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{{Short description|Neolithic archaeological site in Balochistan, Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name=Mehrgarh
|material=|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->|public_access=|management=|ownership=|condition=
|archaeologists=[[Jean-François Jarrige]]<br>
[[Catherine Jarrige (archaeologist)|Catherine Jarrige]]
|excavations=1974–1986, 1997–2000
|event=|occupants=|dependency_of=|cultures=
|epochs=[[Neolithic]]
|abandoned={{circa|2600&nbsp;BCE}}
|built={{circa|7000&nbsp;BCE}}
|builder=|native_name=
|coordinates={{coord|29|23|N|67|37|E|display=inline,title}}
|native_name_lang=ur
|alternate_name=Mehrgahr, Merhgarh, Merhgahr
|location=[[Balochistan, Pakistan]]
|height=
|region=[[South Asia]]
|part_of=|length=|width=|area=
|image=Mehrgarh ruins.jpg
|map_type=Pakistan Balochistan#Pakistan#South Asia
|relief=yes
|caption=[[Ruins]] of houses at Mehrgarh, Balochistan
|map_caption=Location within the Pakistani province of Balochistan##Location within Pakistan
|map dot label=Mehrgahr
|discovered=1974|type=Settlement}}
'''Mehrgarh'''  is a [[Neolithic]] [[archaeological site]] situated on the [[Kacchi Plain]] of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm|title=Stone age man used dentist drill|access-date=29 June 2006|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505223015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located near the [[Bolan Pass]], to the west of the [[Indus River]] and between the modern-day Pakistani cities of [[Quetta]], [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] and [[Sibi]]. The site was discovered in 1974 by the French Archaeological Mission{{CN|date=February 2025}} led by the [[French people|French]] archaeologists [[Jean-François Jarrige]] and  [[Catherine Jarrige (archaeologist)|Catherine Jarrige]]. Mehrgarh was [[Archaeological excavation|excavated]] continuously between 1974 and 1986,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jarrige |first=Catherine |url=https://hal.science/halshs-03868706 |title=Mehrgarh |last2=Jarrige |first2=Jean-François |last3=Meadow |first3=Richard |last4=Quivron |first4=Gonzague |date=1995 |language=en}}</ref> and again from 1997 to 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jarrige |first=Jean-François |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02977150 |title=Mehrgarh |last2=Jarrige |first2=Catherine |last3=Quivron |first3=Gonzague |last4=Wengler |first4=Luc |last5=Castillo |first5=David Sarmiento |date=2013 |volume=Serie Indus-Balochistan |language=en}}</ref> Archaeological material has been found in six [[mound]]s, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected from the site. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, located in the northeast corner of the {{convert|495|acre|km2|adj=on}} site, was a small farming village dated between 7000 BCE and 5500 BCE.

==History==
{{See also|Neolithic Revolution|Fertile Crescent|Demic diffusion|Dravidian peoples#Origins}}
Mehrgarh is one of the earliest known sites in [[South Asia]] showing evidence of farming and herding.<ref name="whc.unesco.org">UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. [http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013816/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/ |date=26 December 2018 }}. ''Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh''</ref><ref name="Mehrgarh">Hirst, K. Kris. 2005. [http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm "Mehrgarh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118071157/http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm |date=18 January 2017 }}. '' Guide to Archaeology''</ref><!-- **START OF NOTE** -->{{refn|group=note|name="Bhirrana"|Excavations at [[Bhirrana]], Haryana, in India between 2006 and 2009, by archaeologist K. N. Dikshit, provided six artifacts, including "relatively advanced pottery," so-called [[Hakra]] ware, which were dated at a time bracket between 7380 and 6201 BCE.<ref name="indusmilleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012|access-date=13 December 2018|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708102945/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="milleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209053815/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2015|title=Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought|date=2012-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-era-8000-years-old-not-5500-ended-because-of-weaker-monsoon/articleshow/52485332.cms|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 8000 years old, Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey, Times of India, 29 May 2016|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 December 2018|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602101845/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-era-8000-years-old-not-5500-ended-because-of-weaker-monsoon/articleshow/52485332.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oldestbhirranna">{{cite web | title=History What their lives reveal | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ljfXtPZHUSi5eG8Di1n9YO/History--What-their-lives-reveal.html | date=2013-01-04 | access-date=13 December 2018 | archive-date=1 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101160626/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ljfXtPZHUSi5eG8Di1n9YO/History--What-their-lives-reveal.html | url-status=live }}</ref> These dates compete with Mehrgarh for being the oldest site for cultural remains in the area.<ref name="oldest">{{cite news | title=Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 April 2015 | access-date=13 December 2018 | archive-date=1 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><br /><br /> Yet, Dikshit and Mani clarify that this time-bracket concerns only charcoal samples, which were radio-carbon dated at respectively 7570–7180 BCE (sample 2481) and 6689–6201 BCE (sample 2333).{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=132, 131}}{{sfn|Mani|2008|p=237}} Dikshit further writes that the earliest phase concerns 14 shallow dwelling-pits which "could accommodate about 3–4 people."{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=129}} According to Dikshit, in the lowest level of these pits wheel-made Hakra Ware was found which was "not well finished,"{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=129}} together with other wares.{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=130}}}}<!-- **END OF NOTE** --> It was influenced by the [[Neolithic]] culture of the [[Near East]],{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}} with similarities between "domesticated wheat varieties, early phases of farming, pottery, other archaeological artefacts, some domesticated plants and herd animals."{{sfn|Singh|2016|p=5}}{{refn|group=note|name="Near East"}} According to [[Asko Parpola]], the culture migrated into the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] and became the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] of the [[Bronze Age]].{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=17}}

