View source for Jai alai

{{Short description|Type of sport}}

{{Infobox sport
| image=Jai alai players.jpg
| imagesize=250px
| caption= Jai alai play in progress
| union=
| nickname=
| first=14th century
| registered=
| clubs=
| contact=No
| team= Various
| mgender=
| category= Indoor–outdoor
| ball= [[Ball|pelota]], [[xistera]]/cesta
| olympic=
}}
'''Jai alai''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|.|ə|l|aɪ}} {{respell|HYE|ə|lye}}: {{IPA|eu|ˈxai aˈlai|}}) is a Basque sport involving bouncing a ball off a walled-in space by accelerating it to high speeds with a hand-held [[wicker]], commonly referred to as a ''cesta''. It is a variation of [[Basque pelota]]. The term ''jai alai'', coined by [[Serafin Baroja]] in 1875, is also often loosely applied to the [[fronton (court)|fronton]] (the open-walled playing area) where matches take place. The game, whose name means "merry festival" in Basque, is called ''zesta-punta'' ("basket tip") in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]. The sport is played worldwide, but especially in [[Spain]], [[France]], the U.S. state of [[Florida]], and [[Baja California |Baja California.]]

== Rules and customs ==
[[Image:Chistéra.jpg|thumb|right|265x265px|Long ''xistera'']]

The [[Game court|court]] for jai alai consists of walls on the front, back and left, and the floor between them. If the ball (called a ''pelota'' in [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]], ''pilota'' in [[Standard Basque]]) touches the [[floor]] outside these walls, it is considered out of bounds. Similarly, there is also a border on the lower {{convert|3|ft|m|sigfig=1}} of the front wall that is also out of bounds. The ceiling on the court is usually very high, so the ball has a more predictable path. The court is divided by 14 parallel lines going horizontally across the court, with line 1 closest to the front wall and line 14 the back wall. In doubles, each team consists of a frontcourt player and a backcourt player. The game begins when the frontcourt player of the first team serves the ball to the second team. The winner of each point stays on the court to meet the next team in rotation. Losers go to the end of the line to await another turn on the court. The first team to score 7 points (or 9 in Superfecta games) wins. The next highest scores are awarded "place" (second) and "show" (third) positions, respectively. Playoffs decide tied scores.

The most common American version of the game of jai alai game is played in [[Round-robin tournament|round robin]] format, usually between eight teams of two players each or eight single players, although in rare instances the teams may consist of three players each or triples. The first team to score 7 or 9 points wins the game. Two of the eight teams are in the court for each point. The server on one team must bounce the ball behind the serving line, then with the cesta "basket" hurl it towards the front wall so it strikes the front wall first and if it is not caught by the other team before it bounces, must
bounce between lines 4 and 7 on the floor. The ball is then in play. The ball used in jai alai is hand crafted and consists of wound virgin rubber strands tightly wound together and then wrapped in 2 layers of goat skin. Once the ball is in play, the other team  must catch and return it before it bounces twice. The process of catching and throwing must be completed in one fluid motion with no "juggling" or "holding" of the ball. The ball may be caught either on the fly or after bouncing once on the floor but cannot bounce twice. A team scores a point if an opposing player:

* fails to serve the ball directly to the front wall so that upon rebound it will bounce between lines No. 4 and 7. If it does not, it is an under or over serve and the other team will receive the point.
* fails to catch the ball on the fly or after one bounce
* holds or juggles the ball
* hurls the ball out of bounds
* interferes with a player attempting to catch and hurl the ball. These interference plays are called at the judges' discretion and most times, the point is replayed.
[[File:Guernica - Frontón Jai Alai.jpg|thumb|Guernica Fronton, Basque Country, Spain]]The team scoring a point remains in the court and the opposing team rotates off the court to the end of the list of opponents. Points usually double after the first round of play, once each team has played at least one point. When a game is played with points doubling after the first round, this is called "Spectacular Seven" or "Spectacular Nine" scoring if the games are played to nine points.

