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{{short description|City in the province of Vojvodina, Serbia}}
{{about|the city in Serbia}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Subotica
| native_name        = {{native name|sr-Cyrl|Суботица}}<br />{{native name|hu|Szabadka}}<ref name="Statut">{{cite web|url=https://subotica.ls.gov.rs/web/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82.pdf |title=Статут Града Суботице, Чланови 3 & 9 |trans-title=Subotica City Statute, Articles 3 & 9 |format=PDF |access-date=16 February 2025 |language=sr |publisher=City of Subotica }}</ref><br>{{native name|hr|Subotica}}<ref name="Statut"/><br />''Subotica'' ([[Bunjevac dialect|Bunjevac]])<ref name="Statut-Bunjevački">{{cite web|url=https://subotica.ls.gov.rs/web/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5.pdf |title=ОДЛУКА о изменама Статута Града Суботице |trans-title=DECISION on Staturory Changes in the Subotica City Statute |format=PDF |access-date=16 February 2025 |language=sr |publisher=City of Subotica }}</ref>
| native_name_lang   = sr
| official_name      = {{lang|sr|Град Суботица<br />Grad Subotica}}<br />City of Subotica
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Serbia|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/3/2/2
| total_width = 260
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Serbia Vojvodina Subotica WV Page Banner.jpg
| caption1 = Panorama of Subotica at night
| image2 = Centar I, Subotica, Serbia - panoramio (4).jpg
| caption2 = Subotica City Hall
| image3 = Centar I, Subotica, Serbia - panoramio (3).jpg 
| caption3 = Reichel Palace 
| image4 = Franjevačka crkva - panoramio.jpg 
| caption4 = Franciscan Church
| image5 = Subotica (Szabadka, Суботица) - catholic cathedral.JPG
| caption5 = [[St. Theresa of Avila Cathedral, Subotica|St. Theresa of Avila Cathedral]]
| image6 = St George Roman Catholic Church (89086859).jpeg
| caption6 = St. George's Church
| image7 = Centar I, Subotica, Serbia - panoramio (1).jpg
| caption7 = Former Savings Bank 
| image8 = View of Subotica (2024).jpg
| caption8 = Freedom Square
| image9 = Wiki.Vojvodina VII Subotica 4899 02.jpg
| caption9 = [[National Theatre in Subotica|National Theater]]
| image10 = Wiki.Vojvodina VII Subotica 4599 03.jpg
| caption10 = [[Subotica Synagogue]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Subotica.svg
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = CoA of Subotica.svg
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| pushpin_map        = Serbia Vojvodina#Serbia#Europe
| map_caption        = Location of the city of Subotica in [[Serbia]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|46|06|01|N|19|39|56|E|region:RS|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Serbia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Subdivisions of Serbia|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Vojvodina}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Districts of Serbia|District]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[North Bačka District|North Bačka]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of cities, towns and villages in Serbia|Settlements]]
| subdivision_name3  = 19
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Subotica|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = Stevan Bakić
| leader_party       = [[Serbian Progressive Party|SNS]]
| area_blank1_title  = Urban
| area_blank1_km2    = 164.33
| area_blank2_title  = Administrative
| area_blank2_km2    = 1007.47
| area_rank          = [[List of cities in Serbia|13th in Serbia]]
| population_as_of   = 2022 census
| population_footnotes = <ref name=Census>{{Serbian census 2011|pages=84–87}}</ref>
| population_rank    = [[List of cities in Serbia|5th in Serbia]]
| population_total   = 94,228
| total_type         = City
| population_blank1_title = 
| population_blank1  = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| population_blank2_title = Administrative
| population_blank2  = 123,952
| population_density_blank2_km2 = auto
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 109
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 24000
| area_code          = (+381) 24
| registration_plate = [[Serbian vehicle registration plates|SU]]
| website            = [http://www.subotica.rs Official website]
| blank_name_sec1    = Official languages
| blank_info_sec1    = [[Serbian language|Serbian]] together with [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Bunjevac dialect|Bunjevac]]<ref name="Statut"/><ref name="Statut-Bunjevački"/>
}}

'''Subotica''' ({{langx|sr|Суботица}}, {{IPA|sh|sǔbotitsa|pron|Sr-Subotica.oga}}; {{langx|hu|Szabadka}}, {{langx|rue|Суботица}}, {{langx|ro|Subotița}}) is a [[List of cities in Serbia|city]] in Central Europe and the administrative center of the [[North Bačka District]] in the autonomous province of [[Vojvodina]], Serbia. Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region, contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province, following the city of [[Novi Sad]]. According to the 2022 census, the urban area of the city (including adjacent settlement of [[Palić]]) has a population of 94,228, and the population of metro area (the administrative area of the city) stands at 123,952 people.<ref name=Census/>

==Name==
The name of the city has changed frequently over time.<ref name="hist">[http://www.subotica.rs/index/page/id/42/lg/en/ History of Subotica] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref> The earliest known written name of the city was ''Zabotka''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/09500/09536/html/0002/7.html|title=Borovszky - Magyarország vármegyéi és városai|website=mek.oszk.hu}}</ref> or ''Zabatka'',<ref name="discoverserbia.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverserbia.org/en/backa/subotica |title=Serbian Cities: Subotica |access-date=2011-03-30 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311153036/http://www.discoverserbia.org/en/backa/subotica |archive-date=2012-03-11 }}</ref> which dates from 1391. It is the origin of the current Hungarian name for the city ''"Szabadka"''.<ref name="discoverserbia.org"/> According to [[Petar Skok|Skok]], Szabadka originated from ''sobotka'', a [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] [[diminutive]] of ''sobota'', meaning "a place that had a market fair on Saturday" (like [[Szombathely]] or [[Nagyszombat]]), but its ending ''-ka'' was later replaced with ''-ica'', another Slavic diminutive, by the [[Bunjevci]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Skok | first=Petar | title=Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika | publisher=JAZU, Zagreb | year=1972 | volume=3 | page=299}}</ref> Other sources claim that the name "Szabadka" comes from the adjective szabad, which derived from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word for "free" – svobod, referring to the status of the colonists settled in this zone by the Habsburg after the [[Battle of Zenta]].<ref>[https://archivum.arhivvojvodine.org.rs/review-czardas-carved-into-building-material-the-synagoguein-subotica/ Colonists settling the military buffer zone between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref>

