View source for Trier

{{short description|City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Treves|other uses|Treves (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox German place
|German_name = <small> {{nativename|lb|Tréier}}</small>
|type               = City
|image_photo       = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image1 = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
|caption1 = Trier skyline
|image2 = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
|caption2 = [[Porta Nigra]]
|image3 = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
|caption3 = [[Aula Palatina]]
|image4 = Trier - Dom & Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
|caption4 = [[Trier Cathedral]] and [[Liebfrauenkirche, Trier|Liebfrauenkirche]]
|image5 = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
|caption5 = [[Karl Marx House]]
|image6 = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
|caption6 = Trier market place
}}
|image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
|image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|display=inline,title}}
|demonym            = Trevian
|state              = Rhineland-Palatinate
|district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
|year               = 16 BC
|elevation          = 137
|area               = 117.06
|postal_code        = 54290–54296 (except 54291) 
|area_code          = 0651
|licence            = TR
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
|website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
|mayor              = Wolfram Leibe<ref>[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08 }}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.</ref>
|leader_term        = 2023&ndash;31
|party              = SPD
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
}}
'''Trier''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɪər}} {{respell|TREER}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402052247/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/trier "Trier"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Trier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182044/https://www.lexico.com/definition/trier |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Trier |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Trier|access-date=April 2, 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|de|tʁiːɐ̯|lang|Trier.ogg}}; {{langx|lb|Tréier}} {{IPA|lb|ˈtʀəɪɐ||Lb-Tréier.ogg}}), formerly and traditionally known in English as '''Trèves''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɛ|v}} {{respell|TREV}}, {{IPA|fr|tʁɛv|lang}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402052249/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/treves "Trèves"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tr%C3%A8ves |title=Trèves |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Trèves|access-date=April 2, 2019}}</ref>) and '''Triers''' (see also [[Names of Trier in different languages|names in other languages]]), is a city on the banks of the [[Moselle (river)|Moselle]] in [[Germany]]. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red [[sandstone]] in the west of the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], near the border with [[Luxembourg]] and within the important [[Mosel (wine region)|Moselle wine region]].

Founded by the [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] in the late 1st century BC as ''[[Augusta Treverorum]]'' ("The City of [[Augustus]] among the [[Treveri]]"), Trier is considered Germany's oldest city.<ref name="Trier website">{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves &#124; Website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26 }}</ref>{{refn|An honor that is contested by [[Cologne]], [[Kempten]], and [[Worms, Germany|Worms]].}} It is also the oldest [[cathedral|seat]] of a [[bishop]] north of the [[Alps]]. Trier was one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire during the [[Tetrarchy]] period in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries.<ref name = "unesco"/> In the [[Middle Ages]], the [[archbishop-elector of Trier]] was an important [[prince of the Church]] who controlled land from the French border to the [[Rhine]]. The archbishop-elector of Trier also had great significance as one of the seven [[prince-elector|electors]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Because of its significance during the Roman and Holy Roman empires, several monuments and cathedrals within Trier are listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title = Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 22 May 2022}}</ref>

With an approximate population of 110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after [[Mainz]], [[Ludwigshafen]], and [[Koblenz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf|title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010|work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]]|year=2011|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-31}}</ref> The nearest major cities are [[Luxembourg City]] ({{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} to the southwest), [[Saarbrücken]] ({{convert|80|km|0|abbr=off|disp=or}} southeast), and [[Koblenz]] ({{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} northeast).

The [[University of Trier]], the administration of the [[Trier-Saarburg]] district and the seat of the ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion''), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the [[Academy of European Law]] (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five "[[Central place theory|central places]]" of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, [[Metz]] and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} union of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassing [[Saar-Lor-Lux]] ([[Saarland]], [[Lorraine]] and [[Luxembourg]]), Rhineland-Palatinate, and [[Wallonia]].

== History ==
{{Main|History of Trier}}
The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of [[Linear Pottery culture|linear pottery]] settlements dating from the early [[Neolithic]] period. Since the last [[Christianization|pre-Christian]] centuries, members of the [[Celt]]ic tribe of the [[Treveri]] settled in the area of today's Trier.<ref>See: Heinen, pp. 1–12.</ref> The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locative ''in Trēverīs'' for earlier ''Augusta Treverorum''. According to the [[Archbishops of Trier]], in the ''[[Gesta Treverorum]]'', the founder of the city of the Trevians is [[Trebeta]]. German historian [[Johannes Aventinus]] also credited [[Trebeta]] with building settlements at [[Metz]], [[Mainz]], [[Basel]], [[Strasbourg]], [[Speyer]] and [[Worms, Germany|Worms]].