[[Jean-François Jarrige|Jean-Francois Jarrige]] argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes "the assumption that farming economy was introduced full-fledged from Near-East to South Asia,"<ref name="Jarrige">Jean-Francois Jarrige [http://www.archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf ''Mehrgarh Neolithic''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221610/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}, Paper presented in the International Seminar on the "First Farmers in Global Perspective," Lucknow, India, 18–20 January 2006</ref><!--** to START OF NOTE**-->{{refn|group=note|name="Near East"|According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{sfn|Singh|2016}} Gangal et al. (2014):{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}} "There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of a connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and the subcontinent. The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the northwest of the subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.[18]<ref>Possehl GL (1999) Indus Age: The Beginnings. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref><br /><br />Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh [19],<ref name=" Jarrige JF 2008">Jarrige JF (2008) Mehrgarh Neolithic. Pragdhara 18: 136–154</ref> [20],<ref>Costantini L (2008) The first farmers in Western Pakistan: the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh. Pragdhara 18: 167–178</ref> but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey [21].<ref>Fuller DQ (2006) Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis. J World Prehistory 20: 1–86</ref> A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia [22].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrie | first1 = CA | last2 = Thomas | first2 = KD | year = 2012 | title = The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia | journal = Antiquity | volume = 86 | issue = 334| pages = 1055–1067 | doi=10.1017/s0003598x00048249| s2cid = 131732322 }}</ref> Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites [23].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goring-Morris | first1 = AN | last2 = Belfer-Cohen | first2 = A | year = 2011 | title = Neolithization processes in the Levant: the outer envelope | journal = Curr Anthropol | volume = 52 | pages = S195–S208 | doi=10.1086/658860| s2cid = 142928528 }}</ref> The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at [[Ali Kosh]] in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran [19].<ref name=" Jarrige JF 2008">Jarrige JF (2008) Mehrgarh Neolithic. Pragdhara 18: 136–154</ref> Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh resemble those discovered at [[Teppe Zagheh]] on the Qazvin plain south of the Elburz range in Iran (the 7th millennium BCE) and [[Jeitun]] in Turkmenistan (the 6th millennium BCE) [24].<ref>Jarrige C (2008) The figurines of the first farmers at Mehrgarh and their offshoots. Pragdhara 18: 155–166</ref> Strong arguments have been made for the Near-Eastern origin of some domesticated plants and herd animals at Jeitun in Turkmenistan (pp. 225–227 in [25]).<ref name=" Harris DR 2010">Harris DR (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref><br /><br />The Near East is separated from the Indus Valley by the arid plateaus, ridges, and deserts of Iran and Afghanistan, where rainfall agriculture is possible only in the foothills and cul-de-sac valleys [26].<ref name=" Hiebert FT 2002">Hiebert FT, Dyson RH (2002) Prehistoric Nishapur and the frontier between Central Asia and Iran. Iranica Antiqua XXXVII: 113–149</ref> Nevertheless, this area was not an insurmountable obstacle for the dispersal of the Neolithic. The route south of the Caspian sea is a part of the Silk Road, some sections of which were in use from at least 3,000 BCE, connecting Badakhshan (north-eastern Afghanistan and south-eastern Tajikistan) with Western Asia, Egypt, and India [27].<ref>Kuzmina EE, Mair VH (2008) The Prehistory of the Silk Road. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press</ref> Similarly, the section from Badakhshan to the Mesopotamian plains (the [[Great Khorasan Road]]) was apparently functioning by 4,000 BCE, and numerous prehistoric sites are located along with it, whose assemblages are dominated by the [[Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)|Cheshmeh-Ali]] (Tehran Plain) ceramic technology, forms and designs [26].<ref name=" Hiebert FT 2002" /> Striking similarities in figurines and pottery styles, and mud-brick shapes, between widely separated early Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains of north-western Iran (Jarmo and Sarab), the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran (Tappeh [[Ali Kosh]] and Chogha Sefid), Susiana (Chogha Bonus and Chogha Mish), the Iranian Central Plateau ([[Sang-i Chakmak|Tappeh-Sang-e Chakhmaq]]), and Turkmenistan (Jeitun) suggest a common incipient culture [28].<ref>Alizadeh A (2003) Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonus, Khuzestan, Iran. Technical report, University of Chicago, Illinois.</ref> The Neolithic dispersal across South Asia plausibly involved migration of the population ([29]<ref>Dolukhanov P (1994) Environment and Ethnicity in the Ancient Middle East. Aldershot: Ashgate.</ref> and [25], pp. 231–233).<ref name=" Harris DR 2010">Harris DR (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref> This possibility is also supported by Y-chromosome and mtDNA analyses [30],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Krausz | first2 = C | last3 = Zerjal | first3 = T | last4 = Sayar | first4 = SH | last5 = Hammer | first5 = MF |display-authors=etal  | year = 2001 | title = Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 68 | issue = 2| pages = 537–542 | doi=10.1086/318200 | pmid=11133362 | pmc=1235289}}</ref> [31]."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Chaix | first2 = R | last3 = Spencer Wells | first3 = R | last4 = Behar | first4 = DM | last5 = Sayar | first5 = H |display-authors=etal  | year = 2004 | title = Where West meets East: the complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 74 | issue = 5| pages = 827–845 | doi=10.1086/383236 | pmid=15077202 | pmc=1181978}}</ref>}}<!--**END OF NOTE**--> and the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern [[Mesopotamia]] and the western Indus Valley, which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites. However, given the originality of Mehrgarh, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background," and is not a "'backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East."<ref name="Jarrige" />