The town was named in the 1740s after [[Maria Theresa of Austria]], Archduchess of Austria. It was officially called ''Sent-Maria'' in 1743, but was renamed in 1779 as ''Maria-Theresiapolis''. These two official names were also spelled in several different ways (most commonly the [[German language|German]] ''Maria-Theresiopel'' or ''Theresiopel''), and were used in different languages.<ref name="hist"/>

==Geography==
It is located in Central Europe at the [[Pannonian Basin]] at 46.07° North, 19.68° East, at the altitude of 109m, about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} from the border with [[Hungary]], and is the northernmost city in Serbia. [[Lake Palić]] is in the immediate vicinity of the city.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geographical-position-of-Subotica-municipality-in-Vojvodina-and-Serbia_fig1_292895426 Geographical position of Subotica] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=O Subotici |url=https://suboticke.rs/o-subotici/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Subotičke |language=en-US}}</ref> Sand dunes area [[Subotička Peščara]] is located north of the city, along the Hungarian border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vojvodine |first=Turistička organizacija |title=PREDEO IZUZETNIH ODLIKA |url=https://vojvodina.travel/predeo-izuzetnih-odlika-suboticka-pescara-subotica/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Vojvodina Travel |language=en}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Subotica has a warm-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'') that is uncommon in Serbia except at higher elevations,
<div style="width:70%;">
{{Weather box
|location = Subotica (Elevation: 109 m (358 ft))
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
| Jan record high F  = 
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|Jan high F = 35.1
|Feb high F = 41.2
|Mar high F = 52.2
|Apr high F = 62.8
|May high F = 72.1
|Jun high F = 77.5
|Jul high F = 81.3
|Aug high F = 80.6
|Sep high F = 74.1
|Oct high F = 63.7
|Nov high F = 49.1
|Dec high F = 38.8
|year high F = 
|Jan low F = 23.4
|Feb low F = 27.5
|Mar low F = 33.6
|Apr low F = 41.9
|May low F = 50.5
|Jun low F = 56.1
|Jul low F = 57.9
|Aug low F = 57.0
|Sep low F = 50.7
|Oct low F = 42.1
|Nov low F = 35.1
|Dec low F = 28.2
|year low F = 
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|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.10
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.00
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.10
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.60
|May precipitation inch = 2.00
|Jun precipitation inch = 2.80
|Jul precipitation inch = 2.00
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.20
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.30
|Oct precipitation inch = 1.00
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.60
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.60
|year precipitation inch = 
|source 1 = [[Weather Channel]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://weather.com/weather/monthly/l/fc45ed4ccdcd516549d32b003585cebf19cf6011490d9b7c9ecbdd628cc58208 |title=Subotica, North Bačka, Serbia Monthly Weather Forecast - weather.com |access-date=3 October 2020 |publisher=[[Weather Channel]]}}</ref>
}}
</div>

==History==
{{Quote box
| width = 26em
| align = right
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 90%
| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Hungary_(15th_century%2C_rectangular).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] c. 1301–1526<br />
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1542–1686<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg}} [[Habsburg monarchy]] 1686–1804<br />
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg}} [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] 1867–1918<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Serbia_(1882-1918).svg}} [[Kingdom of Serbia]] 1918<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]{{refn|Officially known  as the ''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' until 1929}} 1918–1941<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Hungary_(1920–1946).svg}} [[Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories|Hungarian occupation of Yugoslavia]] 1941–1944<br />
{{flag|SFR Yugoslavia}}{{refn|Known as ''Democratic Federal Yugoslavia'' until 1945}} 1944–1992<br />
{{flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} 1992−2003<br />
{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} 2003–2006<br />
{{flag|Serbia|name=Republic of Serbia}} 2006–present
}}

===Prehistory and antiquity===
In the [[Neolithic]] and [[Eneolithic]] periods, several important archaeological cultures flourished in this area, including the [[Starčevo culture]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20130215124222/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hjohnson/New%20Index/Family%20Groups/Group%20Leaders%20Pages/Pin%20Oak%20Reports/inthebeginningupdated2009_files/image010.jpg Starčevo culture]</ref> the [[Vinča culture]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catyline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Vincanska_civilizacija_5300-3500_g.p.n.jpg |title= Map |website= catyline.com}}</ref> and the [[Tiszapolgár culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/ntasic-eneolit.html |title= [Projekat Rastko] Nikola Tasic: Eneolitske kulture centralnog i zapadnog Balkana|website= www.rastko.rs}}</ref> Early [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] peoples settled in the territory of present-day Subotica in 3200 BC.<ref>[https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/category/Eurasian+Steppe The first Indo-Europeans in the Balkans] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref> During the [[Eneolithic]] period, the [[Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age]], several Indo-European archaeological cultures included areas around Subotica - the [[Baden culture]], the [[Vučedol culture]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://files.myopera.com/edwardpiercy/blog/Area-Culture-Map-1.JPG |title= Area Culture Map 1 |access-date= 2011-02-12 |url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110714143416/http://files.myopera.com/edwardpiercy/blog/Area-Culture-Map-1.JPG |archive-date=2011-07-14 }},</ref> the [[Urnfield culture]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/balkans-map/middle-bronze.htm|title=South East Europe history - 1,800 BC map|last=eliznik|website=www.eliznik.org.uk|access-date=2013-01-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130325033312/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/balkans-map/middle-bronze.htm|archive-date= 2013-03-25|url-status = dead}}</ref> and some others. Before the [[Iazyges|Iazyge]] conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of [[Illyrians|Illyrian]], [[Celts|Celtic]] and [[Dacians|Dacian]] descent inhabited this area. In the 3rd century BC, this area was controlled by the Celtic [[Boii]] and [[Eravisci]], while in the 1st century BC, it became part of the [[Dacian kingdom]]. From the 1st century BC, the area came under the control of the [[Sarmatian]] [[Iazyges]], who were sometimes allies and sometimes enemies of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. Iazyge rule lasted until the 4th century AD, after which the region came into the possession of various other peoples and states.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}}

===Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement===
In the Early Middle Ages various [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and [[Turkic peoples]] and states ruled in the area of Subotica. These peoples included [[Huns]], [[Gepids]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Slavs]] and [[Bulgarians]]. [[Slavs]] settled today's Subotica in the 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the [[Balkans]].

