View source for Atrociraptor

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Atrociraptor TMP 95.166.1.jpg
| image_caption = [[Holotype]] jaw remains in the [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]
| image_alt = Photo of brown skull-bones with sharp teeth embedded in rock
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]]), {{fossilrange|72.2|71.5|latest=69.6|ref=<ref name=biostratigraphy />|PS=<small>Possibly lived to 68 Ma<ref name=otherlocalities1 /></small>}}
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Atrociraptor marshalli
| parent_authority = [[Philip J. Currie|Currie]] & Varricchio, [[2004 in paleontology|2004]]
| authority = Currie & Varricchio, 2004
}}

'''''Atrociraptor''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˌ|t|r|ɑː|s|i|ˈ|r|æ|p|t|ə|r}}) is a [[genus]] of [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]] [[dinosaur]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] in what is now [[Alberta]], Canada. The first specimen, a partial skull, was discovered in 1995 by the [[fossil collector]] Wayne Marshall in the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]], about {{cvt|5|km|sigfig=1}} from the [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]] where it was brought for [[fossil preparation|preparation]]. In 2004, the specimen became the [[holotype]] of the new genus and species ''Atrociraptor marshalli''; the [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] is [[Latin]] for "savage robber", and the specific name refers to Marshall. The holotype consists of the {{Dinogloss|premaxillae}} (frontmost bones of the upper jaw), a {{Dinogloss|maxilla}} (main bone of the upper jaw), the {{Dinogloss|dentaries}} (tooth-bearing bones of the lower jaw), associated teeth, and other skull fragments. Isolated teeth from the same formation have since been assigned to ''Atrociraptor''.

Estimated to have measured about {{cvt|1.8|-|2|m|ft}} in length and weighed {{cvt|15|kg|lbs}}, ''Atrociraptor'' was a relatively small dromaeosaurid. As a dromaeosaurid, it would have had a large sickle-claw on the second toe and [[pennaceous feathers]]. ''Atrociraptor'' differs from its contemporary relatives in that its face is much deeper, and its teeth are more strongly inclined backwards than in most other dromaeosaurids and are almost all the same size. It also differed from most relatives in details of the skull, such as the part of the premaxilla below the nostril being taller than long, and in that its maxillary fenestra was larger. The fragmentary nature of the holotype has made the exact relations of ''Atrociraptor'' uncertain; it was initially thought to be a [[Eudromaeosauria|velociraptorine]], but is now considered a [[saurornitholestine]].

''Atrociraptor'' is thought to have been specialised for attacking larger prey than other dromaeosaurids, due to its deep snout. Various ideas for how dromaeosaurids used their sickle-claws have been proposed, and 21st-century studies suggest they used them to grasp and restrain struggling prey while dismembering them with the mouth. The holotype specimen is known from the Horsethief [[Member (geology)|Member]]  of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, which dates to the [[Maastrichtian]] age, and ranges from around 72.2–71.5 million years ago. Assigned teeth from other parts of the formation indicate it survived for over 2 million years and across a wide geographic area.

==Discovery==

[[File:Atrociraptor marshalli skeletal diagram.png|thumb|left|alt=Diagram showing white bones in a dinosaur-silhoutte|Skeletal diagram showing the position of the holotype jaw remains]] 
In 1995, the part-time [[fossil collector]] Wayne Marshall discovered a partial skull of a [[dromaeosaurid]] (commonly called "raptor") [[dinosaur]] in the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] of [[Drumheller]] in [[Alberta]], Canada, about {{cvt|5|km|sigfig=1}} west of the [[Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology]]. Marshall had previously worked in the museum's mounting shop, helping to construct exhibits until the museum opened in 1985, and reported fossils to museum staff as he found them over the years. Jaw fragments and teeth eroding from the hillside led to the discovery of the dromaeosaur specimen; Marshall collected the loose fossil fragments and delivered them to the palaeontologist [[Philip J. Currie]] at the museum, and the remaining parts were later collected. Much of the specimen was in a relatively hard block of [[sandstone]], and [[fossil preparation|preparation]] revealed the right {{Dinogloss|maxilla}} (main bone of the upper jaw) exposed in outer side-view and the right {{Dinogloss|dentary}} (tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw) exposed in inner side view, and both of these bones were left in the block.<ref name="atrociraptor"/><ref name="SavageRobber">{{cite web |last1=Majeski |first1=Jared |title=Stories of discovery: the Savage Robber |url=https://albertashistoricplaces.com/2022/08/03/stories-of-discovery-the-savage-robber/ |website=RETROactive |access-date=17 July 2024 |publisher=Historic Resources Management Branch of Alberta Culture, Multiculturalism and Status of Women |date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="DigThis">{{cite news |last1=Hutchison |first1=Jim |last2=Pfeiff |first2=Margo |title=Dig this: Canada's fertile dinosaur country still has plenty of well-preserved bones to pick |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-08-tr-228-story.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=8 July 1990 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717203915/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-08-tr-228-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=localitydata />

