View source for Yang Chen-Ning

{{Short description|Chinese physicist (born 1922)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Yang (surname)|Yang]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Yang Chen-Ning
| native_name       = {{nobold|楊振寧}}
| native_name_lang  = zh-Hant
| image             = Yang.jpg
| alt               = Black-and-white photograph of Yang Chen-Ning at 35 years-old, a young Chinese man with short, dark hair wearing a morning suit.
| caption           = Yang in 1957
| birth_name        = Yang Chen-Ning ({{lang|zh-Hant|楊振寧}})
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1922|10|01|df=yes}}<ref name="birthdate" />
| birth_place       = [[Hefei]], [[Anhui]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| citizenship       = China
| field             = {{ubl
  | [[Statistical mechanics]]
  | [[Particle physics]]
  | [[Condensed matter physics]]
  | [[Field (physics)#Field theory|Field theory]]
  }}
| alma_mater        = {{ubl
  | [[National Southwestern Associated University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
  | [[Tsinghua University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
  | {{no wrap|[[University of Chicago]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
  }}
| work_institution  = {{ubl
  | [[Stony Brook University]]
  | [[Institute for Advanced Study]]
  | [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
  | [[Tsinghua University]]
  | [[University of Chicago]]
  | [[Chern Institute of Mathematics]]
  }}
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Edward Teller]]
| academic_advisors = [[Enrico Fermi]]
| doctoral_students = {{ubl|
  | [[Alexander Wu Chao]]
  | [[T. Bill Sutherland|Bill Sutherland]]
  }}
| known_for         = {{collapsible list
  | [[Yang–Baxter equation]]
  | [[Yang-Baxter operator]]
  | [[Yang–Mills theory]]
  | [[Byers-Yang theorem]]
  | [[Landau–Yang theorem]]
  | [[Lee–Yang theorem]]
  | [[Lee–Yang theory]]
  | [[Wu–Yang dictionary]]
  | [[Wu–Yang monopole]]
  | Fermi–Yang model
  | Off-diagonal long-range order
  | [[G-parity]]
  | [[Parity violation]]
  }}
| prizes            = {{clist
  | [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1957)
  | [[List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1962|Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1962)
  | [[List of Fritz London Memorial Lectures|Fritz London Memorial Lecture]] (1966)
  | [[Rumford Prize]] (1980)
  | [[National Medal of Science]] (1986)
  | [[Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture]] (1988)
  | [[List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1992|ForMemRS]] (1992)
  | [[Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences|Benjamin Franklin Medal]] (1993)
  | [[Franklin_Institute_Awards#Bower_Awards|Bower Award]] (1994)
  | [[Albert Einstein Medal]] (1995)
  | Bogolyubov Prize (1996)
  | [[Lars Onsager Prize]] (1999)
  | [[King Faisal Prize]] (2001)
  }}
| spouse            = {{ubl
  | {{Marriage|Tu Chih-Li ({{lang|zh-Hant|杜致禮}})|1950|2003|end=her death}}
  | {{Marriage|Weng Fan ({{lang|zh-Hans|翁帆}})|2005}}
  }}
| children          = 3
| signature         = Chinese Autograph Of Chen Ning Yang.png
| footnotes         = 
| module            = {{Infobox Chinese
| child             = yes
| order             = st
| t                 = 楊振寧
| s                 = 杨振宁
| p                 = Yáng Zhènníng
| w                 = {{tonesup|Yang2 Chên4-ning2}}
| mi                = {{IPAc-cmn|yang|2|-|zh|en|4|.|n|ing|2}}
}}
}}
{{Modern physics}}