The Slavic tribe living in the territory of present-day Subotica were the [[Obotrites]], a subgroup of the [[Serbs]]. In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included the [[Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Principality of Lower Pannonia]] (846-875), [[Great Moravia]] (833–{{circa}} 907) and the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]].{{sfn|Barford|2001}}

===Late Middle Ages===
[[File:Wiki.Vojvodina VII Subotica 4896 01.jpg|[[Emperor Jovan Nenad]] monument in the downtown|thumb|left]]
Subotica probably first became a settlement of note when people poured into it from nearby villages destroyed during the [[Tatar invasions]] of 1241–42. When ''Zabadka''/''Zabatka'' was first recorded in 1391, it was a tiny town in the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Later, the city belonged to the [[Hunyadi family|Hunyadis]], one of the most influential aristocratic families in the whole of [[Central Europe]].

King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]] gave the town to one of his relatives, [[János Pongrác Dengelegi]], who, fearing an invasion by the [[Ottoman Empire]], fortified the castle of Subotica, erecting a fortress in 1470. Some decades later, after the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, Subotica became part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The majority of the Hungarian population fled northward to [[Royal Hungary]].<ref>[http://suboticadiversity.weebly.com/regional-history.html Subotica after the Battle of Mohács] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref> [[Bálint Török]], a local noble who had ruled over Subotica, also escaped from the city. During the military and political havoc following the defeat at [[Mohács]], Subotica came under the control of Serbian [[mercenaries]] recruited in [[Banat]]. These soldiers were in the service of the [[Transylvania]]n general [[John Zápolya|John I Zápolya]], a later Hungarian king.<ref>Balint Török, in: Géza Gárdonyi, Eger Stars, 2019, {{ISBN|978-1794777330}}.</ref>

The leader of these mercenaries, [[Jovan Nenad]], established in 1526–27 his rule in [[Bačka]], northern [[Banat]] and a small part of [[Syrmia]] and created an independent entity, with Subotica as its administrative centre. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself as Serbian [[tsar]] in Subotica. He named [[Radoslav Čelnik]] as the general commander of his army, while his treasurer and [[palatine]] was Subota Vrlić, a Serbian noble from [[Jagodina]]. When Bálint Török returned and recaptured Subotica from the Serbs, Jovan Nenad moved the administrative centre to [[Szeged]].<ref>Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai, Bács-Bodrog vármegye I-II. kötet, Apolló Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság, 1909.</ref>

Some months later, in the summer of 1527, Jovan Nenad was [[assassinated]] and his entity collapsed. However, after Jovan Nenad's death, Radoslav Čelnik led a part of the army to Ottoman [[Syrmia]], where he briefly ruled as an Ottoman vassal.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===Ottoman Empire===
[[File:Szabadka-Szent-István-tér 1900.jpg|thumb|Subotica 1900.]]
The [[Ottoman Empire]] ruled the city from 1542 to 1686. At the end of this almost 150-year-long period, not much remained of the old town of ''Zabadka''/''Zabatka''. As much of the population had fled, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of the area by different colonists from the [[Balkans]]. The settlers were mostly [[Serbian Orthodox|Orthodox]] [[Serbs]]. They cultivated the extremely fertile land around Subotica. In 1570, the population of Subotica numbered 49 houses, and in 1590, 63 houses. In 1687, the region was settled by [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] ''[[Dalmatia|Dalmatas]]'' (called [[Bunjevci]] today). It was called ''Sobotka'' under Ottoman rule and was a kaza centre in [[Sanjak of Segedin|Segedin]] sanjak at first in [[Budin Province, Ottoman Empire|Budin Eyaleti]] until 1596, and after that in [[Egir Province, Ottoman Empire|Eğri Eyaleti]] between 1596 and 1686.<ref>[[Sanjak of Segedin]]</ref>

===Habsburg Monarchy===
[[File:Razglednica Subotice.jpg|thumb|Subotica in Serbian early 20th-century postcard]]
In 1687, about 5,000 [[Bunjevci]] settled in Bačka (including Subotica). After the decisive battle against the Ottomans at [[Senta]] led by [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] on 11 September 1697, Subotica became part of the [[Military Frontier|military border]] zone [[Potisje|Theiss]]-[[Pomorišje|Mieresch]] established by the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. In the meantime the uprising of [[Francis II Rákóczi]] broke out, which is also known as the [[Kuruc War]].

In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against the ''Rac National Militia''. ''[[Rác (ethnonym)|Rác]]'' was a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to as ''rácok'' in the Kingdom of Hungary. In a later period ''rácok'' came to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion.{{sfn|Varga|2013|p=264}}

The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for the Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica in [[Aleksandrovo, Subotica|Aleksandrovo]], while others emigrated to [[Russia]]. In [[New Serbia (historical province)|New Serbia]], a new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named it ''Subotica''. In 1775, a Jewish community in Subotica was established.

It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious name "Saint Mary" came to be used for it at this time. Some decades later, in 1779, Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria]] advanced the town's status further by proclaiming it a Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more as ''Maria-Theresiopolis''.<ref>[https://www.heritage-su.org.rs/en/town-house-2/ History of Subotica] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref>

This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century, its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century, the Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of the [[Revolutions of 1848|Revolutions in the Habsburg monarchy (1848–49)]].

===Revolution of 1848–49===
[[File:Szabadka_1.jpg|thumb|left|Subotica in 1914 Hungarian postcard]]
During the 1848–49 Revolution, the proclaimed borders of autonomous [[Serbian Vojvodina]] included Subotica, but Serb troops could not establish control in the region. On 5 March 1849, at the locality named Kaponja (between Tavankut and Bajmok), there was a battle between the Serb and Hungarian armies, which was won by the Hungarians.

The first newspaper in the town was also published during the 1848–49 revolution—it was called ''Honunk állapota'' ("State of Our Homeland") and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman's local printing company. Unlike most Serbs and Croats who confronted the Hungarians, part of the local Bunjevci people supported the Hungarian revolution.

