View source for Primorsky Krai

{{Short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}}
{{Redirect|Primorye|the inhabited localities in Russia|Primorye (inhabited locality)}}
{{Infobox Russian federal subject
|en_name=Primorsky Krai
|ru_name=Приморский край
|image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Primorsky Krai.svg
|coordinates={{coord|45|20|N|134|40|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=[[File:Full coat of arms of Primorsky Krai.svg|88px]]
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Primorsky Krai (large).svg
|flag_caption=
|anthem=Anthem of Primorsky Krai
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|political_status=Krai
|political_status_link=Krais of Russia
|federal_district=[[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]]
|economic_region=[[Far Eastern economic region|Far Eastern]]
|adm_ctr_type=Administrative center
|adm_ctr_name=[[Vladivostok]]
|adm_ctr_ref=<ref name="Charter">{{RussiaBasicLawRef|pri}}</ref>
|pop_2021census=1845165	
|pop_2021census_rank=26th
|urban_pop_2021census=78.4%
|rural_pop_2021census=21.6%
|pop_2021census_ref=<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|pop_density
|pop_density_as_of
|pop_density_ref
|pop_latest
|pop_latest_date
|pop_latest_ref
|area_km2=164673
|area_km2_rank=23rd
|area_km2_ref
|established_date=October&nbsp;20, 1938
|established_date_ref
|license_plates=25, 125
|ISO=RU-PRI
|GovernmentAsOf=October 2017
|leader_title=[[Governor of Primorsky Krai|Governor]]
|leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadTitle">Charter, Article&nbsp;8.4</ref>
|leader_name=[[Oleg Kozhemyako]]
|legislature=[[Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai|Legislative Assembly]]
|legislature_ref=<ref name="Legis">Charter, Article&nbsp;8.3.1</ref>
|website=http://www.primorsky.ru/
|website_ref
|date=October 2017
}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Primorsky Krai.svg|thumb|180px|small coat of arms of Primorsky Krai]]
[[File:1959 CPA 2384.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp of the [[USSR]]: Primorsky Krai.]]
[[File:RR5514-0034R 10 рублей биметалл 2006 Российская Федерация Приморский край реверс.png|thumb|Commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia with a face value of 10 rubles (2006)]]
'''Primorsky Krai''',{{efn|{{langx|ru|Приморский край|Primorskiy kray|Maritime Territory}}, {{IPA|ru|prʲɪˈmorskʲɪj kraj}}}} informally known as '''Primorye''',{{efn|{{langx|ru|Приморье}}, {{IPA|ru|prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ}}}} is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] (a [[krais of Russia|krai]]) of Russia, part of the [[Far Eastern Federal District]] in the [[Russian Far East]]. The [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of [[Vladivostok]] on the southern coast of the krai is its [[administrative center]], and the second largest city in the Russian Far East, behind [[Khabarovsk]] in the neighbouring Khabarovsk Krai. Primorsky Krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, and a [[list of federal subjects of Russia by population|population]] of&nbsp;1,845,165 as of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]].<ref name="2021Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref>

The krai has Russia's only [[North Korea–Russia border|border with North Korea]], along the [[Tumen River]] in [[Khasansky District]] in the southwestern corner of the krai. [[Peter the Great Gulf]], the largest gulf in the [[Sea of Japan]], is on the south coast.

The territory of the krai was historically part of [[Manchuria]]. It was [[Convention of Peking|ceded]] to the [[Russian Empire]] by [[Qing China]] in 1860 as part of a region known as [[Outer Manchuria]], forming most of the territory of [[Primorskaya Oblast]]. As a result, China permanently lost its coastline with [[Sea of Japan|the Sea of Japan]]. During the [[Russian Civil War]] it became part of the [[Far Eastern Republic]] before joining the [[Soviet Union]], going through numerous changes until reaching its current form in 1938. Primorsky Krai is home to the [[Russian Navy]]'s [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]] and is also known as the birthplace of North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-il]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/kim-jong-il-leader-of-north-korea-dies | title=Kim Jong Il, leader of North Korea, dies &#124; HISTORY }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the krai is derived from the Russian words {{lang|ru|приморский}} ({{transliteration|ru|primorsky}}), meaning "littoral" or "coastal", and {{lang|ru|край}} ({{transliteration|ru|kray}}), meaning "region" or "area".<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Primorye {{!}} kray, Russia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Primorye|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=приморский translations and declension|url=https://en.openrussian.org/ru/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9|access-date=2020-09-12|website=en.openrussian.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=край translations, 37 examples and declension|url=https://en.openrussian.org/ru/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9|access-date=2020-09-12|website=en.openrussian.org}}</ref> It is informally known as '''Primorye''' ({{lang|ru|Приморье}}, {{IPA|ru|prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ|IPA}}) in Russian, and is occasionally translated as '''Maritime Territory''' in English.<ref name="britannica" />

