View source for Noah

{{Short description|Revered figure in Abrahamic traditions}}
{{About|the man in the Bible|the name|Noah (name)|other uses}}
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{{Infobox religious biography
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| name             = Noah
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| image            = Giovanni Battista Gaulli - The Sacrifice of Noah - NG.M.03497 - National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design (cropped).jpg
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| caption          = Detail from ''The Sacrifice of Noah'' by [[Giovanni Battista Gaulli]]
| religion         = [[Judaism]]<br />[[Mandaeism]]<br />[[Christianity]]<br />[[Druze faith]]<ref name="Hitti 1928 37">{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings| first= Philip K.|last= Hitti|year= 1928| isbn= 9781465546623| page =37 |publisher=Library of Alexandria}}</ref><ref name="Dana 2008 17">{{cite book|title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status| first= Nissim |last= Dana|year= 2008| isbn= 9781903900369| page =17 |publisher=Michigan University press}}</ref><br />[[Yazidism]]<br />[[Islam]]<br />[[Baháʼí Faith]]
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| known_for        = [[Genesis flood narrative]]
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| resting_place    = on a hill at [[Karak Nuh|Karak]], [[Lebanon]] (major [[Shrine]])
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| spouse           = [[Wives aboard Noah's Ark]] (names unspecified in some traditions)
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| children         = {{plainlist|
* [[Japheth]]
* [[Shem]]
* [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]
}}
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| father           = [[Lamech (father of Noah)|Lamech]]
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'''Noah'''{{efn|{{Langx|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נֹחַ}}}} ''Nōaḥ''; {{langx|syr|ܢܘܚ}} ''Nōḥ''; {{langx|am|ኖህ}}, ''Noḥ'';  {{langx|ar|نُوح}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|Nūḥ}}''; {{langx|grc|Νῶε}} ''Nôe''}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|.|ə}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=Longman |year=2008 |isbn=9781405881180 |edition=3rd}}</ref> {{Langx|he|נֹחַ|translit=Nōaḥ|lit=rest' or 'consolation}}, also '''Noach''') appears as the last of the [[Antediluvian]] [[Patriarchs (Bible)|patriarchs]] in the traditions of [[Abrahamic religions]]. His story appears in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Book of Genesis]], chapters 5–9), the [[Quran]] and [[Baháʼí literature|Baha'i writings]], and [[extra-canonical|extracanonically]].

The [[Genesis flood narrative]] is among the best-known stories of the [[Bible]]. In this account, God "regrets" making mankind because they filled the world with evil. Noah then labors faithfully to build the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]] at [[God]]'s command, ultimately saving not only his own family, but mankind itself and all land animals, from extinction during the [[Great Flood|Flood]]. Afterwards, God makes a [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] with Noah and promises never again to destroy the earth with a flood. Noah is also portrayed as a "tiller of the soil" who is the first to cultivate the vine. After the flood, God commands Noah and his sons to "be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 9:1-2 - King James Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%209:1-2&version=KJV |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref>

The story of Noah in the Pentateuch is similar to the flood narrative in the Mesopotamian ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', composed around 1800 BC, where a hero builds an ark to survive a divinely sent flood. Scholars suggest that the biblical account was influenced by earlier Mesopotamian traditions, with notable parallels in plot elements and structure. Comparisons are also drawn between Noah and the Greek hero [[Deucalion]], who, like Noah, is warned of a flood, builds an ark, and sends a bird to check on the flood's aftermath.

==Biblical narrative==
[[File:Noah mosaic.JPG|thumb|upright |12th-century Venetian [[mosaic]] depiction of Noah sending the [[dove]]]]

Tenth and final of the pre-Flood ([[antediluvian]]) Patriarchs, son to [[Lamech (father of Noah)|Lamech]] and a mother whose name is unmentioned,<ref>Fullom, S.W. (1855). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ELtYAAAAcAAJ&q=noah+mother ''The History of Woman, and Her Connexion with Religion, Civilization, & Domestic Manners, from the Earliest Period'']. p.10</ref> Noah is 500 years old before his sons [[Shem]], [[Ham, son of Noah|Ham]] and [[Japheth]] are born.<ref name=Bechtel>{{CE1913  |last=Bechtel |first=Florentine Stanislaus |title=Noe |volume=11}}</ref>

===Genesis flood narrative===
{{Main|Genesis flood narrative}}

The Genesis flood narrative is encompassed within chapters 6–9 in the [[Book of Genesis]], in the [[Bible]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=Jason|title=Opening Heaven's Floodgates: The Genesis Flood Narrative, Its Context, and Reception|year=2013|publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]}}</ref> The narrative indicates that [[Yahweh|God]] intended to return the [[Earth]] to its pre-Creation state of watery [[Chaos (cosmogony)|chaos]] by flooding the Earth because of humanity's misdeeds and then remake it using the microcosm of [[Noah's ark]]. Thus, the flood was no ordinary overflow but a reversal of [[Genesis creation narrative|Creation]].<ref name="Bandstra2008">{{cite book|author=Barry L. Bandstra|title=Reading the Old Testament: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&pg=PR19|date=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-39105-0|page=61}}</ref> The narrative discusses the evil of mankind that moved God to destroy the world by way of the flood, the preparation of the ark for certain animals, Noah, and his family, and God's guarantee (the [[Noahic Covenant]]) for the continued existence of life under the promise that he would never send another flood.{{sfn|Cotter|2003|pp=49, 50}}

===After the flood===
{{Main|Covenant (biblical)#Noahic}}

After the flood, Noah offered burnt offerings to God. God accepted the sacrifice, and made a covenant with Noah, and through him with all mankind, that he would not waste the earth or destroy man by another deluge.<ref name=Bechtel/>

"And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth".<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|9:1|9}}</ref> As a pledge of this gracious covenant with man and beast the [[rainbow covenant|rainbow]] was set in the clouds (ib. viii. 15–22, ix. 8–17). Two injunctions were laid upon Noah: While the eating of animal food was permitted, abstinence from blood was strictly enjoined; and the shedding of the blood of man by man was made a crime punishable by death at the hands of man (ib. ix. 3–6).<ref name=JewishEnyc/>

Noah, as the last of the extremely long-lived [[Antediluvian]] patriarchs, died 350 years after the flood, at the age of 950, when [[Terah]] was 128.<ref name=Bechtel/> The maximum human lifespan, as depicted by the Bible, gradually diminishes thereafter, from almost 1,000 years to the 120 years of [[Moses]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Gen|6:3|9|Genesis 6:3}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|Deut|31:22|9|Deuteronomy 31:22}}, {{bibleverse|Deut|34:37|9|34:37}}</ref>

===Noah's drunkenness===
{{see also|Curse of Ham}}
[[File:Egerton Genesis Noahs Drunkeness.png|thumb|left|upright|Noah's drunkenness, Ham mocks Noah, Noah is covered, Canaan is cursed. Egerton Genesis.]]