'''Yang Chen-Ning''' or '''Chen-Ning Yang''' ({{zh|t=楊振寧|s=杨振宁|p=Yáng Zhènníng}}; born 1 October 1922),<ref name="birthdate">{{Cite web |last1=Li |first1=Bing-An |last2=Deng |first2=Yuefan |author-link2=Yuefan Deng |title=Biography of C.N. Yang |url=http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/yangbio.pdf |access-date=11 September 2007 |quote=His birth date was erroneously recorded as September 22, 1922 in his 1945 passport. He has since used this incorrect date on all subsequent official documents.}}</ref> also known as '''C. N. Yang''' or by the English name '''Frank Yang''',<ref name="npbio">{{Cite web |title=Chen Ning Yang - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/yang/biographical/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=nobelprize.org |publisher=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> is a Chinese [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] who made significant contributions to [[statistical mechanics]], [[integrable systems]], [[gauge theory]], and both [[particle physics]] and [[condensed matter physics]]. He and [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] received the 1957 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<ref name="np">{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/ |access-date=1 November 2014 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref> for their work on parity non-conservation of [[weak interaction]]. The two proposed that the conservation of [[parity (physics)|parity]], a physical law observed to hold in all other physical processes, is violated in the so-called [[Weak interaction|weak nuclear reactions]], those nuclear processes that result in the emission of [[beta particle|beta]] or [[alpha particle]]s. Yang is also well known for his collaboration with [[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]] in developing non-abelian gauge theory, widely known as the [[Yang–Mills theory]].

== Early life and education ==
Yang was born in [[Hefei]], [[Anhui]], China. His father, {{ill|Yang Ko-Chuen|lt=Ko-Chuen Yang|zh|杨武之}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|楊克純}}; 1896–1973), was a mathematician, and his mother, Meng Hwa Loh Yang ({{lang|zh-Hant|羅孟華}}), was a housewife.{{cn|date=June 2023}} 

Yang attended elementary school and high school in [[Beijing]], and in the autumn of 1937 his family moved to [[Hefei]] after the Japanese [[Second Sino-Japanese War|invaded]] China. In 1938 they moved to [[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]], where [[National Southwestern Associated University]] was located. In the same year, as a second-year student, Yang passed the entrance examination and studied at National Southwestern Associated University. He received a Bachelor of Science in 1942,<ref name="npbio" /> with his thesis on the application of [[group theory]] to molecular spectra, under the supervision of [[Wu Ta-You|Ta-You Wu]]. 

Yang continued to study graduate courses there for two years under the supervision of [[Wang Zhuxi]], working on statistical mechanics. In 1944, he received a Master of Science from [[Tsinghua University]], which had moved to Kunming during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).<ref name="npbio" /> Yang was then awarded a scholarship from the [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program]], set up by the United States government using part of the money China had been forced to pay following the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. His departure for the United States was delayed for one year, during which time he taught in a middle school as a teacher and studied field theory.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Yang entered the [[University of Chicago]] in January 1946 and studied with [[Edward Teller]]. He received a Doctor of Philosophy in 1948.<ref name="npbio" />

== Career ==
Yang remained at the [[University of Chicago]] for a year as an assistant to [[Enrico Fermi]]. In 1949 he was invited to do his research at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in Princeton, New Jersey, where he began a period of fruitful collaboration with [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]. He was made a permanent member of the Institute in 1952, and full professor in 1955. In 1963, [[Princeton University Press]] published his textbook, ''Elementary Particles''. In 1965 he moved to [[Stony Brook University]], where he was named the Albert Einstein Professor of Physics and the first director of the newly founded Institute for Theoretical Physics. Today this institute is known as the [[C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics]].

Yang retired from [[Stony Brook University]] in 1999, assuming the title emeritus Professor. In 2010, [[Stony Brook University]] honored Yang's contributions to the university by naming its newest dormitory building C. N. Yang Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2010 |title=Exclusive: New Dorm Likely to Honor Nobel Laureate |url=http://thinksb.com/2010/03/exclusive-new-dorm-likely-to-honor-nobel-laureate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045917/http://thinksb.com/2010/03/exclusive-new-dorm-likely-to-honor-nobel-laureate/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=6 May 2011 |website=Thinksb.com}}</ref>

Yang has been elected a Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]], the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], the [[Academia Sinica]], the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], and the [[Royal Society]]. He was an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/chen-ning-yang |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> the [[American Philosophical Society]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Chen+Ning+Yang&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen N. Yang |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/48888.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> He was awarded honorary doctorate degrees by [[Princeton University]] (1958), [[Moscow State University]] (1992), and the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (1997).