[[File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Augusta Treverorum]] in the 4th century]]
[[File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|thumb|left|[[Porta Nigra]]]]
The historical record describes the [[Roman Empire]] subduing the [[Treveri]] in the {{nowrap|1st century BC}} and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&L=2|title=The City of Trier|publisher=Trier University|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> The name distinguished it from the empire's [[Augusta (disambiguation)#Places|many other cities]] honoring the first [[Roman emperor]], [[Augustus]]. The city later became the capital of the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Gallia Belgica|Belgic Gaul]]; after the [[Diocletian Reforms]], it became the capital of the [[praetorian prefecture|prefecture]] of [[Praetorian Prefecture of Gaul|the Gauls]], overseeing much of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. From 293 to 395, Trier was one of the residences of the Western Roman Emperor. In the 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000.<ref name="landesmuseum-trier">{{cite web|url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf|date=8 March 2012|title=TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY|access-date=2015-08-26|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train|author=LaVerne, F.K.|date=1991|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=9780762761630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&pg=PA337 |page=337|access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="google books">{{cite book|title=BEYOND OUR WORLD: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |author=Baker, Myron|date=2013|publisher=Dorrance Publishing Co |isbn=9781480901872|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |page=182|access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref><ref name="academia">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |title=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind &#124; Svante Fischer and Helena Victor - Academia.edu |publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2015-08-26|last1=Victor |first1=Helena |last2=Fischer |first2=Svante }}</ref> The [[Porta Nigra]] ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the [[Western Roman emperor]], Roman Trier was the birthplace of [[Saint Ambrose]]. Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to [[Arles]]. The city continued to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of [[ballistae]] and [[Roman armor|armor]] and [[Roman military uniform|woolen uniforms]] for [[Roman soldiers|the troops]], clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line [[Limes (Roman Empire)|(''līmes'')]] from north of [[Cologne]] to the coast at [[Boulogne]] through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at [[Amiens]].

[[File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|thumb|Scale model of Trier around 1800]]
[[File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|thumb|[[Cathedral of Trier]]]]
[[File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|thumb|[[Electoral Palace, Trier|Electoral Palace]]]]
[[File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|thumb|Römerbrücke over the Moselle. (Detail to the north side)]]
The [[Franks]] seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of [[Eastern Francia]], which developed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Relics of [[Saint Matthias]] brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the [[Archbishopric of Trier]] was recognized as an [[Elector of Trier|electorate]] of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The [[University of Trier]] was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residence to [[Philippsburg]] Castle in [[Festung Ehrenbreitstein|Ehrenbreitstein]], near [[Koblenz]]. A session of the [[Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)|Reichstag]] was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the [[Imperial Circle]]s was definitively established.

In the years from 1581 to 1593, the [[Trier witch trials]] were held. It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the [[Fulda witch trials]], the [[Würzburg witch trial]], and the [[Bamberg witch trials]], perhaps even the largest one in European history. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself. The exact number of people executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[French-Habsburg rivalry]] brought war to Trier. [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]] fought over the city during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. The bishop was imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French troops occupied the city during the [[Nine Years' War]], the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], and the [[War of the Polish Succession]]. After conquering Trier again in 1794 during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], France annexed the city and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]] ended in 1815, Trier passed to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. [[Karl Marx]], the German philosopher and one of the founders of [[Marxism]], was born in the city in 1818.

As part of the [[Prussian Rhineland]], Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the [[revolutions of 1848 in the German states]], although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871.

The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938 [[Kristallnacht]] and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple [[Stolperstein]] have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during the [[Shoah]].<ref>[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|List of Stolperstein in Trier]] (in German).</ref>

In June 1940 during [[World War II]] over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at [[Operation Dynamo|Dunkirk]] and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for German [[prisoner-of-war camp]]s. Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] after the war. The [[University of Trier|university]], dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the [[Cathedral of Trier]] was reopened in 1974 after undergoing substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On [[2020 Trier attack|1 December 2020]], 5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during a [[vehicle-ramming attack]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-01-04.</ref> 
The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July [[2021 European floods|2021 floods]] of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.

