View source for Carlo Gozzi

{{Short description|Italian playwright (1720–1806)}}
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[[Image:Carlo Gozzi.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Carlo Gozzi]]
'''Carlo, Count Gozzi''' ({{IPA|it|ˈkarlo ˈɡɔddzi|lang}}; 13 December 1720 – 4 April 1806)<ref name=":0" /> was an [[Italians|Italian]]{{Efn|Though the modern Republic of [[Italy]] had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the [[Italians#Name|term Italian]] had been in use for natives of [[Italian geographical region|the region]] since antiquity.<ref>[[Pliny the Younger]], ''[[Epistulae (Pliny)|Letters]]'' 9.23.</ref>}} ([[Venetian Republic|Venetian]]) [[playwright]] and champion of ''[[Commedia dell'arte]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite thesis |last1=Patterson |first1=David Josh |title=A Tale of Two Carlos: An Examination of the Ongoing Battle Between the Marginalized and the Privileged as Exemplified by Carlo Goldoni and Carlo Gozzi During the 18th Century |date=2011 |type=MA thesis |publisher=Utah State University |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1006/ |doi=10.26076/9ab9-6ba5 |id=Paper 1006}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Gozzi was born and died in [[Venice]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lees|first=D. Nevile|date=April 1914|title=Carlo Gozzi and the Venetian Drama of the Eighteenth Century|journal=Mask|volume=6}}</ref> he came from a family of minor Venetian aristocracy,<ref name=":3" /> the Tiepolos.<ref name=":2" />  At a young age, his parents were no longer able to support him financially, so he joined the army in [[Dalmatia]].<ref>Carlo Gozzi. ''Memoirs''. 2 Vol., trans. John Addington Symonds (London: John C. Nimmo, 1890). 1:249.</ref> Three years later, he had returned to Venice and joined the Granelleschi Society.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc.|year=1995|pages=483}}</ref> This society was dedicated to preserving [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] literature from the influence of foreign culture; it was particularly interested in handing down traditional Italian comedic performance: the ''[[Commedia dell'arte]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer: Compiled and Revised to Date from the Leading Encyclopedias of the World. A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, to which is Added Biographies of Living Subjects, One Hundred Colored Maps and Numerous Illustrations, Volume 4|last=Harrison De Puy|first=William|publisher=Christian Herald|year=1908|pages=2877}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Gozzi, Carlo, Count|volume=12|page=305}}</ref>

==Works ==
[[Pietro Chiari]] and [[Carlo Goldoni]], two Venetian writers, were moving away from the old style of Italian theatre, which threatened the work of the Granelleschi Society.<ref name=":2" /> In 1757 Gozzi defended ''[[Commedia dell'arte]]'' by publishing a satirical poem, ''La tartana degli influssi per l'anno 1756''; and in 1761, in his comedy based on a fairy tale, ''[[The Love for Three Oranges (fairy tale)|The Love for Three Oranges]]'' or ''Analisi riflessiva della fiaba L'amore delle tre melarance'', he parodied Chiari and Goldoni.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Five Tales for the Theatre|last=Gozzi|first=Carlo|publisher=The Chicago University Press|year=1989|pages=1}}</ref> He engaged the Sacchi company of players, a Commedia dell'arte troupe who had had dwindling engagements because of Chiari and Goldoni's efforts.<ref name=":4" />  Their acting was informed by personal vendetta, making the play an extraordinary success.<ref name="EB1911"/> Gozzi donated his play and the rest of his fairy tales to Sacchi's troupe, in effect saving the company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Carlo Gozzi: A Life in 18th Century Venetian Theatre, an Afterlife in Opera|last=DiGaetani|first=John Louis|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2000|pages=61}}</ref> Gozzi's efforts on behalf of the genre were anachronistic, since Gozzi wrote out all his scripts. whereas traditional Commedia dell'arte was always improvised.<ref name=":1" />

Struck by the effect produced on the audience by the introduction of the supernatural or mythical element,<ref name=":3" /> which he had merely used as a convenient medium for his satirical purposes, Gozzi produced a series of dramatic pieces based on [[fairy tale]]s.<ref name="EB1911"/> These were hugely popular, but after Sacchi's company disbanded, they were unjustly neglected. Gozzi's fairy tales drew influence from ''[[Commedia dell'arte]]'', and the popularity of them caused a revival of Commedia dell'arte in Italy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Magic flutes and Enchanted Forests: The Supernatural in Eighteenth Century Musical Theatre|url=https://archive.org/details/magicflutesencha00buch|url-access=limited|last=Buch|first=David J.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/magicflutesencha00buch/page/n246 214]}}</ref> These fairy tales were much praised by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[August Wilhelm von Schlegel|Schlegel]] brothers, [[E. T. A. Hoffmann|Hoffmann]], [[Anne Louise Germaine de Staël|Madame de Staël]], [[Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi|Sismondi]] and [[Aleksandr Ostrovsky|Ostrovsky]]. One of them, ''[[Turandot (play and character)|Turandot]]'' or ''La Turandotte'', was translated by [[Friedrich Schiller]] and staged by Goethe in Weimar in 1802 with great success. Gozzi was acclaimed throughout most of Europe, but was less esteemed in his own homeland.<ref name=":5" />

