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{{Short description|Performing ensemble}}
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[[File:Concert Band.jpg|thumb|300px|A full concert band—Indiana Wind Symphony in concert, 2014]]
{{Music education|settings}}

A '''concert band''', also called a '''wind band''', '''wind ensemble''', '''wind symphony''', '''wind orchestra''', '''symphonic band''',  the '''symphonic winds''', or '''symphonic wind ensemble''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultimate Guide: What is a Concert Band? |url=https://www.dawkes.co.uk/sound-room/what-is-a-concert-band/ |website=Dawkes Music |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> is a performing ensemble consisting of members of the [[woodwind instrument|woodwind]], [[brass instrument|brass]], and [[percussion instrument|percussion]] families of instruments,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harpstead |first1=Ella |title=Concert Band 101: An introduction to wind ensembles |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2019/09/03/concert-band-101 |website=Your Classical |date=3 September 2019 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> and occasionally including the [[piano]], [[double bass]], and [[harp]]. On rare occasions, additional, non-traditional instruments may be added to such ensembles such as [[synthesizer]], [[electric guitar]], and [[bass guitar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harpstead |first1=Ella |title=No strings attached: get to know the instruments in a concert band |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2019/08/26/concert-band-instrumentation |website=Your Classical |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

Concert band music generally includes original [[wind instrument|wind]] compositions, [[concert march]]es, transcriptions of [[orchestral]] arrangements, [[light music]], and [[pop music|popular music]]. Though the concert band does have similar [[Instrumentation (music)|instrumentation]] to the [[marching band]], a marching band's main purpose is to perform while marching. In contrast, a concert band usually performs as a [[concert|stationary ensemble]]{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}, though European ensembles often do both.

==Origins==
The origins of concert band can be traced back to the French Revolution, in which large bands would often gather for patriotic festivals and celebrations. These bands would play popular music that would immediately captivate the public's attention. Throughout the French Revolution, however, serious composers were often not interested in composing music for bands; this was due in large part to the instrumentation. Concert bands were (and still are) not standardized in their required type and number of instruments, making it nearly impossible to write the correct number of parts for the correct types of instruments. The quality of instruments also impacted composers' unwillingness to compose music for concert band. Wind instruments at that time were often difficult to play in tune and had difficulty in switching pitch and rhythm fast enough.<ref name=Schmidt-Jones>{{cite book |last=Schmidt-Jones |first=Catherine|chapter=A Short History of Wind Bands|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cnx-org-col10428/page/n31/mode/2up|pages=31–39 (34)|title=A Parent's Guide to Band|publisher=OpenStax CNX |access-date=8 March 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> This in turn influenced bands to stick with pieces that were transposed from [[orchestra]]l movements and arrangements, something that has carried into modern day.

During the 19th century, large ensembles of wind and percussion instruments in the [[Early British popular music|British]] and [[Music of the United States|American]] traditions existed mainly in the form of the [[military band]] for ceremonial and festive occasions, and the works performed consisted mostly of [[March (music)|marches]]. The only time wind bands were used in a concert setting comparable to that of a [[symphony orchestra]] was when transcriptions of orchestral or operatic pieces were arranged and performed, as there were comparatively few original concert works for a large wind ensemble.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

It wasn't until the early 20th century that composers began writing works for concert band. Concert band composers of this time were frustrated at the lack of quality music for bands, and as such, began writing and performing pieces to remedy this. One of the first and most important original works for concert band, [[First Suite in E-flat for Military Band|First Suite for Band]] by [[Gustav Holst]], was written in 1909. Other composers of this time period include [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], [[Richard Wagner]], and [[Aaron Copland]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reese |first1=Emily |title=Learning to Listen: Back to School |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2013/09/09/learning-to-listen-band-music |website=Your Classical |access-date=2 June 2022 |date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

