View source for United States Federal Witness Protection Program

{{short description|To protect threatened witnesses before, during, and after a trial}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox witness protection
|country=United States
|administer=[[United States Department of Justice]]
|image=Seal of the United States Department of Justice.svg|caption=Seal of the United States Department of Justice
|Codified under (act of)= 18 U.S. Code § 3521
|Year of establishment= 1970
|Aim(s)=to protect witnesses and their families from harm
|budget=
|location=
|authority=[[Organized Crime Control Act of 1970]]
|operated=[[United States Marshals Service]]
|amended=[[Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984]]
}}[[File:A protected witness guarded by U.S. Marshals.jpg|300 px|thumbnail|right|U.S. Marshals practice guarding a protected witness]]
The '''United States Federal Witness Protection Program''' ('''WPP'''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Witness Protection Program: Its Evolution and Continuing Growing Pains (NCJRS abstract) |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=177247 |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> also known as the '''Witness Security Program''' or '''WITSEC''',<ref name="marshals3">{{cite web |title=U.S. Marshals Service |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/witsec/ |access-date=July 3, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Marshals Service]]}}</ref> is a [[witness protection]] program codified through 18 U.S. Code § 3521 and administered by the [[United States Department of Justice]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Department of Justice {{!}} USAGov |url=https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/u-s-department-of-justice |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=www.usa.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The program is operated by the [[United States Marshals Service]] and is designed to protect threatened [[witness]]es and their family members before, during, and after a [[Trial (law)|trial]] when those witnesses have an association with the federal government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rateshtari |first=Roya |date=2020-08-03 |title=Witness Security {{!}} U.S. Marshals Service |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/witness-security |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.usmarshals.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>

The program was originally authorized by the [[Organized Crime Control Act|Organized Crime Control Act of 1970]] and later amended by the [[Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984]].<ref name=":0" /> The amended issues included bail, sentencing reform, pleas for insanity, and penalties for drug offenses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/comprehensive-crime-control-act-1984-0#:~:text=The%20bill%27s%20main%20sections%20cover,property%20to%20States%20or%20localities. |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=www.ojp.gov}}</ref> 

==History==
The WITSEC program was formally established under Title V of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, which states that the [[United States Attorney General]] may provide for the relocation and protection of a witness or potential witness of the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] or a [[State governments of the United States|state government]] in an official proceeding concerning [[organized crime]] or other serious offenses. See 18 U.S.C. 3521, ''et seq.'' The Federal government also gives grants to the states to enable them to provide similar services.

The precursor to WITSEC was the Federal Witness Protection Program, created in the mid-1960s by [[Gerald Shur]], the attorney in charge of the Intelligence and Special Services Unit of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the United States Department of Justice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Earley |first1=Pete |title=WITSEC: Inside the Federal Witness Protection Program |last2=Shur |first2=Gerald |publisher=Bantam Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-553-80145-7 |name-list-style=amp}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>  

Most witnesses are protected by the [[United States Marshals Service]] under the Department of Justice, while the protection of incarcerated witnesses is the duty of the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]].

From the WITSEC program, the '''Emergency Witness Assistance Program''' was created in 1997 to fill "the need for immediate, non-protective, short-duration witness assistance not available through the Witness Security Program and the Short-Term Protection Program".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://oig.justice.gov/reports/EOUSA/e0102/intro.htm |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=oig.justice.gov}}</ref>

==Operations==
A handful of states—[[California]], [[Connecticut]], [[Illinois]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Texas]], and [[Virginia]]—and [[Washington, D.C.]], have their own witness protection programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. These state-run programs provide less extensive protections, in part because state governments lack the ability to issue federal documents such as [[Social Security number|Social Security cards]] to verify the new identity of protected witnesses.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=California Witness Relocation and Assistance Program |url=https://oag.ca.gov/witness-protection |access-date=July 3, 2019 |publisher=[[California Department of Justice]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Glaberson |first1=William |date=July 6, 2003 |title='Lie or Die'—Aftermath of a Murder; Justice, Safety and the System: A Witness Is Slain in Brooklyn |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/06/nyregion/lie-die-aftermath-murder-justice-safety-system-witness-slain-brooklyn.html |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> Another benefit of the federal program is that the Marshals Service provides payments to participants of about $60,000 on average, while also assisting them with finding housing and stable jobs under their new identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-06 |title=How Witness Protection Works |url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/witness-protection.htm |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}</ref> 

There are two main types of witnesses who can be eligible for the program, "fact witnesses" and "expert witnesses." Fact witnesses provide factual information and/or personal knowledge to a case. Oftentimes, but not always, these witnesses were present at the scene of a crime. Expert witnesses provide technical or scientific testimony. Both types of witnesses will be compensated based on negotiations with a federal government attorney.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2018 |title=Fees and Expenses of Witness |url=https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2018/02/13/32_fees_and_expenses_of_witnesses_few.pdf}}</ref>