In the last years of Gozzi's life he had begun to experiment by producing tragedies with largely comical influences, but these endeavors were met with harsh critical response. He then began to work in Spanish drama, and found minor success before his death.<ref name=":4" /> He was buried in the church of San Cassiano in Venice.<ref name=":2" />

==Personal life ==
His feuds with [[Carlo Goldoni]] and [[Pietro Chiari]] between 1756-1762 were legion. They argued over the changing style of Italian theatre and Gozzi's concern about losing ''[[Commedia dell'arte]]''.<ref name=":1" />

He was the titular protector of the actress [[Teodora Ricci-Bàrtoli|Teodora Ricci]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The memoirs of Count Carlo Gozzi|last=Gozzi|first=Carlo|publisher=J.C. Nimmo|year=1890|pages=187}}</ref> When Pier Antonio Gratarol, a member of Venetian society whom Gozzi's ''Draghe d'Amore'' was partially based on, had an affair with her, Gozzi was instrument in Gratrol's exile.<ref name=:2 />

The writer [[Gasparo Gozzi]] was his brother.

His collected works were published under his own superintendence at Venice in 1792, in 10 volumes.<ref name="EB1911"/>

A number of twentieth-century stage works were inspired by Gozzi's plays. These include treatments of ''[[Turandot (Gozzi)|Turandot]]'' by [[Karl Vollmöller]] and [[Turandot (Brecht)|Bertolt Brecht]], operas based on the same story by [[Turandot (Busoni)|Ferruccio Busoni]], and, more famously, [[Turandot|Giacomo Puccini]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s ''[[The Love of Three Oranges]]'', [[Alfredo Casella]]'s ''[[La donna serpente (opera)|La donna serpente]]'' and [[Hans Werner Henze]]'s ''[[König Hirsch]]''. He shares his tomb with his brother [[Gasparo Gozzi]] at [[San Michele Cemetery, Venice|the San Michele cemetery]] on the [[Isola di San Michele]].

==Works==

===Plays===
;''Fiabe Teatrali'' — "Tales for the Theatre"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Fiable di Carlo Gozzi|last=Gozzi|first=Carlo|publisher=Nicola Zanichelli|year=1885|location=Bologna}}</ref>
[[File:Princess Turandot - 1922.jpg|thumb|Carlo Gozzi's ''Turandot'', 1922 performance by the Russian theater director [[Yevgeny Vakhtangov]]]]

* ''[[L'amore delle tre melarance]]'' — "The Love of Three Oranges" (1761)
* ''[[Il corvo]]'' — "The Raven" (1761)<ref>Katherine Rae Syer - 2014 ''Wagner's Visions: Poetry, Politics, and the Psyche in the Operas''  1580464823 "... Il corvo was precisely the play that E. T. A. Hoffmann singled out for special praise in his 1813 dialogue on Romantic aesthetics, "Der Dichter und der Komponist" (The poet and the composer), in which he praised Gozzi's legends as the ideal ...</ref>
* ''{{ill|Il re cervo|it|Il re cervo}}'' — "The King Stag" (1762)
* ''[[Turandot (Gozzi)|Turandot]]'' (1762)
* ''[[La donna serpente]]'' — "The Serpent Woman" (1762)
* ''La Zobeide'' (1763)
* ''I Pitocchi Fortunati'' — "The Fortunate Beggars" (1764)
* ''Il Mostro Turchino'' — "The Blue Monster" (1764)
* ''L'Augellino Bel Verde'' — "[[The Green Bird]]" (1765)
* ''Zeim, Re de' Geni'' — "Zeim, King of the Genies" (1765)