[[File:Assigned Atrociraptor tooth.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photo of a dark, sharp tooth|Assigned tooth]] 
In 2004, Currie and the palaeontologist David Varricchio made the specimen (catalogued as RTMP 95.166.1) the [[holotype]] of the new [[genus]] and species ''Atrociraptor marshalli''. The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] is derived from the [[Latin]] words {{lang|la|atrox}}, which means {{gloss|savage}}, and {{lang|la|raptor}}, {{gloss|robber}}. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] references Marshall, the discoverer, and the full name can be translated as "Marshall's savage robber". Since then, Marshall has led the museum staff to many important finds. In all, the holotype preserves both {{Dinogloss|premaxillae}} (frontmost bone of the upper jaw, freed from the [[rock matrix]]), a right maxilla, both dentaries (the left one is incomplete), associated teeth (some having fallen out of their sockets prior to fossilisation), and numerous bone fragments from the skull.<ref name="atrociraptor">{{citation|last1=Currie|first1=Philip J.|last2=Varricchio|first2=David J.|chapter=A new dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada|title=Feathered Dragons|editor-last1=Currie|editor-first1=Philip J.|editor-last2=Koppelhus|editor-first2=Eva B.|editor-last3=Shugar|editor-first3=Martin A.|editor-last4=Wright|editor-first4=Joanna L.|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis|chapter-url=http://lesdinos.free.fr/003%202004.pdf|isbn=978-0-253-34373-4|pages=112–132|date=2004|access-date=2012-06-02|archive-date=2013-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413010952/http://lesdinos.free.fr/003%202004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SavageRobber"/><ref>{{cite web |title=atrox |url=https://logeion.uchicago.edu/atrox |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Logeion |publisher=The University of Chicago |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811145015/https://logeion.uchicago.edu/atrox |url-status=live }}</ref> The specimen was not fully prepared by the time of its original description, so in 2022, the palaeontologist Mark J. Powers and colleagues used [[computed tomography]] to visualise further details of the skull.<ref name=powers2021/> Numerous isolated teeth from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (some of which had originally been assigned to ''[[Saurornitholestes]]'') have since been assigned to ''Atrociraptor''.<ref name="Baszio">{{cite book |last1=Baszio |first1=Sven |title=Investigations on Canadian Dinosaurs |chapter=Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the Latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada |date=1997 |publisher=Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft |location=Frankfurt a.M |isbn=978-3-929-90738-4 |pages= 35–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Molina-Pérez |first1=Rubén |last2=Larramendi |first2=Asier |last3=Connolly |first3=David |last4=Cruz |first4=Gonzalo Ángel Ramírez |title=Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18031-1 |page=275}}</ref> Some of these were found in a [[bonebed]] in [[Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park]], which also preserves multiple ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' individuals.<ref name=assemblages/><ref name=otherlocalities1/><ref name=bonebed />

''Atrociraptor'' was featured in the 2022 film ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'', with the director describing it as more "brutish" than ''[[Velociraptor]]'' as it appears in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kemp |first1=Ellie |title=''Jurassic World Dominion'': meet The 'brutal, vicious' new ''Atrociraptor''s – exclusive image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jurassic-world-dominion-brutal-vicious-atrociraptors-exclusive-image/ |website=Empire |access-date=28 August 2024 |date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608205121/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jurassic-world-dominion-brutal-vicious-atrociraptors-exclusive-image/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A ''[[/Film]]'' writer commented that while ''Atrociraptor'' "might sound like another made-up [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] dinosaur invented for the ''Jurassic World'' films ... it's a very real dino with its own Wiki page and everything".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schaefer |first1=Sandy |title=''Jurassic World Dominion'' Reveals The Atrociraptor, A Very Real And 'Brutal' New Dino |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/712500/jurassic-world-dominion-reveals-the-atrociraptor-a-very-real-and-brutal-new-dino/ |website=SlashFilm |access-date=28 August 2024 |date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828170329/https://www.slashfilm.com/712500/jurassic-world-dominion-reveals-the-atrociraptor-a-very-real-and-brutal-new-dino/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Description==

[[File:Atrociraptor marshalli size chart.png|thumb|left|alt=Diagram of a human next to a smaller dinosaur|Size compared to a human]] 
''Atrociraptor'' was a relatively small dromaeosaurid, comparable to ''Velociraptor'' in size, and is estimated to have measured about {{cvt|1.8|-|2|m|ft}} in length and weighed {{cvt|15|kg|lbs}}. As a dromaeosaur, it would have had large arms, a long tail with vertebrae encased in rod-like extensions, and a large sickle-claw on the robust, hyper-extendible second toe.<ref name="holtz">{{cite book|last=Holtz|first=T. R. Jr.|year=2012|title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages|publisher=Random House|pages=158, 384|isbn=978-0-375-82419-7|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="paul2016">{{Cite book|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs |last=Paul |first=G.S. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-691-16766-4 |edition=2 |location=Princeton |pages=146, 151}}</ref><ref name=Yurgovuchia>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036790|doi-access=free |title=New dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the evolution of the dromaeosaurid tail |date=2012 |last1=Senter |first1=Phil |last2=Kirkland |first2=James I. |last3=Deblieux |first3=Donald D. |last4=Madsen |first4=Scott |last5=Toth |first5=Natalie |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e36790 |pmid=22615813 |pmc=3352940 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736790S }}</ref> Fossils of other dromaeosaurids, such as ''[[Zhenyuanlong]]'', show that even relatively large members of the group had [[pennaceous feathers]], with large wings on the arms and long feathers on the tail.<ref name="Zhenyuanlong">{{cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=Junchang |last2=Brusatte |first2=Stephen L. |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2015 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=11775 |doi=10.1038/srep11775|pmid=26181289 |pmc=4504142 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511775L }}</ref> ''Atrociraptor'' does not have [[autapomorphies]] (unique diagnostic features) that can be used to distinguish it, but it has a unique combination of features that is so far unknown in relatives.<ref name="Review2012"/> ''Atrociraptor'' mainly differs from its contemporary relatives ''[[Bambiraptor]]'', ''Saurornitholestes'', and ''Velociraptor'' in that its face is much deeper, and in that its maxillary teeth are more strongly inclined backwards than in most other dromaeosaurids, and in the teeth being almost all the same size.<ref name="atrociraptor"/> 

The relatively deep premaxillae have four teeth each, the same number as in other dromaeosaurids. The part of the premaxilla below the nostril is taller than long from front to back, as in ''[[Deinonychus]]'', ''[[Utahraptor]]'', and perhaps ''[[Dromaeosaurus]]'', while the opposite is the case for ''Bambiraptor'', ''Saurornitholestes'', and ''Velociraptor''. There is an elongated extension below the nostril, the subnarial process, that is wedged between the {{Dinogloss|nasal bone}} and the maxilla, as in other dromaeosaurids. The almost parallel subnarial and internarial (above the nostrils) processes are oriented more upwards than hindwards due to the depth of the snout, unlike in other dromaeosaurids where the opposite is true. The shallow depression on the side of the premaxilla that marks the lower front limit of the nostril opening is nested between the subnarial and internarial processes, while it extends further to the front in ''Velociraptor''.<ref name="atrociraptor"/>