In 1849, after the [[Hungarian revolution of 1848]] was defeated by the Russian and Habsburg armies, the town was separated from the Kingdom of Hungary together with most of the Bačka region, and became part of a separate Habsburg province, called [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]]. The administrative centre of this new province was [[Timișoara]]. The province existed until 1860. During the existence of the voivodeship, in 1853, Subotica acquired its impressive theatre.<ref>Vladan Gavrilović, The Serbian Vojvodina and Montenegro 1848-1849, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, 2021.</ref>

===Austria-Hungary===
After the establishment of the [[Ausgleich|Dual-Monarchy]] in 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of city development of Subotica. Many schools were opened after 1867 and in 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European, [[fin de siècle]] architecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau style.

Between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/subotica|title=Subotica|website=www.enciklopedija.hr|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>

===Yugoslavia and Serbia===
[[File:Leševi na Senćanskom putu.jpg|thumb|right|Massacred bodies of [[Serbia]]n and [[Jews|Jewish]] civilians killed by Hungarian troops during the World War II]]
Subotica had been part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until the end of [[World War I]]. In 1918, the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. As a result, Subotica became a border-town in [[Yugoslavia]] and did not, for a time, experience again the same dynamic prosperity it had enjoyed prior to World War I. However, during that time, Subotica was the third-largest city in Yugoslavia by population, following [[Belgrade]] and [[Zagreb]].
[[File:Serbia, Subotica, Monument to the Victims of Fascism, 20120921.jpg|thumb|left|Monument to the Victims of Fascism]]
In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the [[Axis Powers]], and its northern parts, including Subotica, were annexed by Hungary. The annexation was not considered legitimate by the international community and the city was de jure still part of Yugoslavia. The [[Yugoslav government in exile]] received formal recognition of legitimacy as the representative of the country. On 11 April 1941, the Hungarian troops arrived in Subotica on the grounds that the majority of the people living in the city were ethnic Hungarians, which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary for over 600 years. During [[World War II]], the city lost approximately 7,000 of its citizens, mostly Serbs, Hungarians and Jews. Before the war about 6,000 [[Jews]] had lived in Subotica; many of these were deported from the city during the [[Holocaust]], mostly to [[Auschwitz]]. In April 1944, under German administration, a ghetto was set up.<ref>[http://holocaust.rs/en/subotica/ Subotica in WWII] Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref> In addition, many [[communists]] were executed during Axis rule. In 1944, the Axis forces left the city, and Subotica became part of the new [[Yugoslavia]]. During the 1944–45 period, about 8,000 citizens {{Failed verification|date=September 2020}} (mainly Hungarians) were killed by [[Yugoslav partisans|Partisans]] while re-taking the city as a retribution for supporting Axis Hungary.<ref>Mészáros Sándor: Holttá nyilvánítva - Délvidéki magyar fátum 1944–45, I-II, Hatodik Síp Alapítvány, Budapest 1995.</ref><ref>Cseres Tibor: Vérbosszú Bácskában, [[Magvető|Magvető kiadó]], Budapest 1991.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, if any --></ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2020}}

In the postwar period, Subotica has gradually been modernised. During the [[Yugoslav wars|Yugoslav]] and [[Kosovo war|Kosovo]] wars of the 1990s, a considerable number of Serb refugees came to the city from [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and [[Kosovo]], while many ethnic Hungarians and Croats, as well as some local Serbs, left the region.

==Cityscape==
Subotica boasts a remarkable collection of buildings built in the [[Hungarian Secession]] style, a distinct variant of [[Art Nouveau#Secession in Austria–Hungary|Art Nouveau]].<ref>[https://sailingstonetravel.com/subotica-guide/ Buildings of Subotica]  Retrieved 8 September 2022.</ref> The Hungarian Secession style combined art nouveau vegetal ornaments and symbolic figures with traditional Hungarian motifs. It found its architectural expression in Subotica in the works of [[Marcell Komor]], [[Dezső Jakab]] and [[Ferenc Raichle]].{{cn|date=February 2024}} Iconic buildings like the [[Subotica Synagogue]] and the Reichel Palace, are recognized as some of the finest examples of this architectural style in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Synagogue in Subotica |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-synagogue-in-subotica/fQVxsfeZnKD4IA |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

The [[:sr:Градска кућа у Суботици|City Hall]] (built in 1908–1910) and the [[Subotica Synagogue|Synagogue]] (1902) are of especially outstanding beauty. These were built by the same architects, Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab. Another exceptional example of art nouveau architecture is the actual [[:sr:Палата Рајхл у Суботици|Raichle Palace]], which was built in 1904 by Ferenc J. Raichle.

Church buildings include the [[Cathedral of St. Theresa of Avila]] dating from 1797, the Franciscan friary dating from 1723, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox churches]] also from the 18th century, and the [[Art Nouveau#Secession in Austria–Hungary|Hungarian Art Nouveau]] [[Subotica Synagogue]] from the early 20th century that reopened after a major renovation in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jhe |date=2018-03-27 |title=Serbia: magnificent Subotica synagogue officially reopened |url=https://jewish-heritage-europe.eu/2018/03/27/serbia-magnificent-subotica-synagogue-officially-reopened/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Jewish Heritage Europe |language=en-US}}</ref>

The historic [[National Theatre in Subotica]], which was built in 1854 as the first monumental public building in Subotica, was demolished in 2007, although it was declared a historic monument under state protection in 1983, and in 1991 it was added to the National Register as a monument of an extraordinary cultural value. It is currently in the midst of renovation and is scheduled to open in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gradjevinarstvo.rs/vesti/13012/810/radovi-na-rekonstrukciji-narodnog-pozorista-u-subotici|title=Radovi na rekonstrukciji Narodnog pozorišta u Subotici|website=Gradjevinarstvo|date=16 March 2016 }}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; padding:2px; border: 1px solid #BBB; text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#EEE" |Hungarian Secession buildings
|-
| [[File:Pałac Rajhla (Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej) w Suboticy.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:Градско језгро Суботице 2022 31.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Суботица.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:SuboticaHall1.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:Wiki.Vojvodina VII Subotica 5231 01.jpg|160px]]
|- style="background:#EEE"
| Raichle Palace
| Municipal Library
| City Hall
| Interior of the City Hall
| Vojnića palace
|}