[[File: Site Location of Mehrgarh.jpg|thumb|left|Site location of Mehrgarh]]
[[John R. Lukacs|Lukacs]] and Hemphill suggest an initial local development of Mehrgarh, with continuity in cultural development but a population change.<ref>Brian E. Hemphill, John R. Lukacs, K.A.R. Kennedy, [https://www.harappa.com/content/biological-adaptations-and-affinities-bronze-age-harappans Biological Adaptations and Affinities of Bronze Age Harappans.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724130622/https://www.harappa.com/content/biological-adaptations-and-affinities-bronze-age-harappans |date=24 July 2022 }} Chapter 11 of Harappa Excavation Reports 1986-1990</ref> According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the Neolithic and [[Chalcolithic]] cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the Chalcolithic population did not descend from the Neolithic population of Mehrgarh,{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=114}} which "suggests moderate levels of [[gene flow]]."{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=114}} They wrote that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, [[Pakistan]] in [[North India|northwestern India]] and the western edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]]," with Neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with Chalcolithic [[Inamgaon]], south of Mehrgarh, than with Chalcolithic Mehrgarh.{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=114}}<!--** START OF NOTE **-->{{refn|group=note|Genetic research shows a complex pattern of human migrations.{{sfn|Singh|2016}} Kivisild et al. (1999) note that "a small fraction of the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture."{{sfn|Kivisild|1999|p=1331}} at c. 9,300 ± 3,000 years before present,{{sfn|Kivisild|1999|p=1333}} which coincides with "the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]" and "lends credence to the suggested [[Elamo-Dravidian languages|linguistic connection]] between the Elamite and Dravidic populations."{{sfn|Kivisild|1999|p=1333}} Singh et al. (2016) investigated the distribution of J2a-M410 and J2b-M102 in South Asia, which "suggested a complex scenario that cannot be explained by a single wave of agricultural expansion from Near East to South Asia,"{{sfn|Singh|2016}} but also notes that "regardless of the complexity of dispersal, NW region appears to be the corridor for entry of these haplogroups into India."{{sfn|Singh|2016}}}}<!--** END OF NOTE **-->