[[File:Atrociraptor.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Illustration of a dinosaur covered in dark feathers|Hypothetical [[Paleoart|life restoration]] with body and [[feathered dinosaur|plumage]] based on related [[dromaeosaurids]]]] 
The second tooth of the premaxilla is the largest of the four therein, based on the size of the {{Dinogloss|tooth sockets}}, as in some relatives. As in ''Saurornitholestes'', the front {{Dinogloss|cutting edge}} is on the inner hind edge of the tooth, but more forwards positioned than the hind cutting edge. The teeth look more J-shaped than D-shaped in cross section. The {{Dinogloss|serrations}} on the front and hind cutting edges of the premaxillary teeth have almost the same basal diameter, though those on the front are taller. There are 2.3–3.0 serrations per {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.<ref name="atrociraptor"/> 

The {{Dinogloss|promaxillary fenestra}}, an opening in the front of the antorbital fossa (a depression around the [[antorbital fenestra]], the large opening in front of the eye), is positioned right under the maxillary fenestra, another opening. In relatives where both these fenestrae are known, the promaxillary fenestra is well in front of and below the maxillary fenestra. The maxilla is roughly triangular and relatively deeper than in other dromaeosaurids. The height between the maxillary fenestra and the tooth-bearing margin of the maxilla is more than twice the height of the largest tooth in ''Atrociraptor'', whereas it is less than twice that in other dromaeosaurids. If the teeth can be assumed to have had the same relative height among dromaeosaurids, the short and deep appearance of the maxilla of ''Atrociraptor'' could be due to the snout having an increased depth rather than because the snout was shortened.<ref name="atrociraptor"/> 

[[File:Atrociraptor skull reconstruction.png|thumb|left|alt=Diagram of a dinosaur skull with individual bones labeled|upright=1.6|Annotated skull diagram of ''Atrociraptor''; the dark grey {{Dinogloss|premaxilla}}, {{Dinogloss|maxilla}}, and {{Dinogloss|dentary}} are known (bones in light grey are reconstructed).]] 
The antorbital fenestra of ''Atrociraptor'' was relatively small compared to in other dromaeosaurids, with the portion in the maxilla taking up less than 43% its length, and the antorbital fossa also appears to have been relatively smaller. The rounded maxillary fenestra is larger than in relatives, and had a diameter of about {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} when complete. In front of a depression on the side at the back of the maxilla, the margin of the antorbital fossa slopes forwards and up at a higher angle than in other dromaeosaurids. Right above the margin of the tooth sockets, the maxilla has a row of neurovascular foramina (which supplied blood). The lower margin of the maxilla is strongly convex when seen from the side.<ref name="atrociraptor"/>

The maxilla contains eleven teeth (comparable to most other dromaeosaurids), which are closely packed in their sockets with no gaps between them. The maxillary teeth are narrow from side to side, blade-like, and have a distinct inclination towards the back and down; only the teeth of ''Bambiraptor'' and ''Deinonychus'' are similarly inclined. The maxillary dentition is almost [[isodont]] (the teeth being of similar size), and, unusually for dromaeosurids, there are no gaps left by shed teeth in the holotype. The teeth vary little in overall height, while in ''Velociraptor'' every other tooth is noticeably longer than those next to it. The maxillary teeth have larger serrations on their hind cutting edge, 3–4.5 per mm, than their front, 5–8 per mm. The serrations on the hind edge have relatively straight shafts with hooked tips, and are taller than the serrations at the front. The front and hind cutting edges lie on the midline of the maxillary teeth like in relatives but unlike ''Dromaeosaurus'', and the teeth are generally comparable to those of ''Bambiraptor'', ''Deinonychus'', ''Saurornitholestes'', and ''Velociraptor''.<ref name="atrociraptor"/>

The dentary of ''Atrociraptor'' is similar to those of other dromaeosaurids. The upper and lower margins are almost parallel, though the height decreases somewhat towards the back of the tooth-bearing part. The {{Dinogloss|external mandibular fenestra}} (an opening at the side of the lower jaw) appears to have been small and set low as in relatives, and the dentary has two rows of nutritive foramina. The dentary is thin from side to side, the [[Meckelian canal]] is shallow, the dental shelf narrow, and the dental plates are fused to each other and to the dentary's margin, as in relatives. The complete number of tooth sockets in the dentary is unknown; there are ten sockets in the right dentary and six in the left. The complete number is estimated to have been twelve or thirteen. The teeth of the dentary appear to be generally smaller than those in the maxilla, and they are not as strongly inclined backwards. Like the maxillary teeth, they are narrow and as blade-like. The serrations at the front are smaller and more numerous, 5–8 per mm, than those behind, 3.5–5.<ref name="atrociraptor"/>

==Classification==
[[File:Dans l'ombre des dinosaures - Bambiraptor jeune - 04.jpg|alt=Photo of a mounted dinosaur skeleton in a dynamic pose|thumb|right|Reconstructed skeleton of the related ''[[Bambiraptor]]'', a fellow member of [[Saurornitholestinae]]]] 
Within Dromaeosauridae, ''Atrociraptor'' is a member of [[Eudromaeosauria]] (or "true dromaeosaurids"), a group that includes the subfamilies [[Saurornitholestinae]], [[Velociraptorinae]], and [[Dromaeosaurinae]].  Below is a cladogram showing the position of Eudromaeosauria within Dromaeosauridae.<ref name=kuru />
{{clade
|label1=[[Dromaeosauridae]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=[[Halszkaraptorinae]] 
|2=[[Unenlagiinae]] 
|3=[[Microraptoria]]
|4=[[Eudromaeosauria]]
}}
}}

