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210141840/https://www.irishnews.com/notices/livesremembered/2016/01/16/news/cocktail-king-joe-gilmore-belfast-s-barman-to-the-stars-382007/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Scientific===
The Apollo craft carried the SAG telescope designed to observe in the [[extreme ultraviolet]].<ref name=Harvey168 /> Across several orbits of observing the instrument discovered two ultraviolet sources; HZ 43 and FEIGE 24, both of which were [[White dwarf]]s.<ref name=Harvey168>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |date=2018 |title=Discovering the Cosmos with Small Spacecraft The American Explorer Program |publisher=Springer Praxis  |pages=168–169 |isbn=9783319681382}}</ref><ref name=Bowyer /> Other stars observed included, [[Proxima Centauri]] (a [[red dwarf|Red Dwarf]]), [[SS Cygni]] (a [[Binary star]]), and [[Sirius]] (also a Binary star). A third possible discovery was an unknown object in the [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo constellation]].<ref name=Bowyer>{{cite journal |last1=Bowyer |first1=C.Stuart |date=15 January 1978 |title=Apollo-Soyuz test project Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope MA-083  |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19780020078 |journal=UCBSSL  |series=18 |issue=76 |bibcode=1978ucb..reptR....B |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref> The star HD 192273 was later suggested as a candidate for the Pavo observation but further study concluded that the star’s distance and spectral class made this unlikely.<ref name=Walborn>{{cite journal |last1=Walborn |first1=Nolan R |author1-link=Nolan R. Walborn |last2=Panek |first2=Robert J |date=December 1980 |title=Some optical observations of HD 192273 - A proposed identification for a possible EUV source |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=92 |issue=550 |pages=803–805 |doi=10.1086/130753 |bibcode=1980PASP...92..803W |s2cid=120428265 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Spacecraft locations ==
[[File:Apollo-Soyuz display at the RKK Energia Museum.jpg|thumb|Model of joined Apollo and Soyuz at the RKK Energia Museum near Moscow, with the Soyuz descent module visible to the lower right]]
[[file:Apollo-soyuz.jpg|thumb|Model of joined Apollo and Soyuz at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, using the backup Docking Module]]
[[File:Apollo-Soyuz Command Module.jpg|thumb|The Apollo command module from the mission on display at the California Science Center]]

The [[Apollo command and service module|Apollo command module]] from the mission is on display at the [[California Science Center]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollo-Soyuz command module |url=https://californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/air-space/humans-space/apollo-soyuz-command-module |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=California Science Center |language=en}}</ref> The descent module of Soyuz 19 is on display at the [[RKK Energiya museum]] in [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]], Russia.

A display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] shows the docked Apollo/Soyuz configuration. The display is made up of the unflown Apollo Command and Service Module 105 (used for vibration testing for the [[Skylab]] program), the back-up Docking Module, and an unflown Soyuz spacecraft, on loan from the Russian government.<ref name="ns" /> 

[[File:The Soviet Union 1975 CPA 4478 souvenir sheet (Apollo Soyuz space test project (Russo-American cooperation). Mission Control Center, Korolyov. Two crews, zodiac. Soyuz-Apollo flight scheme. Emblem) 1200dpi.jpg|thumb|upright|Soyuz–Apollo, Issue of 1975, USSR]]

== Commemorations ==
The [[United States Postal Service]] issued the [[U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps|Apollo–Soyuz commemorative stamps]], honoring the United States–Soviet link up in space, on 15 July 1975, the day of the launch.

The remaining crew's most recent reunion was on 16 July 2010, when Leonov, Kubasov, Stafford, and Brand met at an [[Omega SA|Omega]] timepiece store in [[New York City]]. All except Leonov participated in a public roundtable that evening. Omega had produced several watches to be used on the mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/8776-international-space-crew-reunites-mission-35th-anniversary.html |title=First International Space Crew Reunites for Mission's 35th Anniversary|publisher=Space.com|date=July 16, 2010|access-date=December 31, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Flown Silver Robbins Medallion.jpg|thumb|Apollo–Soyuz medallion]]

=== Monument ===
{{update-section|date=March 2019}}

A large Soyuz–Apollo monument was constructed outside the Soviet (now Russian) [[Mission control center|space control center]] [[RKA Mission Control Center]] (Russian acronym: TsUP) in [[Moscow]]. It consisted of a metal scale model of [[Earth]] overarched by an arc terminating in the joined Soyuz–Apollo spacecraft. It was damaged when a vehicle collided with it in the late 1990s,{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} and was removed for repairs.