Gallego Romero et al. (2011) state that their research on [[Lactase persistence|lactose tolerance]] in [[India]] suggests that "the west Eurasian genetic contribution identified by Reich et al. (2009) principally reflects gene flow from [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]] and the [[Middle East]]."{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=9}} Gallego Romero notes that [[Indian people|Indians]] who are lactose-tolerant show a genetic pattern regarding this tolerance which is "characteristic of the common [[Europe]]an mutation."<ref name="ScienceLife2011">{{Cite web |url=http://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2011/09/14/lactose-tolerance-in-the-indian-dairyland/ |title=Rob Mitchum (2011), ''Lactose Tolerance in the Indian Dairyland'', ScienceLife |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206034842/https://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2011/09/14/lactose-tolerance-in-the-indian-dairyland/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Romero, this suggests that "the most common lactose tolerance mutation made a two-way migration out of the Middle East less than 10,000 years ago. While the mutation spread across Europe, another explorer must have brought the mutation eastward to India – likely traveling along the coast of the [[Persian Gulf]] where other pockets of the same mutation have been found."<ref name="ScienceLife2011" /> They further note that "[t]he earliest evidence of cattle herding in south Asia comes from the Indus River Valley site of Mehrgarh and is dated to 7,000 YBP."{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=9}}{{refn|group=note|Gallego Romero et al. (2011) refer to (Meadow 1993):{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=9}} Meadow RH. 1993. ''Animal domestication in the Middle East: a revised view from the eastern margin.'' In: Possehl G, editor. ''Harappan civilization''. New Delhi (India): Oxford University Press and India Book House. p 295–320.{{sfn|Gallego Romero|2011|p=12}}}}

==Periods of occupation==
Archaeologists divide the occupation at the site into eight periods.

=== Mehrgarh Period I (pre-7000–5500 BCE) ===
The Mehrgarh Period I (pre-7000–5500 BCE){{refn|group=note|Jarrige: "Though it is difficult to date precisely
the beginning of Period I, it can be rather securely assessed that the first occupation of Mehrgarh has to be put in a context probably earlier than 7000 BC."<ref>Jean-Francois Jarrige (2006), [https://www.academia.edu/4648302/Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic ''Mehrgarh Neolithic''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215153746/http://www.academia.edu/4648302/Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic_Mehrgarh_Neolithic |date=15 December 2018 }}; paper presented in the International Seminar on the "First Farmers in the Global Perspective", Lucknow India 18–20 January 2006. Published in 2008 as ''Mehrgarh Neolithic'', Pragdhara 18:136-154; see page 151.</ref>}} was [[Neolithic]] and [[aceramic]] (without the use of pottery). The earliest [[farming]] in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as [[wheat]] and [[barley]] and animals such as [[sheep]], [[goat]]s and [[cattle]]. The settlement was established with unbaked mud-brick buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants, and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of [[sea shell]], [[limestone]], [[turquoise]], [[lapis lazuli]] and [[sandstone]] have been found, along with simple [[figurine]]s of women and animals. Seashells from far seashores, and lapis lazuli from as far away as present-day [[Badakshan]], show good contact with those areas. One ground [[stone axe]] was discovered in a [[burial]], and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified context in [[South Asia]].

Periods I, II, and III are considered contemporaneous with another site called Kili Gul Mohammad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_pre%20indus%20and%20early%20indus%20cultures%20of%20pakistan%20and%20india.pdf |first=J.G. |last=Shaffer|first2=B.K. |last2=Thapar|title=Pre-Indus and Early Indus Cultures of Pakistan and India |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028131200/http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_pre%20indus%20and%20early%20indus%20cultures%20of%20pakistan%20and%20india.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The aceramic Neolithic phase in the region had originally been called the ''Kili Gul Muhammad phase''. While the Kili Gul Muhammad site itself probably started {{Circa|5500 BCE}}, subsequent discoveries allowed the date range of 7000–5000 BCE to be defined for this aceramic Neolithic phase.<ref>Mukhtar Ahmed, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387 ''Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709130217/https://books.google.ca/books?id=HbvTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387 |date=9 July 2022 }} Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization. Amazon, 2014 {{ISBN|1495941302}} p.&nbsp;387</ref>

In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of nine men from Mehrgarh discovered that the people of this civilization knew proto-[[dentistry]]. In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' that the oldest (and first ''early Neolithic'') evidence for the drilling of human teeth ''in vivo'' (''i.e.'' in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500 to 9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in early farming culture."<ref name="Coppa">Coppa, A. et al. 2006. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/pdf/440755a.pdf "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127160643/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/pdf/440755a.pdf |date=27 November 2007 }} ''Nature''. Volume 440. 6 April 2006.</ref>

