View source for Double acute accent

{{Short description|Diacritic mark of the Latin script}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̋
|name=
|unicode={{unichar|030B|Combining double acute accent |cwith=◌}} (diacritic)
|see_also={{plainlist|
* {{unichar|02DD|double acute accent}} (symbol)
* {{unichar|02F6|modifier letter middle double acute accent}} (diacritic)
* {{unichar|1425|Canadian syllabics final double acute}}
}}}}

The '''double acute accent''' (<span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌̋}}</span>)<!-- This sample uses <span style="font-family: serif"> because of rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) [X] mark. Please retain at least until the issue is resolved because this is a very large proportion of visitors. --> is a [[diacritic]] mark of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. It is used primarily in [[Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian]] or [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], and consequently it is sometimes referred to by typographers as '''hungarumlaut'''.<ref name=typophile2010>{{cite web|author1=Ray Larabie|title=The Low Profile Acutes vs. Hungarumlaut|url=http://typophile.com/node/73344|website=typophile.com|access-date=2014-09-17|date=18 Aug 2010|archive-date=2015-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501213625/http://typophile.com/node/73344|url-status=dead}}</ref> The signs formed with a regular [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] are letters in their own right in the Hungarian alphabet—for instance, they are separate letters for the purpose of [[collation]]. Letters with the double acute, however, are [[Alphabetical order#Language-specific conventions|considered variants]] of their equivalents with the umlaut, being thought of as having both an umlaut and an [[acute accent]].

==Uses==

===Vowel length===

====History====
Length marks first appeared in [[Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian orthography]] in the 15th-century [[Hussite Bible]]. Initially, only ''á'' and ''é'' were marked, since they are different in [[vowel#Articulation|quality]] as well as [[vowel length|length]]. Later ''í'', ''ó'', ''ú'' were marked as well.

In the 18th century, before Hungarian orthography became fixed, ''u'' and ''o'' with [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] + [[acute accent|acute]] (ǘ, ö́) were used in some printed documents.<ref name=AcuteExamples>{{cite web|title=Short, illustrated outline about the Hungarian double acutes|url=http://www.font.hu/hrant.html|website=www.font.hu|access-date=2014-09-17}}</ref> 19th century typographers introduced the double acute as a more aesthetic solution.

====Hungarian====
In Hungarian, the double acute is thought of as the letter having both an umlaut and an acute accent. [[Hungarian language|Standard Hungarian]] has 14 vowels in a symmetrical system: seven short vowels ''([[a]], [[e]], [[i]], [[o]], [[ö]], [[u]], [[ü]])'' and seven long ones, which are written with an [[acute accent]] in the case of ''á, é, í, ó, ú'', and with the double acute in the case of ''ő, ű''. Vowel length has phonemic significance in Hungarian, that is, it distinguishes different words and grammatical forms.

{| class="wikitable Unicode"
|-----
!short
|a
|e
|i
|o
|ö
|u
|ü
|-----
!long
|á
|é
|í
|ó
|ő
|ú
|ű
|}

====Slovak====
At the beginning of the 20th century, the letter ''A̋'' (''A'' with double acute) was used in [[Slovak language|Slovak]] as a long variant of the short vowel ''Ä'' (''A'' with diaeresis), representing the vowel {{IPA|/æː/}} in dialect and some [[loanword]]s.<ref>[http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/rsrs1902/rsrs1902.pdf Czambel, S. 1902. ''Rukoväť spisovnej reči slovenskej.'' Turčiansky Sv. Martin: Vydanie Knihkupecko-nakladateľshého spolku, p. 2.]</ref> The letter is still used for this purpose in Slovak phonetic transcription systems.

===Umlaut===

====Handwriting====
In [[handwriting]] in [[German alphabet|German]] and [[Swedish alphabet|Swedish]], the [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] is sometimes written similarly to a double acute. In the Swedish alphabet, ''Å'', ''Ä'' and ''Ö'' are letters in their own right.

====Chuvash====
The [[Chuvash language]] written in the [[Cyrillic script]] uses a double-acute [[U with double acute (Cyrillic)|Ӳ, ӳ]] {{IPA|/y/}} as a [[front vowel|front]] counterpart of [[U (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter У, у]] {{IPA|/u/}} (see [[Chuvash language#Vowel harmony|Chuvash vowel harmony]]), likely after the analogy of handwriting in Latin script languages.<ref name="chuvash_hwform">A possible explanation of the diacritic being influenced by the German ''handwritten'' form is the early version of the [[Chuvash language#1873–1938|Chuvash alphabet]] devised much more than 50 years before the other ones mentioned.</ref> In other minority languages of [[Russia]] ([[Khakas language|Khakas]], [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Altay language|Altai]], and [[Khanty language|Khanty]]), the umlauted form ''[[U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)|Ӱ]]'' is used instead.

===Faroese===
[[Image:Exampleoffaroeseuseofdoubleumlaut.jpg|right|thumbnail|Example of an ''ő'' on a Faroese traffic sign]]
Classical [[Danish language|Danish]] handwriting uses "ó" for "ø", which becomes a problem when writing [[Faroese language|Faroese]] in the same tradition, as "ó" is a part of the Faroese alphabet. Thus ''ő'' is sometimes used for ''ø'' in Faroese.