===Neighborhoods===
{{See also|Hungarian toponyms in Vojvodina}}
The following are the neighborhoods of Subotica:
*[[Aleksandrovo, Subotica|Aleksandrovo]] ({{langx|hu|Sándor}})
*[[Bajnat]] (''Bajnát'')
*[[Centar (Subotica)|Centar]] (''Központ'')
*[[Dudova Šuma]] (Radijalac) (''Sétaerdő'')
*[[Gat, Subotica|Gat]] (''Gát'')
*[[Graničar]] (''Határőr'')
*[[Ker (Subotica)|Ker]] (''Kér'')
*[[Kertvaroš]] (''Kertváros'')
*[[Makova Sedmica]] (''Makkhetes'')
*[[Mali Bajmok]] (''Kisbajmok'')
*[[Mali Radanovac]] (''Kisradanovác'')
*[[Novi Grad, Subotica|Novi Grad]] (''Újváros'')
*[[Novo Naselje (Subotica)|Novo Naselje]] (''Újtelep'')
*[[Prozivka]] (''Prozivka'')
*[[Srpski Šor]] (''Szerb sor'')
*[[Teslino Naselje]]
*[[Veliki Radanovac]] (''Nagyradanovác'')
*[[Zorka (Subotica)|Zorka]] (''Zorka'')
*[[Željezničko Naselje]] (''Vasutastelep'')

===Suburbs and villages===
{{Subotica Labelled Map}}
The administrative area of Subotica comprises Subotica proper, the town of [[Palić]] ({{langx|hu|Palics}}) and 17 villages. The villages are:
*[[Bački Vinogradi]] (''Bácsszőlős'')
*[[Bačko Dušanovo]] (''Zentaörs'')
*[[Bajmok]] (''Bajmok'')
*[[Bikovo]] (''Békova'')
*[[Čantavir]] (''Csantavér'')
*[[Donji Tavankut]] (''Alsótavankút'')
*[[Đurđin]] (''Györgyén'')
*[[Gornji Tavankut]] (''Felsőtavankút'')
*[[Hajdukovo]] (''Hajdújárás'')
*[[Kelebija]] (''Alsókelebia'')
*[[Ljutovo]] (''Mérges'')
*[[Mala Bosna, Serbia|Mala Bosna]] (''Kisbosznia'')
*[[Mišićevo]] (''Hadikörs'')
*[[Novi Žednik]] (''Újnagyfény'')
*[[Stari Žednik]] (''Nagyfény'')
*[[Šupljak]] (''Ludas'')
*[[Višnjevac, Serbia|Višnjevac]] (''Meggyes'')

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographic history of Subotica}}
{{Historical populations
| 1948|62715|1953|65718|1961|74604|1971|88302|1981|99840|1991|99515|2002|99283|2011|97910|2022|88752| source = <ref>{{cite web|title=Comparative overview of the number of population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002, 2011. and 2022|url=https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-US/popisni-podaci-eksel-tabele/|publisher=[[Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia]]}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Subotica quarters ethnic.png|thumb|Ethnic map of the Subotica city proper]]

According to the 2022 census results, the city proper-urban area of Subotica including adjacent settlement of Palić had 94,228 inhabitants, or 88,752 excluding Palić, while administrative area of Subotica had 123,952 inhabitants.

===Ethnic structure===

The ethnic structure of population of Subotica city proper (according to the 2011 census):<ref>{{cite web|title=Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2022. у Републици Србији|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnicity
! Population
! Proportion
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Serbs in Vojvodina|Serbs]]||align="right"|32,360
|34.34%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Hungarians in Serbia|Hungarians]]||align="right"|24,687 
|26.19%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Croats of Serbia|Croats]]||align="right"|6,997
|7.40%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Bunjevci]]||align="right"|6,146
|6.52%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Romani people in Serbia|Roma]]||align="right"|2,888
|3.06%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Yugoslavs in Serbia|Yugoslavs]]||align="right"|1,850
|1.96%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Others||align="right"|3,684
|3.90%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Undeclared||align="right"|10,817
|11.47%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Unknown||align="right"|5,901
|5.09%
|}

The ethnic structure of population of Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census):<ref>{{cite web|title=Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2022. у Републици Србији|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnicity
! Population
! Proportion
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Serbs in Vojvodina|Serbs]]||align="right"|38,174
|30.8%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Hungarians in Serbia|Hungarians]]||align="right"|37,200 
|30%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Croats of Serbia|Croats]]||align="right"|10,431
|8.42%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Bunjevci]]||align="right"|9,060
|7.31%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Romani people in Serbia|Roma]]||align="right"|3,432
|2.77%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Yugoslavs in Serbia|Yugoslavs]]||align="right"|2,187
|1.77%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Others||align="right"|4,187
|3.37%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Undeclared||align="right"|13,380
|10.79%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Unknown||align="right"|5,901
|4.76%
|}

Places with an absolute or relative [[Serbs|Serb]] ethnic majority is [[Novi Žednik]]. Places with either an absolute or relative [[Magyars|Hungarian]] ethnic majority are:  [[Palić]] (Hungarian: Palicsfürdő), [[Hajdukovo]] (Hungarian: Hajdújárás), [[Bački Vinogradi]] (Hungarian: Bácsszőlős), [[Šupljak]] (Hungarian: Alsóludas), [[Čantavir]] (Hungarian: Csantavér), [[Bačko Dušanovo]] (Hungarian: Zentaörs), [[Kelebija]] (Hungarian: Alsókelebia) and Subotica. Places with a relative ethnic majority [[Croats|Croat]] are: [[Mala Bosna, Serbia|Mala Bosna]], [[Đurđin]], [[Donji Tavankut]], [[Gornji Tavankut]], [[Bikovo]], [[Stari Žednik]]. [[Ljutovo]] has a relative [[Bunjevci|Bunjevac]] ethnic majority.