Yang visited the Chinese mainland in 1971 for the first time after the thaw in China–US relations, and has subsequently worked to help the Chinese physics community rebuild the research atmosphere{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} which was destroyed by the radical political movements during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. After retiring from [[State University of New York at Stony Brook|Stony Brook]], he returned as an honorary director of [[Tsinghua University]], Beijing, where he is the Huang Jibei-Lu Kaiqun Professor at the [[Center for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University|Center for Advanced Study (CASTU)]]. He is also one of the two [[Shaw Prize]] Founding Members and is a Distinguished Professor-at-Large at the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]].

Yang helped to establish the Theoretical Physics Division at the [[Chern Institute of Mathematics]] in 1986 at the request of [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] who was serving as the inaugural director of the Institute at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction-CIM |url=http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/About_CIM/Introduction.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219222902/http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/About_CIM/Introduction.htm |archive-date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=en.cim.nankai.edu.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theoretical Physics Division-CIM |url=http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/Affiliations/Theoretical_Physics_Division.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231743/http://en.cim.nankai.edu.cn/Affiliations/Theoretical_Physics_Division.htm |archive-date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=en.cim.nankai.edu.cn}}</ref>

Yang was the first president of the Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPPS) when it was established in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAPPS |url=https://aapps.org/content/historicalBackgroundView.do |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.aapps.org |language=ko}}</ref>  In 1997 the AAPPS created the C.N. Yang Award in his honor to highlight young researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAPPS: C.N. Yang Award |url=https://aapps.org/content/awardView.do |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.aapps.org |language=ko}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yang married Tu Chih-li ({{zh|t=杜致禮|s=杜致礼|p=Dù Zhìlǐ}}), a teacher, in 1950; they had two sons and a daughter together. His father-in-law was the [[Kuomintang]] general [[Du Yuming]]. Tu died in October 2003. In January 2005, Yang married Weng Fan ({{zh |t = 翁帆 |p = Wēng Fān }}), a university student. They met in 1995 at a physics seminar; the couple reestablished contact in February 2004. Yang called Weng, who is 54 years his junior, his "final blessing from God".<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2014 |title=Chen Ning Yang, 82, to marry a 28-year-old woman |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/16/content_400791.htm |work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref> Yang formally renounced his U.S. citizenship in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2017 |title=Two top Chinese-American scientists have dropped their U.S. citizenship |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/two-top-chinese-american-scientists-have-dropped-their-us-citizenship |work=[[Science (journal)|Science]]}}</ref>

On 1 October 2022, Yang became a [[centenarian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Celebrating Chen Ning Yang at 100 |url=https://www.ias.edu/news/celebrating-chen-ning-yang-100 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.ias.edu |language=en}}</ref>

== Academic achievements ==
Yang has worked on [[statistical mechanics]], [[condensed matter theory]], [[particle physics]] and [[gauge theory]]/[[quantum field theory]].

At the University of Chicago, Yang first spent twenty months working in an accelerator lab, but he later found he was not as good as an experimentalist and switched back to theory. His doctoral thesis was about angular distribution in [[nuclear reaction]]s. 