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Primorsky Krai}}

*'''Border length'''&nbsp;— over {{convert|3000.|km|sp=us}}, including {{convert|1350.|km|sp=us}} of the sea borders.
*'''Highest peak'''&nbsp;— [[Anik Mountain]], {{convert|1933|m|sp=us}}
*'''Rail network length'''&nbsp;— {{convert|1628|km|sp=us}} (of which {{convert|345|km|sp=us}} are electrified).
*'''Automobile road length'''&nbsp;— {{convert|12633|km|sp=us}}

Primorsky Krai, bordered by [[China ]]([[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]]), [[North Korea]] ([[Rason]]) and [[Khabarovsk Krai]], and the relatively warm—although freezing in winter—waters of the [[Sea of Japan]], is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the [[42nd parallel north|42°]] and [[48th parallel north|48° north]] latitude and [[130th meridian east|130°]] and [[139th meridian east|139° east]] longitude. It is stretched in the [[meridian (geography)|meridianal]] direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about {{convert|900.|km|sp=us}}.

===Topography===

[[File:Река Уссури у посёлка Горные Ключи.JPG|thumb|[[Ussuri River]]]]
[[File:Philippovsky Bay Beach.jpg|thumb|Philippovsky Bay, [[Russky Island]]]]
[[File:Вид на долину р. Бикин с видовой площадки (гора Клин).jpg|thumb|[[Bikin National Park]]]]

Highlands dominate the territory of the krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about {{convert|500.|m|sp=us}}. [[Sikhote-Alin]] is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many [[karst]] caves in the south of Primorye, including the relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of ancient volcanoes in the area.

The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the [[Partizanskaya River|Partizanskaya]], the [[Kiyevka River|Kiyevka]], the Zerkalnaya, the Cheryomukhovaya, the Yedinka, the [[Samarga River|Samarga]], the [[Bikin River|Bikin]], and the [[Bolshaya Ussurka River|Bolshaya Ussurka]]. Most rivers in the [[Krai]] have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the [[Ussuri River|Ussuri]], with a length of {{convert|903|km|sp=us}}. The head of the [[Ussuri River]] originates {{convert|20|km|sp=us}} east of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Khanka Lowlands extend into the west and southwest of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forest. A part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the [[Russian Far East]], [[Khanka Lake]], is occupied by a forest-steppe.

===Coast and islands===
The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the [[Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula]].
There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being [[Lisy Island]], Askold Island, [[Putyatin Island]], [[Skrebtsov island]], [[Sibiryakov Island]], the [[Eugénie Archipelago]] (the largest island of which being [[Russky Island]]), the [[Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago]] and [[Furugelm Island]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yang |last2=Hu |first2=Yunfeng |title=Detecting Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Primorsky Krai, Russia, Using Annual Landsat Time Series and Multi–Source Land Cover Products |journal=Remote Sensing |date=1 January 2020 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=129 |doi=10.3390/rs12010129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338363787 |access-date=8 December 2023 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020RemS...12..129H }}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its [[flora (plants)|flora]]. The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographic situation and the specific features of climate determine the unique diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination.

There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including [[fern]]s, [[nelumbo|lotus]], and the willow ''[[Salix arbutifolia]]'' (syn. ''Chosenia arbutifolia''). The flora of the territory contains such plants as ''[[Taxus cuspidata]]'', ''[[Juniperus rigida]]'', ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', ''[[Kalopanax]]'', ''[[Aralia elata]]'', ''[[Maackia amurensis]]'', ''[[Alnus japonica]]'', ''[[Actinidia kolomikta]]'', ''[[Schisandra chinensis]]'', ''[[Celastrus orbiculatus]]'', ''[[Thladiantha dubia]]'', ''[[Weigela]]'', ''[[Eleutherococcus]]'', ''[[Flueggea suffruticosa]]'', ''[[Deutzia]]'', ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]'', ''[[Betula schmidtii]]'', ''Carpinus cordata'', ''[[Acer mandshuricum]]'', ''[[Parthenocissus tricuspidata]]'', ''[[Vitis amurensis]]'', ''[[Panax ginseng]]'' and many others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yang |last2=Hu |first2=Yunfeng |title=Detecting Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Primorsky Krai, Russia, Using Annual Landsat Time Series and Multi–Source Land Cover Products |journal=Remote Sensing |date=1 January 2020 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=129 |doi=10.3390/rs12010129 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020RemS...12..129H }}</ref>