The pattern of eudromaeosaur dispersal is controversial among scientists. Some researchers have suggested that saurornitholestines are the earliest-diverging members of this group.<ref name=kuru /> If that is the case, it suggests a North American origin for Eudromaeosauria.<ref name=powers2021 /> However, if saurornitholestines are more closely related to velociraptorines, then they may have immigrated to North America from Asia closer to the end of the Cretaceous.<ref name="Arctic" />  The general uncertainty of the internal classification of Eudromaeosauria complicates discussion of the placement of ''Atrociraptor''.<ref name="Jasinki et al. 2022" /> This is compounded by the incompleteness of the known remains (four skull bones and several teeth). The skull and teeth of ''Atrociraptor'' bear similarities to many dromaeosaur taxa including ''Dromaeosaurus'', ''[[Shri devi|Shri]]'', ''Saurornitholestes'', and ''[[Kuru kulla|Kuru]]''. For this reason, some studies fully omit ''Atrociraptor'' from the presentation of their findings in order to improve the clarity of the interrelationships they found in their phylogenetic analyses.<ref name=kuru />

[[File:Deinonychus FMNH.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photo of a mounted dinosaur skeleton in a running pose|Reconstructed skeleton of ''[[Deinonychus]]'', which is sometimes considered closely related]] 
When ''Atrociraptor'' was first described in 2004, it was found to be closely related to ''Deinonychus'' and assigned to the dromaeosaurid [[subfamily]] Velociraptorinae, a group known predominantly from the [[Late Cretaceous]] of Asia. This was based on the difference in size between the front and back serrations on the maxillary teeth and the size of the second premaxillary tooth. The describers cautioned that this position might change if more fossil material was found.<ref name=atrociraptor/> A 2009 analysis by the palaeontologist Nicholas Longrich and Currie instead grouped ''Atrociraptor'' with ''Saurornitholestes'' as part of a new subfamily: Saurornitholestinae.<ref name="longrich&currie2009">{{cite journal | last1=Longrich |first1= N.R. |last2= Currie |first2= P.J. |year=2009 | pages=5002–5007 | issue=13 | volume=106 |title=A microraptorine (Dinosauria–Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America | journal = PNAS |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0811664106 | pmc=2664043 | pmid = 19289829|bibcode= 2009PNAS..106.5002L |doi-access= free }}</ref> By 2012, the palaeontologist Alan H. Turner and colleagues stated that the three phylogenetic analyses featuring ''Atrociraptor'' so far had such disparate results that there was no consensus regarding its affinity to other dromaeosaurids.<ref name="Review2012">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Alan H. |last2=Makovicky |first2=Peter J. |last3=Norell |first3=Mark A. |title=A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |date=2012 |volume=371 |pages=53–54 |doi=10.1206/748.1}}</ref>

In their 2013 description of ''[[Acheroraptor]]'', the palaeontologist David Evans and colleagues suggested that ''Atrociraptor'' was the [[sister taxon]] of the much older genus ''Deinonychus'' in a [[clade]] more advanced than Saurornitholestinae but outside of both Velociraptorinae and Dromaeosaurinae. This analysis used the same phylogenetic data set as the earlier analysis by Longrich and Currie, but included additional taxa which had been described in the interim.<ref name=Acheroraptor>{{Cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Larson | first2 = D. W. | last3 = Currie | first3 = P. J. | doi = 10.1007/s00114-013-1107-5 | title = A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian affinities from the latest Cretaceous of North America | journal = Naturwissenschaften | year = 2013 | pmid = 24248432| volume=100 | issue = 11 |pages = 1046–1047 | bibcode = 2013NW....100.1041E | s2cid = 14978813 }}</ref> The analysis that accompanied the 2015 description of ''[[Dakotaraptor]]'' by the palaeontologist Robert DePalma and colleagues suggested that ''Atrociraptor'' was a member of Dromaeosaurinae, alongside ''Deinonychus'', although they did not directly comment on the placement of ''Atrociraptor'' in their analysis.<ref name=depalmaetal2015>{{cite journal|last1=DePalma|first1=R. A.|last2=Burnham|first2=D. A.|last3=Martin|first3=L. D.|last4=Larson|first4=P. L.|last5=Bakker|first5=R. T.|title=The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation|journal=Paleontological Contributions|date=2015|issue=14|doi=10.17161/paleo.1808.18764|doi-access=free|hdl=1808/18764|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A similar result to DePalma and colleagues was found by the palaeontologists William and Kristen Parsons later in 2015.<ref name="DeinonychusParsons">{{cite journal |last1=Parsons |first1=William L. |last2=Parsons |first2=Kristen M. |title=Morphological variations within the ontogeny of ''Deinonychus antirrhopus'' (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0121476 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121476|doi-access=free |pmid=25875499 |pmc=4398413 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1021476P }}</ref>