Yang is well known for his 1953 collaboration with [[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]] in developing [[Non-abelian group|non-abelian]] [[gauge theory]], widely known as the [[Yang–Mills theory]]. The idea was generally conceived by Yang, and the novice scientist Mills assisted him in this endeavor as Mills said:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Jeremy |author-link1=Jeremy Gray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0TTBwAAQBAJ&q=during+the+academic+year+1953-1954+yang+was+a+visitor+to+the+brookhaven+national+laboratory...+I+was+at+brookhaven+also...+and+was+assigned&pg=PA63 |title=Mathematical Conversations: Selections from The Mathematical Intelligencer |last2=Wilson |first2=Robin |author-link2=Robin Wilson (mathematician) |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781461301950 |page=63}}</ref><blockquote>During the academic year 1953-1954, Yang was a visitor to [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]...I was at Brookhaven also...and was assigned to the same office as Yang. Yang, who has demonstrated on a number of occasions his generosity to physicists beginning their careers, told me about his idea of generalizing gauge invariance and we discussed it at some length...I was able to contribute something to the discussions, especially with regard to the quantization procedures, and to a small degree in working out the formalism; however, the key ideas were Yang's.</blockquote>
The Yang-Mills theory was called by [[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravo |first=Nick |date=1999-10-02 |title=Robert L. Mills, 72, Theorist In Realm of Subatomic Physics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/30/nyregion/robert-l-mills-72-theorist-in-realm-of-subatomic-physics.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><blockquote>
The foundation for current understanding of how subatomic particles interact, a contribution which has restructured modern physics and mathematics.</blockquote>
Subsequently, in the last three decades, many other prominent scientists have developed key breakthroughs to what is now known as gauge theory.{{cn|date=December 2024}}  

Later, Yang worked on particle phenomenology; a well-known work was the Fermi–Yang model treating [[pion|pion meson]] as a bound nucleon–anti-nucleon pair. In 1956, he and Tsung Dao (T.D.) Lee proposed that in the [[weak interaction]] the [[parity symmetry]] was not conserved, [[Chien-Shiung Wu|Chien-shiung Wu]]'s team at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington experimentally verified the theory. Yang and Lee received the 1957 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their parity violation theory, which brought revolutionary change to the field of [[particle physics]].<ref name="np" /> Yang has also worked on [[neutrino]] theory with Tsung Dao (T.D.) Lee, 1957, 1959, CT nonconservation (with Tsung Dao (T.D.) Lee and R. Oheme, 1957), electromagnetic interaction of [[vector mesons]] (with Tsung Dao (T.D.) Lee, 1962), [[CP nonconservation]] with [[Tai Tsun Wu]] (1964).

In the 1970s Yang worked on the topological properties of gauge theory, collaborating with Wu Tai-Tsun to elucidate the [[Wu–Yang monopole]]. Unlike the [[Dirac monopole]], it has no singular [[Dirac string]]. 

Yang has had a great interest in statistical mechanics since his undergraduate time. In the 1950s and 1960s, he collaborated with Tsung Dao (T.D.) Lee and [[Kerson Huang]], etc. and studied [[statistical mechanics]] and [[condensed matter theory]]. He studied the theory of [[phase transition]] and elucidated the [[Lee–Yang circle theorem]], properties of quantum [[boson|boson liquid]], two dimensional [[Ising model]], flux quantization in [[superconductors]] (with N. Byers, 1961), and proposed the concept of Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order (ODLRO, 1962). In 1967, he found a consistent condition for a one-dimensional factorized scattering many-body system, the equation was later named the [[Yang–Baxter equation]], it plays an important role in [[integrable model]]s and has influenced several branches of physics and mathematics.
{{clear|right}}

== Awards and honors==
{{Multiple image| align = right| direction = vertical| total_width = 200| image1 = Yang Hall, Stony Brook University.jpg| caption1 = C.N. Yang Hall at [[Stony Brook University]]| image2= HD.3F.010_%2811086446676%29.jpg| caption2 = Yang (seated, left) with fellow Nobel Prize winners}}

* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1957)<ref name="np" />
* [[Ten Outstanding Young Americans]] (1957)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Allen |date=1957 |title=Chen Ning Yang and other recipients of the USJCC's 1957 Ten Outstanding Young Men |url=https://albert.ias.edu/handle/20.500.12111/5368 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Institute for Advanced Study}}</ref>
* [[Rumford Prize]] (1980) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Prizes |url=https://www.amacad.org/archives/history/prizes |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref>
* [[National Medal of Science]] (1986)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=405 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.nsf.gov |publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref>
* [[Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture|Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture and Medal]] (1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earlier Lectures - Oskar Klein Centre |url=http://www.okc.albanova.se/research/memorial-lecture/earlier-lectures |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104135719/http://www.okc.albanova.se/research/memorial-lecture/earlier-lectures |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.okc.albanova.se |publisher=Stockholm University}}</ref>
* [[Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences]] of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1993)<ref name="franklinscience_recipients">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/franklinscience |access-date=26 November 2011 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref>
* [[The Franklin Institute Awards|Bower Award]] (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=Chen Ning Yang |url=https://www.fi.edu/laureates/chen-ning-yang |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=The Franklin Institute |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Albert Einstein Medal]] (1995)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Einstein Society |url=https://www.einstein-bern.ch/en/einstein-society |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.einstein-bern.ch}}</ref>
* [[Lars Onsager Prize]] (1999)<ref>{{Cite web |title=1999 Lars Onsager Prize Recipient |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Yang&first_nm=Chen&year=1999 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.aps.org |publisher=American Physical Society |language=en}}</ref>
* [[King Faisal International Prize]] (2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Faisal Prize - Professor Chen Ning Yang |url=https://kingfaisalprize.org/professor-chen-ning-yang/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=kingfaisalprize.org |publisher=King Faisal Prize}}</ref>
* C.N. Yang Hall, a residence hall and activity center at [[Stony Brook University]], was dedicated in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2010 |title=C.N. Yang Hall Dedication Ceremony |url=https://news.stonybrook.edu/homespotlight/c-n-yang-hall-dedication-ceremony-2/ |access-date=27 November 2022 |publisher=Stony Brook University}}</ref>
* [[International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics#Marcel Grossmann Awards|Marcel Grossmann Awards]] (2015), “for deepening Einstein’s geometrical approach to physics in the best tradition of Paul Dirac and Hermann Weyl”<ref>MG14, Marcel Grossmann Awards, Rome 2015 [https://www.icra.it/mg/mg14/mg14_awards.pdf ICRANet and ICRA]. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'' (2016 and 2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author= <!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

== Selected publications  ==
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |url={{Google books|id = kgoKtAEACAAJ|plainurl = yes }} |title=Selected Papers, 1945–1980, with Commentary |publisher=[[W. H. Freeman and Company|W. H. Freeman & Co.]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7167-1406-4 |location=San Francisco, CA}}
** {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Chen-Ning |url={{Google books|id = 43K5ym_wVE0C|plainurl = yes }} |title=Selected Papers, 1945–1980, with Commentary |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2005 |isbn=981-256-367-9 |edition=2005 |series=World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics |volume=36 |location=Singapore |orig-year=1983}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Chen-Ning |url={{Google books|id = kZK6CgAAQBAJ|plainurl = yes }} |title=Selected Papers of Chen Ning Yang II: With Commentaries |publisher=World Scientific |year=2013 |isbn=978-981-4449-00-7 |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=C. N. |last2=Mills |first2=R. L. |author-link2=Robert Mills (physicist) |year=1954 |title=Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |bibcode=1954PhRv...96..191Y |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.96.191 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=R. L. |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1966 |title=Treatment of Overlapping Divergences in the Photon Self-Energy Function |journal=Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement |volume=37 |page=507 |bibcode=1966PThPS..37..507M |doi=10.1143/PTPS.37.507 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |author-link=Yang Chen-Ning |title=50 years of Yang-Mills theory |publisher=World Scientific |year=2005 |isbn=978-981-238-934-3 |editor-last='t Hooft |editor-first=Gerardus |editor-link=Gerard 't Hooft |location=Singapore |chapter=Remembering Robert Mills |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV57GpYjYREC&pg=PA11}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. D. |author-link1=Tsung-Dao Lee |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1956 |title=Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions |journal=Physical Review |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=254–258 |bibcode=1956PhRv..104..254L |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.104.254 |s2cid=2044624 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. D. |author-link1=Tsung-Dao Lee |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1952 |title=Statistical Theory of Equations of State and Phase Transitions. II. Lattice Gas and Ising Model |journal=Physical Review |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=410–419 |bibcode=1952PhRv...87..410L |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.87.410 |issn=0031-9007}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Byers |first1=N. |author-link1=Nina Byers |last2=Yang |first2=C. N. |year=1961 |title=Theoretical Considerations Concerning Quantized Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Cylinders |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=46–49 |bibcode=1961PhRvL...7...46B |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.46}}