=== Instrumentation ===
Before the 1950s, wind ensembles included various combinations of instruments. The modern "standard" instrumentation of the wind ensemble was more or less established by [[Frederick Fennell]] at [[Eastman School of Music]] as the [[Eastman Wind Ensemble]] in 1952 after the model of the [[orchestra]]: a pool of players from which a composer can select in order to create different sonorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/09/arts/music/frederick-fennell-90-innovative-band-conductor-dies.html|title=Frederick Fennell, 90, Innovative Band Conductor, Dies|first=Daniel J.|last=Wakin|date=9 December 2004|access-date=22 April 2021|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> According to Fennell, the wind ensemble was not revolutionary, but developed naturally out of the music.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==Bands today==
===Military bands===
{{Main|Military band|Corps of drums}}
[[File:DSC 8763 (7084102945).jpg|thumb|right|350px|A military band—[[United States Army Band|The United States Army Band]]]]
A '''military band''' is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the [[armed forces]]. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments. The [[conducting|conductor]] of a band commonly bears the title of [[Bandmaster]] or [[Director of Music]]. [[Ottoman military band]]s are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world, dating from the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.turkishculture.org/music/military-mehter-86.htm | title = Military (mehter) | access-date = 2013-08-09 | author = Turkish Cultural Foundation| author-link = Turkish Cultural Foundation }}</ref>

Military bands were originally used to control troops on the battlefield, by using instruments such as [[Military drums|drums]], [[bugle]]s, and [[Fife (instrument)|fifes]] among others. As communication systems during war became more advanced, the use of instruments on the battlefield as signaling devices fell out of use. From then on, military bands would fulfill a ceremonial role, entertaining troops and playing for the community. As its role shifted so too did its instrumentation. A wider range of instruments was employed to play transcriptions of orchestral works, the bulk of the early wind band repertoire.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=History of Bands in World War 1 Part 1|url=https://www.tapsbugler.com/history-of-bands-in-ww1-part-1/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Taps Bugler: Jari Villanueva|language=en-US}}</ref> These military bands evolved into the modern [[Drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum and bugle corps]] and helped to spread the idea of a concert band. A modern military will often have multiple types of bands (e.g. the [[United States Marine Corps]] has both a [[United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps|drum and bugle corps]] and [[United States Marine Band|wind ensemble]]).

===Professional bands===
Professional concert bands not associated with the military appear across the globe, particularly in developed countries. However, most do not offer full-time positions. The competition to make it into one of these concert bands is incredibly high and the ratio of performers to entrants is narrowly small.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} Examples of professional non-military concert bands include:<!--WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES ONLY! Do not list a band unless it has a Wikipedia article already-->
* [[Dallas Wind Symphony]], led by [[Jerry Junkin]]
* [[Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra]], led for many years by [[Frederick Fennell]], and currently conducted by Takeshi Ooi
* [[Osaka Shion Wind Orchestra]] 
* [[Royal Hawaiian Band]], created by royal decree in 1836 by King Kamehameha III

===Community bands===
{{Main|Community band}}

A community band is a concert band or brass band ensemble composed of volunteer (non-paid) [[amateur]] [[musician]]s in a particular geographic area. It may be sponsored by the local (municipal) government or self-supporting. These groups rehearse regularly and perform at least once a year. Some bands are also [[marching band]]s, participating in parades and other outdoor events. Although they are volunteer musical organizations, community bands may employ an artistic director ([[conducting|conductor]]) or various operational staff.