{{Historical populations|100|20000|300|80000|400|50000|1250|12,000|1363|10,000|1542|8,500|1613|6,000|1702|4,300|1801|8,829|1871|21,442|1900|43,506|1910|49,112|1919|53,248|1919|57,341|1933|76,692|1939|88,150|1950|75,526|1961|87,141|1970|103,724|1987|94,118|2011|105,671|2018|110,636|align=right|footnote=source:<ref>[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved January 4, 2021.</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}}}{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|600px|View of the city from St. Mary's Column (''Mariensäule'')}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|600px|Trier from the east (''Petrisberg'')}}
Trier sits in a hollow midway along the [[Moselle (river)|Moselle]] valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and [[vineyard]]-covered slopes stretch up to the [[Hunsrück]] plateau in the south and the [[Eifel]] in the north. The border with the [[Luxembourg|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] is some {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} away.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Largest groups of foreign residents
|-\
!Country of birth || Population (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|{{RUS}} || 444
|-
|}

== Neighbouring municipalities ==
''Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the [[Trier-Saarburg]] district''

[[Schweich]], [[Kenn, Germany|Kenn]] and [[Longuich]] (all part of the [[Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße|Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße]]), [[Mertesdorf]], [[Kasel]], [[Waldrach]], [[Morscheid]], [[Korlingen]] and [[Gusterath]] (all in the [[Ruwer (municipality)|Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer]]), [[Hockweiler]], [[Franzenheim]] (both part of the [[Trier-Land|Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land]]), [[Konz]] and [[Wasserliesch]] (both part of the [[Verbandsgemeinde Konz]]), [[Igel]], [[Trierweiler]], [[Aach, Rhineland-Palatinate|Aach]], [[Newel, Germany|Newel]], [[Kordel]], [[Zemmer]] (all in the [[Trier-Land|Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land]]).

== Organization of city districts ==
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|Districts of Trier]]
The Trier urban area is divided into '''19 city districts'''. For each district there is an ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|Ortsbeirat]]'' (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|Ortsvorsteher]]'' (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets.

The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009):

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! width="60" | Official district number
! align="left" | District <small>with associated sub-districts</small>
! align="left" | Area<br/>in km<sup>2</sup>
! align="left" | Inhabitants
|-
| align ="center" | 11
| Mitte/Gartenfeld
|style="text-align:right"| 2.978
|style="text-align:right"| 11,954
|-
| align ="center" | 12
| Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin)
|style="text-align:right"| 3.769
|style="text-align:right"| 13,405
|-
| align ="center" | 13
| Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis)
|style="text-align:right"| 1.722
|style="text-align:right"| 9,123
|-
| align ="center" | 21
| Ehrang/Quint
|style="text-align:right"| 26.134
|style="text-align:right"| 9,195
|-
| align ="center" | 22
| Pfalzel
|style="text-align:right"| 2.350
|style="text-align:right"| 3,514
|-
| align ="center" | 23
| Biewer
|style="text-align:right"| 5.186
|style="text-align:right"| 1,949
|-
| align ="center" | 24
| [[Ruwer/Eitelsbach]]
|style="text-align:right"| 9.167
|style="text-align:right"| 3,091
|-
| align ="center" | 31
| West/Pallien
|style="text-align:right"| 8.488
|style="text-align:right"| 7,005
|-
| align ="center" | 32
| Euren (Herresthal)
|style="text-align:right"| 13.189
|style="text-align:right"| 4,207
|-
| align ="center" | 33
| Zewen (Oberkirch)
|style="text-align:right"| 7.496
|style="text-align:right"| 3,634
|-
| align ="center" | 41
| Olewig
|style="text-align:right"| 3.100
|style="text-align:right"| 3,135
|-
| align ="center" | 42
| Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz)
|style="text-align:right"| 5.825
|style="text-align:right"| 8,708
|-
| align ="center" | 43
| [[Tarforst]]
|style="text-align:right"| 4.184
|style="text-align:right"| 6,605
|-
| align ="center" | 44
| Filsch
|style="text-align:right"| 1.601
|style="text-align:right"| 761
|-
| align ="center" | 45
| Irsch
|style="text-align:right"| 4.082
|style="text-align:right"| 2,351
|-
| align ="center" | 46
| Kernscheid
|style="text-align:right"| 3.768
|style="text-align:right"| 958
|-
| align ="center" | 51
| Feyen/Weismark
|style="text-align:right"| 5.095
|style="text-align:right"| 5,689
|-
| align ="center" | 52
| Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus)
|style="text-align:right"| 2.036
|style="text-align:right"| 6,672
|-
| align ="center" | 53
| Mariahof (St. Michael)
|style="text-align:right"| 7.040
|style="text-align:right"| 3,120
|- class="sortbottom"
| align ="center" |
| Totals
|style="text-align:right"| 117.210
|style="text-align:right"| 105,076
|}