By the 2020s, dromaeosaurid systematics included several unique phylogenetic datasets which have produced slightly different results.<ref name="Jasinki et al. 2022" /> One of these datasets is the so-called "TWiG matrix" (an abbreviation for the Theropod Working Group), developed by the palaeontologists [[Steven Brusatte]], [[Andrea Cau]], [[Mark Norell]], and several other researchers, which contains data for most named [[coelurosaurian]] taxa and is updated regularly by new authors.<ref name=kuru>{{cite journal|last1=Napoli|first1=J. G.|last2=Ruebenstahl|first2=A. A.|last3=Bhullar|first3=B.-A. S.|last4=Turner|first4=A. H.|last5=Norell|first5=M. A.|date=2021|title=A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Khulsan, Central Mongolia|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/7286/3982.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3982|pages=1–47|doi=10.1206/3982.1|issn=0003-0082|hdl=2246/7286|s2cid=243849373|archive-date=2021-11-09|access-date=2024-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109144341/https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/7286/3982.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}</ref> Other matrices include the matrix published by Mark Powers,<ref name=powers2021>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.2010087 |title=A new hypothesis of eudromaeosaurian evolution: CT scans assist in testing and constructing morphological characters |date=2021 |last1=Powers |first1=Mark J. |last2=Fabbri |first2=Matteo |last3=Doschak |first3=Michael R. |last4=Bhullar |first4=Bhart-Anjan S. |last5=Evans |first5=David C. |last6=Norell |first6=Mark A. |last7=Currie |first7=Philip J. |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=5 |bibcode=2021JVPal..41E0087P }}</ref> the one published by Scott Hartman and colleagues,<ref name=hesperornithoides>{{cite journal |last1=Hartman |first1=S. |last2=Mortimer |first2=M. |last3=Wahl |first3=W.R. |last4=Lomax |first4=D.R. |last5=Lippincott |first5=J.|last6=Lovelace|first6=D.M.|date=2019|title=A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight|journal=PeerJ|volume=7|pages=e7247|doi=10.7717/peerj.7247|doi-access=free|pmid=31333906|pmc=6626525}}</ref> and one produced by Philip Currie and David Evans.<ref name="Jasinki et al. 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Jasinski |first1=Steven E. |last2=Sullivan |first2=Robert M. |last3=Carter |first3=Aja M. |last4=Johnson |first4=Erynn H. |last5=Dalman |first5=Sebastian G. |last6=Zariwala |first6=Juned |last7=Currie |first7=Philip J. |date=2022 |title=Osteology and reassessment of ''Dineobellator notohesperus'', a southern eudromaeosaur (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae: Eudromaeosauria) from the latest Cretaceous of New Mexico |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25103 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=306 |issue=7 |pages=1712–1756 |doi=10.1002/ar.25103 |pmid=36342817 |s2cid=253382718 |issn=1932-8486|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In many of the most updated analyses for each of these matrices, including data from recently described taxa, ''Atrociraptor'' has been consistently found to be a member of Saurornitholestinae.<ref name=shrihead>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371740240 |doi=10.4202/app.01065.2023 |title=Skull of a dromaeosaurid ''Shri devi'' from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms |date=2023 |last1=Czepiński |first1=Łukasz |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=68 |s2cid=259441055 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Jasinki et al. 2022" /><ref name="longrich&currie2009" /><ref name=powers2021/><ref name="Arctic">{{cite journal |last1=Chiarenza |first1=Alfio Alessandro |last2=Fiorillo |first2=Anthony R. |last3=Tykoski |first3=Ronald S. |last4=McCarthy |first4=Paul J. |last5=Flaig |first5=Peter P. |last6=Contreras |first6=Dori L. |title=The first juvenile dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Arctic Alaska |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2020 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=e0235078 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0235078|doi-access=free |pmid=32639990 |pmc=7343144 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1535078C }}</ref><ref name="Pennaraptoran">{{cite journal |last1=Pittman |first1=Michael |last2=Xu |first2=Xing |title=Pennaraptoran theropod dinosaurs past progress and new frontiers |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |date=2020 |volume=440 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/174886 |archive-date=2024-06-26 |access-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626202743/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/174886 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

The results of two analyses, displaying two of the possible hypotheses of the affinities of ''Atrociraptor'', are shown below.
{{columns-start|num=2}}
;Evans, Larson, & Currie 2013<ref name=Acheroraptor />
{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Eudromaeosauria]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Saurornitholestinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bambiraptor]]''
|2=''[[Saurornitholestes]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''Atrociraptor'''''
|2=''[[Deinonychus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Dromaeosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Achillobator]]''
|2=''[[Balaur bondoc|Balaur]]''
|3=''[[Dromaeosaurus]]''
|4=''[[Utahraptor]]''
}}
|label2=[[Velociraptorinae]]
|2={{clade sequential
|1=[[Bayan Shireh Formation|Bayan Shireh]] taxon
|2=''[[Acheroraptor]]''
|3=''[[Velociraptor|Velociraptor mongoliensis]]''
|4={{clade
|1=''[[Adasaurus]]''
|2=''[[Tsaagan]]''
|3=''[[Velociraptor|"Velociraptor" osmolskae]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{column}}
;Czepiński 2023<ref name=shrihead />
{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Eudromaeosauria]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Adasaurus]]''
|label2=[[Velociraptorinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kuru kulla|Kuru]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Shri devi|Shri]]''
|2=''[[Velociraptor mongoliensis]]''
|3=''[[Velociraptor]]'' sp. (MPC-D 100/982)
}}
|2={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Velociraptor|"Velociraptor" osmolskae]]''
|2=''[[Linheraptor]]''
|3=''[[Tsaagan]]''
}}
}}
}}
|3={{clade
|label1=[[Dromaeosaurinae]]
|1={{clade sequential
|1=''[[Utahraptor]]''
|2=''[[Achillobator]]''
|3=''[[Dromaeosaurus]]''
}}
|label2=[[Saurornitholestinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Deinonychus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bambiraptor]]''
|2=''[[Saurornitholestes]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Acheroraptor]]''
|2='''''Atrociraptor'''''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{columns-end}}

==Palaeobiology==
 	
{{multiple image
|direction = horizontal
|align = right
|total_width = 500
|image1 = Dromaeosaurid sickle claw functions.png
|alt1 = Schematic illustrations showing various ways a predatory dinosaur could have used its claws
|image2 = Raptor Prey Restraint (RPR) updated anatomy.png
|alt2 = Illustration showing a predatory dinosaur using its claws to hold down prey
|footer = Illustrations of various hypotheses for how dromaeosaurids used their sickle-claws (left, feathers omitted for clarity), and of the "Raptor Prey Restraint" model, a hypothesis supported by 21st century studies (right)
}}

The palaeontologist [[Gregory S. Paul]] suggested in 2016 that ''Atrociraptor'' was able to attack relatively large prey and to wound it more than its relatives with its strong head and teeth.<ref name="paul2016"/> Powers and colleagues noted in 2022 that all dromaeosaurids with their deep maxillae are considered to have been predators, based on their relatively large size, few yet large serrated teeth, recurved claws including their sickle-claws, and a very developed [[olfactory system]] (sense of smell). The development of deep snouts in addition was probably an adaptation for handling [[vertebrate]] prey; velociraptorines with their elongated snouts that allowed for rapid biting at the cost of power perhaps specialised in smaller prey in their desert environments, and the small-bodied ''Acheroraptor'' and ''Saurornitholestes'' with their intermediate snout dimensions may have had more generalised diets in their more diverse ecosystems. The diverse and abundant prey in the environments of ''Atrociraptor'' and ''Deinonychus'' may have allowed for more specialised diets of large-bodied prey for these deep-snouted dromaeosaurids.<ref name=powers2021/>