The players frequently attempt a "chula" shot, where the ball is played off the front wall then reaches the bottom of the back wall by the end of its arc. The "chula" is when the ball rebounds low off the back wall with very little to no bounce, almost rolling along
the floor.

Since there is no wall on the right side, all jai alai players must play right-handed (wear the cesta on their right hand), as the spin of a left-handed throw would give a tremendous advantage to the left handed player due to the incredible amount of spin.

The [[Basque government]] promotes ''jai alai'' as "the fastest sport in the world" because of the speed of the ball. The sport once held the world record for ball speed with a 125–140&nbsp;g ball covered with [[goatskin (material)|goatskin]] that traveled at {{convert|302|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, performed by José Ramón Areitio at the [[Newport, Rhode Island]] Jai Alai, until it was broken by Canadian five-time [[long drive]] champion [[Jason Zuback]] on a 2007 episode of ''[[Sport Science (TV program)|Sport Science]]'' with a golf ball speed of {{convert|328|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ito3BSO-St8  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Ito3BSO-St8 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=FSN Sport Science - Episode 7 - Myths - Jason Zuback |work=[[Sport Science (TV program)|Sport Science]] |date=December 2007 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2009-07-27}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The sport can be dangerous, due to the ball's at high velocities. It has led to injuries that caused players to retire and fatalities have been recorded in some cases.<ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Steven
  | first = Skiena
  | author-link = Steven Skiena
  | title = Calculated Bets
  | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
  | location = United States of America
  | year = 2001
  | page = 24
  | quote = Since the 1920s at least four players have been killed by an jai alai ball...
  | isbn = 0-521-00962-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artofmanliness.com/2009/11/19/the-return-of-jai-alai/|title=The History and Return of Jai Alai - The Art of Manliness|date=19 November 2009|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

== Industry ==
[[Image:JaialaiBldgMexicoDF.JPG|thumb|Jai alai arena in [[Mexico City]] near the [[Monumento a la Revolución|Monument to the Revolution]].]]
Jai alai is a popular sport within the [[Latin America]]n countries and the [[Philippines]] due to its [[Hispanic]] influence. It was one of the two gambling sports from Europe, the other being horse racing, in the semi-colonial Chinese cities of [[Shanghai]] and [[Tianjin]], and was shut down after the [[Chinese Communist Party|communist]] victory there. The jai alai arena in Tianjin's former Italian Concession was then confiscated and turned into a recreation center for the city's working class.

===The Philippines===
Jai alai was played in [[Manila]] at the [[Manila Jai Alai Building]], one of the most significant [[Art Deco]] buildings in Asia that was demolished  in 2000 by the Manila city government.<ref name="Inquirer">{{cite news|last=Villalon|first=Toti|title=Remember jai alai: Stop making Manila heritage demolition victim|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/57505/remember-jai-alai-stop-making-manila-heritage-demolition-victim|access-date=30 August 2012|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=July 15, 2012}}</ref> In 1986, ''jai alai'' was prohibited nationwide from problems with [[game fixing]].<ref name="Inquirer" /> However, the game returned to the country once again in March 2010 in the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Pangasinan]] albeit was briefly paused in 2011 caused by a blanket restriction on non-traditional sports abetted by a Chinese lottery [[jueteng]]<ref name="InterAksyon">{{cite news|last=Philippine News Agency|title=Jai-alai back with vengeance in Pangasinan|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/12582/jai-alai-back-with-vengeance-in-pangasinan|access-date=30 August 2012|newspaper=InterAksyon.com The online news portal of TV5|date=September 7, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213190128/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/12582/jai-alai-back-with-vengeance-in-pangasinan|archive-date=13 December 2012}}</ref> but was lifted immediately. Nowadays, Jai alai is played strictly as a competitive and entertainment sport at the [[Casino_Español_de_Manila|'''Casino Español de Manila''']].

===United States===
In the United States, jai alai enjoyed some popularity as a gambling alternative to [[horse racing]], [[greyhound racing]], and [[harness racing]], and was particularly popular in [[Florida]] and Connecticut, where the game was used as a basis for [[parimutuel betting]].

The first jai alai fronton in the United States was located in St. Louis, Missouri, operating around the time of the 1904 World's Fair. 