After the flood, the Bible says that Noah became a [[farmer]] and he planted a [[vineyard]]. He drank [[wine]] made from this vineyard, and got [[Alcohol intoxication|drunk]]; and lay "uncovered" within his tent. Noah's son Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father naked and told his brothers, which led to Ham's son [[Curse of Ham|Canaan being cursed]] by Noah.<ref name=JewishEnyc/>

As early as the [[Classical era]], commentators on Genesis 9:20–21<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|9:20–21|HE}}</ref> have excused Noah's excessive drinking because he was considered to be the first wine drinker; the first person to discover the effects of wine.<ref>{{cite book | last=Rashkow | first=Ilona | chapter=Sexuality in the Hebrew Bible: Freud's Lens <!-- | pages=33-74 --> | editor-last=Ellens | editor-first=J. Harold | editor-last2=Rollins | editor-first2=Wayne G. | year=2004 | title=Psychology and the Bible: From Feud to Kohut | series=Psychology and the Bible: A New Way to Read the Scriptures <!--  Praeger Perspectives --> | volume=1 | publication-place=Westport, Connecticut | publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] | isbn=978-0-275-98348-2 | page=52}}</ref> [[John Chrysostom]], [[Archbishop of Constantinople]], and a [[Church Father]], wrote in the 4th century that Noah's behavior is defensible: as the first human to taste wine, he would not know its effects: "Through ignorance and inexperience of the proper amount to drink, fell into a drunken stupor".{{sfn|Hamilton|1990|pp=202–203}} [[Philo]], a [[Hellenistic philosophy|Hellenistic]] Jewish philosopher, also excused Noah by noting that one can drink in two different manners: (1) to drink wine in excess, a peculiar sin to the vicious evil man or (2) to partake of wine as the wise man, Noah being the latter.<ref>''Philo'', 1971, p. 160.</ref> In [[Jewish tradition]] and [[Noah in rabbinic literature#His lapse|rabbinic literature on Noah]], rabbis blame [[Satan]] for the intoxicating properties of the wine.<ref>Gen. Rabbah 36:3.</ref><ref name=JewishEnyc>{{Cite web|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11571-noah|title=NOAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

[[File:Noah-Curses-Ham.jpg|thumb|upright|''Noah curses Ham'' by [[Gustave Doré]]]]

In the context of Noah's drunkenness,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|9:18–27|HE}}.</ref> relates two facts: (1) Noah became drunken and "he was uncovered within his tent", and (2) [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]] "saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without".{{sfn|Rashkow|2004|p=53}}<ref name="Bergsma/Hahn"/>

Because of its brevity and textual inconsistencies, it has been suggested that this narrative is a "splinter from a more substantial tale".{{sfn|Speiser|1964|p=62}}<ref>T. A. Bergren. ''Biblical Figures Outside the Bible'', 2002, ({{ISBN|1563384116}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56338-411-0}}), p. 136.</ref> A fuller account would explain what exactly Ham had done to his father, or why Noah directed a curse at [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]] for Ham's misdeed, or how Noah realised what had occurred. In the field of [[psychological biblical criticism]], [[J. Harold Ellens|J. H. Ellens]] and W. G. Rollins have analysed the unconventional behavior that occurs between Noah and Ham as revolving around sexuality and the exposure of genitalia as compared with other Hebrew Bible texts, such as Habakkuk 2:15<ref>{{Bibleverse|Habakkuk|2:15|HE}}</ref> and Lamentations 4:21.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Lamentations|4:21|HE}}</ref>{{sfn|Rashkow|2004|p=53}}

Other commentaries mention that "uncovering someone's nakedness" could mean having [[sexual intercourse]] with that person or that person's spouse, as quoted in Leviticus 18:7–8<ref>{{Bibleverse|Leviticus|18:7–8|HE}}</ref> and 20.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Leviticus|20:11|HE}}</ref> From this interpretation comes the speculation that Ham was guilty of engaging in incest and raping Noah{{sfn|Levenson|2004|p=26}} or his own mother. The latter interpretation would clarify why Canaan, as the product of this illicit union, was cursed by Noah.<ref name="Bergsma/Hahn">John Sietze Bergsma/Scott Walker Hahn. 2005. "Noah's Nakedness and the Curse on Canaan". ''Journal Biblical Literature'' 124/1 (2005), pp. 25–40.</ref> Alternatively, Canaan could be the perpetrator himself as the Bible describes the illicit deed being committed by Noah's "youngest son", with Ham being consistently described as the middle son in other verses.<ref name="Kugle_1998_223">{{harvnb|Kugel|1998|p=223}}.</ref>

===Table of nations===
{{See also|Generations of Noah}}
[[File:Noahsworld map.jpg|thumb|upright|The dispersion of the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth (map from the 1854 ''Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography'')]]

Genesis 10<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|10|HE}}</ref> sets forth the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, from whom the nations branched out over the Earth after the flood. Among Japheth's descendants were the maritime nations (10:2–5). Ham's son [[Biblical Cush|Cush]] had a son named [[Nimrod]], who became the first man of might on earth, a hunter, king in [[Babylon]] and the land of [[Shinar]] (10:6–10). From there [[Ashur (Bible)|Ashur]] went and built [[Nineveh]]. (10:11–12) Canaan's descendants{{snd}} Sidon, [[Biblical Hittites|Heth]], the [[Jebusite]]s, the [[Amorite]]s, the Girgashites, the [[Hivites]], the Arkites, the Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites{{snd}} spread out from [[Sidon]] as far as [[Gerar]], near [[Gaza City|Gaza]], and as far as [[Sodom and Gomorrah]] (10:15–19). Among Shem's descendants was [[Eber]] (10:21).