The rise of the community band can partially be attributed to industrialization. As the instruments became easier to manufacture, their availability greatly increased.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rohwer|first=Debbie|date=2016|title=Research on Community Bands: Past, Present, and Future|journal=Contributions to Music Education |volume=41 |pages=15–30 |jstor=24711126 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24711126}}</ref> This meant that many amateurs could now form a town band, their arrangements typically consisting of patriotic tunes, marches, and popular music. The [[American Civil War]] marked a turning point in the American community band where many military musicians, either stemming from amateur or professional backgrounds, sought to create their own community band after the war's conclusion.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Hartz|first=Jason|date=2003|title=The American Community Band: History and Development|type=MA thesis|publisher=Marshall College|url=https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=etd}}</ref> The large number of bands created during this era led to a "Golden Age of Bands", spearheaded by conductors such as [[John Philip Sousa]] and [[Patrick Gilmore]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[State College, Pennsylvania]]|title=Band concert to feature the 'Golden Age of Bands'|url=http://www.statecollege.com/news/community/band-concert-to-feature-the-golden-age-of-bands,1467079/|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A History of the Wind Band: The Nineteenth-Century American Wind Band|url=https://ww2.lipscomb.edu/windbandhistory/rhodeswindband_06_19thcenturyamerican.htm|access-date=2020-11-11|website=ww2.lipscomb.edu}}</ref> The new forms of twentieth-century entertainment, namely the [[radio]] and [[phonograph]], led to decline in community bands. This led to instrument manufacturers, who previously had marketed to the community bands, to focus on schools.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guion|first=David|date=2019-09-02|title=School bands in the United States|url=https://music.allpurposeguru.com/2019/09/school-bands-in-the-united-states/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Musicology for Everyone|language=en-US}}</ref> The expansion of school music programs would eventually help restore interest in the community band as graduates sought to play in a band together again.

Notable community bands include:<!--WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES ONLY! Do not list a band unless it has a Wikipedia article already-->

'''U.S.A.'''
* [[The American Band]], Providence, Rhode Island, conducted by Brian Cardany
* [[Allentown Band]], the oldest American civilian band, Allentown, Pennsylvania, conducted by Ronald Demkee
* [[Brooklyn Wind Symphony]], Brooklyn, NY, conducted by Jeff W. Ball
* [[Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps]], New York, New York, conducted by Kelly Watkins
* [[Northshore Concert Band]], Evanston, Illinois, conducted by Mallory Thompson
* [[Salt Lake Symphonic Winds]], Salt Lake City, Utah, conducted by Thomas P. Rohrer
* [[The TriBattery Pops Tom Goodkind Conductor|The TriBattery Pops]], New York, NY, conducted by Tom Goodkind
* [[East Winds Symphonic Band]], Pittsburgh, PA, conducted by Susan Sands
'''United Kingdom'''
* [[Birmingham Symphonic Winds]], conducted by Keith Allen
* [[Newark and Sherwood Concert Band]], Newark, Nottinghamshire, conducted by Colum J O'Shea
* [[North Cheshire Wind Orchestra]], Warrington, Cheshire, conducted by Catherine Tackley
* [[Nottingham Concert Band]], conducted by Robert Parker
* [[National Youth Wind Orchestra of Great Britain]], various conductors
'''Canada'''
* [[Pacific Symphonic Wind Ensemble]], Vancouver. David Branter, Resident Conductor and Acting Music Director
'''Australia'''
* [[North West Wind Ensemble]], Sydney, James Brice, Musical Director
* [[Sydney Wind Symphony]], Mark Brown, Musical Director
* [[Queensland Wind Orchestra]], conducted by David Law
'''Norway'''
* [[Dragefjellets Musikkorps]] (Bergen Symphonic Band)
* [[Sandvikens Ungdomskorps]], Bergen, conducted by Tormod Flaten and Bjørn Breistein
'''Portugal'''
* [[União Filarmónica do Troviscal]], Troviscal—Aveiro, conducted by André Granjo
'''Finland'''
* [[Tikkurilan Soittokunta]], Vantaa, conducted by Kimmo Nurmi

===School bands===
{{Main|School band}}
[[File:Concertband.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A high school concert band—BHS Band in performance, 2013]]
A school band is a group of [[student]] musicians who rehearse and perform [[instrumental]] [[music]] together. A school band is usually under the direction of one or more [[conducting|conductors]] (band directors). A school band consists of [[woodwind instrument]]s, brass instruments and [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] instruments, although upper level bands may also have [[string basses]] or [[bass guitar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newton|first=Bret|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035017338|title=Band Orchestration|year=2016|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5376-1984-2|oclc=1035017338}}</ref>