The [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] of Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in the [[Krai]]: [[Ussuri black bear]] (''Ursus thibetanus''), [[Amur tiger]], [[Amur leopard]] (''Panthera pardus orientalis''), [[Eurasian lynx]] (''Lynx lynx''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[Manchurian deer]] (''Cervus elaphus xanthopygos''), [[Siberian roe deer]] (''Capreolus pygargus''), [[musk deer]] (''Moschus moschiferus''), [[long-tailed goral]] (''Naemorhedus caudatus''), [[sika deer]] (''Cervus nippon''), [[sable]] (''Martes zibellina''), [[Blakiston's fish owl]] (''Bubo blakistoni''), [[mandarinka duck]] (''Aix galericulata''), [[black stork]] (''Ciconia nigra''), [[scaly goosander]] (''Mergus squamatus''), [[chestnut-cheeked starling]] (''Sturnia philippensis''), [[black griffon]] (''Aegypius monachus''), large-winged cuckoo (family [[Cuculidae]]), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]], 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of [[salmon]], [[Hucho taimen]], [[lenok]] and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal [[wildlife trade]]. [[Wildlife Conservation Society]], [[World Wildlife Fund]], [[Wild Salmon Center]], and Russian NGOs including [[Phoenix Fund]] are active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.
[[File:Tiger-zoologie.de0001 22.JPG|thumb|right|Most of the world's population of wild [[Siberian tiger]]s is found in Primorsky Krai]]
[[File:Brat i sestra nakhodka.jpg|thumb|right|The cliffs Brat ("Brother") and Sestra ("Sister") in the environs of Nakhodka.]]

===Climate===
*Primorsky Krai is dominated by a four-season [[humid continental climate]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Primorsky Krai: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Primorsky Krai - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/russian-federation/primorsky-krai-896/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
*Average annual temperature&nbsp;— near {{convert|+1|C}} in the north of the krai; {{convert|+5.5|C}} on the southern coast.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}{{vague|date=July 2018}}
*Average annual [[precipitation]]&nbsp;— {{cvt|600.|–|850.|mm}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}{{vague|date=July 2018}}

==History==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{more citations needed section|section|date=May 2014}}
{{cleanup section|reason=particularly wrt industry section|date=May 2014}}}}
{{Further|History of Primorye|History of the Russian Far East|History of Manchuria|Outer Manchuria}}

The area is believed to have been settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the [[Sushen]], the proto-Mongol [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]] and the [[Mohe people|Mohe]]. Although, there are other popular theories, such as the fact that the place was earlier settled by the [[Ainu people]].

The [[Udege people]] are said to have traditionally settled in territories along the [[Bikin River]] long ago, however, they are possibly of [[Jianzhou Jurchen]] origin.<ref name=cerd>[http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/RU/RAIPON_IWGIA_RUS_UPR_S4_2009anx_Indigenous_Peoples_Russia_RAIPON_INFOE_2008.pdf Discrimination against indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035835/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/RU/RAIPON_IWGIA_RUS_UPR_S4_2009anx_Indigenous_Peoples_Russia_RAIPON_INFOE_2008.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. (Parallel report submitted to the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination#Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], [[RAIPON]], June 13, 2008)</ref>

In the past, the land was part of [[Goguryeo]], the northernmost kingdom among the three Korean kingdoms.

During the [[Balhae Kingdom]], most of the krai was within the boundaries of the provinces of Dingli, Anbian and Anyuan. After Balhae was conquered by the Khitans, the territory became part of [[Liao dynasty]]'s Eastern Circuit and [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]'s Supin Circuit. It then came under [[Mongol]] and [[Manchu]] rule.

The acquisition of [[Siberia]] by the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought the Russians into direct contact with [[Qing dynasty|China]]. The [[Nerchinsk Treaty]] of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the [[Stanovoy Mountains]], including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]{{explain|date=October 2015}} in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns of [[Khabarovsk]] and [[Blagoveshchensk]] were founded. In 1858, [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]] signed the [[Aigun Treaty]] with China, followed by the [[Convention of Peking|Beijing Treaty]] two years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south in the [[Amur Annexation]] to the [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri River]]s, granting Russia full control of Primorye.

[[Primorskaya Oblast]] was established as the easternmost division of the [[Russian Empire]] in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modern [[Khabarovsk Krai]] and [[Magadan Oblast]], stretching from Vladivostok to the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] in the far north.