These genealogies differ structurally from those set out in Genesis 5 and 11. It has a segmented or treelike structure, going from one father to many offspring. It is strange that the table, which assumes that the population is distributed about the Earth, precedes the account of the [[Tower of Babel]], which says that all the population is in one place before it is dispersed.<ref>{{citation |last=Bandstra |first=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&q=%22table+of+nations%22+noah&pg=PA67 |title=Reading the Old Testament: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible |publisher= Cengage Learning |year=2008 |pages= 67–68|isbn=978-0495391050 }}</ref>

===Family tree===
Genesis 5:1–32 transmits a genealogy of the Sethites down to Noah, which is taken from the [[Priestly source|priestly]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genesis: A Commentary|last=von Rad|first=Gerhard|publisher=[[SCM Press]]|year=1961|location=London|pages=67–73}}</ref> A genealogy of the Canites from the [[Jahwist|Jahwistic]] tradition is found in Genesis 4:17–26.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genesis: A Commentary|last=von Rad|first=Gerhard|publisher=[[SCM Press]]|year=1961|location=London|pages=109–113}}</ref> Biblical scholars see these as variants on one and the same list.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genesis: A Commentary|last=von Rad|first=Gerhard|publisher=[[SCM Press]]|year=1961|location=London|page=71}}</ref> However, if we take the merged text of Genesis as a single account, we can construct the following family tree, which has come down in this form into the Jewish and Christian traditions.

{{AdamtoNoah}}

===Narrative analysis===
According to the [[documentary hypothesis]], the first [[Five Books Of Moses|five books of the Bible]] ([[Pentateuch]]/[[Torah]]), including Genesis, were collated during the 5th century BC from four main sources, which themselves date from no earlier than the 10th century BC. Two of these, the [[Jahwist]], composed in the 10th century BC, and the [[Priestly source]], from the late 7th century BC, make up the chapters of Genesis which concern Noah. The attempt by the 5th-century editor to accommodate two independent and sometimes conflicting sources accounts for the confusion over such matters as how many of each animal Noah took, and how long the flood lasted.<ref>{{cite book |title= Introduction to the Hebrew Bible|last= Collins|first= John J.|year= 2004|publisher= Fortress Press|location= Minneapolis|isbn= 0-8006-2991-4|pages= 56–57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Who Wrote the Bible?|last= Friedman|first= Richard Elliotty|year= 1989|publisher= HarperCollins Publishers|location= New York|isbn= 0-06-063035-3|page= [https://archive.org/details/whowrotebible000frie/page/59 59]|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/whowrotebible000frie/page/59}}</ref>

''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible'' notes that this story echoes parts of the [[Garden of Eden]] story: Noah is the first vintner, while Adam is the first farmer; both have problems with their produce; both stories involve nakedness; and both involve a division between brothers leading to a curse. However, after the flood, the stories differ. It is Noah, not God, who plants the vineyard and utters the curse, so "God is less involved".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SNFMAgAAQBAJ&q=noah+&pg=PA334 ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible''], Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 318.</ref>

==Other accounts==
In addition to the main story in Genesis, the [[Hebrew Bible]] (Christian [[Old Testament]]) also refers to Noah in the [[Books of Chronicles|First Book of Chronicles]], [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] and [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]].  References in the [[deuterocanonical books]] include the books of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], [[Sirach]], [[2 Esdras]] and [[4 Maccabees]].  [[New Testament]] references include the gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], and some of the epistles ([[Epistle to the Hebrews]], [[First Epistle of Peter|1 Peter]] and [[Second Epistle of Peter|2 Peter]]).

Noah became the subject of much elaboration in the literature of later Abrahamic religions, including [[Islam]] ([[Surah]]s [[Sura 71|71]], [[Sura 7|7]], [[Sura 11|11]], [[Al-Qamar|54]], and [[Sura 21|21]] of the Quran) and the [[Baháʼí Faith]] ([[Kitáb-i-Íqán]] and [[Gems of Divine Mysteries]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kitáb-i-Íqán {{!}} Bahá'í Reference Library|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/kitab-i-iqan/2#411318536|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.bahai.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gems of Divine Mysteries |url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/gems-divine-mysteries/4#442040328 |access-date=2022-01-31 |publisher=Bahá'í Reference Library}}</ref>

===Pseudepigrapha===
The [[Book of Jubilees]] refers to Noah and says that he was taught the arts of healing by an angel, so that his children could overcome "the offspring of the [[Watcher (angel)|Watchers]]".<ref>Lewis, Jack Pearl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mO_H2lVTyhkC&q=%22seems+to+have+little%22&pg=PA14 ''A Study of the Interpretation of Noah and the Flood in Jewish and Christian Literature''], BRILL, 1968, p. 14.</ref>

In 10:1–3 of the [[Book of Enoch]] (which is part of the [[Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon]]) and canonical for [[Beta Israel]], [[Uriel]] was dispatched by "the Most High" to inform Noah of the approaching "deluge".<ref>{{cite book |chapter=[[s:Book of Enoch/Chapter 10|Chapter X]] |title=The Book of Enoch |translator=[[Robert Charles (scholar)|Robert H. Charles]] |location=London |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|year=1917 }}</ref>

===Dead Sea scrolls===
[[File:Genesis apocryphon.jpg|thumb|[[Genesis Apocryphon]], a portion of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] that features Noah]]

There are 20 or so fragments of the [[Dead Sea scrolls]] that appear to refer to Noah.<ref>Peters, DM., [https://books.google.com/books?id=MXU3PTrFe6gC&q=%22words+on+noah%22+twenty ''Noah Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Conversations and Controversies of Antiquity''], Society of Biblical Lit, 2008, pp. 15–17.</ref> [[Lawrence Schiffman]] writes, "Among the Dead Sea Scrolls at least three different versions of this legend are preserved."<ref>Schiffman, LH., ''Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Volume 2'', Granite Hill Publishers, 2000, pp. 613–614.</ref> In particular, "The [[Genesis Apocryphon]] devotes considerable space to Noah." However, "The material seems to have little in common with Genesis 5 which reports the birth of Noah." Also, Noah's father is reported as worrying that his son was actually fathered by one of the [[Watcher (angel)|Watchers]].<ref>Lewis, Jack Pearl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mO_H2lVTyhkC&q=%22the+offspring+of+the+Watchers%22&pg=PA11 ''A Study of the Interpretation of Noah and the Flood in Jewish and Christian Literature''], BRILL, 1968, p. 11. "the offspring of the Watchers".</ref>