In many traditional U.S. high schools, there are multiple band levels, distinguished by skill level or other factors. In such schools, an audition may be required to advance to further band levels, while the common level would be open to anyone. For example, in many U.S. high schools, "Concert Band" refers to the introductory level band, "Symphonic Band" is the title for the intermediate level band, and "Wind Ensemble" is the title for the advanced level band.

==Instrumentation==
[[File:1911 Sousa Band.jpg|thumb|The early instrumentation of a large concert band (including violin soloist [[Nicoline Zedeler]]) is shown by the [[John Philip Sousa|John Philip Sousa Band]] during their 1911 world tour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bierley |first=Paul E. |url= |title=The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=0-252-03147-4 |location= |pages=10 |oclc=67345796}}</ref>]]
Instrumentation for the wind band is not completely standardized; composers will frequently add or omit parts. Instruments and parts in parentheses in the list below are less common but still often used; due to the fact that some bands are missing these instruments, important lines for these instruments are often cued into other parts.

Instrumentation differs depending on the type of ensemble. Middle school and high school bands frequently have more limited instrumentation and fewer parts (for example, no [[double reed]]s, or only two horn parts instead of four). This is both to limit the difficulty for inexperienced players and because schools frequently do not have access to the less common instruments.

The standard concert band will have several players on each part depending on available personnel and the preference of [[conducting|the conductor.]] A concert band can theoretically have as many as 200 members from a set of only 35 parts. The wind ensemble, on the other hand, will have very little doubling, if any; commonly, [[clarinet]]s or [[Western concert flute|flutes]] may be doubled, especially to handle any [[Divisi|''divisi'' passages]], and others will have one player per part, as dictated by the requirements of a specific composition. It is also common to see two [[tuba]]s and two [[euphonium]]s or [[Baritone horn|baritones]] playing the same part in a wind ensemble.

While largely made up of wind and percussion instruments, string instruments such as the [[Double bass|string bass]] and [[Pedal harp|concert harp]] are often scored for.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reed |first1=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Reed |last2=Neubert |first2=David |date=May 1988 |title=The String Bass in a Wind Group |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000313138803800225 |journal=American String Teacher |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=66–69 |doi=10.1177/000313138803800225 |s2cid=125597639 |issn= |oclc=7254879185|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The use of a harp dates back to its inclusion in the professional and military bands of [[John Philip Sousa]] and [[Edwin Franko Goldman]]. Such bands would often contain the top harpists of the country, such as [[Winifred Bambrick]], who was one of the first female instrumentalists to tour with the Sousa Band, and [[Victor Salvi]], who played with the [[United States Navy Band]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Govea |first=W. M. |url= |title=Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Harpists: A Bio-critical Sourcebook |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-313-36946-9 |pages=20, 249 |oclc=650310430}}</ref> Notably, the [[United States Air Force Band]] scores for [[cello]]s, a practice unique to the ensemble that dates back to the tenure of director [[George S. Howard]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schofield | first=Donald Edward Jr. |year=2017 |title=A History of the United States Air Force Band and Its Relationship to Music Education: The Foundational Years, 1941-1945 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1917411365 |publisher=[[Boston University]] |pages=119 |via=[[ProQuest]] |isbn=978-1-369-86947-7 |oclc=8518794570| id={{ProQuest|1917411365}} }}</ref>

Complicated percussion parts are common in concert band pieces, often requiring many percussionists. Many believe this is a major difference between the orchestra (which usually lacks a large battery of percussion) and the concert band. While in older transcriptions and concert works, [[Timpani|the timpani]] were treated as their own section as in an orchestra, today in bands the timpani are considered ''a part of'' the percussion section. Consequently, the timpani player often will double on other percussion instruments.