== See also ==
* [[Yang–Mills theory]]
** [[Wu–Yang monopole]]
* [[Yang–Baxter equation]]
** [[Yangian]]
* [[Parity violation]]
** [[Wu experiment]]
* [[Lee–Yang theorem]]
* [[Byers–Yang theorem]]
* [[C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics]]
* [[Center for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University]] 
* [[List of Chinese Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of theoretical physicists]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |title=Special problems of statistical mechanics |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1952 |location=Seattle, WA |asin=B0007FZHH4}}
* Lee, T. D. and Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4326727-elementary-particles-weak-interactions Elementary Particles and Weak Interactions]", [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] (BNL), [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]), (1957).
* Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4076461-many-body-problem-physics-monographs The Many Body Problem. Physics Monographs No. 6]," Rio de Janeiro. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, (1960).
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |title=Elementary Particles: A Short History of Some Discoveries in Atomic Physics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1963 |location=Princeton, NJ |asin=B000E1CBGG |orig-year=1961}}
* Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4737171-mathematical-deductions-from-some-rules-concerning-high-energy-total-cross-sections Mathematical Deductions from Some Rules Concerning High-Energy Total Cross Sections]," [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] (BNL), [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]), (1962).
* Yang, C. N. "[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4514695-symmetry-principles-physics-brookhaven-lecture-series-number Symmetry Principles In Physics. Brookhaven Lecture Series Number 50]," [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] (BNL), [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]), (13 October 1965).
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=C. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedpapers190000yang |title=Selected papers 1945–1980, with commentary (Chen Ning Yang) |publisher=W.H. Freeman |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7167-1406-4 |location=San Francisco, CA |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite web |title=C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP) |url=http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu |access-date=5 January 2008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Bill |author-link=T. Bill Sutherland |url=http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/5552.html |title=Beautiful Models |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-981-238-859-9 |location=Singapore}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}

* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4984 Interview of Chen Ning Yang by John Israel and Larry Schneider on 1980 November 1, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090907195430/http://www.castu.tsinghua.edu.cn/cnyang/ Professor Chen Ning Yang] (homepage – [[Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University]])
* [http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~yang/ Chen Ning Yang] (homepage – [[Stony Brook University]])
* [http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/people.old/teach/cnyang/ C.N. Yang's Home Page]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (homepage – [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]])
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1957 ''The Law of Parity Conservation and Other Symmetry Laws of Physics''
* [http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=1&twoid=3 The Shaw Prize, Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031231548/http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=1&twoid=3 |date=31 October 2016 }} (homepage – [[Shaw Prize]])
* [http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/ITP/symmetries-99/ Symmetries and Reflections] (C.N. Yang retirement symposium at [[Stony Brook University]])
* [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cnyang-scholars/Pages/default.aspx The CN Yang Scholars Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607112652/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cnyang-scholars/Pages/default.aspx |date=7 June 2011 }} at [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/default.aspx Nanyang Technological University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422103546/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/default.aspx |date=22 April 2011 }}, Singapore
* {{Cite web |date=20 December 2011 |title=Chen-ning Yang interview |url=https://simonsfoundation.org/mps-science-lives/-/asset_publisher/bo1E/content/chen-ning-yang?redirect=%2Fmps-science-lives#simpg1vid15 |publisher=Simons Foundation}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1951–1975}}
{{1957 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|physical}}
{{FRS 1992}}

{{Portal bar|Physics|China|Biography}}
{{Touching the Heart of China}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yang, Chen-Ning}}
[[Category:Yang Chen-Ning| ]]
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