==Religious views==
===Judaism===
{{See also|Noah in rabbinic literature|Noach (parsha)}}
[[File:Ararat Ms. 11639 521a.jpg|205px|left|thumb|A Jewish depiction of Noah]]
The righteousness of Noah is the subject of much discussion among rabbis.<ref name=JewishEnyc/> The description of Noah as "righteous in his generation" implied to some that his perfection was only relative: In his generation of wicked people, he could be considered righteous, but in the generation of a ''[[tzadik]]'' like [[Abraham]], he would not be considered so righteous. They point out that Noah did not pray to God on behalf of those about to be destroyed, as Abraham prayed for the wicked of [[Sodom and Gomorrah]]. In fact, Noah is never seen to speak; he simply listens to God and acts on his orders. This led some commentators to offer the figure of Noah as "the righteous man in a fur coat," who ensured his own comfort while ignoring his neighbour.<ref>Mamet, D., Kushner, L., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr0SAQAAIAAJ&q=+%22man+in+a+fur+coat%22 ''Five Cities of Refuge: Weekly Reflections on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy''], Schocken Books, 2003, p. 1.</ref> Others, such as the medieval commentator [[Rashi]], held on the contrary that the building of the Ark was stretched over 120 years, deliberately in order to give sinners time to repent. Rashi interprets his father's statement of the naming of Noah (in Hebrew – Noaħ נֹחַ). "This one will comfort us (in Hebrew– yeNaĦamenu יְנַחֲמֵנו) in our work and in the toil of our hands, which come from the ground that the Lord had cursed"<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|5:29|9}}</ref> Some interpret this as meaning Noah heralded a new era of prosperity, when there was an easing (in Hebrew, naħah נחה) of the curse from Adam's time, when the Earth produced thorns and thistles even where men sowed wheat. It is said that Noah introduced the plow, symbolizing this relief.<ref>Frishman, J., Rompay, L. von, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqThaPjXFyQC&q=noah+righteous&pg=PA63 ''The Book of Genesis in Jewish and Oriental Christian Interpretation: A Collection of Essays''], Peeters Publishers, 1997, pp. 62–65.</ref>

According to the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', "The [[Book of Genesis]] contains two accounts of Noah." In the first, Noah is the hero of the flood, and in the second, he is the father of mankind and a husbandman who planted the first vineyard. "The disparity of character between these two narratives has caused some critics to insist that the subject of the latter account was not the same as the subject of the former."<ref name=JewishEnyc/>

The ''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]'' notes that Noah's drunkenness is not presented as reprehensible behavior. Rather, "It is clear that ... Noah’s venture into viticulture provides the setting for the castigation of Israel’s Canaanite neighbors." It was Ham who committed an offense when he viewed his father's nakedness. Yet, "Noah’s curse, ... is strangely aimed at Canaan rather than the disrespectful Ham."<ref name=Skolnik287 />

===Mandaeism===
In [[Mandaeism]], Noah ({{langx|myz|ࡍࡅ|Nu}}) is mentioned in [[s:Translation:Ginza Rabba/Right Ginza/Book 18|Book 18]] of the ''[[Right Ginza]]''. In the text, [[Noah's wife]] is named as Nuraita ({{langx|myz|ࡍࡅࡓࡀࡉࡕࡀ}}), while his son is named as Shum (i.e., [[Shem]]; {{langx|myz|ࡔࡅࡌ|Šum}}).<ref name="GR Gelbert">{{cite book |url=https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/ |last1=Gelbert |first1=Carlos |title=Ginza Rba |year=2011 |publisher=Living Water Books |location=Sydney |isbn=9780958034630}}</ref><ref name="GR Lidzbarski">{{cite book|last=Lidzbarski|first=Mark|date=1925|title=Ginza: Der Schatz oder Das große Buch der Mandäer|location=Göttingen|publisher=Vandenhoek & Ruprecht|url=https://archive.org/details/MN41563ucmf_2}}</ref>

===Christianity===
[[File:Noah catacombe.jpg|150px|right|thumb|An early Christian depiction showing Noah giving the gesture of [[orant]] as the dove returns]]

2 Peter 2:5 refers to Noah as a "preacher of righteousness".<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Peter|2:5|NASB}} ([[New American Standard Bible]])</ref> In the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, Jesus compares Noah's flood with the coming [[Last Judgement|Day of Judgement]]: "Just as it was in the days of Noah, so too it will be in the days of the coming of the [[Son of man (Christianity)|Son of Man]]. For in the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, up to the day Noah entered the ark; and they knew nothing about what would happen until the flood came and took them all away. That is how it will be at the coming of the Son of Man."<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|24:38}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|17:26}}</ref>

The [[First Epistle of Peter]] compares the power of [[baptism]] with the Ark saving those who were in it. In later Christian thought, the Ark came to be compared to the [[Christian Church|Church]]: [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] was to be found only within Christ and his Lordship, as in Noah's time it had been found only within the Ark. [[St Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430), demonstrated in ''[[The City of God (book)|The City of God]]'' that the dimensions of the Ark corresponded to the dimensions of the human body, which corresponds to the [[body of Christ]]; the equation of Ark and Church is still found in the [[Anglican]] rite of baptism, which asks God, "who of thy great mercy didst save Noah," to receive into the Church the infant about to be baptised.<ref>Peters, DM., [https://books.google.com/books?id=MXU3PTrFe6gC&q=nuanced+%22temple+period%22+%22and+early+christianity%22 ''Noah Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Conversations and Controversies of Antiquity''], Society of Biblical Lit, 2008, pp. 15–17.</ref>