[[Contemporary classical music|Contemporary compositions]] often call on players to use unusual instruments or effects. For example, several pieces call on the use of [[Siren (noisemaker)|a siren]] while others will ask players to play [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorders]], [[whirly tube]]s, or to [[Singing|sing]], [[Humming|hum]], [[Finger snapping|snap]], [[Clapping|clap]] or even crinkle [[Paper|sheets of paper]]. The wind band's diverse instrumentation and large number of players makes it a very flexible ensemble, capable of producing a variety of sonic effects.

Instrumentation has developed throughout time to become more efficient for the conditions that marching bands need to play in. For example, [[clarinet]]s were found to be more suitable than the older [[oboe]]s and became more widely used in the 18th century. More heavy and bulky instruments were replaced by [[trombone]]s and [[cornet]]s. In the 19th century, band instruments became highly developed as they started to add keys and valves that made certain ranges and notes on instruments easier to navigate and perform, which became a huge game changer for all musicians.<ref name=Schmidt-Jones />

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; Woodwinds
: [[Piccolo]]s 1 ('', 2'')
: [[Western concert flute|Flutes]] 1, 2 ('', 3'')
: ''([[Alto flute]])''<ref name=flute group=note>If called for, sometimes doubled by flute 2 or 3.</ref>
: ''([[Bass flute]])''<ref name=flute group=note>If called for, sometimes doubled by flute 2 or 3.</ref>
: [[Oboe]]s 1, 2
: ''([[Cor anglais|English horn]])''<ref name=oboe group=note>If called for, sometimes doubled by oboe 2.</ref>
: [[Bassoon]]s 1, 2
: ''([[Contrabassoon]])''<ref name=bassoon group=note>If called for, sometimes doubled by bassoon 2.</ref>

: (''[[E-flat clarinet|Sopranino clarinet in E♭]]'')
: [[Clarinet|Soprano clarinet]]s in [[soprano clarinet|B♭]] 1, 2, 3 ('', 4, 5'')<ref name=clarinet1 group=note>Clarinets in A are sometimes used in professional concert bands, generally with a similar intent as [[Symphony orchestra|symphonic orchestras]] for which B♭ or A clarinets are substituted to simplify a part's [[key signature]].</ref>
: (''[[Alto clarinet]]'')
: [[Bass clarinet]]s 1 ('', 2'')
: (''[[Contra-alto clarinet]]/[[Contrabass clarinet]]'') (''often one of either, rarely both''<ref name=clarinet2 group=note>The contrabass clarinet part is usually provided in both B♭ and E♭ (contra-alto).</ref>)

: (''[[Soprano saxophone]]'')<ref name=saxophone1 group=note>In most cases, if a soprano saxophone is called for, it will replace the first alto saxophone part.</ref>
: [[Alto saxophone]]s 1, 2<ref name=saxophone2 group=note>In very rare cases, only a single alto saxophone will be called for (e.g., Holst [[Second Suite in F|Band Suites]]). However, this practice has generally been discontinued with two alto saxophones almost always called for.</ref>
: [[Tenor saxophone]]
: [[Baritone saxophone]]
: (''[[Bass saxophone]]'')