From 1988–1991, the ''International Jai-Alai Players Association'' held the longest [[strike action|strike]] in [[sports in America|American professional sport]]. After the 1988 season, the players, 90% of them Basque, returned home and threatened not to come back unless the owners improved their work conditions. Spain was no longer a poor conservative country and the new generation of players were influenced by leftist [[Basque nationalism]]. The owners, however, offered the same terms and [[Strikebreaker|substituted]] with inexperienced locals, while the world-class stars picketed the courts for years. The public did not notice the change. The strike ended with an agreement, and later strikes were placated with salary rises. Meanwhile, [[Native American casino]]s and [[state lotteries]] had appeared as an alternative to jai-alai betting.<ref name="GAbrisketa">''[https://www.academia.edu/35755042/2017._A_Basque-American_Deep_Game_The_Political_Economy_of_Ethnicity_and_Jai-Alai_in_the_USA A Basque-American Deep Game: The Political Economy of Ethnicity and Jai-Alai in the USA]'', Olatz González Abrisketa, pp. 179–198, ''Studia Iberica et Americana'' 4, December 2017 {{ISSN|2327-476X}}</ref>

==== Florida ====
[[File:Miami Jai Alai fronton.jpg|thumb|Miami Jai Alai fronton, built in 1926 and known as "The Yankee Stadium of Jai Alai"<ref name="SBnation">{{cite web | url=https://www.sbnation.com/longform/2013/2/28/4036934/jai-alai-sport-in-america-miami | title=WHAT HAPPENED TO JAI ALAI? | publisher=SB Nation | date=2013-02-28}}</ref>]]The first fronton in Florida opened at the site of [[Hialeah Park Race Track|Hialeah Race Course]] near Miami in 1924. The fronton was relocated to its present site in Miami near [[Miami International Airport]]. The [[Miami Jai-Alai Fronton]] was the biggest in the world with a record audience of 15,502 people on 27 December 1975.  

Besides the fronton in Miami, there were at one time at least 10 other jai alai frontons in the state. 

The Tampa Jai Alai fronton opened in 1952 and operated until 1998. It was located on South Dale Mabry Highway on land that now hosts a Home Depot. The seating capacity of the fronton was around 4,000.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guzzo |first1=Paul |date=3 July 2018 |title=Jai alai went bye-bye in Tampa 20 years ago. Here is its legacy |url=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/2018/07/03/jai-alai-went-bye-bye-in-tampa-20-years-ago-here-is-its-legacy/ |access-date=2021-12-02 |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]]}}</ref> 

Dania Jai Alai phased out professional jai alai in November 2021. It has a "Hall of Fame" that documents the best front- and back-court players.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} 

Jai-alai was also played at Palm Beach Jai-Alai in West Palm Beach, Orlando Jai-Alai in Casselberry,  Daytona Jai-Alai at the Daytona Intl. Speedway, and Big Bend Jai-Alai in Quincy.

It was played seasonally at Fort Pierce Jai-Alai in Fort Pierce, [[Ocala Jai-Alai]] in Reddick, and Jasper Jai-Alai in Hamilton.

One Florida fronton, in [[Melbourne, Florida|Melbourne]], was converted from jai alai to greyhound racing, although it later closed.

In an effort to prevent the closure of frontons in Florida, the [[Florida Legislature|Florida State Legislature]] passed HB 1059, a bill that changed the rules regarding the operation and wagering of [[poker]] in a [[Pari-Mutuel|parimutuel]] facility such as a jai alai fronton and a greyhound and horseracing track. The bill became law on August 6, 2003. 