===Tone===

====International Phonetic Alphabet====
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] and many other [[Phonetic transcription|phonetic alphabet]]s use two systems to indicate tone: a diacritic system and an adscript system. In the diacritic system, the double acute represents an extra high tone.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! tone !! <small>diacritic</small> !! <small>adscript</small>
|-
! extra high
| {{IPA|e̋}} || {{IPA|e˥}}
|-
! high
| {{IPA|é}} || {{IPA|e˦}}
|-
! mid
| {{IPA|ē}} || {{IPA|e˧}}
|-
! low
| {{IPA|è}} || {{IPA|e˨}}
|-
! extra low
| {{IPA|ȅ}} || {{IPA|e˩}}
|-
|}

One may encounter this use as a tone sign in some IPA-derived orthographies of minority languages, such as in the North American Native [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]] (Athapascan). In line with the IPA usage it denotes the extra-high tone.

== Unicode <span class="anchor" id="Letters with double acute"></span><span class="anchor" id="Combining double acute accent"></span> ==
[[Unicode]] encodes a number of cases of "letter with double acute" as [[precomposed character]]s and these are displayed below. In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the [[combining character]] facility ({{unichar|030B|Combining double acute accent|cwith=◌|nlink=combining character}}) that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and thus are not shown in the table. <!-- AND PLEASE DO NOT TRY TO ADD THEM -->


{{Letters with diacritic/header}}<!--
-->{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=double acute}}<!--
-->{{Letters with diacritic/scriptname|1=Latin}}A̋{{NNBSP}}a̋
| Ő{{NNBSP}}ő
| Ű{{NNBSP}}ű
<!--
-->{{Letters with diacritic/scriptname|1=Cyrillic}}[[Ӳ |Ӳ{{NNBSP}}ӳ]]
}}{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}

==Technical notes==
{{Hungarian language}}
O and U with double acute accents are supported in the Code page 852, [[ISO 8859-2]], and [[Unicode]] character sets.

===Code page 852===
Some of the [[box-drawing character]]s of the original DOS [[code page 437]] were sacrificed in order to put in more accented letters (all printable characters from ISO 8859-2 are included).

{| class="wikitable"
|-----
!Code point
|0x8A||0x8B||0xEB||0xFB
|-----
!Code page 852
|Ő||ő||Ű||ű
|}

===ISO 8859-2===
In ISO 8859-2, the characters Ő, ő, Ű, and ű take the place of some similar-looking (but distinct, especially at bigger font sizes) letters of ISO 8859-1.
{| class="wikitable"
|-----
!Code point
|0xD5||0xF5||0xDB||0xFB
|-----
!ISO 8859-1
|Õ||õ||Û||û
|-----
!ISO 8859-2
|Ő||ő||Ű||ű
|}

===Unicode===
All occurrences of "double acute" in character names in the Unicode 9.0 standard:
{| class="wikitable Unicode"
|-
! description || character || Unicode || HTML
|-
! colspan="4" | Latin
|-
| <small>LETTER O<br>WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</small>
| Ő<br>ő
| U+0150<br>U+0151
| &amp;#336;<br>&amp;#337;
|-
| <small>LETTER U<br>WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</small>
| Ű<br>ű
| U+0170<br>U+0171
| &amp;#368;<br>&amp;#369;
|-
! colspan="4" | Accents
|-
| <small>[[combining character|COMBINING]]<br>DOUBLE ACUTE<br>ACCENT</small>
| <span style="font-family: serif">◌̋</span>
| U+030B
| &amp;#779;
|-
| <small>DOUBLE ACUTE<br>ACCENT</small>
| ˝
| U+02DD
| &amp;#733;
|-
| <small>[[Phonetic symbols in Unicode#Spacing Modifier Letters (U+02B0–02FF)|MODIFIER LETTER]]<br>MIDDLE<br>DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT</small>
| ˶
| U+02F6
| &amp;#758;
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
|-
| <small>LETTER [[U with double acute (Cyrillic)|U<br>WITH DOUBLE ACUTE]]</small>
| Ӳ<br>ӳ
| U+04F2<br>U+04F3
| &amp;#1266;<br>&amp;#1267;
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian syllabics]]
|-
| <small>FINAL<br>DOUBLE ACUTE</small>
| ᐥ
| U+1425
| &amp;#5157;
|-
|}

===LaTeX Input===
In [[LaTeX]], the double acute accent is typeset with the \H{} ([[mnemonic]] for "Hungarian") command. For example, the name [[Paul Erdős]] (in his native Hungarian: Erdős Pál) would be typeset as

<syntaxhighlight lang="TeX">
Erd\H{o}s P\'al.
</syntaxhighlight>

===X11 Input===
In modern [[X11]] systems (or utilities such as WinCompose on Windows systems), the double acute can be typed by pressing the {{key press|[[Compose key]]}} followed by {{key press|{{=}}}} (the equal sign) and desired letter ({{key press|o}} or {{key press|u}}).

==See also==
* [[Acute accent]]
* [[Double grave accent]]
* [[Umlaut (diacritic)|Umlaut/Diaeresis]]
* [[Hungarian alphabet]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|ő|ű}}
* [http://diacritics.typo.cz Diacritics Project—All you need to design a font with correct accents] (contains some incorrect/sloppy data on history)

{{Navbox diacritical marks}}
{{Latin script||double acute}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Double Acute Accent}}
[[Category:Latin-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Cyrillic-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Hungarian language]]