; Brass:
: [[Trumpet]]s or [[cornet]]s in B♭ 1, 2, 3 ('', 4, 5, 6''<ref name=trumpet1 group=note>Trumpet and cornet parts have often been considered interchangeable and are sometimes separated into 3 or 4 cornet parts and two trumpet parts; however, this practice is no longer used and is usually only seen in older (e.g. pre-1950) works and transcriptions. Trumpets are almost always in B♭ though models in E♭, D, and C were used commonly in the heyday of professional concert bands.</ref>)
: (''[[Piccolo trumpet]]''<ref name=trumpet2 group=note>If called for, sometimes doubled by trumpet 1.</ref>)
: (''[[Flugelhorn]]s in B♭ 1'' (, 2))
: (''[[tenor horn|Alto/tenor horns]] in E♭ 1, 2 ''(, 3, 4)<ref name=horn group=note>In older works, there was often a middle brass part that could be played on either alto/tenor horn in E♭, French horn, or [[Mellophone|mellophone in F or E♭]]. There were usually copies of the parts in both F and E♭, for players to read off of based on the key of their instrument. Some modern publishers still include E♭ horn parts, which are merely duplicates of the F horn parts ''transposed'' to E♭. Alto/tenor horns are especially common in Britain, where they are often referred to as ''tenor'' horns.</ref>)
: [[French horn|Horns in F]] 1, 2, 3, 4
: [[Tenor trombone]]s 1, 2 ('', 3'')<ref name=trombone1 group=note>Trombone parts will usually be divided into three parts with the first two parts (trombones 1, 2) played by tenor trombones and the third played by a bass trombone. However, in rare cases where a fourth part is required, either trombone 3 is a tenor and trombone 4 is a bass, or trombones 3 and 4 are both Bass. Scores will typically notate which one is preferred.</ref>
: [[Bass trombone]]
: (''[[Contrabass trombone]]'')
: (''[[Alto trombone]]'')<ref name=trombone2 group=note>If called for, sometimes doubled by trombone 1.</ref>
: [[Euphoniums]]<ref name=baritone1 group=note>The baritone/euphonium part is usually provided in both [[bass clef]] (concert pitch) and [[treble clef]] (in B{{music|flat}}, sounding a [[Major ninth|major 9th]] below written).</ref> or [[baritone horn]]s<ref name=baritone2 group=note>Baritones and euphoniums are often used interchangeably, though some works have distinct parts for the two instruments. Most of the time when a composer writes for "baritone", they are actually thinking of the larger-bore euphonium.</ref> 1 ('', 2'')
: [[Tuba]]s

; Keyboards
: ''[[Piano]]''
: ''[[Celesta]]''
: ''[[Organ (music)|Organ]]''
: ''[[Synthesizer]]s''

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; Percussion<ref name=percussion1 group=note>Percussion ensembles in concert bands can range from 2 to over 14 players. The type of percussion instruments used varies with the piece of music being played. Many percussion instruments from different cultures are used in a lot of contemporary concert band literature, especially in high school and college bands.</ref>
:* ''Examples of [[Unpitched percussion instrument|non-pitched]] choices''
:*: [[Snare drum]]s
:*: [[Bass drum]]s
:*: [[Tenor drum]]s
:*: [[Clash cymbal|Cymbals]]
:*: [[Tam-tam]]s
:*: [[Triangle (musical instrument)|Triangles]]
:*: [[Tambourine]]s
:*: [[Güiro]]s
:*: [[Timbales]]
:*: [[Slide whistle]]s
:*: [[Sleigh bell]]s
:*: [[Woodblock (instrument)|Wood blocks]] ''or'' [[temple blocks]]
:*: [[Tom-tom drum|Tom-toms]]
:*: [[Bongo drum|Bongos]]
:*: [[Conga]]s
:*: [[Claves]]
:*: [[Vibraslap]]s
:*: [[Wind chimes]]
:*: [[Rainstick|Rain sticks]]
:*: [[Whip (instrument)|Whips]]
:*: [[Maracas]]
:*: [[Finger cymbals]]
:*: [[Mark tree]]
:*: [[Bell tree]]
:*: [[Drum set]]
:* ''Examples of [[pitched percussion instrument]]s''
:*: [[Timpani]]<ref name=percussion2 group=note>Timpani are always included in percussion parts; they have their own stave, [[Clef#bass clef|notated in bass clef.]]</ref>
:*: [[Glockenspiel]]s
:*: [[Xylophone]]s
:*: [[Marimba]]
:*: [[Crotales]]
:*: [[Vibraphone]]
:*: [[Tubular bells|Chimes]]