In [[History of medieval Christianity|medieval Christianity]], Noah's three sons were generally considered as the founders of the populations of the three known [[continent]]s, [[Japheth]]/Europe, [[Shem]]/Asia, and [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]/Africa, although a rarer variation held that they represented the three classes of medieval society – the priests (Shem), the warriors (Japheth), and the peasants (Ham). In medieval Christian thought, Ham was considered to be the ancestor of the people of black Africa. So, in racialist arguments, the curse of Ham became a justification for the slavery of the black races.<ref>Jackson, JP., Weidman, NM., [https://books.google.com/books?id=g4WalMw26IkC&q=noah+christianity+medieval+shem&pg=PA4 ''Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction''], ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 4.</ref>

[[Isaac Newton]], in his religious works on the development of religion, wrote about Noah and his offspring. In Newton's view, while Noah was a monotheist, the gods of pagan antiquity are identified with Noah and his descendants.<ref>{{citation |last=Force |first=J E |chapter=Essay 12: Newton, the "Ancients" and the "Moderns" |editor-last1= Popkin |editor-first1=RH |editor-last2=Force |editor-first2=JE |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJKaqMDxyL0C&q=noah+religion&pg=PA254 |title=Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence |publisher=Kluwer |year=1999 |pages=253–254 |via=Google Books |series=International Archive of the History of Ideas |number =161|isbn=9780792357445 }}</ref>

===Gnosticism===
An important Gnostic text, the ''[[Apocryphon of John]]'', reports that the chief [[archon (Gnosticism)|archon]] caused the flood because he desired to destroy the world he had made, but the First Thought informed Noah of the chief archon's plans, and Noah informed the remainder of humanity. Unlike the account of Genesis, not only are Noah's family saved, but many others also heed Noah's call. There is no ark in this account. According to [[Elaine Pagels]], "Rather, they hid in a particular place, not only Noah, but also many other people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud."<ref>{{cite book|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|author-link=Elaine Pagels|title=The Gnostic Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOfrvFT7RVYC|year=2013|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-78022-670-5|page=163}}</ref>

===Druze faith===
The [[Druze]] regard Noah as the second spokesman (''natiq'') after [[Adam]], who helped transmit the foundational teachings of monotheism (''tawhid'') intended for the larger audience.{{sfn|Swayd|2009|p=3}} He is considered an important prophet of God among Druze, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.<ref name="Hitti 1928 37" /><ref name="Dana 2008 17" />

===Islam===
{{Main|Noah in Islam}}
[[File:Noah's Ark by Miskin.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An Islamic depiction of Noah and the ark in a 16th-century [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature]]]]

Noah is a highly important figure in [[Islam]] and he is seen as one of the most significant of all [[prophets in Islam|prophets]]. The [[Quran]] contains 43 references to Noah, or ''Nuḥ'', in 28 chapters, and the seventy-first chapter, [[Nuh (surah)|''Sūrah Nūḥ'']] ({{langx|ar|سورة نوح}}), is named after him. His life is also spoken of in the commentaries and in Islamic legends.

Noah's narratives largely cover his preaching as well the story of the [[Flood myth|Deluge]]. Noah's narrative sets the prototype for many of the subsequent prophetic stories, which begin with the prophet warning his people and then the community rejecting the message and facing a punishment.

Noah has several titles in Islam, based primarily on praise for him in the Quran, including "Trustworthy Messenger of God" ({{qref|26|107}}) and "Grateful Servant of God" ({{qref|17|3}}).<ref name=Skolnik287 >{{cite book | editor-last1=Skolnik | editor-first1=Fred | editor-last2=Berenbaum | editor-first2=Michael | editor3=Thomson Gale (Firm) | title=Encyclopaedia Judaica | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-02-865943-5 | oclc=123527471 | url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70174939.html | access-date=29 November 2019 | first1=Dwight | last1=Young | chapter=Noah | edition=2nd | quote=The earliest Mesopotamian flood account, written in the Sumerian language, calls the deluge hero Ziusudra, which is thought to carry the connotation “he who laid hold on life of distant days.” | volume=15 | pages=287–291 | chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/biblical-proper-names-biographies/noah}}</ref><ref name="Enc Islam">{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen|author-link=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OO4pAQAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Brill|pages=108–109|isbn=9789004098343}}</ref>

The Quran focuses on several instances from Noah's life more than others, and one of the most significant events is the Flood. God makes a [[covenant (biblical)|covenant]] with Noah just as he did with Abraham, [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] later on ({{qref|33|7|pl=y}}). Noah is later reviled by his people and reproached by them for being a mere human messenger and not an angel ({{qref|10|72-74|pl=y}}). Moreover, the people mock Noah's words and call him a liar ({{qref|7|62|pl=y}}), and they even suggest that Noah is possessed by a devil when the prophet ceases to preach ({{qref|54|9|pl=y}}). Only the lowest of classes in the community join Noah in believing in God's message ({{qref|11|29|pl=y}}), and Noah's narrative further describes him preaching both in private and public. The Quran narrates that Noah received a revelation to build an [[Noah's Ark|Ark]], after his people refused to believe in his message and hear the warning. The narrative goes on to describe that waters poured forth from both the earth and the Heavens, destroying all the sinners. Even one of his sons disbelieved him, stayed behind, and was drowned. After the Flood ended, the Ark rested atop [[Mount Judi]] ({{qref|11|44|b=y}}).
[[File:Noah's ark and the deluge.JPG|thumb|upright|Ottoman depiction of Noah's ark and the deluge from ''[[Zubdat al-Tawarikh|Zubdat-al Tawarikh]]'', 1583]]
Also, Islamic beliefs deny the idea of Noah being the first person to drink wine and experience the aftereffects of doing so.<ref name=Skolnik287 /><ref name = "Enc Islam"/>

Quran 29:14 states that Noah had been living among the people who he was sent to for 950 years when the flood started.