===Mehrgarh Period II (5500–4800 BCE) and Period III (4800–3500 BCE)===
The Mehrgarh Period II (5500 BCE–4800 BCE) and Merhgarh Period III (4800 BCE–3500 BCE) were ceramic Neolithic, using [[pottery]], and later [[chalcolithic]]. Period II is at site MR4 and Period III is at MR2.<ref name="sharifthapar1"/> Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techniques were used. Glazed [[faience]] beads were produced and [[terracotta]] figurines became more detailed. Figurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two flexed [[burial]]s were found in Period II with a [[red ochre]] cover on the body. The number of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button [[Seal (emblem)|seals]] were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft [[kiln]]s, large pit kilns, and copper melting [[crucibles]]. There is further evidence of long-distance trade in Period II: important as an indication of this is the discovery of several [[beads]] of lapis lazuli, once again from [[Badakshan]]. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an expansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of South Asia, including the establishment of settlements like Rana Ghundai, [[Sheri Khan Tarakai]], Sarai Kala, Jalilpur, and Ghaligai.<ref name="sharifthapar1"/>

Period III was not much explored, but it was found that Togau phase ({{Circa|4000}}–3500 BCE) was part of this level, covering around 100 hectares in the areas MR.2, MR.4, MR.5 and MR.6, encompassing ruins, burial and dumping grounds, but archaeologist Jean-François Jarrige concluded that "such wide extension was not due to contemporaneous occupation, but rather due to the shift and partial superimposition in time of several villages or settlement clusters across a span of several centuries."<ref>Vidale, Massimo, et al., (2017). [https://www.academia.edu/38492223/Early_Evidence_of_Bead_Making_at_Mehrgarh_Pakistan_A_Tribute_to_the_Scientific_Curiosity_of_Catherine_and_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Jarrige "Early Evidence of Bead-Making at Mehrgarh, Pakistan: A Tribute to the Scientific Curiosity of Catherine and Jean-François Jarrige"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922015231/https://www.academia.edu/38492223/Early_Evidence_of_Bead_Making_at_Mehrgarh_Pakistan_A_Tribute_to_the_Scientific_Curiosity_of_Catherine_and_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Jarrige |date=22 September 2022 }}, in Alok Kumar Kanungo (ed.), Stone Beads of South and Southeast Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, p.&nbsp;234.</ref>

==== Togau phase ====
At the beginning of Mehrgarh III, Togau ceramics appeared at the site. Togau ware was first defined by [[Beatrice de Cardi]] in 1948. Togau is a large mound in the Chhappar Valley of [[Sarawan]], 12 kilometers northwest of [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] in Balochistan. This type of pottery is found widely in Balochistan and eastern Afghanistan, at sites such as [[Mundigak]], [[Sheri Khan Tarakai]], and [[Periano Ghundai]]. According to Possehl it is attested at 84 sites up to date.{{when|date=February 2023}} [[Anjira]] is a contemporary ancient site near Togau.<ref>Mukhtar Ahmed, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA392 ''Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325173618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=HbvTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA392 |date=25 March 2022 }} Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization. 2014 {{ISBN|1495941302}} p392</ref>

Togau ceramics are decorated with geometric designs and were already being made with a [[potter's wheel]].

Mehrgarh Period III, during the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, is characterized by important new developments. There is a big increase in the number of settlements in the Quetta Valley, the Surab Region, the Kachhi Plain and elsewhere in the area. Kili Ghul Mohammad (II−III) pottery is similar to Togau Ware.<ref>Ute Franke (2015), [https://ancient-herat.de/uploads/attachments/ckvfk2p0c01nbnhcpcq8n2xba-07a-central-baluchistan-4-mill.pdf Central Baluchistan in the 4th Millennium BCE.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171451/https://ancient-herat.de/uploads/attachments/ckvfk2p0c01nbnhcpcq8n2xba-07a-central-baluchistan-4-mill.pdf |date=9 July 2022 }} ancient-herat.de</ref>

=== Mehrgarh Periods IV, V and VI (3500–3000 BCE) ===
Period IV was 3500–3250&nbsp;BCE, Period V from 3250–3000&nbsp;BCE, and Period VI was around 3000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="maisels1">{{cite book | last1 = Maisels | first1 = Charles Keith | title = Early Civilizations of the Old World | publisher = Routledge | pages = 190–193}}</ref> The site containing Periods IV to VII is designated as MR1.<ref name="sharifthapar1"/>