===Linguistic structure===
Linguistic structure of population of Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census):<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.stat.gov.rs/Home/Result/3104020302?languageCode=en-US | title=Dissemination database search }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Language
! Speakers
! Proportion
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Serbian language|Serbian]]||align="right"|59,575
|48.20%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]||align="right"|36,149 
|29.24%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Croatian language|Croatian]]||align="right"|3,937
|3.18%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Bunjevac language|Bunjevac]]||align="right"|3,005
|2.43%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Romani language|Romani]]||align="right"|2,959
|2.39%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Others||align="right"|6,305
|5.10%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Undeclared||align="right"|16,572
|5.31%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Unknown||align="right"|5,090
|4.11%
|}

Serbian is the most used language in everyday life, while Hungarian is used by almost 30% of the population in their daily conversations. Both languages are also widely used in commercial and official signage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/34510261|title=''The Use of Hungarian and Serbian in the City of Szabadka/Subotica: An Empirical Study''|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>

===Religious structure===
[[File:Katedrala Svete Tereze Avilske - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral of Saint Teresa of Avila]]]]
[[File:Wiki.Vojvodina VII Subotica 5443 08.jpg|thumb|Saint Demetrius orthodox church]]
[[File:Wiki.Vojvodina VII Subotica 4599 18.jpg|thumb|[[Subotica Synagogue]]]]

Religious structure of population of the Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census):<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.stat.gov.rs//Home/Result/3104020301?languageCode=en-US | title=Dissemination database search }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Religion
! Adherents
! Proportion
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Roman Catholic|Catholic]]||align="right"|59,748
|48.34%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]||align="right"|37,674 
|30.48%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Muslim]]||align="right"|3,238
|2.62%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Protestant]]||align="right"|1,609
|1.30%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Judaism]]||align="right"|54
|0.04%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Atheism|Atheist]]||align="right"|2,141
|1.73%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|[[Agnosticism|Agnostic]]||align="right"|139
|0.11%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Undeclared||align="right"|12,473
|10.09%
|-
|style="background:#F5F5DC;"|Unknown||align="right"|5,090
|4.88%
|}

Subotica has the highest concentration of Catholics in Serbia with almost half of the city's population being Catholic. It is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Subotica|Roman Catholic diocese]] with jurisdiction over the [[Bačka]] region. There are eight Catholic parish churches, a [[Franciscan]] spiritual centre (the city has communities of both Franciscan friars and Franciscan nuns), a female [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] community, and two congregations of [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] religious sisters. The diocese of Subotica has the only Catholic secondary school in Serbia (Paulinum).{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Among other Christian communities, the members of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] are the most numerous with almost third of city's population. There are two [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]] church buildings in the city. Orthodox Christians in Subotica belong to the [[Eparchy of Bačka]] of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]. Subotica has two [[Protestant]] churches as well, [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] and [[Calvinism|Calvinist]]. 

The [[Jewish]] community of Subotica is the third largest in Serbia, after those in [[Belgrade]] and [[Novi Sad]]. About 1,000 (of the 6,000 pre-WWII Jews of Subotica) survived the Holocaust. According to the 2022 census, only 54 practicing Jews remained in Subotica.

==Politics==
[[File:The City Hall Subotica (2024).jpg|thumb|right|City hall with Blue Fountain]]
{{Main|List of mayors of Subotica}}
Results of 2024 local elections in Subotica:<ref>https://subotica.ls.gov.rs/web/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ukupan-izvestaj-o-rezultatima-glasanja-na-izborima-za-odbornike-Skupstine-grada-Subotice.pdf</ref>
* [[Serbia Must Not Stop|Serbia of Tomorrow]]: 49.3%
* [[Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians]]: 26.2%
* [[Serbia Against Violence (coalition)|Serbia Against Violence]]: 14.7%
* [[Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina]]: 4.1%

;Coat of arms
The original coat of arms and current medium coat of arms have an outlining Latin inscription of ''Civitatis Maria Theresiopolis, Sigillum Liberæque Et Regiæ'', translated as ''Seal of the Free and Royal City of Maria Theresiopolis''.

==Economy==
The area around Subotica is mainly farmland but the city itself is an important industrial and transportation centre in Serbia. Due to the surrounding farmlands Subotica has famous food producer industries in the country, including such brands as the confectionery factory "Pionir", "Fidelinka" the cereal manufacturer, "[[Mlekara Subotica]]" a milk producer and "Simex" producer of strong alcohol drinks.

There are a number of old socialistic industries that survived the transition period in Serbia. The biggest one is the chemical fertilizer factory "Azotara" and the rail wagon factory "Bratstvo". Currently the biggest export industry in town is the "[[Siemens]] Subotica" wind generators factory and it is the biggest brownfield investment so far. The other big companies in Subotica are: Fornetti, ATB Sever and Masterplast. More recent companies to come to Subotica include Dunkermotoren and NORMA Group. Tourism is important. In the past few years, Palić has been famous for the [[Palić Film Festival]]. Subotica is a festival city, hosting more than 17 festivals over the year. {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

As of September 2017, Subotica has one of 14 [[free economic zone]]s established in Serbia.<ref name="srbeconomiczone2017">{{cite news |last1=Mikavica |first1=A. |title=Slobodne zone mamac za investitore |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/388105/Slobodne-zone-mamac-za-investitore |access-date=17 March 2019 |work=politika.rs |date=3 September 2017 |language=sr}}</ref>

In 2020 construction of a new aqua park with ten pools and wellness and spa sections was underway in Palić.<ref>{{Cite web|last=symbolic|title=Do kraja godine biće završen akva-park na Paliću|date=25 February 2020 |url=https://www.energetskiportal.rs/do-kraja-godine-bice-zavrsen-akva-park-na-palicu/|access-date=2020-11-21|language=sr-RS}}</ref>

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022):<ref name="stats2023">{{cite web|title=MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2023.|url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G202313050.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=[[Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Activity
! Total
|-
|Agriculture, forestry and fishing||align="right"|445
|-
|Mining and quarrying||align="right"|12
|-
|Manufacturing||align="right"|14,684
|-
|Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply||align="right"|291
|-
|Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities||align="right"|613
|-
|Construction||align="right"|2,252
|-
|Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles||align="right"|7,322
|-
|Transportation and storage||align="right"|3,568
|-
|Accommodation and food services||align="right"|2,022
|-
|Information and communication||align="right"|1,460
|-
|Financial and insurance activities||align="right"|544
|-
|Real estate activities||align="right"|140
|-
|Professional, scientific and technical activities||align="right"|1,739
|-
|Administrative and support service activities||align="right"|945
|-
|Public administration and defense; compulsory social security||align="right"|1,876
|-
|Education||align="right"|2,637
|-
|Human health and social work activities||align="right"|3,382
|-
|Arts, entertainment and recreation||align="right"|763
|-
|Other service activities||align="right"|979
|-
|Individual agricultural workers||align="right"|1,124
|- class="sortbottom"
|'''Total'''||align="right"|'''46,799'''
|}