Dromaeosaurids are thought to have used the large sickle-claws on their second toes to deal with prey, and theories about how this was done have ranged from using the claws for slashing to climbing up prey larger than themselves. A 2011 study by the palaeontologist Denver W. Fowler and colleagues found these ideas unlikely, and instead suggested the claws were used like those of modern [[birds of prey]], to grip and pin down prey, and immobilise it while dismembering it with the mouth. Fowler and colleagues called this the "Raptor Prey Restraint" model, and added that the grasping feet showed a shift to using the feet instead of the hands for restraining prey, as the forelimbs became increasingly feathered. The forelimbs could instead have been used for "stability flapping" as seen in birds of prey, which, along with movement of the tail, would have helped the predator stay in position when struggling with the prey.<ref name="PredatoryEcology">{{cite journal |last1=Fowler |first1=Denver W. |last2=Freedman |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Scannella |first3=John B. |last4=Kambic |first4=Robert E. |title=The predatory ecology of ''Deinonychus'' and the origin of flapping in birds |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2011 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=e28964 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0028964|doi-access=free |pmid=22194962 |pmc=3237572 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...628964F }}</ref> In 2019, the palaeontologist Peter J. Bishop examined the [[biomechanics]] of dromaeosaurid sickle-claws through a musculoskeletal 3D model of the hindlimb of ''Deinonychus''. The results supported that the claws were used for grasping and restraining prey smaller than the dromaeosaurid itself, but did not rule out other behaviours also involving crouching, such as stabbing and cutting prey at close quarters.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite journal |last1=Bishop |first1=Peter J. |title=Testing the function of dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) 'sickle claws' through musculoskeletal modelling and optimization |journal=PeerJ |date=2019 |volume=7 |pages=e7577 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7577|doi-access=free |pmid=31523517 |pmc=6717499 }}</ref>

==Palaeoecology==
===Palaeoenvironment===

[[File:Royal Tyrrell Museum exterior.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photo of a museum building with a mountanous background|The holotype was discovered about {{cvt|5|km|sigfig=1}} west of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology.]] 
The holotype remains of ''Atrociraptor'' were found at a locality west of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology.<ref name=atrociraptor /><ref name=localitydata /> This locality is part of the Horsethief [[Member (geology)|Member]]  of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, which is the second-oldest member of the formation. The Horsethief Member ranges from around 72.2–71.5 million years ago, a timespan of about 700,000 years.<ref name=biostratigraphy>{{cite journal | url=https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019#.XuGwP-fQ_BV | title=High-precision U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada | last1=Eberth | first1=David A. | last2=Kamo | first2=Sandra | journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | year=2019 | volume=57 | issue=10 | pages=1220–1237 | doi=10.1139/cjes-2019-0019 | bibcode=2020CaJES..57.1220E | s2cid=210299227 | archive-date=2020-05-27 | access-date=2024-07-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527124346/https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019#.XuGwP-fQ_BV | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Teeth from elsewhere in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation have been assigned to ''Atrociraptor''. If these assignments are valid, it would mean ''Atrociraptor'' had a wide geographic and temporal distribution. These remains push the latest occurrence of ''Atrociraptor'' to the Tolman Member of the formation (about 70.9–69.6 million years ago), suggesting the genus may have existed for over 2 million years.<ref name=otherlocalities1>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054329|doi-access=free |title=Multivariate analyses of small theropod dinosaur teeth and implications for paleoecological turnover through time |date=2013 |last1=Larson |first1=Derek W. |last2=Currie |first2=Philip J. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e54329 |pmid=23372708 |pmc=3553132 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...854329L }}</ref><ref name=otherlocalities2>{{cite journal |title=A history of ''Albertosaurus'' discoveries in Alberta, Canada |last1=Tanke |first1=Darren H. |last2=Currie |first2=Philip J. |date=2010 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1197–1211|doi=10.1139/E10-057 |bibcode=2010CaJES..47.1197T }}</ref>

In the early Maastrichtian, the continent of [[Laramidia]] (today North America) was about 8 degrees of [[latitude]] further North than North America is today.<ref name=localitydata>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=92963&is_real_user=1 |title=5 km west of Royal Tyrrell Museum (Cretaceous of Canada) |last=Carrano |first=Matthew |date=2009 |website=The Paleobiology Database |quote=Where: Alberta, Canada (51.5° N, 112.8° W: paleocoordinates 59.2° N, 84.6° W) |access-date=2024-07-18 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718063823/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=92963&is_real_user=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Despite this, the average temperature of the area was almost certainly much warmer than the region is today.  The mean annual temperature in the early Maastrichtian is estimated to have been around {{convert|10|C|F}},<ref name=paleoclimate /> compared to {{convert|4.5|C|F}} today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/canada/alberta/drumheller-11612/ |title=Drumheller Climate (Canada) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=Climate Data |quote=The average annual temperature is 4.5 °C. |access-date=2024-07-18 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718060539/https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/canada/alberta/drumheller-11612/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The lower part of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, where the holotype was discovered, corresponds to poorly-drained sediments which reflect a depositional setting with a lot of standing water.  The sediments of the Horsethief Member are composed primarily of [[coal]], [[shale]]s, sandstones, and [[mudstone]]s.  These sediments are rich with organic materials, which reflect a highly saturated and humid environment, likely a [[coastal plain]] or [[Braided river|fluvial system]] which was on the margins of the [[Western Interior Seaway]].<ref name=deposition>{{Cite journal |last1=Eberth |first1=David A. |last2=Braman |first2=Dennis R. |date=September 2012 |title=A revised stratigraphy and depositional history for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta plains |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-035 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=1053–1086 |doi=10.1139/e2012-035 |bibcode=2012CaJES..49.1053E |issn=0008-4077|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This suggests that the region was very humid and composed primarily of [[wetlands]] with a high [[water table]].  This is further corroborated by the presence of a wider variety of [[turtle]]s in the lower members of the formation than in the higher members.<ref name=paleoclimate>{{cite journal | last1 = Quinney | first1 = Annie | last2 = Therrien | first2 = François | last3 = Zelenitsky | first3 = Darla K. | last4 = Eberth | first4 = David A. | year = 2013 | title = Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 371 | pages = 26–44 | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.12.009 | bibcode = 2013PPP...371...26Q }}</ref>