=== Mehrgarh Period VII (2600–2000 BCE) ===
Sometime between 2600&nbsp;BCE and 2000&nbsp;BCE, the city seems to have been largely abandoned in favor of the larger fortified town [[Nausharo]] five miles away, when the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] was in its middle stages of development. Historian [[Michael Wood (historian)|Michael Wood]] suggests this took place around 2500&nbsp;BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Michael|title=In Search of the First Civilizations|date=2005|publisher=BBC Books|isbn=978-0563522669|page=257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTCezHSfbwMC&q=mehrgarh+abandoned+Naushahro&pg=PA55|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174858/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTCezHSfbwMC&q=mehrgarh+abandoned+Naushahro&pg=PA55|url-status=live}}</ref>

Archaeologist Massimo Vidale considers a series of semi-columns found in a structure at Mehrgarh, dated around 2500 BCE by the French mission there, to be very similar to semi-columns found in Period IV at [[Shahr-e Sukhteh]].<ref>Vidale, Massimo, (15 March 2021). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDAJHf1w3H4 "A Warehouse in 3rd Millennium B.C. Sistan and Its Accounting Technology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922120433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDAJHf1w3H4 |date=22 September 2022 }}, in Seminar "Early Urbanization in Iran".</ref>{{rp|min.12:10}}

===Mehrgarh Period VIII===
The last period is found at the Sibri cemetery, about 8&nbsp;kilometers from Mehrgarh.<ref name="sharifthapar1">{{cite book|last1=Sharif|first1=M|last2=Thapar|first2=B. K.|editor=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&pg=PA128|access-date=7 September 2011|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1407-3|pages=128–137|chapter=Food-producing Communities in Pakistan and Northern India|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709132813/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Lifestyle and technology==
Early Mehrgarh residents lived in [[mud brick]] houses, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with [[chalcolithic|local copper ore]], and lined their large basket containers with [[bitumen]]. They cultivated six-row [[barley]], [[Einkorn wheat|einkorn]] and [[emmer]] wheat, [[jujube]]s and [[Date (fruit)|dates]], and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500&nbsp;BCE to 2600&nbsp;BCE) put much effort into crafts, including [[flint knapping]], [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]], bead production, and [[metal working]].<ref>[[Gregory Possehl|Possehl, Gregory L.]] 1996. "Mehrgarh". ''Oxford Companion to Archaeology'', edited by Brian Fagan. [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> Mehrgarh is probably the earliest known center of agriculture in South Asia.<ref name="Harris1996">{{cite book|last=Meadow|first=Richard H.|editor=David R. Harris|title=The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkteuesBwpQC&pg=PA393|access-date=10 September 2011|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85728-538-3|pages=393–|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709142150/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkteuesBwpQC&pg=PA393|url-status=live}}</ref>

The oldest known example of the [[Lost-wax casting|lost-wax technique]] comes from a 6,000-year-old wheel-shaped copper amulet found at Mehrgarh. The [[amulet]] was made from unalloyed copper, an unusual innovation that was later abandoned.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thoury|first1=M.|display-authors=etal|title=High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|date=2016|volume=7|doi=10.1038/ncomms13356|pmid=27843139|pmc=5116070|ref=Thoury 2016|pages=13356|bibcode=2016NatCo...713356T}}</ref>

==Artifacts==
[[File:Seated Mother Goddess ,3000–2500 B.C. Pakistan (Baluchistan) Mehrgarh style.jpg|thumb|Seated Mother Goddess, 3000–2500 BCE. Mehrgarh<ref>{{cite web|title=MET|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/60602|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=21 April 2019|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018235102/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/60602|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