==Education==
[[File:Municipal_Museum_of_Subotica_(2024).jpg|thumb|Municipal Museum of Subotica ]]

===Universities===
*Teacher Training Faculty in the Hungarian Language of the [[University of Novi Sad]]

Tutoring of teachers in Subotica dates back to the late 18th century. After the establishment of Austria-Hungary, the second state-financed teacher training faculty of Hungary was founded in Subotica, second to Buda only. Modern history of teacher training in Subotica started in 2006, when the Sombor Teacher Training Faculty's curriculums in the Hungarian language seceded from the faculty and became independent as the 14th faculty of the University of Novi Sad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://magister.uns.ac.rs/A-kar-tortenete/tartalom/9/ | title=A Kar története MTTK }}</ref> As of 2022, the faculty offers bachelor's degrees in kindergarten teaching, elementary school teaching, disciplinatory teaching and communications, and master's degrees in kindergarten teaching and elementary school teaching.

===Secondary schools===
[[File:Svetozar_Marković_Gimnázium,_Szabadka.jpg|thumb|[[Subotica Gymnasium|Svetozar Marković Gymnasium]]]]
*Polytechnic school, Surveying and Construction, Typography, Forestry and Wood Processing 
*Teachers' College, founded in 1689, the oldest college in the country and region
*"Svetozar Marković" grammar school 
*"Dezső Kosztolányi" Philological grammar school 
*"MEŠC" Electro-mechanical school, recently renamed to "Tehnička Škola - Subotica" (en. "Technical School") 
*"Bosa Milićević" School of Economics
*"Lazar Nešić" School of Chemistry
*"Medicinska Škola" Medical School

4 953 students studied in the city in the year 2020/21 in the secondary education. 1 626 students chose Hungarian speaking classes (32.8%), 209 students chose Croatian classes while 3 118 students studied in Serbian language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opendata.mpn.gov.rs/index.php?page=ustanove_registar|title = Отворени подаци}}</ref>

===Historical schools (1920 to 1941)===
*[[Subotica Law School]]

==Sport==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
Subotica has one major [[association football|football]] stadium, the [[Subotica City Stadium]], indoor arena and indoor swimming pool. The local football team is [[FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda|Spartak]] and plays in the [[Serbian SuperLiga]], the country's primary football competition.

==Media==
Newspapers and magazines published in Subotica:
* ''[[Magyar Szó]]'', daily newspaper in Hungarian, founded 1944, published in Subotica since 2006
* ''[[Subotičke novine]]'', main weekly newspaper in Serbian
* ''[[Hrvatska riječ]]'', in Croatian
* ''[[Zvonik]]'', in Croatian
* ''[[Bunjevačke novine]]'', in Bunjevac

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Subotica_train_station_(2024).jpg|thumb|Subotica Central Railway Station]]
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
[[A1 motorway (Serbia)|A1 motorway]] connects the city with [[Novi Sad]] and [[Belgrade]] to the south and, across the border with Hungary, with [[Szeged]] to the north. It runs alongside the [[Budapest–Belgrade railway]], which connects it to major European cities. As of November 2022, the line is out of order without replacement as both the Serbian and the Hungarian part of the line is currently being reconstructed. Subotica also has branch line railway connections to [[Sombor]], [[Senta]] (with passenger service), and [[Szeged]] through [[Horgoš]] (under reconstruction with limited freight service, passenger service planned to commence in late 2023), while the former branch line to [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]] through [[Csikéria]] was dismantled in the 1960s but parts of the derelict tracks are still visible in the city's northwestern outskirts.

The city used to have a tram system, the [[Subotica tram system]], but it was discontinued in 1974. The Subotica tram, put into operation in 1897, ran on electricity from the start. While neighbouring cities' trams at this date were often still horse-drawn, this gave the Subotica system an advantage over other municipalities including Belgrade, Novi Sad, Zagreb, and Szeged. Its existence was important for the citizens of Subotica, as well as tourists who came to visit.
Subotica has since developed a bus system, operated by JP Subotica Trans, who operates eleven city lines, eight suburban lines, and thirteen interurban lines, as well as a single international line to Szeged. Per year the buses travel some 4.7 million kilometres, and carry about ten million people.

The city is served by [[Subotica Airport]]; its runway is too short for airliners, limiting usage to mostly recreational aviation. Southwest of the city there is a 218.5 metres tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting. It is the tallest of its kind in Serbia and one of the tallest in the region.