{{multiple image
	
| width = 200
	
| image1 = North america 75mya.png
|alt1 = Map of North America with a large seaway across it
| image2 = North america 65mya.png
|alt2 = Map of North America without the seaway
| footer = Maps of North America from the [[Campanian]] (left) and the [[Maastrichtian]] (right) showing the fall in sea levels between 75 and 66 Ma
	
}}

As the Maastrichtian stage progressed, the Western Interior Seaway began to shrink, which is reflected in the [[palaeoclimatic]] reconstructions of the region.  Later sediments are believed to have been further inland and less humid than those of the late [[Campanian]].<ref name=paleoclimate />  This may be responsible for the apparent change in fauna during this period.<ref name=assemblages />  How these climatic changes affected ''Atrociraptor'' is not clear, due to the rarity of its remains, but the discovery of teeth from the geologically younger Tolman Member suggests that the taxon may have survived through this period.<ref name=otherlocalities1 />  Despite the apparent decline in temperature and humidity, it is known that major flooding events continued throughout this period. The ''Albertosaurus'' bonebed which contains teeth referred to ''Atrociraptor'', dated to one of the upper members of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, was believed to have been deposited during a major storm.<ref name=bonebed>{{cite journal |doi=10.1139/E10-045 |title=Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy of the ''Albertosaurus'' bonebed (Upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation; Maastrichtian), southern Alberta, Canada |date=2010 |last1=Eberth |first1=David A. |last2=Currie |first2=Philip J. |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1130–1131 |bibcode=2010CaJES..47.1119E }}</ref> Despite the regression of the Western Interior Seaway, Cretaceous Alberta became wetter and more humid in the uppermost part of the formation (around 68 million years ago), returning to conditions similar to those of the Horsethief Member. No remains from these youngest sediments have been assigned to ''Atrociraptor'', which suggests that either the change in climate forced the small theropod to move elsewhere or it became extinct.<ref name=assemblages>{{cite journal |doi=10.1139/E10-005 |title=Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the ''Albertosaurus sarcophagus'' bonebed |date=2010 |last1=Larson |first1=Derek W. |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=Bell |first3=Phil R. |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1159–1181 |bibcode=2010CaJES..47.1159L }}</ref>

===Contemporary fauna and flora===

[[File:Albertosaurus confronting Pachyrhinosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Illustration of a predatory dinosaur chasing horned dinosaurs in a forested area|Hypothetical restoration of various [[dinosaurs]] known from the Horsethief [[Member (geology)|Member]] of the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]], where the first ''Atrociraptor'' specimen was found]] 
The holotype of ''Atrociraptor'' is the only fossil discovered from its locality,<ref name=localitydata /> so it is not known for certain if any of the animals from the Horsethief Member directly coexisted with it, but many of them are known to have been contemporaneous.<ref name=biostratigraphy /> The Horsethief Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation constitutes the upper part of the so-called ''Edmontosaurus regalis-Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis'' zone. As the name suggests, two common terrestrial herbivores in these lower strata were ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]'' and ''[[Edmontosaurus]]''. The lower part of Horseshoe Canyon also preserves fossils of other [[ceratopsid]]s including ''[[Anchiceratops]]'', ''[[Arrhinoceratops]]'', and several indeterminate specimens. [[Ankylosaur]]s are also well-represented in this member. The genera ''[[Edmontonia]]'' and ''[[Anodontosaurus]]'' have been found alongside indeterminate ankylosaur remains. [[Hadrosaurid]] remains are very common, but many of these are not confidently assigned to any genera other than ''Edmontosaurus''. Fragmentary remains of [[pachycephalosaurid]]s have also been found.<ref name=biostratigraphy />

[[Theropod]] remains are also common in the Horsethief Member. ''[[Ornithomimus]]'' and ''[[Struthiomimus]]'' are known from several specimens, and other coelurosaurs are known from a few remains.  These include the [[troodontid]] ''[[Albertavenator]]'' and the [[caenagnathid]]s ''[[Apatoraptor]]'' and ''[[Epichirostenotes]]''.  Although their remains are not known directly from the Horsethief Member, ''Dromaeosaurus'', ''[[Paronychodon]]'', and the poorly-understood taxon ''[[Richardoestesia]]'' (known only from teeth) are known from both older and younger deposits, so they are inferred to have existed at this time as well.  The largest theropod in the Horsethief Member (and the Horseshoe Canyon Formation generally) was the [[tyrannosaurid]] ''Albertosaurus''.<ref name=biostratigraphy /> 

[[File:Small theropod tooth morphotypes.png|thumb|right|alt=Diagram showing sharp teeth of various dinosaurs and their ranges through time|upright=1.5|Tooth assigned to ''Atrociraptor'' (E, middle left) among those of other small [[theropods]], with bars indicating their [[stratigraphic]] ranges]] 
Teeth found in the higher layers of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (the Morrin and Tolman members) suggest that ''Atrociraptor'' may have also been a constituent of the younger ''Hypacrosaurus altispinus-Saurolophus osborni'' zone. This period is typified by the presence of the hadrosaurids ''[[Saurolophus]]'' and ''[[Hypacrosaurus]]'', in addition to numerous hadrosaur remains that have not yet been assigned to a particular genus.  This time interval extended from 71.5–69.6 million years ago and immediately followed the ''Edmontosaurus regalis''-''Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis'' dinosaur zone. ''Edmontosaurus'', ''Pachyrhinosaurus'', and ''Edmontonia'' that characterise the Horsethief Member appear to be completely absent from this zone, although these genera did persist elsewhere in Laramidia. The ceratopsids ''Anchiceratops'' and ''Arrhinoceratops'' persist into the Morrin Member and the early layers of the even younger Tolman Member, as does the ankylosaurid ''Anodontosaurus'' and the large predator ''Albertosaurus''.<ref name=biostratigraphy />