===Human figurines===
The oldest ceramic figurines in South Asia were also found at Mehrgarh. They occur in all phases of the settlement and were prevalent even before pottery appears. The earliest figurines are quite simple and do not show intricate features. However, they grow in sophistication with time, and by 4000&nbsp;BCE begins to show their characteristic hairstyles and typical prominent [[breasts]]. All the figurines up to this period were female. Male figurines appear only from period VII and gradually become more numerous. Many of the female figurines are holding babies, and were interpreted as depictions of a [[mother goddess]]. However, due to some difficulties in conclusively identifying these figurines with a mother goddess, some scholars prefer using the term "female figurines with likely cultic significance".<ref>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA130|access-date=10 September 2011|pages=130–|isbn=9788131711200|year=2008|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709143420/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nelson1">{{cite book|author=Sarah M. Nelson|title=Worlds of gender: the archaeology of women's lives around the globe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab1rF6tznkoC&pg=PA77|access-date=10 September 2011|date=February 2007|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-1084-7|pages=77–|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709143420/https://books.google.com/books?id=ab1rF6tznkoC&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharif|first1=M|last2=Thapar|first2=B. K.|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&pg=PA254|access-date=7 September 2011|pages=254–256|chapter=Food-producing Communities in Pakistan and Northern India|isbn=9788120814073|date=January 1999|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709143234/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pottery===
[[File:MET 2003 592 2 O.jpg|thumb|left|Mehrgarh painted pottery, 3000–2500 BCE<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/72342 |website=www.metmuseum.org |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093101/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/72342 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Evidence of pottery begins from Period II. In Period III, the finds become much more abundant as the [[potter's wheel]] is introduced, and they show more intricate designs and also animal motifs.<ref name="sharifthapar1"/> The characteristic female figurines appear beginning in Period IV and the finds show more intricate designs and sophistication. [[Sacred fig|Pipal]] leaf designs are used in decoration from Period VI.<ref name=" Singh1"/> Some sophisticated firing techniques were used from Periods VI and VII and an area reserved for the pottery industry has been found at mound MR1. However, by Period VIII, the quality and intricacy of designs seem to have suffered due to mass production, and a growing interest in bronze and copper vessels.<ref name="maisels1"/>

===Burials===
There are two types of burials in the Mehrgarh site. There were individual burials where a single individual was enclosed in narrow mud walls and collective burials with thin mud-brick walls within which skeletons of six different individuals were discovered. The bodies in the collective burials were kept in a flexed position and were laid east to west. Child bones were found in large jars or urn burials (4000–3300 BCE).<ref name="dibyopama_etal">{{cite journal|last1=Dibyopama|first1=Astha|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|display-authors=1|date=2015|title=Human Skeletal Remains from Ancient Burial Sites in India: With Special Reference to Harappan Civilization|journal=Korean J Phys Anthropol|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.11637/kjpa.2015.28.1.1|doi-access=}}</ref>

===Metallurgy===
Metal findings have been dated as early as Period IIB, with a few [[copper]] items.<ref name="sharifthapar1"/><ref name="Singh1">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA103|access-date=8 September 2011|date=1 September 2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=103–105|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728234400/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{Neolithic}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
*[[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and the [[list of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
*[[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
*[[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
*Ror dynasty
*[[Bhirrana]]
*[[Mundigak]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Kandahar Province
*[[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Nangarhar Province
*[[Surkh Kotal]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Baghlan Province
*[[Mes Aynak]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Logar Province
*[[Sheri Khan Tarakai]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Bannu
*[[Mohenjo-daro]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Sindh
*[[Harappa]]{{snd}}archaeological site in Punjab
*[[Bolan Pass]]
*[[Nausharo]]
*[[Chanhudaro]]
*[[Quetta]]
*[[List of Stone Age art]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
=== Mehrgarh ===
* {{cite book | last=Jarrige | first=J. F.| editor=Johanna Engelberta Lohuizen-De Leeuw| title=South Asian archaeology 1975: papers from the third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, held in Paris
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2GW1PTHQ1YC&pg=PA76 |access-date=19 August 2011 |year=1979 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-05996-2 |pages=76–|chapter=Excavations at Mehrgarh-Pakistan}}
* Jarrige, Jean-Franois, [http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf ''Mehrgarh Neolithic''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320192858/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf |date=20 March 2012 }}
* Jarrige, C, J. F. Jarrige, R. H. Meadow, G. Quivron, eds (1995/6), ''[https://hal.science/halshs-03868706v1 Mehrgarh Field Reports 1974-85: From Neolithic times to the Indus Civilization]''.
* Jarrige J. F., Lechevallier M., [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1980_num_6_1_4279 ''Les fouilles de Mehrgarh, Pakistan : problèmes chronologiques''] [''Excavations at Mehrgarh, Pakistan: chronological problems''] (French).
* Lechevallier M., [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1978_num_4_1_4233 ''L'Industrie lithique de Mehrgarh (Pakistan)''] [''The Lithic industry of Mehrgarh (Pakistan)''] (French)
* {{cite book |author1=Niharranjan Ray |author2=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya |title=A sourcebook of Indian civilization |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcyho16xzWEC&pg=PA560 |access-date=20 August 2011 |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan
|isbn=978-81-250-1871-1 |pages=560– |chapter=Pre-Harappan Neolithic-Chalcolithic Settlement at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan Pakistan}}
* Santoni, Marielle, [http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Sibri.pdf ''Sabri and the South Cemetery of Mehrgarh: Third Millennium Connections between the Northern Kachi Plain (Pakistan) and Central Asia'']
* Lukacs, J. R., [http://pages.uoregon.edu/jrlukacs/Dr.%20John%20R.%20Lukacs%20Website/downloads/MR%203%20dentmorph%20VII%20conf.pdf ''Dental Morphology and Odontometrics of Early Agriculturalists from Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan'']
* Barthelemy De Saizieu B., [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1990_num_16_1_4517 ''Le Cimetière néolithique de Mehrgarh (Balouchistan pakistanais) : apport de l'analyse factorielle''] [''The Neolithic cemetery of Mehrgarh (Balochistan Pakistan): Contribution of a factor analysis''] (French)
* Jarrige J.F., Jarrige, C., Quivron, G., Wengler, L., Sarmiento-Castillo, D., ''[https://hal.science/halshs-02977150v1 Mehrgarh. The Neolithic Levels, Seasons 1997 - 2000]''