In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, [[Ussuriysk]], Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, [[Shkotovo]], [[Pokrovka, Oktyabrsky District, Primorsky Krai|Pokrovka]], Tury Rog, and [[Kamen-Rybolov]]. Russians began migrating to these regions. The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations.
[[File:Primorskaya Oblast CoA.png|thumb|left|Coat of arms of Primorskaya Oblast in the beginning of the 20th century]]

During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export of [[Seakale|sea-kale]], [[velvet antler]]s, [[timber]], [[crab]], [[dried fish]], and [[Sea cucumber (food)|trepangs]]. The rapid economic expansion of Primorye was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment.

After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as the [[Zemstvo of Maritime Territory]]. It was defined as the [[Far-Eastern Republic]] (1920–1922). Within the [[Russian SFSR]], this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938).

The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during the [[Siberian Intervention]]. In 1922, shortly before the end of the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]], Primorye came under Bolshevik control. The new government directed the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory. The [[Soviet Union|Soviet Government]] spent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result, the music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored.

Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy of [[Korenizatsiya]]. The Krai had 105 both fully and mixed Korean towns where residents used the Korean language as an official language. Nearly 200,000 ethnic Koreans were living in the Krai by the time of their [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deportation in 1938]].<ref name="Pohl10">{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=10}}</ref> The Soviet Union had earlier deported ethnic Chinese from western Siberia.

During this period, the Soviet government emphasized [[planned economy|centralized planning]] of the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed.

Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of [[Outer Manchuria]].

On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in [[World War II]], which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai was the location where one of 16 [[United States Army Air Corps]] [[B-25 Mitchell]] [[medium bomber]]s landed. The group had been launched from [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|USS ''Hornet'']] to carry out the [[Doolittle Raid]] on Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65&nbsp;km) west of Vladivostok; the bomber's crew could not return to their base, the aircraft carrier ''Hornet,'' by the mission plan.<ref>See the article on the [[Doolittle Raid#The Raid|Doolittle Raid]].</ref> The crew later returned home via Iran.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of [[Vladivostok]]. Several large research institutions are located here, such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with the [[Russian Academy of Science|Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science]].

By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the [[Far Eastern Shipping Company|DVMP]] (FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt fishing company, Progress [[Arsenyev]] Aircraft Works, and Vostok Mining. Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), the Active Marine Fisheries Base of [[Nakhodka]], and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of the [[Defense industry of Russia|Russian military-industrial complex]] were also established in Primorye.

The [[Udege people]], led by [[Pavel Sulyandziga]], are trying to gain control over their traditional territories along the [[Bikin River]] and in particular a [[Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use]] of federal status.<ref name=cerd/>

==Politics==
[[File:Здание краевой администрации («Белый дом»), Владивосток, Светланская, 22, 2011-06-14.JPG|thumb|Krai Administration Building]]

During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected [[Regional parliaments of Russia|regional parliament]].

The Charter of Primorsky Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The [[Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai]] is the province's [[regional parliaments of Russia|regional]] standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the [[Constitution of Russia]].

==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Primorsky Krai}}

==Economy==
{{Category see also|Companies based in Primorsky Krai}}
[[File:John Deere Combine in Russia.jpg|thumb|Agriculture in Primorsky Krai]]
Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by [[fish processing]]. Annual catch exceeds two million [[tonne]]s, or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second is [[machine building]], where half of the output is geared toward the [[fishing industry]] and [[shipyard]]s. [[Defense industry of Russia|Defense]] is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military [[aircraft]]. The [[construction]] materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in [[Rudnaya Pristan]] on the coast.

The [[timber]] industry, though in [[recession]],{{when|date=October 2018}} is still second only to [[Khabarovsk Krai]]'s with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of [[timber]]. Primorsky Krai is the largest [[coal]] producer in the Russian Far East and generates more [[electricity]] than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. [[Agriculture]] is also important; the krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables.


The krai's proximity to [[Pacific Rim]] markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing [[foreign trade]]. Major trade items are [[seafood]] products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and South Korea.[[File:Дорога через посёлок Горные Ключи.JPG|thumb|Road through Gorniye Kluchi village]]The economy will be further diversified with the addition of as many as 8 government sanctioned casinos to be built in the Primorye Gambling Zone, which encompasses the entire Primorsky Krai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcasinodirectory.com/russia|publisher=[World Casino Directory]|access-date=2015-02-22|title=Russia Casino Gambling}}</ref> Primorsky Entertainment Resort City, under development by [[NagaCorp Ltd]]. of Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, will be the largest. The development is expected to cost in the region of RUB11.6 billion (approximately HK$2.7 billion,  US$350 million) and have a total footprint of 214.89 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcasinodirectory.com/casino/primorsky-entertainment-resort-city|publisher=[World Casino Directory]|access-date=2015-02-22|title=NagaCorp's Primorsky Entertainment Resort City in Vladivostok}}</ref>

Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with [[infrastructure]]. Its [[railway]] density is twice the Russian average.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], was surpassed as a port by the nearby [[Nakhodka]]-[[Vostochny Port]] container, [[coal]] and [[timber]] terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in the [[Russian Far East]]. All the krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.