;Other plays
* ''[[Marfisa]] bizzarra'' (1766)
* ''The Elixir of Love'' (1775/1776)
* ''Il Cavaliere Amico; o sia, Il Trionfo dell'Amicizia'' — "The Knight; or, The Triumph of Friendship" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts)
* ''Doride; o sia, La Rassegnata'' — "Doride; or, The Resigned" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts)
* ''La Donna Vendicativa'' — "The Vengeful Woman" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts)
* ''La Caduta di Donna Elvira, Regina di Navarra'' — "The Fall of Donna Elvira, Queen of Navarre" [Prologo Tragico].
* ''La Punizione nel Precipizio'' — "Punishment in the Precipice" (Tragicomedy in 3 Acts)
* ''Il Pubblico Secreto'' — "The Public Secret" (Comedy in 3 Acts)
* ''Le Due Notti Affannose; o sia, gl'Inganni della Immaginazione'' — "Two Frantic Nights; or, Illusions of Imagination" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts)
* ''La Principessa Filosofa; o sia, Il Controveleno'' — "The Princess Philosopher; or, The Antidote" (Drama in 3 Acts)
* ''I Due Fratelli Nimici'' — "The Two Enemy Brothers" (Tragicomedy in 3 Acts)
* ''Eco e Narciso'' — "Echo and Narcissus" (Seriocomic Pastoral with Music in 3 Acts)
* ''Il Moro di Corpo Bianco; o sia, Lo Schiavo del Proprio Onore'' — "The Moor with White Body; or, The Slave of his own Honor" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts)
* ''La Donna Contraria al Consiglio'' — "The Woman Against the Council" (Scenic Composition in 5 Acts)
* ''Cimene Pardo'' — "Cimene Pardo" (Tragedy in 5 Acts)
* ''Innamorata da Vero'' — "True Love" (Comedy in 3 Acts)
* ''Bianca Contessa di Melfi; o sia, Il Maritaggio per Vendetta'' — "Bianca, Countess of Malfi; or, the Maritaggio for Vendetta" (Tragedy in 5 Acts)
* ''Il Montanaro Don Giovanni Pasquale'' — "The Montanaro Don Giovanni Pasquale" (Moral Stage Action in 5 Acts)
* ''La Figlia dell'Aria; o sia, L'Innalzamento di Semiramide'' — "Daughter of the Air; or, The Rise of Semiramis" (Allegorical Tale in 3 Acts)
* ''Il Metafisico; o sia, L'Amore, e L'Amicizia alla Prova'' — "The Metaphysical; or, Love and Friendship Put to the Test" (Drama 3 Acts)
* ''Annibale, Duca di Atene'' — "Hannibal, Duke of Athens" (Verse Representation in 5 Acts)
* ''La Malia della Voce'' — "The Woman's(?) Voice" (Drama 5 Acts)
* ''Amore Assottiglia il Cervello'' — "Love Thins the Brain" (Comedy in 5 Acts)
* ''La Vedova del Malabar'' — "The Widow of Malabar" (Tragedy in 5 Acts)

===Other works===
* ''Ragionamento ingenuo, e storia sincera dell'origine delle mie dieci Fiabe teatrali'' — "Ingenuous Disquisition and Sincere History of My Ten Tales for the Theatre" (1772)
* ''Memorie Inutili'' — "Useless Memoirs" (1777, published 1797)

==Editions==
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Memorie inutili'' (éd. Giuseppe Prezzolini). Laterza, Bari 1910.
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere del Co: Carlo Gozzi''. Colombani, Venezia/Firenze 1772[-1774].
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere edite ed inedite del Co. Carlo Gozzi''. Zanardi, Venezia 1801[-1803].
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere. Teatro e polemiche teatrali'' (éd. Giorgio Petronio). Rizzoli, Milano 1962.
* ''Scritti di Carlo Gozzi'', éd. E. Bonora. Einaudi, Torino 1977.
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Le fiabe teatrali'' (= ''Biblioteca di Cultura.'' 261). Testo, introduzione e commento a cura di Paolo Bosisio. Bulzoni, Rom 1984.
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Theatralische Werke.'' Aus dem italiänischen übersezt. 5 voll. Typographische Gesellschaft, Bern 1777–1779.