The aforementioned teeth, which have been assigned to ''Atrociraptor'', suggest that it directly shared its environment in the Tolman Member with ''Albertosaurus'', ''Hypacrosaurus'', one or more troodontids, [[ornithomimid]]s, and possibly other dromaeosaurids.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=55363 |title=''Albertosaurus'' bonebed, Dry Island Buffalo Jump: Early Maastrichtian, Canada collected by B. Brown & Kaisen, P. Currie 1910, 1997–2005 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=The Paleobiology Database |access-date=2024-07-30 |archive-date=2024-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730044915/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=55363 |url-status=live }}</ref> Small dinosaurs are also more common in the Tolman Member. These include the [[leptoceratopsid]] ''[[Montanoceratops]]'', the pachycephalosaurid ''[[Sphaerotholus]]'', the [[thescelosaurid]] ''[[Parksosaurus]]'', and the [[alvarezsaurid]] ''[[Albertonykus]]'', in addition to the diverse assemblage of small theropods known from the Horsethief Member.<ref name=biostratigraphy /> The absence of these fossils from the older members does not necessarily mean that these taxa did not exist at that time, and may simply be reflective of the [[fossil bias]] which makes the preservation of small-bodied animals less likely.<ref name=fossilbias>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/pala.12225 |title=Preservational bias controls the fossil record of pterosaurs |date=2016 |last1=Dean |first1=Christopher D. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |last3=Butler |first3=Richard J. |journal=Palaeontology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=226 |pmid=27239072 |pmc=4878658 |bibcode=2016Palgy..59..225D }}</ref>

[[File:Albertosaurus hunting Saurolophus.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Illustration of predatory dinosaurs chasing billed dinosaurs in a forested area|Hypothetical restoration of various dinosaurs from the Tolman Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, where assigned ''Atrociraptor'' teeth have been found]] 
Remains of animals other than dinosaurs are known from throughout the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Fish are common fossils and are represented by [[Sclerorhynchoidei|sclerorhynchoid]]s, [[guitarfish]], [[sturgeon]]s, [[paddlefish]]es, [[aspidorhynchids]], [[osteoglossomorph]]s, [[elopiformes]], [[ellimmichthyiformes]], [[esocidae|esocids]], and [[acanthomorph]]s. [[Frog]]s and [[salamander]]s are also known from teeth found in these deposits alongside [[polyglyphanodontia]]n lizards.<ref name=assemblages /> Turtles were also very diverse in the warm and humid climate of the early Maastrichtian. Fossils of [[macrobaenid]]s, [[chelydrid]]s, [[trionychid]]s, [[adocid]]s, and the giant genus ''[[Basilemys]]'' have been found from the parts of Horseshoe Canyon Formation that correspond to wetlands.<ref name=paleoclimate /> The [[choristodere]] genus ''[[Champsosaurus]]'' was also a resident of Alberta during this time.<ref name=assemblages />

A wide variety of fossil plants have been found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The most numerous and diverse of these are the [[conifer]]s, which are known from plant body fossils and a diverse array of seeds. Among the conifers present were [[Pinaceae|pines]], [[redwood]]s, [[Cupressaceae|cypresses]], [[Podocarpaceae|yellow woods]], and [[Taxaceae|yews]], as well as some conifers that have not been confidently identified by [[paleobotanists]].  [[Ginkgoes]] are also known from the region during the Cretaceous.  Uniquely, fossils of true [[cycads]] – which are otherwise very abundant among [[Mesozoic]] flora – appear to be completely absent from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation.  [[Seed fern]]s and [[Bennettitales|false cycads]], which are related groups of [[spermatophyte]]s, have been found, and some plant remains that resemble the genus ''[[Nilssonia (plant)|Nilssonia]]'' have been suggested to belong to true cycads.<ref name=plants>{{cite book |last1=Aulenback |first1=K. R. |date=2009 |title=Identification Guide to the Fossil Plants of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Drumheller, Alberta |publisher=University of Calgary Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv6cfq46|isbn=978-1-55238-494-7 }}</ref>

[[Angiosperm]]s had undergone a significant diversification event during the [[Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution]], and by the early Maastrichtian, they were common components of North American terrestrial ecosystems. However, in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, leaf imprints, fossilized wood, stems, and fruits from angiosperms are rare fossils.  Fossilized leaves and fruits of [[plane tree]]s, [[Nyssaceae|dogwood trees]], [[Myrtales|myrtles]], [[Trochodendraceae|wheel trees]], [[Saxifragales|saxifrages]], and [[Cercidiphyllum|katsura]] have been identified.  Most angiosperm remains so far discovered have been in the form of seeds and pollen. Such trace fossils from [[Nymphaeaceae|lotuses]], [[Lauraceae|laurels]], [[ceratophyllaceae|hornworts]], [[witch hazel]]s, [[elm tree]]s, [[buckthorn]]s, [[beech]]es, [[birch]]es, [[willow]]s, and [[Anacardiaceae|cashew]]s, among others, have also been found, but body fossils from these plants are not yet known from the area.<ref name=plants />

Fossil remains from non-spermatophytes are rare, and typically only their [[spore]]s are preserved.  The morphology of these spores is used to determine the affinities of these plants. From this, it has been determined that the Horseshoe Canyon Formation was also home to a diverse assemblage of [[fern]]s, [[tree fern]]s, [[water clover]]s, [[horsetail]]s, [[quillwort]]s, [[club mosses]], [[moss]]es, and [[liverwort]]s.<ref name=plants />

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park#Other creatures|Dinosaurs in ''Jurassic Park'']]
* [[List of North American dinosaurs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dromaeosauridae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134005}}

[[Category:Eudromaeosauria]]
[[Category:Dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Horseshoe Canyon Formation]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of Canada]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2004]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip J. Currie]]