The largest companies in the region include Far-Eastern Energy Company, NNK-Bunker, Mazda Sollers, and [[Vostochny Port (company)|Vostochny Port]].<ref name="regioncompanies">{{cite web |title=Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://saby.ru/profile?p=companies |website=Saby |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=ru}}</ref>

==Natural resources==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}

===Coal===
More than 100 deposits of [[coal]] are known in Primorsky Krai. The commercial deposits of coal are connected to the Partizansky and Razdolnensky coal basins, the Podgorodnensky deposit, the Uglovsky basin, and the Shkotovsky, Pavlovsky, Bikinsky, Rettikhovsky, and Suputinsky deposits.

'''Partizansky Basin''': The city of [[Partizansk]] is located in the southern part of the basin. The total area of the basin is {{convert|6,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The basin has been known since the 19th century and has been explored since 1902. Five regions—Staropartizansky, Melnikovsky, Belopadinsky, Molchanovsky, and [[Sergeyevka, Partizansky District|Sergeyevsky]]—are within the limits of the basin. The coal is [[anthracite|anthracite coal]]. By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, rich coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total 193.6 million [[tonne]]s. The deposits are maintained by the mines of the Partizanskugol Association. A coal-mining factory also operates in this area.

'''Razdolnensky Basin''': The total area of this basin is about {{convert|4,500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The basin is located to the north and the west of the city of [[Ussuriysk]]. The basin includes the following deposits: Ussuriysky, Lipovetsky, Verkhne-Razdolnensky, Konstantinovsky, and Alekseye-Nikolsky. The deposits were prospected as early as 1868. The mining of coal has been conducted since 1909. By the output of volatile substances and coking ability, long-flame coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total of 66.7 million tons. The deposits are maintained by the mines and the open-pit coal mines of the Lipovetskoye Mine Administration.

'''Uglovsky Basin''': Located {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Vladivostok]], the basin's band extends about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northeast of [[Amursky Bay]] and ranges from {{convert|6|to|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} in width. Coals in the basin have been known since 1859. The mining of coal has been executed since 1867 in the Tavrichansky deposit, and since 1911 in the Artyomovsky deposit. The coal is [[brown coal]], which is used as a power fuel. In the long years of operation, the stocks of coal in the basin have been considerably depleted. The reserves of coal in the basin total 233.7 million tons. The mines of the Tavrichansky Mine Administration and the Artyomugol Association operate on the basis of the deposits.

'''Podgrodnensko-Surazhevsky''':  This coal-bearing region is located close to [[Vladivostok]]. The stocks of the Podgrodnensky deposit are estimated to be a total of 19.6 million tons. The coal is [[anthracite|anthracite coal]]. By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, the coal is hard (non-bituminous). The deposits are maintained by the Podgorodenka mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The '''Paleogene-Neogene deposits''' of Primorsky Krai are the Bikinsky, Pavlovsky, Shkotovsky, Rettikhovsky, Rakovsky, and Khasansky deposits. The deposits are the major sources of fuel for the largest heat and power stations of Primorye: Luchegorskaya and Vladivostokskaya. The coal is [[brown coal]].

The '''Bikinsky Deposit''' is the largest [[brown coal]] deposit in Primorsky Krai. Its total area is {{convert|260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The reserves total 1,113.9 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is {{convert|1,800|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Luchegorsky Open-Pit Coal Mine maintains the mine and provides fuel to the largest power station in the krai, the Luchegorsky Hydro-Electric Power Station.

'''Pavlovsky Deposit''': The total area is {{convert|400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The reserves total 400 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is up to {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The mining is maintained by the Pavlovsky-1 and Pavlovsky-2 Open-Pit Coal Mines. Coal is used as fuel for the Vladivostok Heat and Power Plant-2.

'''Skotovsky Deposit''': The total area is {{convert|150|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The reserves total 251.6 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness ranges from {{convert|800|to|950|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Maintenance is by the open-pit mine of the Artyomugol Association.

The coal of the Pavlovsky, Skotovsky, and Bikinsky deposits contains [[germanium]] and [[non-ferrous metals]].

===Tin===
{{see also|Sable tin deposit}}

The major areas of occurrence of commercial [[tin]] stocks are [[Kavalerovsky District|Kavalerovsky]], [[Krasnoarmeysky District, Primorsky Krai|Krasnoarmeysky]], and [[Dalnegorsky District|Dalnegorsky]] Districts. There are more than 30 deposits of tin in Primorsky Krai. The extraction of tin ore is maintained by Khrustalnenskaya Tin Extracting Company, Dalpolimetal Stock Company, and Vostok Mining Company. All tin-extracting enterprises of the krai have a 30-year supply of ore.