As of 2020, approximately 19,000 witnesses and family members had been protected by the U.S. Marshals Service since the program began in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2020 |title=U.S. Marshals Service Fact Sheet - Facts and Figures |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/facts.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518175726/https://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/facts.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |access-date=May 18, 2020 |publisher=U.S. Marshals Service}}</ref> The program has a 100% success rate; no witness who has followed the rules and guidelines set out by the U.S. Marshals Service has ever died in WITSEC.<ref name="marshals3" />

According to Gerald Shur, who created the federal program, about 95% of witnesses in the program are "criminals". They may be intentional criminals, or people who are doing business with criminals, such as one engineer who bought off a mayor {{" '}}because that's how you do business in the city.' In his mind, he wasn't doing anything criminal," Shur said. A witness who agrees to testify for the prosecution is generally eligible to join the program, which is entirely voluntary. Witnesses are permitted to leave the program and return to their original identities at any time, although this is discouraged by administrators.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Falcon |first1=Gabriel |date=February 16, 2013 |title=Inside the witness protection program |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/justice/witness-protection-program |access-date=July 3, 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

In both criminal and civil matters involving protected witnesses, the U.S. Marshals cooperate fully with local law enforcement and court authorities to bring witnesses to justice or to have them fulfill their legal responsibilities.<ref name="marshals3"/>

The program is highly secretive in order to ensure the safety of its participants. The leaking or sharing of information on these participants is taken seriously. A former federal law enforcement officer, John Thomas Ambrose, was convicted in 2009 of leaking information about a federal witness in the Witness Protection Program, [[Chicago Outfit]] hitman [[Nicholas Calabrese]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gouldie |first=Chuck |date=April 13, 2009 |title=Trial begins for deputy accused of leaking secrets |work=[[WLS-TV]] |location=Chicago |url=https://abc7chicago.com/archive/6758965/ |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 25, 2005 |title=Pope Recovering in Hospital; Task Force Hunts Down Fugitives; Oscar Nominees Diverse This Year |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0502/25/lol.03.html |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lutz |first=BJ |date=July 14, 2009 |title=Deputy Marshal Guilty of Leaking Info to Mob |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/mob-leak-case-ambrose-calabrese-verdict-042809.html |access-date=July 3, 2019 |publisher=[[WMAQ-TV]] |location=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 28, 2009 |title=Marshal's mob-leak trial loses a juror |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/mob/1547639,marshal-ambrose-trial-loses-juror-042809.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502140324/http://www.suntimes.com/news/mob/1547639,marshal-ambrose-trial-loses-juror-042809.article |archive-date=May 2, 2009}}</ref>

==Recidivism==
[[Recidivism]] is described as a person's relapse into the criminal justice system without a new sentence within a three-year period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recidivism |url=https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=National Institute of Justice |language=en}}</ref> Fewer than 17% of protected witnesses who have committed crimes are caught committing other crimes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonsor |first1=Kevin |date=May 6, 2005 |title=How Witness Protection Works |url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/witness-protection.htm |access-date=July 3, 2019 |work=[[HowStuffWorks.com]]}}</ref> While this is far lower than the national average, notable instances of protected witnesses returning to a life of crime exist, such as [[Sammy Gravano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Andy|title=Mafia Turncoat Gets 20 Years for Running Ecstasy Ring|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/nyregion/mafia-turncoat-gets-20-years-for-running-ecstasy-ring.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 7, 2002|access-date=December 28, 2023|archive-date=May 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527203823/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/nyregion/mafia-turncoat-gets-20-years-for-running-ecstasy-ring.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Emergency Witness Assistance Program ==
The process of entering the Witness Protection Program can be prolonged for numerous reasons. The Emergency Witness Assistance Program,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oig.justice.gov/reports/EOUSA/e0102/index.htm  |title=The Emergency Witness Assistance Program |access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref> created in 1997, provides services more quickly, but participation is limited to a 30-day period. Its services include housing, transportation, subsistence payments, and child/elder care.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2018 |title=Fees and Expenses of Witness |url=https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2018/02/13/32_fees_and_expenses_of_witnesses_few.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Hide in Plain Sight]]''
* [[Witness immunity]]
* [[Witness Security Programme (Ireland)]]
* [[UK Protected Persons Service]]
* [[Witness tampering]]
* [[Gerald Shur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first1 = Gregg |last1 =  Hill |first2 = Gina |last2 = Hill |name-list-style = amp |title = On the Run: A Mafia Childhood |publisher = Warner Books |year = 2004 |isbn =  0-446-52770-X }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Witness protection|United States, Federal]]
[[Category:United States Department of Justice]]
[[Category:United States Marshals Service]]
[[Category:People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program|*]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in the United States]]