==Climate ==
Trier has an oceanic climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), but with greater extremes than the marine versions of [[northern Germany]]. Summers are warm except in unusual heat waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite not being on the coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&units=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&units=|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2020|title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> As a result of the [[2003 European heat wave|European heat wave in 2003]], the highest temperature recorded was 39&nbsp;°C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019, a record-breaking temperature of 40.6&nbsp;°C was recorded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was −19.3&nbsp;°C on February 2, 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/|title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland|website=Wetterdienst.de|language=de|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>

{{Weather box	
| location = Trier (1991–2020 normals)	(1948-present extremes)
| metric first = Y	
| single line = Y	
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =36.2
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days = 	
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 13 October 2023}}</ref><ref name = noaa>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT
| server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
| title = Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = February 2, 2019
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - Wetter- und Klimaberatung
}}

== Main sights ==
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|Name        = [[Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site|Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier]]
|Image       = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
|imagecaption=Ruins of the Imperial Baths
|Criteria    = Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi
|ID          = 367
|Year        = 1986
|Includes    = [[Trier Amphitheater|Amphitheater]], [[Roman Bridge (Trier)|Roman bridge]], [[Barbara Baths]], [[Igel Column]], [[Porta Nigra]], [[Trier Imperial Baths|Imperial Baths]], [[Aula Palatina]], [[Cathedral of Trier|Cathedral]] and [[Liebfrauenkirche, Trier|Liebfrauenkirche]]
}}
[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Aula Palatina]], or Constantine Basilica, built 4th century AD during the reign of Roman emperor [[Constantine I]]]]
Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:
* the ''[[Porta Nigra]]'', the best-preserved Roman [[city gate]] north of the [[Alps]];
* the huge [[Aula Palatina]], a [[basilica]] in the original Roman sense, was the {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} long throne hall of [[Roman emperor]] [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantine]]; it is today used as a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Church (building)|church]]; adjacent is the [[Electoral Palace, Trier]];
* the Roman [[Trier Amphitheater]];
* the 2nd century AD [[Römerbrücke (Trier)|Roman bridge]] (''Römerbrücke'') across the Moselle, the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
* ruins of three [[Roman baths]], among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including the [[Barbara Baths]], the [[Trier Imperial Baths]], and the [[Forum Baths, Trier]];
* [[Trier Cathedral]] ({{langx|de|Trierer Dom}} or ''Dom St. Peter''), a Catholic church that dates back to Roman times; its Romanesque west façade with an extra apse and four towers is imposing and has been copied repeatedly; the Cathedral is home to the [[Holy Tunic]], one of a number of garments claimed to be the robe [[Jesus]] was wearing when he died, as well as many other relics and reliquaries in the [[Trier Cathedral Treasury|Cathedral Treasury]];
* the ''[[Liebfrauenkirche, Trier|Liebfrauenkirche]]'' (German for ''Church of [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Our Lady]]''), which is one of the most important early [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] churches in Germany, in some ways comparable to the architectural tradition of the [[Gothic architecture#France|French Gothic]] cathedrals;
* [[St. Matthias' Abbey, Trier|St. Matthias' Abbey]] (''Abtei St. Matthias''), still a functioning monastery whose medieval church harbours what is held to be the only tomb of an [[Twelve Apostles|apostle]] located north of the Alps;
* [[St. Gangolf's church]] is the city's 'own' church near the main market square (as opposed to the Cathedral, the bishop's church); largely Gothic;
* [[St. Paulinus' Church, Trier|Saint Paulinus' Church]], one of the most important [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] churches in Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architect [[Balthasar Neumann]];
* two old [[treadwheel]] [[crane (machine)|crane]]s, one being the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] "Old Crane" (''Alte Krahnen'') or "Trier Moselle Crane" (''Trierer Moselkrahn'') from 1413, and the other the 1774 [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] crane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" (''(Alter) Zollkran'') or "Younger Moselle Crane" (''Jüngerer Moselkran'') (see [[List of historical harbour cranes]]).