===Tungsten===
There are four major commercial deposits of [[tungsten]] in [[Krasnoarmeysky District, Primorsky Krai|Krasnoarmeysky]] and [[Pozharsky District|Pozharsky]] Districts. The mining of only two of them is currently maintained, at Vostok-2 and Lermontovskoye by the Primorsky Mining Group and Lermontovskoye Mining Company. The enterprises have a 10-year reserve supply. 
The ores are complex, containing [[copper]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[bismuth]], and other metals besides tungsten.

===Lead and zinc===
There are more than 10 commercial deposits of [[lead]] and [[zinc]] in the territories of [[Dalnegorsky District|Dalnegorsky]], [[Kavalerovsky District|Kavalerovsky]], and [[Krasnoarmeysky District, Primorsky Krai|Krasnoarmeysky]] Districts. The mining of the deposits of lead and zinc is maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. The enterprise has a 40-year supply of ore.

===Silver===
Among the deposits of precious metals in Primorsky Krai, [[silver]] and gold-silver deposits predominate. Ten deposits of silver are found in the Krai. The majority of silver-polymetal ore deposits are located in [[Dalnegorsky District]] and are maintained by Dalpolimetal Stock Company. Silver is extracted simultaneously with tungsten from tungsten ores deposits in [[Krasnoarmeysky District, Primorsky Krai|Krasnoarmeysky]] and [[Pozharsky District|Pozharsky]] Districts.

===Gold===
More than 60 deposits of [[gold]] are found in the territory of the krai. Most of them are placer deposits. The southern part of the krai is the richest in placer deposits. Significant gold placer sites are at Kommisarovsky (the Pogranichnaya river), Fadeyevsky (the Fadeyevka river), Krinichny (the Bolshaya Rudnevka river), Nakhodkinsky (the Korobkovka river), and Soboliny (the Sobolinaya river). Okean [[Artel]] and Primorsky Mine are engaged in gold extraction. Gold is also extracted from complex deposits of tungsten ores.

===Fluorspar===
The Voznesenovsky and Pogranichny deposits of rare-metal-[[fluorspar]] ore are located in [[Khorolsky District]]. The Voznesenovskoye deposit was prospected in 1948. It is maintained by the Yaroslavsky Mining Group Stock Company and there is a 20-year supply of ore. The ore is a complex ore. Fluorspar totals 10 percent of the mineral content of the ore. The ore contains such rare metals as [[beryllium]], [[lithium]], [[tantalum]], and [[niobium]]. The [[Usuglinskoye mine]] is one of the largest fluorite mines in Russia, having estimated reserves of 2.9 million tonnes of ore.

===Boron===
Russia's largest deposit of [[boron]]-containing ore (boron silicates) is located in [[Dalnegorsky District]]. The deposit is operated by ''Bor Stock Company''. The enterprise has 50 years' supply of borosilicates stocks.

===Limestone===
There are more than 100 large deposits of various construction materials.

The '''Spasskaya group''' includes the Spasskoye and Dlinnogorskoye [[limestone]] deposits. The stocks total more than 100 million tons and are maintained by Spassktsement Stock Company.

The '''Suchanskaya group''' includes the Novitskoye and Chandolazskoye limestone deposits, which are located in [[Partizansky District, Primorsky Krai|Partizansky District]]. These deposits are suitable for the production of Portland [[cement]] of 400 and 500 types. The stocks total approximately more than 1 billion tons.

The '''Maikhinskaya group''' includes the Maikhinskoye and Glubinnogorskoye deposits located in [[Shkotovsky District]]. The estimated stocks of limestone in both deposits total about 60 million tons.

===Ashlar stones===
There are numerous deposits of [[granite]]s, porphyrites, and [[marble]]s which, when polished, acquire a smooth surface of beautiful color. These deposits are located in Lesozavodsky, [[Khorolsky District|Khorolsky]], [[Khasansky District|Khasansky]], [[Spassky District, Primorsky Krai|Spassky]], [[Chernigovsky District|Chernigovsky]], [[Partizansky District, Primorsky Krai|Partizansky]], and other districts.

The '''Ambinskoye deposit''' of marble is located in Khasanky District. This marble is highly decorative and is easily polished. The estimated stocks total more than 2 million m<sup>3</sup> (70.6 million ft<sup>3</sup>).