{{blockquote|Indeed, We sent Noah to his people, and he remained among them for a thousand years, less fifty. Then the Flood overtook them, while they persisted in wrongdoing.|{{qref|29|14|c=y}}}}

===Baháʼí Faith===
The [[Baháʼí Faith]] regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic.<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, October 28, 1949: Baháʼí News, No. 228, February 1950, p. 4. Republished in {{harvnb|Compilation |1983|p=508}}</ref> In Baháʼí belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead.<ref>{{cite web|first = Brent|last = Poirier|title = The Kitab-i-Iqan: The key to unsealing the mysteries of the Holy Bible|url = http://bahai-library.com/poirier_iqan_unsealing_bible|access-date = 2007-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shoghi Effendi |author-link=Shoghi Effendi |year=1971 |title=Messages to the Baháʼí World, 1950–1957 |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=0-87743-036-5 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MBW/ |page=104}}</ref> The Baháʼí scripture ''[[Kitáb-i-Íqán]]'' endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood.<ref>From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer, November 25, 1950. Published in {{harvnb|Compilation |1983|p=494}}</ref>

===Ahmadiyya===
According to the [[Ahmadiyya]] understanding of the Quran, the period described in the Quran is the age of his [[Dispensation (period)|dispensation]], which extended until the time of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] (Abraham, 950 years). The first 50 years were the years of spiritual progress, which were followed by 900 years of spiritual deterioration of the people of Noah.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.alislam.org/library/books/HadhratNuh.pdf | title=Hadhrat Nuh | author=Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | year=2005 | publisher=Islam International Publications |isbn=1-85372-758-X}}</ref>

==Comparative mythology==
{{Main|Flood myth}}
{{See also|Comparative Mythology}}
Indian and Greek flood-myths also exist, although there is little evidence that they were derived from the Mesopotamian flood-myth that underlies the biblical account.<ref>Frazer, JG., in Dundes, A (ed.),
[https://books.google.com/books?id=E__dnnQwGDwC&q=%22there+is+little+evidence%22 ''The Flood Myth''], University of California Press, 1988,
pp. 121–122.</ref>

===Mesopotamian===
[[File:Mr. George Smith, the man who transliterated and read the so-called the Babylonian Flood Story of Tablet XI.jpg|thumb|upright|[[George Smith (Assyriologist)|George Smith]], who transliterated and read the so-called "Babylonian Flood Story" of Tablet XI of the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'']]
The Noah story of the Pentateuch is quite similar to a flood story contained in the Mesopotamian ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', composed {{circa|1800 BCE}}.  In the Gilgamesh version, the [[Mesopotamian gods]] decide to send a great flood to destroy mankind. Various correlations between the stories of Noah and Gilgamesh (the flood, the construction of the ark, the salvation of animals, and the release of birds following the flood) have led to this story being seen as the source for the story of Noah. The few variations include the number of days of the deluge, the order of the birds, and the name of the mountain on which the ark rests. The flood story in Genesis 6–8 matches the [[Gilgamesh flood myth]] so closely that "few doubt that [it] derives from a Mesopotamian account."<ref name="George2003">{{cite book|first=Andrew R. |last=George|title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21xxZ_gUy_wC&pg=PA70|access-date=8 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-927841-1|page=70 |via=Google Books}}</ref> What is particularly noticeable is the way the Genesis flood story follows the Gilgamesh flood tale "point by point and in the same order", even when the story permits other alternatives.<ref>Rendsburg, Gary. "The Biblical flood story in the light of the Gilgamesh flood account," in ''Gilgamesh and the world of Assyria'', eds Azize, J & Weeks, N. Peters, 2007, p. 117</ref>

The earliest written [[flood myth]] is found in the [[Mesopotamian]] [[Atra-Hasis|epic of Atra-Hasis]] and ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' texts. The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' says "These mythologies are the source of such features of the biblical Flood story as the building and provisioning of the ark, its flotation, and the subsidence of the waters, as well as the part played by the human protagonist."<ref>{{Britannica|416799|Noah}}</ref> The ''Encyclopedia Judaica'' adds that there is a strong suggestion that "an intermediate agent was active. The people most likely to have fulfilled this role are the [[Hurrian]]s, whose territory included the city of [[Harran]], where the Patriarch [[Abraham]] had his roots. The Hurrians inherited the Flood story from Babylonia".<ref name=Skolnik287 />
The encyclopedia mentions another similarity between the stories: Noah is the tenth patriarch and [[Berossus]] notes that "the hero of the great flood was Babylonia's tenth antediluvian king." However, there is a discrepancy in the ages of the heroes. For the Mesopotamian antecedents, "the reigns of the antediluvian kings range from 18,600 to nearly 65,000 years." In the Bible, the lifespans "fall far short of the briefest reign mentioned in the related Mesopotamian texts." Also, the name of the hero differs between the traditions: "The earliest Mesopotamian flood account, written in the [[Sumerian language]], calls the deluge hero [[Ziusudra]]."<ref name=Skolnik287 />

However, Yi Samuel Chen writes that the oldest versions of the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'' never mentioned the flood, just mentioning that he went to talk to [[Utnapishtim]] to find the secret of immortality. Starting with the [[Old Babylonian Period]], there were attempts to syncretize Utnapishtim with Ziusudra, even though they were previously seen as different figures. Gilgamesh meeting the flood hero was first alluded to in the Old Babylonian Period in "The Death of Gilgamesh" and eventually was imported and standardized in the Epic of Gilgamesh probably in the Middle Babylonian Period.<ref name="Chen 2013">Chen, Yi Samuel. The Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. Oxford University Press, 2013.</ref>

[[Gilgamesh]]'s historical reign is believed to have been approximately 2700 BC,<ref>{{cite book | last=Roux | first=Georges | date=April 1964 | title=Ancient Iraq | publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]] | publication-place=London |pages=123, 502}}</ref> shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with [[Aga of Kish|Aga]] and [[Enmebaragesi]] of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]], two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh.<ref>[[Stephanie Dalley|Dalley, Stephanie]], ''Myths from Mesopotamia'', Oxford University Press (1989), p. 40–41</ref>

The earliest [[Sumer]]ian Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the [[Third dynasty of Ur]] (2100–2000 BC).{{sfn|George|2003|p=xix}} One of these poems mentions Gilgamesh's journey to meet the flood hero, as well as a short version of the flood story, although Chen writes that his was included in texts written during the Old Babylonian Period.<ref name="Chen 2013"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.3#|title=The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature|website=etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> The earliest [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] versions of the unified epic are dated to c. 2000–1700 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|George|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=21xxZ_gUy_wC&pg=PA101 101]}}: "The great list of kings of Sumer and Akkad was, in the form that we know it, compiled early in the second millennium, from sources already current, to legitimize the [[Dynasty of Isin|kings of Isin]] as the successors of the [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III dynasty]]."</ref> Due to the fragmentary nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although one fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh's journey to meet [[Utnapishtim]]. The "standard" Akkadian version included a long version of the flood story and was edited by [[Sin-liqe-unninni]] sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=xxiv–xxv}}