== Museums ==
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier]]
* ''[[Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier|Rheinisches Landesmuseum]]'' (an important archaeological museum for the Roman period; also some early Christian and Romanesque sculpture);
* ''Domschatzkammer'' ([[Treasury of Trier Cathedral]]; with the Egbert Shrine, the reliquary of the Holy Nail, the cup of Saint Helena and other reliquaries, liturgical objects, ivories, manuscripts, etc., many from the Middle Ages);
* ''Museum am Dom'', formerly ''Bischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum'' (Museum of the [[Diocese of Trier]]; religious art, also some Roman artefacts);
* ''Stadtmuseum Simeonstift'' (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a scale model of the medieval city);
* [[Karl Marx House]]; a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century;
* Toy Museum of Trier;
* Ethnological and open-air museum [[Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum|Roscheider Hof]], a museum in the neighbouring town of [[Konz]], right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet;
* [[Fell Exhibition Slate Mine]]; site in the municipality of Fell, {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.
* Memorial sculpture (2012) by Clas Steinmann to the deportation of [[Sinti]] and [[Romani people]] in Trier.<ref>{{Citation |last=Palauenc05 |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|left | Uni Trier Campus 1]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|University of applied sciences, central campus]]
Trier is home to the [[University of Trier]], founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the [[Trier University of Applied Sciences]]. The [[Academy of European Law]] (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 ''Kindergärten'',<ref name="trier">{{cite web|url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&MODULE=Frontend&ACTION=ViewPageView&Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite &#124; Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=trier.de, City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref> 25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as the ''Humboldt Gymnasium Trier'', ''Max Planck Gymnasium'', ''Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium'', ''Angela Merici Gymnasium'', ''Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium'' and the ''Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus'', ''Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus'', ''Realschule Plus Ehrang''.<ref name="trier2">{{cite web|url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&MODULE=Frontend&ACTION=ViewPageView&PageView.PK=6&Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=trier.de, City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref>

== Annual events ==
* Since 1980, the Altstadtfest is celebrated in downtown Trier on the last weekend of June, followed by the Zurlaubener Heimatfest on the banks of the Mosel river two weeks later.
* Until 2014, Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival, [[Brot und Spiele]] ([[German language|German]] for ''Bread and Games'' – a translation of the famous Latin phrase ''[[Bread and circuses|panem et circenses]]'' from the [[satires of Juvenal]]).
* Trier has been the base for the [[Rallye Deutschland|German round]] of the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2002, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
* Trier holds a Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas Market on the ''Hauptmarkt'' (Main Market Square) and the ''Domfreihof'' in front of the [[Cathedral of Trier]].
* The Olewiger Weinfest is an annual wine festival held in the village of Olewig, just outside of Trier, Germany. The festival takes place over three days, typically in August, and features a wide variety of activities, including wine tastings, live music and food stalls.

== Culture ==
Trier has a municipal theatre, [[Theater Trier]], for musical theatre, plays and dance.

==Transport==
[[Trier Hauptbahnhof|Trier station]] has direct [[Deutsche Bahn|railway]] connections to many cities in the region. The nearest cities by [[train]] are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways [[Bundesautobahn 1|A 1]], [[Bundesautobahn 48|A 48]] and [[Bundesautobahn 64|A 64]] Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in [[Findel Airport|Luxembourg]] (0:40 h by car), [[Frankfurt-Hahn]] (1:00 h), [[Saarbrücken Airport|Saarbrücken]] (1:00 h), [[Frankfurt am Main Airport|Frankfurt]] (2:00 h) and [[Cologne/Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]] (2:00 h). The [[Moselle (river)|Moselle]] is an important waterway and is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html|title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by|last=Fender|first=Keith|date=12 February 2014|work=International Railway Journal|access-date=2014-02-25}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|Moselstadium Trier]]
Major sports clubs in Trier include:
*[[SV Eintracht Trier 05]], [[association football]]
*[[Gladiators Trier]], [[basketball]] (former [[TBB Trier]])
*[[DJK/MJC Trier]], women's [[team handball]]
*[[Trier Cardinals]], [[baseball]]
*[[PST Trier Stampers]], [[American Football]]
*[[FSV Trier-Tarforst]], intera alia [[association football|football]] and [[Rugby football|rugby]]

==International relations==
Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]], [[Saarbrücken]] and [[Metz]] (neighbouring countries: [[Luxembourg]] and [[France]]).