===Mission Control Center===
The mission control room that hosted the Americans in [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov, Russia]], was preserved as a memorial to the Soyuz–Apollo mission.<ref name=ns/>

== Program cost ==
The United States spent US$245 million (equal to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|245000000|1975|r=-7}}}} today){{Inflation-fn|US}} on the Apollo–Soyuz project and spacecraft.<ref name="lafleur20100308">{{cite news|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1579/1|title=Costs of US piloted programs|publisher=The Space Review|author=Lafleur, Claude|date=8 March 2010|access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref>

The amount of money the Soviet Union spent on the ASTP is unknown but reportedly constituted a "significant portion."<ref>[https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0018/81556594.pdf NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT] '''p. 8.'''</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Interkosmos]], a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] space program from 1967 to 1994, designed to give foreign nations access to space missions.
* ''[[For All Mankind (TV series)|For All Mankind]]'', an alternate history streaming series that depicts a fictionalized Apollo–Soyuz mission in its second season

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Apollo–Soyuz Test Project}}
* [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Soyuz/ASTP/ASTPMission.php ASTP Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010952/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Soyuz/ASTP/ASTPMission.php |date=16 June 2013 }}
* [https://www.nasa.gov/apollo-soyuz/overview Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Overview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090725172011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/astp/astp.html ASTP NASA site archived]
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html Apollo–Soyuz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184511/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html |date=25 February 2021 }}
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123000956/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm |date=23 January 2011 }} – official NASA history of the mission
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750067869_1975067869.pdf International rendezvous and docking mission (Apollo–Soyuz/Salyut) 1971] – NASA report (PDF)
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730025080_1973025080.pdf Apollo/Soyuz test project operational data book. Volume 2: ASTP mass properties data book] – NASA report (PDF)
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750065564_1975065564.pdf  Apollo–Soyuz test project operation handbook command service docking modules systems operating procedures] – NASA flight operations manual (PDF)
* [https://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications] (many of which are on-line)
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/soyuz-i-apollon/05.html  «Apollo–Soyuz»] – tell Soviet scientists, engineers and astronauts – participants of the joint work of American specialists, Politizdat 1976, with a circulation of 100,000 copies.
* [http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/111 Apollo Soyuz Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections]

; Media
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=AstpHighlights|description= of ASTP Highlights}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=TheApollo–SoyuzMission|name=The Apollo–Soyuz Mission}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.649354|name=Apollo Soyuz (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=MissionOfApollo–Soyuz|name=MISSION OF Apollo–Soyuz (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=25_years_of_progress_9_transition_years|name=25 Years of Progress, Episode 9: Transition Years (1983)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=Apollo–SoyuzTestProjectFacts|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Facts (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=apollo-soyez_test_project_facts_pt_b|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Facts, Part B (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=Apollo–Soyuz_test_project_facts_pt_c|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Facts, Part C (1975)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=history_of_space_travel_13_apollo_soyuz|name=History of Space Travel, Episode 13: The Mission of Apollo–Soyuz}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=CMP_249_Our_Laboratories_in_Space_Episode7.wmv|name=Our Laboratories in Space, episode 7}} (several types of media formats are available)
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv|name=Apollo17 On The Shoulders Of Giants}} (several types of media formats are available)
* [https://texasarchive.org/2015_02325 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1973) Film], [[Texas Archive of the Moving Image]]

{{Soyuz}}
{{Apollo program}}
{{Russian space program}}
{{NASA navbox}}
{{Orbital launches in 1975}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apollo-Soyuz}}
[[Category:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project| ]]
[[Category:1975 in international relations]]
[[Category:1975 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Crewed Soyuz missions]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1975]]
[[Category:July 1975]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets]]
[[Category:Alexei Leonov]]
[[Category:Thomas P. Stafford]]
[[Category:Deke Slayton]]
[[Category:Saturn IB]]