Yi Samuel Chen, analyzing various texts from the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic III Period]] to the Old Babylonian Period, argues that the flood narrative was only added in texts written during the latter Old Babylonian Period. Observations by experts indicate that the portions of the [[Sumerian King List]] which mention the time before the flood are stylistically different from the King List Proper. Chen writes that Old Babylonian copies tend to show a separate pre-flood tradition which is apart from the King List. Further, the [[Ur III]] copy of the King List as well as similar documents indicate that the King List Proper once existed independent of a flood narrative or a pre-flood tradition. Chen provides evidence that the sections of the Sumerian King List that mention references to the flood were all later additions added during the Old Babylonian Period through later updates and edits. The Flood as a watershed in early history of the world was probably a new historiographical concept emerging in the Mesopotamian literary traditions during the Old Babylonian Period, as evident by the fact that the flood motif didn't show up in the Ur III copy and that the earliest chronographical sources related to the flood show up in the Old Babylonian Period. Chen concludes that the name of Ziusudra as a flood hero, as well as any hinted references of a flood, in the Old Babylonian Version of the [[Instructions of Shuruppak]] were later developments during the Old Babylonian Period, originating from updated information added to the text from the burgeoning Antediluvian Tradition.<ref name="Chen 2013"/>

===Ancient Greek===
Noah has often been compared to [[Deucalion]], the son of [[Prometheus]] and [[Hesione (Oceanid)|Hesinoe]] in [[Greek mythology]]. Like Noah, Deucalion is warned of the flood (by [[Zeus]] and [[Poseidon]]); he builds an ark and staffs it with creatures – and when he completes his voyage, gives thanks and takes advice from the gods on how to repopulate the Earth. Deucalion also sends a pigeon to find out about the situation of the world and the bird returns with an olive branch.<ref>'{{Britannica|159650|Deucalion}}</ref><ref>Wajdenbaum, P., [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kiPBAAAQBAJ&q=noah&pg=PA92 ''Argonauts of the Desert: Structural Analysis of the Hebrew Bible''], Routledge, 2014, pp. 104–108.</ref> Deucalion, in some versions of the myth, also becomes the inventor of wine, like Noah.<ref>Anderson, G., [https://books.google.com/books?id=G9IQt92pbjwC&dq=noah+deucalion&pg=PA130 ''Greek and Roman Folklore: A Handbook''], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp. 129–130.</ref> [[Philo]]<ref>Lewis, JP.; Lewis, JP., [https://books.google.com/books?id=mO_H2lVTyhkC&q=philo+noah&pg=PA101 ''A Study of the Interpretation of Noah and the Flood in Jewish and Christian Literature''], BRILL, 1968, p. 47.</ref> and [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] equate Deucalion with Noah, and [[Josephus]] used the story of Deucalion as evidence that the flood actually occurred and that, therefore, Noah existed.<ref>Peters, DM., [https://books.google.com/books?id=MXU3PTrFe6gC&q=manu+noah&pg=PA4 ''Noah Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Conversations and Controversies of Antiquity''], Society of Biblical Lit, 2008, p. 4.</ref><ref>Feldman, LH., [https://books.google.com/books?id=S349d-yRgCIC&q=deucalion&pg=PA166 ''Josephus's Interpretation of the Bible''], University of California Press, 1998, p. 133.</ref>

The motif of a [[weather deity]] who headed the pantheon causing the great flood and then the trickster who [[Creation of life from clay|created men from clay]] saving man is also present in [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian mythology]], as [[Enlil]], instead of Zeus, causes the flood, and [[Enki]], rather than Prometheus, saves man. Stephanie West has written that this is perhaps due to the Greeks borrowing stories from the Near East.<ref>West, S. (1994). Prometheus Orientalized. Museum Helveticum, 51(3), 129–149.</ref>