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Trier is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/|website=trier.de|publisher=Trier|language=de|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gloucester]], England, UK (1957)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Metz]], France (1957)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ascoli Piceno]], Italy (1958)
*{{flagicon|NED}} [['s-Hertogenbosch]], Netherlands (1968)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Pula]], Croatia (1971)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Weimar]], Germany (1987)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], United States (1987)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]], Japan (2006)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xiamen]], China (2010)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Izium]], Ukraine (2024)<ref>{{cite web|title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg|language=de|date=2024-03-08|publisher=The city administration of Trier|url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein|language=de|journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel|editor-first=Arnt|editor-last=Finkenberg|place=Trier|date=14 March 2024|issue=11|page=3}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Namesakes===
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New Trier Township, Cook County, Illinois|New Trier Township]], Illinois, US, originally settled by people from Trier.
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New Trier, Minnesota|New Trier]], Minnesota, US, settled by people from Trier about 1856.
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New Trier High School]], an Illinois school named after Trier.

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Eucharius]] (died c. 250), first bishop of Trier
*[[Constantius Chlorus]] (c. 250–306), Roman emperor
*[[Maximian]] (c. 250–310), Roman emperor
*[[Valerius of Trèves|Valerius]] (died 320), second bishop of Trier
*[[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]] (c. 250–330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great (residence in Trier by tradition)
*[[Athanasius of Alexandria]] (296/298–373), saint (in exile ca. 335)
*[[Paulinus of Trier|Paulinus]] (died 358), bishop of Trier
*[[Valentinian I]] (321–375), Roman emperor
*[[Ausonius]] (c. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
*[[Ambrose]] (c. 340–397), saint
*[[Apronia of Toul]] (6th century), nun and saint
*[[Saint Modesta]] (died c. 680), founder and Abbess of the monastery of Oeren
*[[Kaspar Olevianus]] (1536–1587), theologian
*[[Heinrich Marx]] (1777–1838), lawyer, father of Karl Marx
*[[Henriette Pressburg|Henriette Marx]] (1788–1863), mother of Karl Marx
*[[Johann Anton Ramboux]] (1790–1866), painter
*[[Jenny Marx]] (1814–1881), revolutionary, drama critic
*[[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883), social philosopher and revolutionary
*[[August Beer]] (1825–1863), scientist
*[[Udo Samel]] (born 1953), Actor
*[[Frederick A. Schroeder]] (1833–1899), American politician, mayor of [[Brooklyn]]
*[[Hans am Ende]] (1864–1918), painter
*[[Ludwig Kaas]] (1881–1952), Catholic priest and politician ([[Centre Party (Germany)|Zentrum]])
*[[Ludwig von Westphalen]] (1770 –1842), father-in-law of Karl Marx
*[[Oswald von Nell-Breuning]] (1890–1991), theologian
*[[Charles de Gaulle]] (1890–1970), General and French statesman, as commander of a battalion of Chasseurs during the [[Occupation of the Rhineland|French occupation of Rhineland]]
*[[Reinhard Heß]] (1904–1998), painter and glass painter
*[[Wolf Graf von Baudissin]] (1907–1993), general, military planner and [[Peace and conflict studies|peace researcher]]
*[[Peter Thullen]] (1907–1996), German-Ecuadorian mathematician
*[[Gitta Lind]] (1925–1974), singer
*[[Reinhold Bartel]] (1926–1996), operatic tenor
*[[Ernst Huberty]] (1927–2023), sports reporter
*[[Günther Steines]] (1928–1982), athlete
*[[Franz Grundheber]] (born 1937), baritone
*[[Otmar Seul]] (born 1943), lawyer, professor
*[[Helga Zepp-LaRouche]] (born 1948), journalist and politician
*[[Xavier Bout de Marnhac]] (born 1951), French general, former commander of [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]]
*[[Robert Zimmer (philosopher)|Robert Zimmer]] (born 1953), philosopher and essayist
*[[Ernst Ulrich Deuker]] (born 1954), musician
*[[François Weigel]] (born 1964), French pianist, composer and conductor
*[[Eric Jelen]] (born 1965), tennis player
*[[Martin Bambauer]] (born 1970), church musician
*[[Frank Findeiß]] (born 1971), poet
*[[Anja Kaesmacher]] (born 1974), operatic soprano
*[[Georg Meier (chess player)]] (born 1987), German grandmaster of chess
{{div col end}}

==See Also==
* [[New Trier Township, llinois]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
Heinz Monz: ''Trierer Biographisches Lexikon''. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000. 539 p.&nbsp;{{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

==External links==
{{commons|Trier}}
{{wikivoyage|Trier}}
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trier| ]]
[[Category:10s BC establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Gallia Belgica]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Germany]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Germany]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Germany]]