; Strings
: ''[[String bass]]''<ref name=strings group=note>String bass parts are typically included in more advanced band pieces and larger ensemble instrumentation.  The string bass part is sometimes replaced with [[Bass guitar|an electric bass]] in certain contemporary band pieces. Some high schools and most college and professional bands will have a bassist in the ensemble.</ref>
: ''[[Pedal harp|Harp]]'' (1, 2)
: ''[[Cello]]''
: ''[[Electric guitar]]''
: ''[[Bass guitar]]''
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{{reflist|group=note}}

==Repertoire==

===Development of a repertoire===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
Until early in the 20th century, there was little music written specifically for the wind band, which led to an extensive repertoire of pieces transcribed from orchestral works, or arranged from other sources. However, as the wind band moved out of the sole domain of the military marching ensemble and into the concert hall, it has gained favor with composers, and now many works are being written specifically for the concert band and the wind ensemble. While today there are composers who write exclusively for band, many composers famous for their work in other genres have given their talents to composition for wind bands as well. This is especially true in Japan, where an enormous market can be found for wind band compositions, which is largely due to commissions by the [[All-Japan Band Association]] and leading professional ensembles such as the [[Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra]] and [[Osaka Municipal Symphonic Band]], as well as the [[Kappa Kappa Psi]] and [[Tau Beta Sigma]] [[List of works commissioned by Kappa Kappa Psi or Tau Beta Sigma|Commissioning Program]], the longest-running commissioning series for wind band in the United States.

===Prominent composers for concert band===

====Early to middle 20th century====
Some of the most important people in establishing literature written specifically for concert band in the early and middle 20th century were:
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* [[Robert Russell Bennett]]
* [[Aaron Copland]]
* [[Norman Dello Joio]]
* [[Vittorio Giannini]]
* [[Percy Grainger]]
* [[Morton Gould]]
* [[Howard Hanson]]
* [[Paul Hindemith]]
* [[Gustav Holst]]
* [[Gordon Jacob]]
* [[Darius Milhaud]]
* [[Martin Mailman]]
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* [[Vaclav Nelhybel]]
* [[Vincent Persichetti]]
* [[Alfred Reed]]
* [[H. Owen Reed]]
* [[Arnold Schoenberg]]
* [[Claude T. Smith]]
* [[John Philip Sousa]]
* [[Igor Stravinsky]]
* [[Fisher Tull]]
* [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]
* [[Clifton Williams (composer)|Clifton Williams]]
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====Late 20th century to the present====
Over the last fifty years, many composers have written major works for wind ensemble. Some rose to prominence for helping to develop the concert band.

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* [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]]
* [[Brian Balmages]]
* [[James Barnes (composer)|James Barnes]]
* [[Leslie Bassett]]
* [[Warren Benson]]
* [[Derek Bourgeois]]
* [[Jerry Brubaker]]
* [[Mark Camphouse]]
* [[John Barnes Chance]]
* [[Steven Bryant (composer)|Steven Bryant]]
* [[Nigel Clarke (composer)|Nigel Clarke]]
* [[Michael Colgrass]]
* [[John Corigliano]]
* [[James Curnow]]
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* [[Greg Danner]]
* [[Michael Daugherty]]
* [[Ingolf Dahl]]
* [[Elliot del Borgo]]
* [[David Del Tredici]]
* [[David Gillingham]]
* [[Rossano Galante]]
* [[Julie Giroux]]
* [[Peter Graham (composer)|Peter Graham]]
* [[Donald Grantham]]
* [[Edward Gregson]]
* [[Jacob de Haan (composer)|Jacob de Haan]]
* [[Samuel R. Hazo]]
* [[Frigyes Hidas]]
* [[Jennifer Higdon]]