===== Present status =====
In the mid-to-late 20th century, games could draw 5,000 spectators, a figure that fell to as few as 50 by 2017.<ref name="GAbrisketa" />

Today, only two frontons remain open in the state.  One  is operated by Jai Alai World at the Magic City Casino northwest of [[downtown Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Jai-Alai League - Home |url=https://jaialaiworld.com/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=jaialaiworld.com}}</ref>  The fronton offers two kinds of games: the traditional parimutuel game, in which eight contestants compete for win, place and show finishes;<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Jai-Alai League - Pelota |url=https://jaialaiworld.com/pelota |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=jaialaiworld.com}}</ref> and "battle court," in which players participate in singles and doubles matches, akin to [[tennis]], and accumulate points as in a [[dual meet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Jai-Alai League - Battle Court |url=https://jaialaiworld.com/battlecourt |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=jaialaiworld.com}}</ref> Matches are played with rubber balls and streamed online from the Jai Alai World website. Jai Alai World also host special jai alai events include the U.S. Jai Alai Championship<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. National Jai-Alai Championship |url=https://usnjac.com/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=usnjac.com}}</ref> and World Super Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Jai-Alai League - World Super Court |url=https://jaialaiworld.com/worldsupercourt |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=jaialaiworld.com}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh)|BetRivers]] became a sponsor and began taking wagers from users outside Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BetRivers |date=2021-09-22 |title=Try Jai Alai Betting, Exclusively at BetRivers Illinois and Iowa! |url=https://blog.betrivers.com/try-jai-alai-betting-exclusively-at-betrivers-illinois-and-iowa/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=BetRivers Network |language=en-US}}</ref>  

The second operational fronton is located at The Casino @ Dania Beach will commence its next session of jai alai on November 29, 2024, with the Third Annual Dania Beach Invitational Tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Alai |url=https://www.casinodaniabeach.com/jai-alai/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Casino @ Dania Beach |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== New England ====
Professional Jai-Alai frontons no longer exist in Connecticut and Rhode Island, where they first opened in the 1970s, waning as other gambling options became available. 

In [[Connecticut]], there were frontons in [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]],  and [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]] all of which have permanently closed. The Milford fronton opened in May 1977 and closed in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=James |title=Milford's Short-Lived Jai Alai Obsession |url=https://manestreetmirror.com/9124/news/milfords-short-lived-jai-alai-obsession/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=the mane street mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milford Jai-Alai Closing: Fairfield County Weekly |url=http://tigerhili.com/milfordclose.htm |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=tigerhili.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title="The Basque Game in Town": The Heyday of Jai Alai in Connecticut - Connecticut History {{!}} a CTHumanities Project |url=https://connecticuthistory.org/the-basque-game-in-town-the-heyday-of-jai-alai-in-connecticut/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Connecticut History {{!}} a CTHumanities Project - Stories about the people, traditions, innovations, and events that make up Connecticut's rich history. |language=en}}</ref> The fronton at Hartford opened in the summer of 1976 and closed in 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hartford Jai-Alai Closing: Courant Article (Danny) |url=http://tigerhili.com/dannycourant.htm |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=tigerhili.com}}</ref> The Bridgeport fronton opened in 1976 and ended jai alai in 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weizel |first=Richard |date=1995-11-12 |title=A Dog Track to Help Revive Bridgeport |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/nyregion/a-dog-track-to-help-revive-bridgeport.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was converted to a greyhound race track, which struggled financially,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1996-11-30 |title=After Troubled First Year, Track Suspends Dog Racing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/30/nyregion/after-troubled-first-year-track-suspends-dog-racing.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and closed in 2005.

The fronton at Newport Jai Alai in [[Newport, Rhode Island]] was built on the site of the city dump, opening in May 1976. Jai-alai playing ended in 2003 at which point the facility was converted into Newport Grand, a [[slot machine]] and [[video lottery terminal]] parlor, which closed permanently in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flynn |first1=Sean |title=Site of Newport Grand, which closes Tuesday, has had many lives |url=http://www.newportri.com/news/20180826/site-of-newport-grand-which-closes-tuesday-has-had-many-lives |access-date=27 August 2018 |website=The Newport Daily News |language=en}}</ref>