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* Carmelo Alberti (ed.), ''Carlo Gozzi, scrittore di teatro'' (= ''La fenice dei teatri.'' 1). Bulzoni, Rom 1996, {{ISBN|88-7119-880-8}}. 
* Alfredo Beniscelli, ''La finzione del fiabesco. Studi sul teatro di Carlo Gozzi'',(= ''Collana di saggistica'', vol. 19). Marietti, Casale Monferrato 1986, {{ISBN|88-211-6571-X}}.
* Michele Bordin, Anna Scannapieco (eds.): ''Antologia della critica goldoniana e gozziana.'' Marsilio, Venezia 2009, {{ISBN|978-88-317-9822-8}}.
* Paolo Bosisio, ''Carlo Gozzi e Goldoni. Una polemica letteraria'', Olschki, Firenze 1979.
* Françoise Decroisette, "Carlo Gozzi", in ''Il contributo italiano alla storia del pensiero. La Letteratura'', Giulio Ferroni (ed.), Roma, Enciclopedia Treccani, 2017.
* Helmut Feldmann, ''Die Fiabe Carlo Gozzis. Die Entstehung einer Gattung und ihre Transposition in das System der deutschen Romantik'' (= ''Studi italiani.'' Bd. 11). Böhlau, Köln u. a. 1971, {{ISBN|3-412-31171-5}}.
* Siro Ferrone, ''Attori mercanti corsari. La Commedia dell'arte in Europa tra Cinque e Seicento'', Einaudi, Torino 1993.
* Bodo Guthmüller/[[Wolfgang Osthoff]] (eds.), ''Carlo Gozzi. Letteratura e musica'' (= ''La fenice dei teatri.'' 4). Bulzoni, Rom 1997, {{ISBN|88-8319-135-8}}.
* Thomas F. Heck, ''Commedia dell'Arte: A Guide to the Primary and Secondary Literature'', Garland, New York 1988.
* Kii-Ming Lo, ''Turandot auf der Opernbühne'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt/Bern/New York 1996.
* Gérard Luciani, ''L’œuvre de Carlo Gozzi et les polémiques théâtrales contre les Lumières'', dans: ''Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century'' 89/1972, pp.&nbsp;939–974.
* Gérard Luciani, ''Carlo Gozzi : 1720-1806, l’homme et l’œuvre…'', Paris, H. Champion, 1977.
* Gérard Luciani, ''Carlo Gozzi, ou, L’enchanteur désenchanté'', Grenoble, Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2001 {{ISBN|978-2-7061-1028-3}}.
* Arnaldo Momo, ''La carriera delle maschere nel teatro di Goldoni, Chiari, Gozzi'', Marsilio, Venezia 1992.
* Allardyce Nicoll, ''The World of Harlequin'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1963.
* Robert Perroud, ''La défense et l'utilisation des ‚masques’ de la commedia dell'arte dans l'oeuvre de Carlo Gozzi.'' In: Roger Bauer, Jürgen Wertheimer (eds.), ''Das Ende des Stegreifspiels – Die Geburt des Nationaltheaters. Ein Wendepunkt in der Geschichte des europäischen Dramas.'' Fink, München 1983, {{ISBN|3-7705-2008-4}}, pp.&nbsp;9–16.
* [[Jean Starobinski]], ''Ironie et mélancholie (I): Le théâtre de Carlo Gozzi'', dans: Critiques 22 (1966), pp.&nbsp;438–457.
* [[Jean Starobinski]], ''Portrait de l'artiste en saltimbanque'', Gallimard, Paris 1983/2004, {{ISBN|9782070770373}}.
* Jörn Steigerwald, ''Serendipità oder Selbstaufklärung im Medium des Theaters: Carlo Gozzis „Il re cervo".'' In: ''Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert.'' Nr. 35.1, 2011, {{ISSN|0722-740X}}, pp.&nbsp;73–89.
* Frederik D. Tunnat, ''Karl Vollmoeller. Dichter und Kulturmanager. Eine Biographie.'' tredition, Hamburg 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-86850-000-4}} (gives information on Vollmoeller's productions of Gozzi's plays).
* Olga Visentini, ''Movenze dell'esotismo: »il caso Gozzi«'', in: [[Jürgen Maehder]] (ed.), ''Esotismo e colore locale nell'opera di Puccini. Atti del I° Convegno Internazionale sull'opera di Giacomo Puccini'', Giardini, Pisa 1985, pp.&nbsp;37–51.
* Susanne Winter, ''Von illusionärer Wirklichkeit und wahrer Illusion. Zu Carlo Gozzis Fiabe teatrali'', Frankfurt/Main 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-465-03509-1}}. 
* Friedrich Wolfzettel, ''Märchen, Aufklärung und ‚Antiaufklärung’: zu den ‚fiabe teatrali’ Carlo Gozzis'' dans: ''Aufklärung'', éd. Roland Galle, Helmut Pfeiffer, Fink, Paderborn/München 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-7705-4298-7}}, pp.&nbsp;117–145.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{DBI|first=Alberto|last=Beniscelli|title=GOZZI, Carlo|volume=58|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-gozzi_(Dizionario-Biografico)}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=8719| name=Carlo Gozzi}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Carlo Gozzi}}
* {{LCAuth||Carlo Gozzi|78|ue}}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33225 ''The Memoirs of Count Carlo Gozzi''] at gutenberg.org

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gozzi, Carlo}}
[[Category:1720 births]]
[[Category:1806 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Isola di San Michele]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian male writers]]
[[Category:Commedia dell'arte dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:18th-century Venetian writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from the Republic of Venice]]