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* [[David Holsinger]]
* [[Alan Hovhaness]]
* [[Karel Husa]]
* [[Yasuhide Ito]]
* [[Robert Jager]]
* [[John Mackey (composer)|John Mackey]]
* [[Timothy Mahr]]
* [[David Maslanka]]
* [[W. Francis McBeth]]
* [[Johan de Meij]]
* [[Lior Navok]]
* [[Ron Nelson (composer)|Ron Nelson]]
* [[Carter Pann]]
* [[Vincent Persichetti]]
* [[Timothy Reynish]]
* [[Jan Van der Roost]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Richard St. Clair]]
* [[Gunther Schuller]]
* [[Joseph Schwantner]]
* [[Alex Shapiro]]
* [[Robert W. Smith (musician)|Robert W. Smith]]
* [[Philip Sparke]]
* [[Jack Stamp]]
* [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
* [[James Swearingen]]
* [[Frank Ticheli]]
* [[Fisher Tull]]
* [[Eric Whitacre]]
* [[John Zdechlik]]

{{col-end}}

===Important concert band literature===
{{Hatnote|See article at [[List of concert band literature]] and [[Symphonies for concert band]]}}

==Wind-band research==
Research on wind-band topics began in earnest in 1964 through the ''Journal of Band Research'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=JBR Home |url=http://www.journalofbandresearch.org/index.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=The Journal of Band Research}}</ref> affiliated with the [[American Bandmasters Association]].

During the early 21st century, organizations that promote band research began publishing more research on wind band-related topics: Germany-based IGEB (founded 1974),<ref>Initiatives expanded in recent decades include a research award, digital books, biography series, and monograph series. [https://www.igeb.net/ IGEB: International Society for Research and Promotion of Wind Music]</ref> the World Association of Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE, founded 1983),<ref>WASBE Journal became peer-reviewed from 2006. [https://wasbe.org/wasbe-journal WASBE Journal]</ref> and US-based organizations [[Historic Brass Society]] (founded 1988),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.historicbrass.org/publications/hbs-journal |title=Historic Brass Society – ''Historic Brass Society Journal''|access-date=2020-07-05 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222135/https://historicbrass.org/publications/hbs-journal |url-status=dead }}</ref> National Band Association (NBA, founded 1960),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalbandassociation.org/nba-journal/|title=NBA Journal|website=Nationalbandassociation.org|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> and College Band Directors National Association (CBDNA, founded 1941).<ref>CBDNA Journal established in 2010. [https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/cbdna-journal-research-review/journal202608 CBDNA Journal]</ref>

Internationally notable wind-band researchers include Vincent Dubois on French bands, Paul Niemisto on Finnish bands, [[Frederick Harris (conductor)|Frederick Harris]] on wind-band conductors, Jill M. Sullivan on US women's bands, Frank Battisti on US bands, [[David Hebert]] on Japanese and Polynesian bands, Patrick M. Jones on US military bands, and David Whitwell on European bands and repertoire.

==Band associations==
Some notable band associations include:
* [[American Bandmasters Association]]
* [[British Association of Symphonic Bands and Wind Ensembles]]
* [[All-Japan Band Association|All Japan Band Association]]
* [[Association of Concert Bands]]
* [[Lesbian and Gay Band Association]]
* [[National Band Council of Australia]]

==See also==
* [[Ottoman military band]]
* [[United States military bands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Concert bands}}
* [https://www.community-music.info/ Community-Music—a resource for community band musicians and conductors]
* [https://www.concert-bands.co.uk/ The Concert Band Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040613150707/http://www.bandmusic.org/ Directory of American Community Concert Bands and Wind Ensembles]
* [https://www.grahamnasby.com/misc/music_local-resources.shtml Directory of Canadian Community Concert Bands and Wind Ensembles]
* [https://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/book/978-94-007-2177-7 Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools], by David G. Hebert (Dordrecht and New York: Springer, 2012).

{{Orchestra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Concert bands| ]]
[[Category:Types of musical groups]]