The '''Knorringskoye deposit''' of [[ashlar]] stones is located in [[Chernigovsky District]]. The estimated stocks total about 10 million m<sup>3</sup> (35.3 million ft<sup>3</sup>). They are similar in color to the famous American ashlar stones.

===Clays===
There are more than 100 deposits of [[brickearth|fusible clay]] which is used in [[brick]] production in the krai. Fusible clay deposits are found almost everywhere in the krai, except its northeastern parts. The Uglovskaya, Ussuriyskaya, and Spasskaya group of fusible clay deposits are noteworthy in this area.

The krai's largest stocks, a total of more than fifteen million tons, is the Uglovskaya group of deposits located in [[Uglovoye]] settlement. The deposits provide raw material to the brick factories in [[Vladivostok]] and [[Artyom]].

There are more than twenty deposits of [[Fire clay|refractory clay]] and [[fireclay]]. The clay is suitable for the manufacture of bricks and [[ceramic]]s. The largest deposits are located in [[Oktyabrsky District, Primorsky Krai|Oktyabrsky]] and [[Chernigovsky District]], and in [[Artyom]].

The '''Lipovetskoye Deposit''' of refractory clay is located in Oktyabrsky District. The estimated stocks total about 1.5 million tons and are maintained by the Lipovetsky Brick Factory.

The '''Ozernovskoye deposit''' of fireclay is located in Uglovoye settlement. The estimated stocks total about 2 million tons and have been used for the manufacture of bricks since 1964.

===Porcelain stones===
Primorsky krai's best-known Gusevskoye deposit of [[Petuntse|porcelain stone]] is located in [[Khasansky District]]. The material is used by the Vladivostok and Artyom Porcelain Factories. The estimated stocks total about 3 million tons.

===Feldspar rhyolites===
The '''Sergeyevskoye deposit''' of ceramic [[rhyolite]]s is located in [[Partizansky District, Primorsky Krai|Partizansky District]]. It may be used for the manufacture of [[porcelain]].

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source: Census data, estimate<ref name=2025Estimate>{{cite web|title=Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения  на 1 января 2025 года|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|[[Russian_Empire_census|1897]] | 190,012
|[[1926 Soviet census|1926]] | 633800
|[[1939 Soviet census|1939]] | 906805
|[[1959 Soviet census|1959]] | 1381018
|[[1970 Soviet census|1970]] | 1721285
|[[1979 Soviet census|1979]] | 1977779
|[[1989 Soviet census|1989]] | 2258391
|[[2002 Russian census|2002]] | 2071210
|[[2010 Russian census|2010]] | 1956497
|[[2021 Russian census|2021]] | 1845165
|2025 | 1798047
}}
[[File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Primorsky Krai.png|thumb|250px|Life expectancy at birth in Primorsky Krai]]
=== Demographics in the past ===
Several [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] and [[Paleosiberian]] peoples lived here before Russian colonization: [[Udege people|Udege]], [[Nanai people|Nanai]], [[Nivkh people|Nivkh]], [[Orochs]], [[Ulchs]], [[Oroks]], and [[Manchus]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

===Contemporary demographics===
'''Population''': According to the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]],<ref name="2021Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref> the population of the krai was 1,845,165, down from 1,956,497 recorded in the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]],<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> and further down from&nbsp;2,258,391 recorded in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]].<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref> Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also [[Ukrainians]], [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], [[Volga Germans]], [[Buryats]], [[Nanai people|Nanai]], and [[Oroch people|Orochs]].  The [[Udege people|Udege]] and their sub-minority, the [[Taz people|Taz]], are the region's aboriginals.

'''Vital statistics for 2024:<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat}}</ref>'''
*Births: 15,188 (8.4 per 1,000)
*Deaths: 25,666 (14.2 per 1,000)

'''Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref>'''<br />
1.43 children per woman

'''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref>  <br />
Total — 68.61 years (male&nbsp;— 63.98, female&nbsp;— 73.45)