==Notable citizens==
[[File:Monument dedicated to the fighters who died in the wars of the 1990s, Subotica, Serbia.jpg|thumb|Monument to the fighters who died in the wars of the 1990s]]
[[File:Monument_dedicated_to_Karolj_Biro,_Subotica.jpg|thumb|Politician Karolj Biro]]
*[[Branimir Aleksić]] (born 1990), football player and member of the [[Serbia national football team]]
*[[Sava Babić]] (1934–2012), writer, translator, and university professor
*[[Géza Csáth]] (1887–1919), Hungarian writer, musician, music critic, psychiatrist, and physician
*[[Gyula Cseszneky]] (born 1914), Hungarian, poet, voivode
*[[Ilona Csepreghyné-Meznerics]] (1906–1977), Hungarian stratigrapher and invertebrate paleontologist
*[[Sreten Damjanović]] (born 1946), wrestler
*[[Marko Dmitrović]] (born 1992), goalkeeper for the [[Serbia national football team]] and Spanish football club [[SD Eibar|Eibar]]
*[[Oliver Dulić]] (born 1975), politician
*[[Vlatko Dulić]] (1943–2015), actor
*[[Sanja Malagurski]] (born 1990), volleyball player
*[[Yehuda Elkana]] (born 1934), Israeli philosopher of science
*[[Nikola Kalinić (basketball)|Nikola Kalinić]]  (born 1991), Serbian basketball player, silver medalist at the Olympics and the FIBA World Cup
*[[Zoran Kalinić]] (born 1958), table tennis champion
*[[Danilo Kiš]] (1935–1989), writer
*[[Juci Komlós]] (1919–2011), Hungarian actress
*[[Dezső Kosztolányi]] (1885–1936), Hungarian poet and prose-writer
*[[Zoran Kuntić]] (born 1967), Serbian retired professional footballer
*[[Félix Lajkó]] (born 1974), world music violinist and composer
*[[Péter Lékó]] (born 1979), Hungary's number one chess player
*[[Sylvester Levay|Szilveszter Lévai]] (born 1945), Hungarian composer
*[[Aleksandar Lifka]] (1880–1952), central-European cinematographer
*[[Bela Lugosi]] (1882–1956), actor
*[[Boris Malagurski]] (born 1988), Serbian Canadian film director, producer, and TV host
*[[Refik Memišević]] (1956–2004), wrestling champion
*[[Đula Mešter]] (born 1972), volleyball player and Olympic champion
*[[Jovan Mikić]] (1914–1944), leader of the Partisans in Subotica, and a national hero who was killed in 1944
*[[Tihomir Ognjanov]] (1927–2006), Serbian footballer for the [[Yugoslavia national football team]]
*[[Momir Petković]] (born 1953), wrestling champion
*[[Bojana Radulović]] (born 1973), handball player
*[[Mirna Radulović]] (born 1992), Serbian singer who represented [[Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Serbia]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013]] as part of [[Moje 3]]
*[[Eva Ras]] (born 1941), actress, painter, and writer
*[[Magdolna Rúzsa]] (born 1985), Hungarian pop singer
*[[Ivan Sarić]] (1876–1966), aviation pioneer and cyclist
*[[Tibor Sekelj]] (Tibor Székely) (1912–1988), explorer, esperantist, writer
*[[John Simon (critic)|John Simon]] (1925–2019), American theatre critic
*[[Davor Štefanek]] (born 1985), Serbian wrestler and Olympic champion
*[[György Sztantics]] (1878–1918), [[racewalking]] champion at the [[Intercalated Games]]
*[[Itzchak Tarkay]] (1935–2012), Israeli artist
*[[Đorđe Tutorić]] (born 1983), Serbian professional football player
*[[Ajs Nigrutin]] (born 1977), Serbian rapper.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Klinika Highlights|date=19 July 2021|title=Ajs Nigrutin o životu u Subotici|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTZ5wkxytK4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/lTZ5wkxytK4| archive-date=2021-11-18|url-status=live|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==International cooperation==
* Subotica is a pilot city of the [[Council of Europe]] and the EU Intercultural cities programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/subotica_en.asp|title=Intercultural Cities - Home|website=Intercultural cities programme}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities===
Subotica is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Dunajská Streda]], Slovakia
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Kiskunhalas]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Łomża]], Poland
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Odorheiu Secuiesc]], Romania
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Olomouc]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Osijek]], Croatia
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Szeged]], Hungary

==See also==
*[[Municipalities of Serbia]]
*[[List of cities in Serbia]]
*[[List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Books==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bârcă|first1=Vitalie|title=Nomads of the Steppes on the Danube Frontier of the Roman Empire in the 1st Century CE. Historical Sketch and Chronological Remarks.|date=2013|publisher=Dacia|oclc=1023761641}}
* {{cite book |last=Barford |first=Paul M |year=2001 |publisher=Cornell University Press |title = The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe |isbn = 978-0-8014-3977-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Varga|first=Szabolcs|title=Croatia and Slavonia in the Early Modern Age|journal= Hungarian Studies|year=2013|volume=27|issue=2|pages=263–276|doi=10.1556/HStud.27.2013.2.5|url=http://epa.oszk.hu/01400/01462/00048/pdf/EPA01462_hungarian_studies_2013_2_263-276.pdf}} 
{{refend}}

==Sources==
* Recent (2002) statistical information comes from the Serbian statistical office.
** Ethnic statistics: {{cite web|url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/SN31.pdf |title=КОНАЧНИ РЕЗУЛТАТИ ПОПИСА 2002 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225082342/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/SN31.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-25 }}&nbsp;{{small|(477&nbsp;KB)}}, САОПШTЕЊЕ СН31, брoј 295 • год. LII, 24.12.2002, YU {{ISSN|0353-9555}}. Accessed 17 January 2006. On page 6–7, Становништво према националној или етничкој припадности по попису 2002. Statistics can be found on the lines for "Суботица" (Subotica).
** Language and religion statistics: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090224224918/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/VJN3.pdf Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u 2002], {{ISBN|86-84433-02-5}}. Accessed 17 January 2006. On page 11–12: СТАНОВНИШТВО ПРЕМА ВЕРОИСПОВЕСТИ, СТАНОВНИШТВО ПРЕМА МАТЕРЊЕМ ЈЕЗИКУ. Statistics can be found on the lines for "Суботица" (Subotica).
** Ferdinand, S. and F. Komlosi. 2017. [https://www.academia.edu/34510261/The_Use_of_Hungarian_and_Serbian_in_the_City_of_Szabadka_Subotica_An_Empirical_Study The Use of Hungarian and Serbian in the City of Szabadka/Subotica: An Empirical Study], Hungarian Cultural Studies, Volume 10. Accessed 8 September 2017.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Subotica}}
{{wikivoyage|Subotica}}
* {{official|https://subotica.ls.gov.rs/}}
* [http://www.sutrans.rs/ JP Subotica Trans] – public transport official website
* [http://www.visitsubotica.rs/ Subotica's official website for tourism and travel information]
* [http://vajdasag.rs/Szabadka History of Subotica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107154641/http://vajdasag.rs/Szabadka |date=2016-01-07 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120830124456/http://www.panorama.in.rs/subotica/ Panoramic pictures from Subotica]
* [http://www.lutfestsubotica.net/ Subotica International Festival of Children's Theatres]

{{North Bačka District}}
{{Municipalities of Serbia}}
{{Historical capitals of Serbia}}
{{Portalbar|Serbia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Subotica| ]]
[[Category:Places in Bačka]]
[[Category:Populated places in Vojvodina]]
[[Category:Municipalities and cities of Vojvodina]]
[[Category:North Bačka District]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Serbia]]
[[Category:Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Great Importance]]
[[Category:Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture]]