=== Indus Valley Civilization ===
*{{cite book |author=Gregory L. Possehl |title=The Indus civilization: a contemporary perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PP1 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2}}
*{{cite book |author=Jane McIntosh |title=The ancient Indus Valley: new perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PP1 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kenoyer |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Miller |first2=Heather M. L. |editor=Vincent C. Pigott |title=The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjUy9SA3vqcC&pg=PA123 |access-date=23 August 2011
|year=1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology |isbn=978-0-924171-34-5 |pages=123– |chapter=Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India}}

=== South Asia ===
* {{cite book |author1=Bridget Allchin |author2=Frank Raymond Allchin |title=The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PP1 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=978-0-521-28550-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Kenoyer, J. Mark |editor=Kimberly Heuston |title=The Ancient South Asian World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&q=the+ancient+south+asian+world&pg=PA5 |access-date=4 March 2015 |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517422-9
| pages=30–35}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M. |editor=Sarah M. Nelson |title=Worlds of gender: the archaeology of women's lives around the globe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab1rF6tznkoC&pg=PA75 |access-date=23 August 2011 |date=February 2007 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1084-7 |pages=75– |chapter=Gender and Archaeology in South and Southwest Asia}}
* {{cite book |last=Kenoyer |first=Jonathan Mark |editor=[[Peter N. Peregrine]], [[Melvin Ember]] |title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory: South and Southwest Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-TQpUtI-dgC&pg=PA153 |access-date=23 August 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46262-7 |pages=153–}}

=== South Asia paleoanthropology ===
*{{cite book |author=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy |title=God-apes and fossil men: paleoanthropology of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PR4 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=2000 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11013-1}}
*{{cite book |author1=Michael D. Petraglia |author2=Bridget Allchin |title=The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia: inter-disciplinary studies in archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistics and genetics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PP1 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4}}

=== Central Asia ===
*{{cite book |author1=J. G. Shaffer |author2=B. K. Thapar|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lPzhfNRZ9IC&pg=PA1 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102719-2 |display-authors=etal}}

=== Global history ===
*{{cite book |author=Steven Mithen |title=After the ice: a global human history, 20,000-5000 BC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA408 |access-date=20 August 2011 |date=30 April 2006 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01999-7 |pages=408–}}

=== India ===
* Avari, Burjor, ''India: The Ancient Past: A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000&nbsp;BC to AD 1200'', Routledge.
* Singh, Upinder, ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century'', Dorling Kindersley, 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-317-1120-0}}
* Lallanji Gopal, V. C. Srivastava, ''History of Agriculture in India, up to c. 1200&nbsp;AD''.
* {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A history of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA21 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |pages=21–}}
* {{cite book |author=Burton Stein |editor=David Arnold |title=A History of India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0K3GZfqCabsC&pg=PA39 |date=4 March 2015 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |pages=39–|chapter=Ancient Days: The Pre-Formation of Indian Civilization|author-link=Burton Stein }}

=== Indo-Aryans ===
* {{cite book |author1=Jim G. Shaffer |author2=Diane A Lichtenstein |editor=George Erdösy |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC&pg=PA130 |access-date=20 August 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-014447-5 |pages=130–}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/ Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh], UNESCO
* http://www.arscan.fr/archeologie-asie-centrale/mai/ Mission archéologique de l'Indus (M.A.I.) [fr]

{{Cultural heritage sites in Balochistan, Pakistan |state=expanded}}
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Pakistan}}
{{Balochistan, Pakistan topics}}
{{Prehistoric technology|state=expanded}}
{{Neolithic Chronology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC]]
[[Category:1974 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:History of Balochistan]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Quetta District]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Balochistan, Pakistan]]