===Settlements===
{{Largest cities
| country      = Primorsky Krai
| stat_ref     = 2020 
| list_by_pop  =
| div_name     =
| div_link     = Administrative divisions of Primorsky Krai{{!}}Administrative Division
| city_1 = Vladivostok
| div_1 = Vladivostok{{!}}City of krai significance of Vladivostok
| pop_1 = 606,589
| img_1 = VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg
| city_2 = Ussuriysk
| div_2 = Ussuriysk{{!}}City of krai significance of Ussuriysk
| pop_2 = 173,640
| img_2 = Уссурийск с сопки Любви - panoramio.jpg
| city_3 = Nakhodka
| div_3 = Nakhodka{{!}}City of krai significance of Nakhodka
| pop_3 = 145,159
| img_3 = Nakhodka from West.jpg
| city_4 = Artyom, Russia{{!}}Artyom
| div_4 = Artyom, Russia{{!}}City of krai significance of Artyom
| pop_4 = 105,675
| img_4 = Дворец Культуры Угольщиков.jpg
| city_5 = Arsenyev
| div_5 = Arsenyev{{!}}Town of krai significance of Arsenyev
| pop_5 = 52,173
| city_6 = Spassk-Dalny
| div_6 = Spassky District, Primorsky Krai{{!}}Spassky District
| pop_6 = 39,765
| city_7 = Bolshoy Kamen
| div_7 = Bolshoy Kamen{{!}}Town of krai significance of Bolshoy Kamen
| pop_7 = 39,096
| city_8 = Partizansk
| div_8 = Partizansk{{!}}Town of krai significance of Partizansk
| pop_8 = 36,589
| city_9 = Lesozavodsk
| div_9 = Lesozavodsk{{!}}Town of krai significance of Lesozavodsk
| pop_9 = 35,097
| city_10 = Dalnegorsk
| div_10 = Dalnegorsk{{!}}Town of krai significance of Dalnegorsk
| pop_10 = 34,096
}}

===Ethnic groups===
[[File:Команда ДЮСШ "Приморец".jpg|thumb|Russian children in [[Nakhodka]]]]
In the 2021 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ethnicities in Primorsky Krai in 2021<ref name=census2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnicity 
!Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Russians]] 
|1,391,736|| 75.4%
|-
| [[Ukrainians]] 
|11,337|| 0.6%
|-
| [[Koreans]] 
|7,785|| 0.4%
|-
| [[Uzbeks]] 
|6,365|| 0.3%
|-
| [[Armenians]] 
|4,378|| 0.2%
|-
| [[Tatars]] 
|3,946|| 0.2%
|-
| Other Ethnicities
| 48,432|| 2.6%
|-
| Ethnicity not stated 
| 371,186|| 20.1%
|}

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Primorsky Krai as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|26.6}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|1.6}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|6.7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Rodnovery]] and other native faiths|Red|0.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|23.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|34.7}}
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|6.2}}
}}

According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 26.6% of the population of Primorsky Krai adheres to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], 6% are [[nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliated]] [[Christians]], 1% adheres to other [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es or is an Eastern Orthodox believer without belonging to any church, and 1% of the population adheres to the [[Slavic native faith]] (Rodnovery) or to local Siberian native faiths. In addition, 24% of the population declares to be "[[spiritual but not religious]], 35% is [[atheism|atheist]], and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. This is one of the least religious regions in Russia.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/>
{{clear}}

==Meteorite==
The krai is the location of the massive [[Sikhote-Alin meteorite]], which fell February 12, 1947, in the [[Sikhote-Alin Mountains]], near the village of Paseka (approximately 440&nbsp;km northeast of Vladivostok). {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

==Sister districts==
*{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon-do]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albertacanada.com/korea/108.htm|title=Alberta Korea Office|website=www.albertacanada.com|date=4 December 2023 }}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]], South Korea
*{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gyeongsangnam-do]], South Korea
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka Prefecture]], Japan
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Toyama Prefecture]], Japan

==See also==
*[[Outer Manchuria]]
*[[Geography of Primorsky Krai]]
*List of cities in Primorsky Krai
*[[Winter storms of 2009–10 in East Asia]]
*[[Primorsky Krai Police]]
*[[Green Ukraine]] – a formerly proposed country in the Russian Far East
*[[History of Primorye]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category|Primorsky Krai}}

*{{Cite Russian law
|ru_number=14-КЗ
|ru_date=6 октября 1995 г.
|ru_title=Устав Приморского края
|ru_amendment_type=Закона
|ru_amendment_number=359-КЗ
|ru_amendment_date=18 декабря 2008 г
|en_number=14-KZ
|en_date=October 6, 1995
|en_title=Charter of Primorsky Krai
|en_amendment_type=Law
|en_amendment_number=359-KZ
|en_amendment_date=December 18, 2008
}}
*{{lang|ru|А.&nbsp;Р.&nbsp; Артёмьев и др. "История Российского Приморья". Дальнаука, 1998.}}<br />(A.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;Artyomyev et al.  ''History of Russian Primorye''.  Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998)

== External links ==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Maritime Province | volume= 18 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| pages = 724&ndash;725 |short= 1}}

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Primorsky Krai}}
{{Russian Far East}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Primorsky Krai| ]]
[[Category:Manchuria]]
[[Category:Pacific Coast of Russia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1938]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Inner Asia]]
[[Category:Russian Far East]]
[[Category:Far Eastern Federal District]]
[[Category:Krais of Russia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]