==== Las Vegas ====
Jai alai enjoyed a brief and popular stint in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] with the opening of a fronton at the [[MGM Grand Hotel and Casino]]; however, by the early 1980s, the fronton was losing money and was closed by MGM Grand owner [[Kirk Kerkorian]]. The [[Grand Sierra Resort|MGM Grand]] in [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]] also showcased jai alai for a very short period (1978–1980).<ref>{{cite news |last=Kleiner |first=Dick |date=Aug 20, 1978 |title=Reno Gambles On Future |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=886&dat=19780820&id=Ri0cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6913,4191055 |newspaper=[[The Daily Courier (Arizona)|The Prescott Courier]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jai-Alai Chronology – Significant Dates |url=http://rsbassociates.home.mindspring.com/chronology.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522100055/http://rsbassociates.home.mindspring.com/chronology.htm |archive-date=2015-05-22 |access-date=2015-01-29}}</ref>

==== Amateur jai-alai====
During the late 1960s, in addition to North Miami Amateur, at least one other amateur court from International Amateur Jai-Alai in South Miami professional players emerged at World Jai-Alai, regarded as the first American pelotari who turned pro in 1968 and enjoyed a lengthy career. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Orbea's Jai-Alai in Hialeah featured four indoor courts. Two of the courts played with hard rubber balls ("pelota de goma") were shorter than a standard court ({{convert|75|and|90|ft}}, respectively) and used for training players and amateur leagues. In addition, two courts were played with the regulation pelota (hardball / "pelota dura"), one short in length ({{convert|115|ft}}) and one regulation length ({{convert|150|ft}}). Orbea's also sold equipment such as cestas and helmets.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The first public amateur jai alai facility was in Milford CT and owned by Charlie Hernandez. Future frontons were built in the United States, including one in 2008 in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], Florida, with the assistance of the city of St. Petersburg and private funding from Jeff Conway (Laca).{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

In addition to the [[amateur]] court in St. Petersburg, The American Jai-Alai Foundation offers lessons. Its president, Victor Valcarce, was a pelotari at Dania Jai-Alai (MAGO) and was considered the best "rubber ball" player in the world. Sponsored in North Miami Beach, Florida which was once owned by World Jai-Alai as a school that, in 1972, produced the greatest American pelotari, Joey Cornblit.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945907,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209040859/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945907,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-02-09 | magazine=Time | title=Sport: Did Joey Eat? | date=30 January 1978}}</ref>

Retired players visited and played as well as highly skilled amateurs, pros from Miami Jai-Alai and various other professional frontons operating at the time. The additions of the South Miami, North Miami, [[Orbea]], and, later, the Milford amateur courts are generally considered to be the golden age of the amateur jai-alai player and the sport in the United States. In the late 1980s, at least one other amateur court was constructed in Connecticut.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

== See also ==
* [[Basque Pelota World Championships]]
* [[Trac Ball]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jai alai}}
* [http://www.tampabayjaialai.com/history_of_jai-alai/index.php  History of Jai-Alai] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726163454/http://www.tampabayjaialai.com/history_of_jai-alai/index.php |date=2021-07-26 }})
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410153109/http://www2.library.unr.edu/journals/10423834/1995/p001.pdf "The History of Basque Pelota in the Americas"] by Carmelo Urza
* ''[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-lRFBt_Qah8 30 for 30: What the Hell Happened to Jai Alai?]'' ESPN short on YouTube 
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q27042207|title=Jai Alai Blues}}
* [https://www.eitb.tv/es/video/jai-alai-blues/5692/119673/jai-alai-blues/ Jai Alai Blues] at [[Euskal Telebista]]'s video-on-demand service {{in lang|es}} 
*[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jul/26/cesta-punta-basque-sport "Slow death of a fast game"], ''[[The Observer]]'', July 2009
* [https://www.frontons.net/home/ Frontons.net] is a collaborative project aimed at identifying and geotagging open-air single walled fronton around the world.
* [https://vimeo.com/372646942 ''Forgotten''] – documentary about the decline of Jai alai in Miami
* [https://www.magiccitycasino.com/ Magic City Casino (site of only active fronton in U.S.)]
* [https://www.jaialaiworld.com/ Jai Alai World (operates fronton at Magic City)]

{{Basque Pelota}}
{{Team Sport}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1875 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Basque pelota]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in the 1870s]]
[[Category:Sports in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Sports in Florida]]
[[Category:Sports in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Spain]]