View source for Khutor

{{Short description|Large homesteads in Eastern European agrarian societies}}
[[File:KonstantinKryzhitsky HutorVMalorossii 1884.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Konstantin Kryzhitsky]]. ''A Khutir in [[Little Russia]]'', 1884]]

A '''khutor'''  ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|x|uː|t|ər}} {{respell|KHOO|tər}}; {{lang-rus|хутор|p=ˈxutər}}) or '''khutir''' ({{langx|uk|хутiр|link=no}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈxut⁽ʲ⁾ir|IPA}}) is a type of rural locality in some countries of [[Eastern Europe]]; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-[[Homestead (buildings)|homestead]] settlement.<ref name=GSE>[https://archive.today/20130504135127/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80/ Khutor] from the [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name=BE>[http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/111/111286.shtml Khutor] from the [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The term can be translated as "[[hamlet (place)|hamlet]]".<ref>[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/uk-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80 Українсько-англійський переклад «хутір» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]</ref><ref>[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/ru-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80 Російсько-англійський переклад «хутор» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]</ref>

They existed in [[Cossack]]-settled lands that encompassed today's [[Ukraine]], [[Kuban]], and the lower [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]] basin while in [[Kuban]] and Don region the word ''khutor'' was also used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from [[stanitsa]]s.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhutirIT.htm Khutir] at the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]</ref> In some [[Cossack]] communities, these types of settlements were referred to as ''posyolok'' ({{langx|ru|посёлок|link=no}}) or ''selyshche'' ({{langx|uk|селище|link=no}}). In [[Russia]] the term "{{lang|ru|выселки}}" (''vyselki'', literally, "those who moved away") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.

During the [[Stolypin reform]]s in the [[Russian Empire|Russian empire]], [[Peter Stolypin]] envisaged rich [[peasant]]s "privatising" their share of the community (''[[obshchina]]'' ({{langx|ru|община|link=no}}) or ''tovarystvo'' ({{langx|uk|товариство|link=no}})) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land.  A less radical concept was that of an ''otrub'' (отруб) or ''vidrub'': a section of formerly ''obshchina'' land, whose owner has left the ''obshchina'' but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715021326/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/ Otrub] from the [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the [[collectivisation in the USSR]].<ref name=GSE/>

== Linguistic origin ==
The origin of the word is not entirely clear. Assumed are borrowings from [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] határ ({{lit.}} "border"), to which the Slavs are reduced, or határ ("border, edge") — from [[Serbo-Croatian]]; also from [[Proto-Iranic]] khȁtȃr ({{lit.}} "land belonging to the village") to [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as ''khotar''.<ref name="ЕСУМ">[https://goroh.pp.ua/Етимологія/хутір Хутір] // [[Етимологічний словник української мови]] : в 7 т. / редкол.: [[Мельничук Олександр Савич|О. С. Мельничук]] (гол. ред.) та ін. — Київ: [[Наукова думка]], 2012. — Т. 6: У — Я. — С. 224. — ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.</ref>

According to [[Max Vasmer]], the word entered the East Slavic languages from Old [[Upper German]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==In literature==
[[File:Количество хуторов в России по субъектам РФ.png|thumb|300px|Number of khutors by region in Russia]]
[[Nikolai Gogol]]'s first major work is called ''[[Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka]]'', where "farm" is a translation of "khutor" ({{langx|ru|Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки|link=no}}, ''Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki'').{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Ranch]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economic history of Russia]]
[[Category:Economic history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Social history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Rural geography]]
[[Category:Human habitats]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]
[[Category:Russian-language designations of territorial entities]]