=== Var in Zoroastrianism ===
In [[Vendidad|Videvdad]] 29 and 37,<ref>{{Cite web |title=AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 2: Yima (Jamshed) and the deluge. |url=https://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd2sbe.htm |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.avesta.org}}</ref> mythical Iranian king Yīmā, was ordered by [[Ahura Mazda|Ahura Mazdā]] to build a subterranean enclosure known as Var, which had a function similar to Noah’s Ark, he was instructed to gather plants, animals, and humans with some exceptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Fritz |title=Avesta: the sacred books of the Parsen |publisher=[[K.J.Trübner]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|Christianity|Islam|Judaism|Latter Day Saints}}
* [[Ashure]], character in [[Norse mythology]] 
* [[Cessair]], character in [[Irish mythology]]
* [[Eridu Genesis]]
* [[Jamshid]], character in the ''[[Shahnameh]]''
* [[Manu (Hinduism)]]
* [[Mount Judi]]
* [[Noah's Ark]]
* [[Noah's wine]]
* [[Nu'u]], character in Hawaiian mythology
* [[Patriarchal age]]
* [[Searches for Noah's Ark]]
* [[Seven Laws of Noah]]
* [[Tomb of Noah]]
* [[Utnapishtim]]
* [[Vishnu]], Hindu deity
* [[Ziusudra]], king of [[Sumer]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin |2}}
* {{cite book |last=Alter |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Alter |title=The Five Books of Moses |year=2008 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-33393-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMhkJ8a708C&q=justify+Canaan&pg=PA52 }}
* {{cite book |last=Brett |first=Mark G. |title=Genesis: Procreation and the Politics of Identity |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0203992029 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFDW1lqNEXYC&q=Canaan&pg=PA45 }}
* {{citation |author=Compilation |editor-last=Hornby |editor-first=Helen |year=1983 |title=Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India |isbn=81-85091-46-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ7g-BIfXu0C&q=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+Genesis+Story+in+Western+Thought }}
* {{Cite book |last=Dimant |first=Devorah |chapter=Noah in early Jewish literature |editor=Michael E. Stone |editor2=Theodore E. Bergren |title=Biblical Figures Outside the Bible |publisher=Trinity Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXM1YwCGipMC |year=2001 |isbn=9781563384110 }}
* {{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Paul H. |title=Images of the Medieval Peasant |year=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804733731 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXBReIaQDW8C }}
* {{cite book |last=Goldenberg |first=David M. |editor1-last=Stemberger |editor1-first=Günter |editor2-last=Perani |editor2-first=Mauro |title=The Words of a Wise Man's Mouth Are Gracious |chapter=What did Ham do to Noah? |year=2005 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110188493 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cr-mix9kMgC&q=curse+of+ham+greek+mesopotamian+myth&pg=PA261 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goldenberg |first1=David M. |year=2003 |title=The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691114651}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldenberg |first=David M. |editor1-last=Salzman |editor1-first=Jack |editor2-last=West |editor2-first=Cornel |title=Struggles in the Promised Land: Toward a History of Black-Jewish Relations |chapter=The Curse of Ham: A Case of Rabbinic Racism? |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198024927 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2MJkRjpOHoC&q=%22long+history+of+enslaving%22&pg=PA34 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goldenberg |first1=David M. |title=The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400828548 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MS9AiZ74MoC&q=%22skin+color+and+slavery%22&pg=PA168 |year=2009 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Robert |last2=Patai |first2=Raphael |title=Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis |publisher=Princeton University Press, Cassel |year=1964 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Ham |first1=Ken |author-link1=Ken Ham |last2=Sarfati |first2=Jonathan |author-link2=Jonathan Sarfati |last3=Wieland |first3=Carl |author-link3=Carl Wieland |year=2001 |editor-last=Batten |editor-first=Don |url=http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/race-blacks.html |title=Are Black People the Result of a Curse on Ham |publisher=ChristianAnswers.net |access-date=28 September 2013 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Keil |first1=Carl |last2=Delitzsch |first2=Franz |others=Trans. James Martin |title=Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament |volume=1 |year=1885 |publisher=T&T Clark |location=Edinburgh }}
* {{cite book |last=Kissling |first=Paul |title=Genesis |publisher=College Press |year=2004 |volume=1 |isbn=9780899008752 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&q=In+the+beginning&pg=PP4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kugle |first=James L. |title=Traditions of the Bible |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUkaVq_GlJUC&q=%22Ham+laughed%22&pg=PA222 |isbn=9780674791510 }}
* {{cite book |last=Levenson |first=Jon D. |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Adele |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |title=The Jewish Study Bible |chapter=Genesis: Introduction and Annotations |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/26 26] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-529751-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/26 }} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC&q=Levenson&pg=PR5 Levenson author note]).
* {{cite book |last=Lulat |first=G |title=A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=9780313068669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J00xEkY-vTEC&q=misnomer+ham&pg=PA86 |pages=85, 86 |quote=an ideologically driven misnomer... }}
* {{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Alida C. |title=Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&q=ham+curse |year=2005 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin |isbn=978-0292712768 |edition=1st |page=164 }}
* {{cite book|author1-link=W. Paul Reeve|last1=Reeve|first1=W. Paul|title=Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95j4BQAAQBAJ|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-975407-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Robertson |first=John M. |title=Christianity and Mythology |year=1910 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing (2004 reprint) |isbn=978-0-7661-8768-9 |pages=496 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usGxKc9gMNwC }}
* {{cite book |last=Sadler |first=R.S. |title=Can a Cushite Change his Skin? |year=2005 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=9780567029607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNwI0AlRhuwC }}
* {{cite book |last=Sarna |first=Nahum |author-link=Nahum Sarna |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Richard Elliott |title=The Creation of Sacred Literature: Composition and Redaction of the Biblical Text |chapter=The Anticipatory Use of Information as a Literary Feature of the Genesis Narratives |year=1981 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-09637-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvjNTNWTyQUC |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/creationofsacred0000unse }}
* {{Cite book |last=Trost |first=Travis D. |title=Who should be king in Israel? |publisher=Peter Lang Publishing |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnvbpnRwxeYC&pg=PR6 |isbn=9781433111518 }}
* {{cite book |last=VanderKam |first=James Claire |author-link=James VanderKam |chapter=The Righteousness of Noah |editor=John Joseph Collins |editor2=George W. E. Nickelsburg |title=Ideal figures in ancient Judaism: profiles and paradigms, Volumes 12–15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le4QAQAAIAAJ |access-date=1 December 2013 |year=1980 |publisher=Scholars Press |location=Chico |isbn=978-0891304340 |pages=13–32 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150309230136/http://www3.nd.edu/~jvanderk/ VanderKam-Vitae]
* {{cite book |last=Van Seters |first=John |editor1-last=VanderKam |editor1-first=James |title=From Revelation to Canon: Studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature |chapter=Geography as an evaluative tool |year=2000 |publisher=Brill |isbn=0391041363 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L352z_jZSmcC&q=Putting+them+in+their+place%3A+Geography+as+an+evaluative+tool&pg=PA476 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Whitford |first=David M. |title=The curse of Ham in the Early Modern Era |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMb7_SL-OJYC |isbn=9780754666257 }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nq9lD5wnBMC&q=abraham+druze&pg=PA3|title=The a to Z of the Druzes|isbn=9780810868366|last1=Swayd|first1=Samy S.|year=2009}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Noah (Biblical figure)}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11571-noah "Noah"] from the 1901–1906 ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090711130618/http://muslimwiki.com/mw/index.php/Nuh "Nuh"]—MuslimWiki
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Noah |volume=19 |page=722 |short=1}}

{{Adam to David}}
{{Prophets of the Tanakh}}
{{Prophets in the Quran}}
{{Noah's Ark}}
{{Creationism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Noah| ]]
[[Category:Ancestors of the Ishmaelites]]
[[Category:Bereshit (parashah)]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis people]]
[[Category:Book of Jubilees]]
[[Category:Biblical patriarchs]]
[[Category:Longevity myths]]
[[Category:Mythological rape victims]]
[[Category:Noach (parashah)|*]]
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]
[[Category:Prophets in the Druze faith]]
[[Category:Legendary progenitors]]
[[Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy]]